SYNER-G D4.5 FINAL - VCE and... · 2014. 9. 3. · pacts due to seismic damages that influence...

D4.5

DELIVERABLE

PROJECT INFORMATION

Project Title: Systemic Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Analysis for Build-

ings, Lifeline Networks and Infrastructures Safety Gain

Acronym: SYNER-G

Project N°: 244061

Call N°: FP7-ENV-2009-1

Project start: 01 November 2009

Duration: 36 months

DELIVERABLE INFORMATION

Document Title:

D4.5 - Collection and harmonization of data for indicators

determined in D4.1-4.4 for European regional context

(NUTS3) through existing standardized data.

Date of issue: January 2011

Work Package: WP4

Deliverable/Task Leader: KIT-U

REVISION: FINAL

Project Coordinator:

Institution:

e-mail:

fax:

telephone:

Prof. Kyriazis Pitilakis

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

[email protected]

+ 30 2310 995619

+ 30 2310 995693

i

Abstract

The objective of Syner-G Work Package (WP) 4 is the assessment of socio-economic im-

pacts due to seismic damages that influence preparedness and response activities in the

context of short-term emergency relief and recovery (2-3 weeks) in the following socio-

economic sectors:

1. Emergency shelter

2. Health care facilities

The WP will establish appropriate methodologies including indicator based systems for inte-

grating socio-economic impacts with fragility functions and performance models developed

in WP 3 and WP 5. This will include consideration of the interdependencies between ele-

ments and systems in the assessment of socio-economic impacts for each sector above.

For each of the sectors above, specific outputs will be produced. For example, three outputs

will be produced for emergency shelter:

1. DH: Displaced households 2. SSH: Shelter seeking households 3. Gap analysis for shelters including Social vulnerability of sheltered population

The outputs will result from combining physical damage of buildings and utilities with a set of

appropriate socio-economic indicators. The physical damage functions are being developed

in WPs 2, 3 and 5, whereas WP4 will develop the socio-economic indicator system. Choice,

direction (+/-) and weighting of indicators should be performed through the following phases:

1. The pool of indicators for urban level should come from the European Urban Audit, the only publicly available pan-European socio-economic database.

2. Perform principal component analysis (PCA) of all data from the urban audit 3. Calibrate/adjust using results from literature study on indicators 4. Expert elicitation using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Experts should be cho-

sen with civil protection experience. Experts could be chosen from the following pools:

a. End users in Syner-G project b. Representatives of European National Platforms for Disaster Reduction. c. NGOs

5. Final selection made based on combining results from above four processes

This technical note presents the results from Phases 1 & 2 above. The output is in the form

of eight Principal Components at city level and eight Principal Components at sub-city district

level. The Principal Components are extracted from the European Urban Audit indicators in

the period 2003-2006 believed to best represent the available data considering its relevance

to socio-economic vulnerability as well as data variation in a European context.

Keywords: Principal Component Analysis, European Urban Audit, Socio-Economic Vulner-ability, Emergency Shelter needs, Health Service needs

ii

Acknowledgments

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's

Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under grant agreement n° 244061.

iii

Deliverable Contributors

NGI Bjørn Vidar Vangelsten

KIT-U Bijan Khazai

James Daniell

Tina Kunz-Plapp

iv

Table of Contents

1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................1

1.2 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS – A BRIEF INTRODUCTION ........................2

2 Description of raw data ..................................................................................................................... 1

2.1 DATA SOURCE .........................................................................................................1

2.2 INDICATORS AND SAMPLED DISTRICTS ...............................................................5

2.3 LACK OF COMPLETENESS......................................................................................6

3 Analysis of 1999-2002 data................................................................................................................ 7

3.1 PREPARATION OF DATA SET .................................................................................7

3.1.1 Improving completeness.................................................................................7

3.1.2 Data transformation......................................................................................10

3.1.3 Correlation and removal of highly correlated variables .................................10

3.1.4 Detailed analysis of data to be included in Principal Component Analysis ....12

3.2 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS ....................................................................17

3.2.1 Eigenvectors, eigen values and explanation of variability .............................17

3.2.2 Selecting principal components ....................................................................17

3.2.3 Detailed analysis of selected principal components......................................17

4 Analysis of 2003-2006 data.............................................................................................................. 21

4.1 CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS...........................................................................................23

4.1.1 Results from correlation analysis ..................................................................23

4.1.2 Results from PCA analysis ...........................................................................27

4.2 SUB-CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS ..................................................................................39

4.2.1 Results from correlation analysis ..................................................................39

4.2.2 Results from PCA analysis ...........................................................................45

4.3 COMPARISON OF CITY AND SUB-CITY DATA......................................................57

5 Summary and recommendations.................................................................................................... 60

6 References......................................................................................................................................... 63

v

List of Figures

Figure 1 Map of Urban Audit City Participant ........................................................................ 1

Figure 2: Probability density function estimates for indicator no. 1-8 (bars). Best fit

Generalised Extreme Value distribution (solid line). ......................................... 13

Figure 3: Probability density function estimates for indicator no. 9-16 (bars). Best fit


Figure 4: Probability density function estimates for indicator no. 17 (bars). Best fit


Figure 5: Probability density function estimates for indicator nos. 1-8 (bars). Best fit












Analysis of 1999-2002 data

vi

List of Tables Table 1 Compilation of Urban Audit Indicators, available on Sub-City-District.

Highlighted are the indicators being most available over the districts.

Sources: European Commission 2010, p. 228-231) .................................. 3

Table 2: List of 44 indicators containing data in the Urban Audit data set ..................... 5

Table 3: The 20 indicators included in the condensed data .......................................... 7

Table 4: No of districts (out of 2820) having data for two paired indicators ................... 9

Table 5: Correlation matrix between the 20 transformed indicators .............................11

Table 6: The 17 indicators included in the principal component analysis. A total of 9 out

of the 17 indicators have been transformed using the equation in Section

3.1.2.........................................................................................................12

Table 7: Parameters for best fit Generalised Extreme Value probability density function

for the 17 transformed indicators..............................................................16

Table 8: Eigenvectors and eigenvalues resulting from the principal component analysis

sorted by decreasing eigenvalue..............................................................18

Table 9: Analysis of the the ten principal components included. Only eigenvector-

components with absolute value larger than 0.3 are listed, helping to

indentify which indicators dominate the principal component....................19

Table 10: Subjective labelling of the ten included principal components......................20

Table 11: Indicators used in the 2003-2006 data analysis at city and sub-city level and

information on expert judgment prioritation of indicators. Parameters

considered to be of high and medium relevance are given the values “H”

and “M” respectively in the column labelled “Priority”. The two last columns

are checked for the parameters believed to be relevant for the Shelter and

Health models respectively.......................................................................21

Table 12: No of cities (out of 377) having data for two paired indicators. Green colour:

Indicator pair with more than 300 data points. Red colour: Indicator pair

with less than 75 data points. ...................................................................24

Table 13: Correlation matrix between the 29 transformed indicators. Red colour: Abs

>0.8. Green colour: Abs<0.2. ...................................................................26

Table 14: The 24 indicators included in the principal component analysis. A total of 14

out of the 24 indicators have been transformed using the equation in

Section 3.1.2. ...........................................................................................28


>0.5. Green colour: Abs<0.1. ...................................................................29

Table 16: Parameters for best fit Generalised Extreme Value probability density

function for the 24 transformed indicators.................................................34

Table 17: Eigenvectors and eigenvalues resulting from the principal component

analysis sorted by decreasing eigenvalue. Components with absolute

value larger than 0.3 marked in red. Components with absolute value

between 0.1 and 0.3 marked in green. .....................................................35

vii

Table 18: Correlation between principal components (PC1 to PC24) and each of the

original indicators. Green: Strong positive correlation. Yellow: Low

correlation. Red: Strong negative correlation............................................37

Table 19: Subjective labelling of the first eight principal components representing close

to 75% of the variation in the data ............................................................39

Table 20: The 24 indicators included in the correlation analysis. A total of 14 out of the

24 indicators have been transformed using the equation in Section 3.1.2.

.................................................................................................................40

Table 21: No of sub-city districts (out of 2466) having data for two paired indicators.

Green colour: Indicator pair with more than 1200 data points. Red colour:

Indicator pair with less than 200 data points.............................................42


>0.5. Green colour: Abs<0.1. ...................................................................44

Table 23: The 21 indicators included in the principal component analysis. A total of 12

out of the 21 indicators have been transformed using the equation in

Section 3.1.2. ...........................................................................................46


>0.4. Green colour: Abs<0.1. ...................................................................47

Table 25: Parameters for best fit Generalised Extreme Value probability density

function for the 21 transformed indicators.................................................52

Table 26: Eigenvectors and eigenvalues resulting from the principal component

analysis sorted by decreasing eigenvalue. Components with absolute

value larger than 0.3 marked in red. Components with absolute value

between 0.1 and 0.3 marked in green. .....................................................53

Table 27: Correlation between principal components (PC1 to PC21) and each of the

original indicators. Green: Strong positive correlation. Yellow: Low

correlation. Red: Strong negative correlation............................................55

Table 28: Subjective labelling of the first eight principal components representing close

to 75% of the variation in the data ............................................................57

Table 29: Comparison of correlation of data at city and sub-city level (Correlation at

sub-city level from Table 24 minus correlation at city level from Table 15).

Components where data were not available at sub-city level are marked

with NA. Components with absolute value larger than 0.5 are marked in

red. Components with absolute value between 0.2 and 0.5 are marked in

yellow. Components with absolute value between 0.1 and 0.2 are

unmarked(white background). Components with absolute value less than

0.1 are marked in green. ..........................................................................58

Introduction

1

1 Introduction

1.1 BACKGROUND

The objective of Syner-G Work Package (WP) 4 is the assessment of socio-economic

impacts due to seismic damages that influence preparedness and response activities in

the context of short-term emergency relief and recovery (2-3 weeks) in the following

socio-economic sectors:

1. Emergency shelter

2. Health care facilities

The WP will establish appropriate methodologies including indicator based systems for

integrating socio-economic impacts with fragility functions and performance models

developed in WP 3 and WP 5. This will include consideration of the interdependencies

between elements and systems in the assessment of socio-economic impacts for each

sector above.

For each of the sectors above, specific outputs will be produced. For example, three

outputs will be produced for emergency shelter:

1. DH: Displaced households 2. SSH: Shelter seeking households 3. Gap analysis for shelters including Social vulnerability of sheltered population

The outputs will result from combining physical damage of buildings and utilities with a

set of appropriate socio-economic indicators. The physical damage functions are being

developed in WPs 2, 3 and 5, whereas WP4 will develop the socio-economic indicator

system. Choice, direction (+/-) and weighting of indicators should be performed through

the following phases:

1. The pool of indicators for urban level should come from the European Urban Audit, the only publicly available pan-European socio-economic database.

2. Perform principal component analysis (PCA) of all data from the urban audit 3. Calibrate/adjust using results from literature study on indicators 4. Expert elicitation using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Experts should be

chosen with civil protection experience. Experts could be chosen from the fol-lowing pools:

a. End users in Syner-G project b. Representatives of European National Platforms for Disaster Reduction. c. NGOs

5. Final selection made based on combining results from above four processes

This technical note presents the results from Phases 1 & 2 above.


2

1.2 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS – A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique to analyse data consisting of multi-

ple observations of a set of variables. PCA calculates inter-correlation between vari-

ables and a new set of transformed variables are created where the importance of

each of the new variables in terms of the variability of the data is identified. Granted

that the original data fulfil the requirement of multivariate normal distribution, the trans-

formed variables are all statistically independent. Even for data that are not multivariate

normally distributed, Jolliffe (2002) states that PCA can be very useful to understand

the structure of the data.

In the preface, Jolliffe (2002) states:

Principal component analysis is probably the oldest and best known of the

techniques of multivariate analysis. It was first introduced by Pearson (1901),

and developed independently by Hotelling (1933).

...

The central idea of principal component analysis (PCA) is to reduce the dimen-

sionality of a data set consisting of a large number of interrelated variables,

while retaining as much as possible of the variation present in the data set. This

is achieved by transforming to a new set of variables, the principal components

(PCs), which are uncorrelated, and which are ordered so that the first few retain

most of the variation present in all of the original variables. Computation of the

principal components reduces to the solution of an eigenvalue-eigenvector

problem for a positive-semidefinite symmetric matrix.

Several different methodological formulations are available for how to perform a PCA.

In the PCA tutorial from 2002, Smith, describes a six step procedure:

1. Get some data 2. Subtract the mean 3. Calculate the covariance matrix 4. Calculate the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the covariance matrix 5. Choose principal components and form a feature vector 6. Derive the new data set

The purpose of analysing the European Urban Audit data using PCA is to

• identify correlation between indicators

• exclude indicators that have no or poor data, or have little variation

• identify which indicators are key to create socio-economic profiles of European urban areas

In the following, the format and content of the Urban Audit raw data will be presented in

more detail (Chapter 2). Chapter 3 present the necessary pre-processing of the data

before the results from the Principal Component Analysis are given in Chapter 4. Chap-

ter 5 summarises and gives recommendations.

Description of raw data

1

2 Description of raw data

2.1 DATA SOURCE

The Statistical Office of the European Communities, Eurostat, offers a huge range of

data across the 27 member states (Eurostat1). From national to local scale they cover

the topics of general and regional statistics, economy and finance, population and so-

cial conditions, industry, trade and services, agriculture and fisheries, external trade,

transport, environment and energy, and science and technology. Statistics of social

conditions are very broad covering information about demographics, health, education

and training, labour market, income, social Inclusion and living conditions, social pro-

tection, household budget, crime and criminal justice, and cultural aspects (European

Commission 2010). Most of the Eurostat data are provided on levels describing na-

tions, greater regions to large cities. These scales are too small for the purpose of shel-

ter needs estimations after disasters, requiring the sub- city district scale for reliable

outcome and precise located needs estimations.

Figure 1 Map of Urban Audit City Participant

1http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/city_urban/urban_audit_data_collections


2

Urban Audit focuses on city scale, where data are collected on three levels: The core

cities, larger urban zones (LUZ) including the hinterlands, and sub- city- districts (SCD)

gathering inters- urban discrepancies. Information is covered over nine categories:

Demography, Social Aspects, Economic Aspects, Civic Involvement, Training and

Education, Environment, Travel and Transport, Information Society, and Culture and

Recreation. Eurostat is responsible for coordinating the flow of Urban Audit (European

Commission 2010). Figure 1 shows a map of the participating cities. The latest data

collection took place in 2009 with 322 cities in the EU27 plus 47 cities from Switzer-

land, Norway, Croatia, and Turkey. It covers approximately 20 percent of each national

population. The participation of each capital and main regional city was intended.

The results of the latest data collection are not yet published thus the model refers to

previous data sets. The Urban Audit data are freely accessible from Eurostat. Data on

SCD scale are most preferable. Table 1 shows a compilation of variables that are

available on SCD.

The full list of variables used for the creation of indicators is provided in Table 1. Only

data on SCD level are considered within the model, and listed in the tables. Information

on this scale are available about the population size, density, and sex and age distribu-

tion, mortality, the residents origin, number of households and household size, housing

quality, crime rate, unemployment rate, household income, social security benefiters,

education status, and the green space area (European Commission 2010).

Description of raw data

3

Table 1 Compilation of Urban Audit Indicators, available on Sub-City-District. Highlighted are the indicators being most available

over the districts. Sources: European Commission 2010, p. 228-231)

List of Urban Audit Indicators Code Label Numerator Denominator

DE1001I * Total resident population DE1001V -

DE1040I Proportion of total population aged 0-4 DE1040V DE1001V

DE1003I *Proportion of females to males in total population DE1003V DE1002V

DE1061I Total population change over 1 year DE1001V (t) DE1001V (t-1)

DE1062I * Total annual population change over 5 approx.years DE1001V (t) DE1001V (t-n)

DE2005I * Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals and citizens of a country with high HDI DE2005V DE1001V

DE2006I * Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals and citizens of a country with a medium or low HDI

DE2006V DE1001V

DE3003I * Total number of households DE3001V -

DE3004I * Average size of households DE3017V DE3001V

DE3002I * Proportion of households that are 1-person households DE3002V DE3001V

DE3005I * Prop. of households that are lone-parent households DE3005V DE3001V

Dem

ogra

phy

DE3008I * Prop. households that are lone-pensioner households DE3008V DE3001V

SA1001I * Number of dwellings SA1001V -

SA1018I * Proportion of dwellings lacking basic amenities SA1018V SA1001V

SA1012I * Proportion of households living in social housing SA1012V DE3001V

SA2029I Crude death rate per 1000 residents SA2019V*1000 DE1001V

SA2030I Crude death rate of male residents per 1000 male residents SA2020V*1000 DE1002V

SA2031I Crude death rate of female residents per 1000 female residents SA2021V*1000 DE1003V

Socia

l A

spects

SA2019I Total deaths per year SA2019V

SA2016I Mortality rate for <65 per year SA2016V

DE1040V + DE1043V + DE1046V + DE1052V + DE1025V

SA3001I * Total Number of recorded crimes per 1000 population SA3001V*1000 DE1001V

EC1201I Annual average change in employment over approx. 5 years EC1001V(t)- EC1001V(t-n)

EC1001V -EC1001V(t-n)

nom

ic

As-

EC1010I Number of unemployed EC1010V -


4

EC1020I * Unemployment rate EC1010V EC1001V

EC1148I Proportion of residents unemployed 15-24 EC1148V EC1142V

EC1202I Proportion of unemployed who are under 25 EC1148V EC1010V

EC1005I Net activity rate residents aged 15-64 EC1001V-EC1010V

DE1046V + DE1049V + DE1052V + DE1025V

EC1006I

Net activity rate residents aged 15-24 EC1142V-EC1148V

DE1046V + DE1049V

EC1007I Net activity rate residents aged 55-64 EC1145V-EC1151V

DE1025V

EC3039I * Median disposable annual household income (for city or NUTS 3 region) EC3039V -

EC3057I Percent. households with less than half nat.aver.income EC3057V EC3056V

EC3055I Percent. households with less than 60% of the national median annual disposable income EC3055V EC3056V

EC3060I Proportion of households reliant upon social security EC3060V EC3056V

EC3063I Proportion of individuals reliant on social security EC3063V DE1001V

TE2025I * Prop. of working age population qualified at level 1 or 2 ISCED TE2025V

DE1046V + DE1049V + DE1052V + DE1025V

TE2028I Prop. of working age population qualified at level 3 or 4 ISCED TE2028V

DE1046V + DE1049V + DE1052V + DE1025V

Tra

inin

g a

nd e

ducation

TE2031I Prop. of working age population qualified at level 5 or 6 ISCED TE2031V

DE1046V + DE1049V + DE1052V + DE1025V

EN5003I * Total land area (km2) -according to cadastral register EN5003V -

EN5001I Green space (in m2) to which the public has access per capita EN5001V*10000 DE1001V

EN5012I * Proportion of the area in green space EN5012V EN5003V

Enviro

n-

ment

EN5101I * Population density: total resident pop. per square km DE1001V EN5003V

TOTAL 41 Indicators in 5 categories on SCD level

5

2.2 INDICATORS AND SAMPLED DISTRICTS

In the downloaded Urban Audit data set, a total of 958 indicators are listed grouped as follows:

• Demography (DE)

• Economic aspects (EC)

• Environment (EN)

• Social aspects (SE)

• Training and education (TE)

Out of the 958 indicators, data are collected for only 44 indicators, see Table 2. Data has been col-

lected for two periods, 1999-2002 and 2003-2006. During the first period, data has been collected

for 7856 districts in 321 cities in 30 European countries. During the second period, data has been

collected for 2972 districts in 173 cities in 24 European Countries.

Table 2: List of 44 indicators containing data in the Urban Audit data set

Code Description

DE1001I Total population in Urban Audit cities

DE1003I Proportion of females to males in total population

DE1040I Proportion of total population aged 0-4

DE1061I Total population change over 1 year

DE1062I Total annual population change over approx. 5 years

DE2005I Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals and citizens of a country with high HDI

DE2006I Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals and citizens of a country with a medium or low HDI

DE3002I Proportion of one-person households in Urban Audit cities - %

DE3003I Total Number of Households

DE3004I Average household size in Urban Audit cities - number of persons per household

DE3005I Proportion of households that are lone-parent households

DE3008I Proportion of households that are lone-pensioner households

EC1005I Net activity rate residents aged 15-64



EC1010I Number of unemployed

EC1020I Unemployment rate in Urban Audit cities - %

EC1148I Proportion of residents unemployed 15-24

EC1201I Annual average change in employment over approx. 5 years

EC1202I Proportion of unemployed who are under 25

EC3039I Median disposable annual household income

EC3055I Percent. households with less than 60% of the national median annual disposable income

EC3057I Percentage of the households receiving less than half of the na-tional average household income

EC3060I Proportion of households reliant upon social security


6

Code Description

EC3063I Proportion of individuals reliant on social security


EN5001I Green space (in m2) to which the public has access, per capita

EN5001I Green space (in m2) to which the public has access, per capita

EN5003I Total land area (km2) according to cadastral register

EN5012I Proportion of the area in green space

EN5101I Population density in Urban Audit cities

SA1001I Number of dwellings

SA1012I Proportion of households living in social housing

SA1018I Proportion of dwellings lacking basic amenities

SA2016I Mortality rate for <65 per year

SA2019I Total deaths per year

SA2029I Crude death rate per 1000 residents

SA2030I Crude death rate of male residents per 1000 male residents

SA2031I Crude death rate of female residents per 1000 female residents

SA2031I Crude death rate of female residents per 1000 female residents

SA3001I Total number of recorded crimes per 1000 population

TE2025I Prop. of working age population qualified at level 1 or 2 ISCED

TE2028I Prop. of working age population qualified at level 3 or 4 ISCED

TE2031I Proportion of population aged 15-64 qualified at tertiary level (ISCED 5-6) living in Urban Audit cities - %

2.3 LACK OF COMPLETENESS

There is a lot of missing data in the data set. No district has data for all 44 indicators, and no indica-

tor has been collected for all districts. Organising the data into a matrix with indicator as column

heading and district as row heading, only 32 % of the matrix is filled for the 1999-2002 period and

35% for 2003-2006. To arrive at a data set with reasonable completeness for analysis purposes

while keeping an appropriate mix of indicators and geographical country/city spread, requires a

careful selection indicators and districts.


7

3 Analysis of 1999-2002 data

3.1 PREPARATION OF DATA SET

In the following, the data set for the period 1999-2002 is considered.

3.1.1 Improving completeness

To improve completeness of the data set, the following procedure of excluding cities and indicators

have been performed:

1. Sort indicators according to completeness, i.e. starting with the indicator having data for the most districts and ending with the indicator having the least data.

2. Subjectively exclude indicators with the least data. Indicators believed to carry information with significant importance for socio economic vulnerability should be kept when possible.

3. Sort cities according to completeness, i.e. starting with the city having data for the most indi-cators and ending with the city with data for the least indicators.

4. Subjectively exclude cities with the least indicators. Cities believed to have high significance, for example being among the last cities of a country, or representing a certain size or type of city should be kept.

5. If necessary, repeat the procedure.

Following the above procedure, a data set with 20 indicators (Table 3) and 2820 districts was cre-

ated representing 161 cities in 20 European countries. This data set has kept the Urban Audit indi-

cators believed to be key for socio economic vulnerability as well as a good geographical represen-

tation in Europe.

Table 3: The 20 indicators included in the condensed data

DE1001I: Total population in Urban Audit cities

EC1020I: Unemployment rate in Urban Audit cities - %

SA1001I: Number of dwellings

DE3003I: Total Number of Households

DE3002I: Proportion of one-person households in Urban Audit cities

DE3008I: Proportion of households that are lone-pensioner households

DE3005I: Proportion of households that are lone-parent households

EN5003I: Total land area (km2) according to cadastral register

EN5101I: Population density in Urban Audit cities

DE1003I: Proportion of females to males in total population

SA1018I: Proportion of dwellings lacking basic amenities

SA1012I: Proportion of households living in social housing

DE2006I: Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals and citizens of a

country with a medium or low HDI

DE2005I: Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals and citizens of a

country with high HDI

DE3004I: Average household size in Urban Audit cities - number of persons per

household

DE1062I: Total annual population change over approx_ 5 years

EC3039I: Median disposable annual household income


8

TE2025I: Prop. of working age population qualified at level 1 or 2 ISCED

EN5012I: Proportion of the area in green space

SA3001I: Total number of recorded crimes per 1000 population

The condensed data set with 20 indicators and 2820 districts has 68% completeness in comparison

to the 32% completeness of the original data set with 44 indicators and 7856 districts.

The diagonal in Table 4 gives more details on the number of districts (out of the 2820) that have

collected data on the various indicators. The indicator with most data is indicator no. 1“Total popula-

tion in Urban Audit cities” with 2804 out of the 2820 districts covered, whereas only 502 out of the

2820 districts have data on indicator no. 20 “Total number of recorded crimes per 1000 population”.

The off-diagonal elements in Table 4 show how much data can be found on each pair of indicators.

The most data can be found for indicator pair 1 and 2 (“DE1001I: Total population in Urban Audit

cities” and “EC1020I: Unemployment rate in Urban Audit cities - %”) with 2690 districts having cor-

responding data. The least data can be found for indicator pair 17 and 18 (“EC3039I: Median dis-

posable annual household income” and “TE2025I: Prop. of working age population qualified at level

1 or 2”) with only 47 districts having collected both these indicators.

The large variation in pair wise data as seen in Table 4 should be kept in mind when analysing the

results of the principal component analysis below as it clearly weakens the rigor of the analysis.


9

Table 4: No of districts (out of 2820) having data for two paired indicators

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

DE

100

1I: T

ota

l po

pula

tion in

Urb

an

Au

dit

citie

s

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te in

Urb

an

Audit c

ities - %

SA

100

1I: N

um

be

r of d

wellin

gs

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l Nu

mbe

r of H

ousehold

s

DE

300

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f one-p

ers

on h

ou

se-

hold

s in

Urb

an A

udit c

ities

DE

300

8I: P

ropo

rtion o

f househ

old

s th

at

are

lon

e-p

ensio

ner h

ouseh

old

s

DE

300

5I: P

ropo

rtion o

f househ

old

s th

at

are

lon

e-p

are

nt h

ouseh

old

s

EN

500

3I: T

ota

l lan

d a

rea (k

m2

) acco

rdin

g

to c

ada

stra

l regis

ter

EN

510

1I: P

op

ula

tion d

ensity

in U

rba

n

Audit c

ities

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pula

tion

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g

basic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l ho

usin

g

DE

200

6I: P

rop. o

f res. n

ot E

U n

at. a

nd

citiz

. of a

c.try

w/ m

ed. o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I: P

rop. re

s. w

ho a

re n

ot E

U n

at.

and

citiz

. of a

c.try

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge h

ouseh

old

siz

e in

Urb

an A

udit c

ities –

no p

ers

ons p

er h

h

DE

106

2I: T

ota

l an

nu

al p

op

ula

tion c

ha

nge

over a

ppro

x_ 5

yea

rs

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

ispo

sa

ble

ann

ual

hou

seh

old

inco

me

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion

qualifie

d a

t level 1

or 2

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en

space

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f reco

rded c

rimes

per 1

000

po

pula

tion

1

280

4

269

0

263

3

262

2

258

3

245

4

244

8

230

0

229

9

224

6

205

2

194

5

186

7

182

3

152

9

959

920

677

611

502

2

270

6

253

5

252

4

248

5

235

6

235

0

220

2

218

5

214

8

204

9

195

8

175

3

170

9

143

0

959

920

598

509

456

3

264

9

251

2

247

3

246

9

246

3

219

3

217

6

221

6

206

8

195

8

169

7

165

3

154

4

823

920

648

501

488

4

263

8

259

9

245

8

246

4

223

1

221

4

209

2

200

7

195

8

168

5

164

1

153

2

907

859

597

547

406

5

259

9

245

1

245

7

222

4

220

7

205

3

200

0

195

1

164

6

160

2

152

5

868

859

565

543

374

6

247

0

244

1

210

7

209

0

204

3

199

3

195

2

151

7

147

3

153

6

747

859

548

431

365

7

246

4

209

2

207

5

206

0

200

3

194

1

152

8

148

4

151

5

733

859

565

412

374

8

231

6

229

9

176

6

170

6

177

8

137

5

135

3

119

3

688

818

381

623

433

9

229

9

174

9

168

9

176

4

137

5

135

3

117

8

687

818

365

610

432

10

226

2

199

6

158

0

136

3

131

9

114

5

425

920

693

321

306

11

206

8

163

4

116

6

112

2

108

0

391

920

460

251

222

12

195

8

107

2

107

1

110

5

519

856

286

249

279

13

186

7

182

3

148

7

801

158

677

530

420

14

182

3

146

5

779

158

633

530

420

15

154

4

609

97

533

363

282

16

959

55

144

398

338

17

920

47

56

56

18

693

162

166

19

623

294

20

502


10

3.1.2 Data transformation

Most of the 20 indicators in the condensed data set have zero to infinity range. The exceptions are

indicators measured in percent ranging from zero to hundred. For those indicators, the following

transformation has been performed on each indicator, i, to obtain a transformed indicator, itr, with

zero to infinity range:

3.1.3 Correlation and removal of highly correlated variables

Table 5 shows the correlation between data for the transformed indicators. Based on the results it

was decided to exclude indicator nos. 3, 4 and 5:

• 3. SA1001I: Number of dwellings

• 4. DE3003I: Total Number of Households

• 5. DE3002I: Proportion of one-person households in Urban Audit cities

Indicator nos. 3 and 4 were excluded as the information they provide is believed to be well repre-

sented by indicator no. 1 “Total population in Urban Audit cities” (correlation 1 to 3 = 0.97 and 1 to 4

= 0.98). The information in indicator no. 5 is believed to be well represented by indicator no. 15 “Av-

erage household size in Urban Audit cities – no persons per hh” (correlation 5 to 15 = -0.82).

As a result, the 17 indicators shown in Table 6 were included in the principal component analysis.


11

Table 5: Correlation matrix between the 20 transformed indicators

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

SA

300

1I: T

ot. n

o. o

f rec. c

rimes

per 1

000

po

p.

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea

in g

ree

n s

pace

TE

20

25

I: P

rop

. of

work

ing

a

ge

pop

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 1

or

2 IS

CE

D

EC

303

9I:

Me

dia

n

dis

posa

ble

ann

ual h

ouse

hold

incom

e

DE

106

2I:

Tota

l an

nu

al

po

pula

-

tion

ch

an

ge

over

app

rox_

5

years

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge h

h. s

ize –

no.

of p

ers

ons p

er h

h

DE

200

5I: P

rop. o

f res. w

ho a

re

not E

U N

atio

nals

and c

itizen

s o

f

a c

ountry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

200

6I: P

rop. o

f res. w

ho a

re

not E

U N

at. a

nd c

itiz. o

f a c

ou

n-

try w

ith a

mediu

m o

r low

HD

I

SA

101

2I:

Pro

p.

of

hh.

livin

g

in

socia

l ho

usin

g

SA

101

8I: P

rop. o

f dw

ell. la

ckin

g

basic

am

enitie

s

DE

100

3I:

Pro

po

rtion

of

fem

ale

s

to m

ale

s

EN

510

1I: P

op

ula

tion d

ensity

EN

500

3I: T

ota

l lan

d a

rea (k

m2

)

DE

300

5I:

Pro

po

rtion

of

lo

ne-

pare

nt h

ousehold

s

DE

300

8I:

Pro

p.

of

lon

e-

pen

sio

ner h

ousehold

s

DE

300

2I:

Pro

p.

of

one

-pers

on

hou

seh

. in c

ities

DE

300

3I:

Tota

l N

um

be

r of

Househ

old

s

SA

100

1I: N

um

be

r of d

wellin

gs

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mpl. ra

te in

Urb

an

Audit c

ities - %

DE

100

1I:

Tota

l pop

. in

U

rban

Audit c

ities

IND

ICA

TO

R

-0.0

8

-0.0

5

-0.1

7

0.2

9

-0.0

5

-0.1

9

0.0

9

0.0

9

-0.0

2

0.0

1

-0.0

1

0.0

0

0.3

6

0.1

9

0.1

1

0.0

4

0.9

8

0.9

7

-0.0

7

1.0

0

1

-0.0

4

0.0

5

-0.0

1

-0.3

9

-0.0

8

0.2

9

-0.1

3

-0.0

6

0.5

4

0.1

4

-0.0

1

0.1

3

-0.1

6

0.3

5

-0.0

5

-0.0

8

-0.1

7

-0.0

8

1.0

0

2

-0.0

7

-0.0

9

-0.2

0

0.3

1

-0.0

7

-0.2

8

0.1

5

0.1

3

-0.0

4

0.0

2

0.0

3

0.0

4

0.3

0

0.1

4

0.1

8

0.1

9

0.9

9

1.0

0

3

-0.0

6

-0.0

8

-0.2

5

0.3

4

-0.0

6

-0.4

9

0.2

6

0.1

9

-0.0

4

0.0

2

0.0

2

0.0

6

0.2

2

0.1

6

0.2

0

0.1

9

1.0

0

4

0.3

9

-0.2

4

-0.3

8

0.1

9

-0.1

6

-0.8

2

0.5

1

0.3

3

-0.0

9

0.1

5

0.2

8

0.4

0

-0.3

6

-0.1

6

0.3

6

1.0

0

5

-0.0

4

-0.0

6

-0.3

4

-0.0

8

-0.2

9

-0.5

8

0.1

8

0.2

3

-0.0

1

0.0

9

0.4

9

0.2

0

-0.1

8

0.0

1

1.0

0

6

-0.1

4

0.1

6

-0.3

6

-0.4

8

-0.1

9

-0.0

4

-0.1

7

0.0

0

0.4

8

0.0

1

-0.0

7

-0.0

7

0.0

1

1.0

0

7

-0.1

3

0.1

6

0.3

6

0.0

7

0.1

4

0.2

6

-0.0

9

-0.1

0

-0.1

3

-0.0

1

-0.3

6

-0.4

0

1.0

0

8

0.0

4

-0.2

2

-0.2

4

0.1

4

-0.1

9

-0.2

5

0.0

5

0.0

7

0.0

6

0.1

4

0.2

8

1.0

0

9

-0.1

5

-0.0

6

-0.0

4

0.0

5

-0.2

2

-0.3

9

-0.2

1

-0.1

4

-0.0

2

-0.0

2

1.0

0

10

-0.1

5

-0.0

1

0.4

3

-0.1

6

-0.0

8

-0.1

0

-0.0

9

-0.0

3

0.0

4

1.0

0

11

-0.0

2

-0.0

1

0.1

4

-0.4

7

-0.0

1

0.1

2

-0.0

6

0.1

1

1.0

0

12

0.0

6

-0.1

4

-0.1

4

-0.2

9

-0.1

6

-0.3

3

0.4

3

1.0

0

13

0.0

8

-0.0

9

-0.3

3

0.3

5

-0.0

7

-0.4

5

1.0

0

14

-0.2

7

0.2

8

0.4

9

0.5

7

0.2

6

1.0

0

15

0.0

2

0.0

2

-0.0

2

0.1

9

1.0

0

16

-0.0

3

0.4

3

-0.7

8

1.0

0

17

-0.0

7

-0.0

5

1.0

0

18

-0.1

0

1.0

0

19

1.0

0

20


12

Table 6: The 17 indicators included in the principal component analysis. A total of 9 out of

the 17 indicators have been transformed using the equation in Section 3.1.2.

No Indicator name Trans-formed

1 DE1001I: Total population in Urban Audit cities

2 EC1020I: Unemployment rate in Urban Audit cities - % Y

3 DE3008I: Proportion of households that are lone-pensioner households

Y

4 DE3005I: Proportion of households that are lone-parent households

Y

5 EN5003I: Total land area (km2) according to cadastral reg-ister

6 EN5101I: Population density in Urban Audit cities

7 DE1003I: Proportion of females to males in total population

8 SA1018I: Proportion of dwellings lacking basic amenities Y

9 SA1012I: Proportion of households living in social housing Y

10 DE2006I: Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nation-als and citizens of a country with a medium or low HDI

Y

11 DE2005I: Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nation-als and citizens of a country with high HDI

Y

12 DE3004I: Average household size in Urban Audit cities - number of persons per household

13 DE1062I: Total annual population change over approx_ 5 years

14 EC3039I: Median disposable annual household income

15 TE2025I: Prop. of working age population qualified at level 1 or 2 ISCED

Y

16 EN5012I: Proportion of the area in green space Y

17 SA3001I: Total number of recorded crimes per 1000 popu-lation

3.1.4 Detailed analysis of data to be included in Principal Component Analysis

The bar-diagrams in Figure 2 (indicator number 1-8), Figure 3 (indicator number 9-16) and Figure 4

(indicator number 17) are histograms normalised to estimate probability distribution function for the

17 transformed indicators. The solid line shows a best fit generalised extreme value distribution. The

best fit parameters are listed in Table 7.


13

0 50 100 150 200 2500

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

Transformed value

5.

EN

5003I:

Tota

l la

nd a

rea

(km

2)

accord

ing t

o c

adastr

al

regis

ter

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

x 104

0

1

x 10-4

Transformed value

6.

EN

5101I:

Popula

tion d

ensity

in U

rban A

udit c

itie

s}

40 60 80 100 120 140 1600

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Transformed value

7.

DE

1003I:

Pro

port

ion o

f fe

male

s

to m

ale

s in t

ota

l popula

tion

0 0.5 1 1.50

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Transformed value

8.

SA

1018I:

Pro

port

ion o

f dw

elli

ngs

lackin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

0 1 2 3 4

x 105

0

1

2

3

4

5x 10

-5

Transformed value

1.

DE

1001I:

Tota

l popula

tion

in U

rban A

udit c

itie

s

0 2 4 6 8 100

1

2

3

4

5

6

Transformed value

2.

EC

1020I:

Unem

plo

ym

ent

rate

in U

rban A

udit c

itie

s -

%

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40

2

4

6

8

Transformed value

3.

DE

3008I:

Pro

port

ion o

f household

s

that

are

lone-p

ensio

ner

househ

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250

5

10

15

20

25

Transformed value

4.

DE

3005I:

Pro

port

ion o

f household

s

that

are

lone-p

are

nt

household

Figure 2: Probability density function estimates for indicator no. 1-8 (bars). Best fit General-

ised Extreme Value distribution (solid line).


14

0 5 10 150

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Transformed value

9.

SA

1012I:

Pro

port

ion o

f household

s

livin

g in s

ocia

l housin

g

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10

5

10

15

20

25

Transformed value

10.

DE

2006I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

Resid

ents

who a

re n

ot

EU

Nationals

and c

itiz

ens o

f a c

ountr

y w

ith

a m

ediu

m o

r lo

w H

DI

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20

50

100

150

200

Transformed value

11.

DE

2005I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

Resid

ents

who a

re n

ot

EU

Nationals

and c

itiz

ens o

f a c

ountr

y w

ith

hig

h H

DI

1 2 3 4 5 60

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Transformed value

12.

DE

3004I:

Avera

ge h

ousehold

siz

e in U

rban A

udit c

itie

s

- num

ber

of

pers

ons p

er

household

-20 -10 0 10 200

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

Transformed value

13.

DE

1062I:

Tota

l annual popula

tion

change o

ver

appro

x 5 y

ears

0 1 2 3 4

x 104

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2x 10

-4

Transformed value

14.

EC

3039I:

Media

n d

isposable

annual household

incom

e

0 2 4 6 8 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Transformed value

15.

TE

2025I:

Pro

p.

of

work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualif

ied a

t

level 1 o

r 2 I

SC

ED

0 10 20 30 40 500

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Transformed value

16.

EN

5012I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

the a

rea in g

reen s

pace

Figure 3: Probability density function estimates for indicator no. 9-16 (bars). Best fit General-



15

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 40000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8x 10

-3

Transformed value

17.

SA

3001I:

Tota

l num

ber

of

record

ed c

rim

es p

er

1000 p

opula

tion

Figure 4: Probability density function estimates for indicator no. 17 (bars). Best fit General-



16

Table 7: Parameters for best fit Generalised Extreme Value probability density function for

the 17 transformed indicators

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

No

SA

3001I:

Tota

l num

ber

of

record

ed

crim

es

per

1000

popula

tion

EN

5012I: P

roportio

n o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

TE

2025I: P

rop. o

f work

ing a

ge p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

1 o

r 2 IS

CE

D

EC

3039I: M

edia

n d

isposable

annual h

ousehold

incom

e

DE

1062I: T

ota

l annual p

opula

tion c

hange o

ver a

ppro

x_ 5

years

DE

3004I: A

vera

ge h

ousehold

siz

e in

Urb

an A

udit c

ities -

num

ber o

f pers

ons p

er h

ousehold

DE

2005I: P

roportio

n o

f Resid

ents

who a

re n

ot E

U N

a-

tionals

and c

itizens o

f a c

ountry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

2006I: P

roportio

n o

f Resid

ents

who a

re n

ot E

U N

a-

tionals

and c

itizens o

f a c

ountry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

SA

1012I: P

roportio

n o

f household

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

SA

1018I: P

roportio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

DE

1003I: P

roportio

n o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l popula

-

tion

EN

5101I: P

opula

tion d

ensity

in U

rban A

udit c

ities

EN

5003I:

Tota

l la

nd are

a (k

m2)

accord

ing to

cadastra

l

regis

ter

DE

3005I: P

roportio

n of

household

s th

at

are

lo

ne-p

are

nt

household

s

DE

3008I:

Pro

portio

n

of

household

s

that

are

lo

ne-

pensio

ner h

ousehold

s

EC

1020I: U

nem

plo

ym

ent ra

te in

Urb

an A

udit c

ities - %

DE

1001I: T

ota

l popula

tion in

Urb

an A

udit c

ities

Ind

icato

r nam

e

0.3

15

1.0

84

0.8

65

-0.1

73

-0.1

23

-0.0

97

1.8

39

1.8

16

0.9

57

0.4

88

-0.2

78

0.6

16

1.0

26

0.0

28

-0.1

39

0.2

63

0.2

64

Sh

ap

e

pa

-

ram

e-

ter, ξξ ξξ

48

.33

0.2

27

0.2

32

48

26

2.3

26

0.4

08

0.0

02

0.0

13

0.0

82

0.0

29

9.7

51

26

85

3.6

11

0.0

22

0.0

49

0.0

61

83

53

Sc

ale

pa

-

ram

e-

ter, σσ σσ

59

.32

0.1

55

0.2

81

14

29

1

-0.4

66

2.1

07

0.0

01

0.0

07

0.0

62

0.0

28

10

7.9

25

59

3.2

21

0.0

44

0.1

04

0.0

94

15

44

7

Lo

ca

-

tion

pa

r., µµ µµ.

Be

st fit

0.2

37

0.9

44

0.7

85

-0.2

09

-0.1

31

-0.1

20

0.8

87

0.4

39

-0.2

88

0.5

57

0.9

68

0.0

04

-0.1

59

0.2

26

0.2

40

Sh

ap

e

pa

-

ram

e-

ter, ξξ ξξ

44

.40

0.1

99

0.2

09

46

00

2.2

43

0.3

93

0.0

77

0.0

28

9.4

95

25

49

3.3

88

0.0

21

0.0

47

0.0

59

80

81

Sc

ale

pa

-

ram

e-

ter, σσ σσ

54

.48

0.1

33

0.2

62

13

95

0

-0.6

22

2.0

85

0.0

58

0.0

27

10

7.5

24

21

3.0

49

0.0

43

0.1

02

0.0

91

15

10

7

Lo

ca

-

tion

pa

r., µµ µµ.

5%

co

nfid

en

ce

inte

rva

l

va

lue

0.3

93

1.2

24

0.9

46

-0.1

38

-0.1

15

-0.0

74

1.0

28

0.5

38

-0.2

69

0.6

75

1.0

85

0.0

52

-0.1

19

0.3

01

0.2

89

Sh

ap

e

pa

-

ram

e-

ter, ξξ ξξ

52

.61

0.2

59

0.2

57

50

64

2.4

12

0.4

24

0.0

88

0.0

31

10

.01

28

29

3.8

48

0.0

22

0.0

50

0.0

63

86

34

Sc

ale

pa

-

ram

e-

ter, σσ σσ

64

.17

0.1

78

0.3

00

14

63

2

-0.3

10

2.1

29

0.0

67

0.0

30

10

8.3

26

98

3.3

93

0.0

45

0.1

06

0.0

97

15

78

8

Lo

ca

-

tion

pa

r., µµ µµ.

95

% c

on

fiden

ce

inte

rva

l

va

lue


17

3.2 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

The principal component analysis was performed on a standardised data set, where the standard-

ised variable, ztr, was calculated as:

Here itr is the transformed data, µtr is the mean of the transformed data and σtr is the standard de-

viation of the transformed data.

3.2.1 Eigenvectors, eigen values and explanation of variability

The eigenvectors with corresponding eigenvalues resulting from the principal component analysis

are shown in Table 8. The eigenvectors are sorted by decreasing eigenvalue, showing the eigen-

vector representing the largest variation (17.8%) in the data set in the first column and the eigenvec-

tor representing the least variation (0.2%) in column number 17.

3.2.2 Selecting principal components

The dimensions of the data set can now be reduced by omitting the principal components represent-

ing the least variation in the data set.

The third row in Table 8 shows cumulative explanation of variability as more eigenvectors are in-

cluded in the new data set. For example, including 10 out of the 17 eigenvectors, i.e. all eigenvec-

tors with eigenvalues larger than 0.7, gives a data set containing 85.5 % of the variation in the origi-

nal data set.

3.2.3 Detailed analysis of selected principal components

Base on the above analysis, it is decided to keep the first 10 principal components. In this section,

these components are analysed in order to understand what type of data that dominate each of

them.


18


sorted by decreasing eigenvalue

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

No

SA

3001

EN

5012

TE

2025

EC

3039

DE

1062

DE

3004

DE

2005

DE

2006

SA

1012

SA

1018

DE

1003

EN

5101

EN

5003

DE

3005

DE

3008

EC

1020

DE

1001

Ind

icato

r co

de

Eig

en

valu

e

Cu

mu

lativ

e e

xp

lan

atio

n

of v

aria

bility

(%)

Exp

lan

atio

n o

f varia

bil-

ity (%

)

Eig

en

vecto

r no

-0.0

6

0.1

6

0.3

8

0.1

2

0.2

2

0.4

9

-0.2

5

-0.2

4

-0.0

4

-0.0

2

-0.2

5

-0.2

3

0.3

1

-0.1

1

-0.4

2

0.0

0

-0.0

6

3.0

8

17

.8

17

.8

1

-0.0

8

0.0

9

0.0

2

-0.5

4

-0.1

0

0.0

7

-0.2

0

-0.0

5

0.4

8

0.1

0

-0.0

4

-0.0

5

-0.0

4

0.4

3

-0.0

5

0.4

5

-0.0

4

2.4

7

32

.0

14

.2

2

-0.1

0

0.0

1

0.0

8

0.1

3

0.0

2

0.1

5

-0.3

6

-0.3

5

-0.0

3

0.1

4

0.4

6

0.3

7

-0.4

0

-0.1

9

0.0

5

0.1

1

-0.3

3

1.7

6

42

.2

10

.2

3

-0.3

8

0.3

7

-0.3

1

0.1

6

-0.0

8

0.0

1

-0.2

3

-0.2

8

-0.1

8

-0.1

3

0.2

0

-0.0

7

0.2

0

0.3

5

0.1

9

-0.1

2

0.3

8

1.5

0

50

.9

8.7

4

0.2

5

0.2

1

-0.4

8

0.0

5

0.2

7

0.0

7

0.0

6

-0.1

0

-0.0

2

-0.4

7

-0.1

8

-0.0

7

-0.3

3

0.1

9

-0.1

9

-0.0

3

-0.3

6

1.4

3

59

.1

8.3

5

-0.0

9

-0.5

8

-0.1

4

0.0

2

0.5

2

0.0

0

-0.0

7

-0.1

4

0.1

9

-0.2

0

0.0

5

0.2

4

0.0

2

0.0

2

-0.1

5

0.0

7

0.4

3

1.0

2

65

.0

5.9

6

0.2

5

-0.1

8

0.1

6

-0.3

0

0.0

2

-0.2

3

-0.2

3

-0.2

2

-0.0

1

-0.3

6

0.3

7

-0.5

1

0.1

4

-0.1

4

0.1

9

-0.1

3

-0.1

0

1.0

0

70

.8

5.8

7

0.5

4

0.0

7

-0.1

7

-0.0

3

0.2

1

-0.2

6

-0.1

5

-0.3

6

-0.1

9

0.5

6

-0.1

7

0.0

3

0.1

3

0.0

8

0.0

3

0.0

5

0.1

0

0.9

5

76

.3

5.5

8

-0.4

8

0.1

5

-0.1

1

-0.1

4

0.5

6

-0.1

5

0.2

1

0.0

5

-0.1

1

0.2

1

0.0

2

-0.2

6

0.0

4

-0.2

4

0.2

0

0.2

4

-0.2

3

0.8

7

81

.3

5.0

9

0.2

1

0.4

4

0.2

2

0.0

8

0.3

5

-0.0

2

0.1

6

0.0

7

0.5

4

-0.0

3

0.2

2

0.2

3

0.1

5

0.0

2

0.1

8

-0.3

2

0.0

4

0.7

3

85

.5

4.2

10

-0.2

6

-0.2

6

-0.0

2

0.0

2

0.0

4

-0.1

0

-0.1

0

-0.0

2

0.1

8

0.3

5

-0.0

6

-0.2

3

-0.2

0

0.3

1

-0.1

5

-0.6

5

-0.2

2

0.6

9

89

.4

4.0

11

-0.1

0

0.0

0

0.0

6

0.0

1

-0.2

3

-0.1

0

0.6

3

-0.6

6

0.1

7

-0.0

1

0.0

3

-0.0

6

-0.0

5

-0.0

8

-0.2

0

0.0

3

0.0

4

0.5

6

92

.7

3.2

12

-0.1

7

-0.1

5

-0.0

1

-0.1

6

-0.0

7

-0.1

4

-0.0

7

-0.2

0

-0.0

3

-0.2

0

-0.3

3

0.4

6

0.4

8

0.0

4

0.2

3

-0.1

4

-0.4

4

0.4

0

95

.0

2.3

13

-0.0

8

0.2

2

0.0

7

-0.3

2

0.0

5

-0.3

9

-0.0

1

0.1

6

-0.2

7

-0.0

5

0.2

8

0.2

5

0.1

0

0.0

2

-0.6

5

-0.0

9

0.0

0

0.3

9

97

.2

2.2

14

-0.1

3

0.2

4

-0.0

3

-0.2

8

-0.0

7

-0.1

6

-0.2

7

-0.1

0

0.1

4

-0.0

9

-0.4

4

0.0

5

-0.3

5

-0.4

9

0.0

5

-0.2

1

0.3

0

0.2

9

98

.9

1.7

15

0.0

7

-0.0

4

-0.5

5

-0.3

5

-0.1

2

0.4

8

0.0

8

0.0

5

0.0

9

0.1

8

0.2

3

0.0

2

0.2

6

-0.3

3

-0.0

8

-0.2

2

-0.0

1

0.1

5

99

.8

0.9

16

-0.0

5

0.0

1

-0.2

9

0.4

5

-0.1

8

-0.3

6

-0.2

5

0.0

8

0.4

4

0.0

3

0.0

2

-0.1

4

0.2

6

-0.2

6

-0.2

5

0.2

1

-0.1

4

EIG

EN

VE

CT

OR

CO

MP

ON

EN

TS

0.0

4

10

0

0.2

17


19

Table 9: Analysis of the the ten principal components included. Only eigenvector-

components with absolute value larger than 0.3 are listed, helping to indentify which indica-

tors dominate the principal component.

Subjective descriptor for principal

component

Ba

sic

, su

bu

rba

n, fa

mily

are

a

Po

ve

rty a

nd

so

cia

l pro

ble

ms

De

nse

u

rba

nis

m w

ith lo

w im

mig

ra-

tion

De

ve

lop

me

nt a

nd

urb

anis

m

So

cia

l d

eve

lop

men

t a

nd

sm

alln

ess

of d

istric

t

Urb

an

pop

ula

tion

with

imm

igra

tion

Sca

rce

pop

ula

tion a

nd s

ocia

l de

vel-

op

men

t

Po

ve

rty, c

rime

and

so

cia

l pro

ble

ms

Po

pu

latio

n g

row

th a

nd

low

crim

e

Po

pu

latio

n g

row

th an

d socia

l p

rob

-

lem

s

Principal component number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

NoIndicator name Eigenvector components with absolute value > 0.3

1DE1001I: Total population in Urban

Audit cities -0.3 0.38 -0.4 0.43

2EC1020I: Unemployment rate in

Urban Audit cities - % 0.45 -0.3

3DE3008I: Proportion of households

that are lone-pensioner households -0.4

4DE3005I: Proportion of households

that are lone-parent households 0.43 0.35

5EN5003I: Total land area (km2)

according to cadastral register 0.31 -0.4 -0.3

6EN5101I: Population density in Ur-

ban Audit cities 0.37 -0.5

7DE1003I: Proportion of females to

males in total population 0.46 0.37

8SA1018I: Proportion of dwellings

lacking basic amenities -0.5 -0.4 0.56

9SA1012I: Proportion of households

living in social housing 0.48 0.54

10

DE2006I: Proportion of Residents

who are not EU Nationals and citi-

zens of a country with a medium or

low HDI

-0.4 -0.4

11

DE2005I: Proportion of Residents

who are not EU Nationals and citi-

zens of a country with high HDI

-0.4

12

DE3004I: Average household size in

Urban Audit cities - number of per-

sons per household

0.49

13DE1062I: Total annual population

change over approx_ 5 years 0.52 0.56 0.35

14EC3039I: Median disposable annual

household income -0.5

15TE2025I: Prop. of working age popu-

lation qualified at level 1 or 2 ISCED 0.38 -0.3 -0.5

16EN5012I: Proportion of the area in

green space 0.37 -0.6 0.44

17SA3001I: Total number of recorded

crimes per 1000 population -0.4 0.54 -0.5


20

Table 9 shows which of the eigenvector-components in the ten included principal components that

have absolute value larger than 0.3. This helps identify which indicators dominate each of the prin-

cipal components. For the first principal component, the following four indicators dominate:

No Indicator name Eigenvector

component

3 DE3008I: Proportion of households that are lone-pensioner

households -0.4

5 EN5003I: Total land area (km2) according to cadastral register 0.31

12 DE3004I: Average household size in Urban Audit cities - num-

ber of persons per household 0.49

15 TE2025I: Prop. of working age population qualified at level 1

or 2 ISCED 0.38

A high value for this principal component will therefore typically indicate a spatially large district with

large household size and basic education level. Subjectively it has been chosen to label this princi-

pal component “Basic, suburban family area”. In a similar manner, all ten principal components have

been labelled (Table 10). It should be noted that the label is subjective and a high value of the prin-

cipal component may be caused by other phenomena.

Table 10: Subjective labelling of the ten included principal components

No Subjective descriptor for principal component

1 Basic, suburban, family area

2 Poverty and social problems

3 Dense urbanism with low immigration

4 Development and urbanism

5 Social development and smallness of district

6 Urban population with immigration

7 Scarce population and social development

8 Poverty, crime and social problems

9 Population growth and low crime

10 Population growth and social problems


21

4 Analysis of 2003-2006 data

The initial selection of indicators for the 2003-2006 analysis is based on subjective expert opinion,

considering which indicators are more relevant for socio-economic vulnerability to earthquakes, in

particular needs and capacity for emergency health care and public emergency shelter. Table 11

shows the results from the selection process. Parameters considered to be of high and medium

relevance are given the values “H” and “M” respectively in the column labelled “Priority”. The two

last columns are checked for the parameters believed to be relevant for the Shelter and Health

models respectively. All parameters listed in the table are Urban Audit Indicators, except the last

three which are Urban Audit Variables. Indicators, as defined in the Urban Audit, are parameters

calculated from other Indicators or Variables. A Variable is a parameter that is directly given by the

collected data. This gives a total list of 30 parameters; 27 indicators and 3 variables; believed to be

relevant for the Shelter and Health models.

As not all data is available at sub-city level, analyses has been carried out at both city and sub-city

level. Which parameters are included in each of the four analyses (two at city level and two at sub-

city level) are also shown in Table 11.

Table 11: Indicators used in the 2003-2006 data analysis at city and sub-city level and infor-

mation on expert judgment prioritation of indicators. Parameters considered to be of high

and medium relevance are given the values “H” and “M” respectively in the column labelled

“Priority”. The two last columns are checked for the parameters believed to be relevant for

the Shelter and Health models respectively.

Parameters in-

cluded in the

analysis

Prio

rity

(H =

hig

h,

M =

me

diu

m)

Sh

elte

r

(x =

rele

va

nt)

He

alth

(x =

rele

va

nt)

Code List of Urban Audit Indicators and Variables

City

level: C

orre

latio

n (2

9)

City

level: P

CA

(24

)

Su

b-C

ity le

ve

l: Co

rrela

tion

(24)

Su

b-C

ity le

ve

l: PC

A (2

1)

DE1001I Total resident population

DE1040I Proportion of total population aged 0-4 x x x x H x x

DE1003I Proportion of females to males in total population x x x x M x

DE1061I Total population change over 1 year

DE1062I Total annual population change over 5 approx.years

DE2005I Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals

and citizens of a country with high HDI x x x x H x x D

em

og

rap

hy

DE2006I Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals x x x x H x x


22

and citizens of a country with a medium or low HDI

DE3003I Total number of households x x x x M x

DE3004I Average size of households x x x x H x x

DE3002I Proportion of households that are 1-person house-

holds

DE3005I Prop. of households that are lone-parent households x x x x M x

DE3008I Prop. households that are lone-pensioner house-

holds x x x x H x x

SA1001I Number of dwellings

SA1018I Proportion of dwellings lacking basic amenities x x x x H x

SA1012I Proportion of households living in social housing x x x x M x x

SA2029I Crude death rate per 1000 residents x x x x H x

SA2030I Crude death rate of male residents per 1000 male

residents x

2) H x

SA2031I Crude death rate of female residents per 1000 fe-

male residents x

2) H x

SA2019I Total deaths per year x 3)

H x

SA2016I Mortality rate for <65 per year x x x x H x

So

cia

l A

sp

ects

SA3001I Total Number of recorded crimes per 1000 popula-

tion x x x x H x

EC1201I Annual average change in employment over approx.

5 years

EC1010I Number of unemployed

EC1020I Unemployment rate x x x x M x x

EC1148I Proportion of residents unemployed 15-24

EC1202I Proportion of unemployed who are under 25




EC3039I Median disposable annual household income (for

city or NUTS 3 region) x x x x M x x

EC3057I Percent. households with less than half

nat.aver.income x x x

7) H x x

EC3055I Percent. households with less than 60% of the na-

tional median annual disposable income x

6) H x x

EC3060I Proportion of households reliant upon social security x x x 7)

M x

Eco

nom

ic A

sp

ects


TE2025I Prop. of working age population qualified at level 1

or 2 ISCED x x x x H x x



Tra

inin

g a

nd

ed

uca

tion



EN5003I Total land area (km2) -according to cadastral regis-

ter

EN5001I Green space (in m2) to which the public has access

per capita x x x x H x

EN5012I Proportion of the area in green space x x x x H x

En

vir

on

men

t

EN5101I Population density: total resident pop. per square km x x x x H x x

DE1028V Total Resident Population 65-74 x H x x

DE1055V Total Resident Population 75 and over x x

1) x

1) 5)

H x x

Va

ria

ble

s

CI1009V City Elections: Number of voters turned out 4)

H x x

1) The variables “DE1028V Total Resident Population 65-74” and “DE1055V Total Resident Population 75 and over” were merged in this analysis

2) The indicators “SA2030I Crude death rate of male residents per 1000 male residents” and “SA2031I Crude death rate of female residents per 1000 female residents” were excluded in the PCA city level


23

analysis as they both were strongly correlated with indicator “SA2029I Crude death rate per 1000 residents” (correlation = 0.93 and 0.94 respectively)

3) The indicator “SA2019I Total deaths per year” was excluded from the PCA city level analysis as it cor-related strongly with indicator “DE3003I Total number of households” (correlation = 0.98)

4) The variable “CI1009V City Elections: Number of voters turned out” was excluded from all analyses as it contained no data both at city and sub-city level.

5) The two remaining Urban Audit Variables included in the study had data at city level only. No sub-city data are available

6) The information contained in the indicator “EC3055I Percentage households with less than 60% of the national median annual disposable income” is represented in the indicator “EC3057I Percent. house-holds with less than half the national average income”. EC3055I was therefore removed.

7) The indicators “EC3057I Percent. households with less than half nat. aver. income” and “EC3060I Proportion of households reliant upon social security” has no pairwise city level data with the three education indicators TE2025I, TE2028I and TE2031I. It is therefore impossible to carry out principal component analysis on these data combinations. EC3057I and EC3060I were therefore removed in the PCA Sub-City level analysis.

4.1 CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

The city level analysis was carried out in two stages:

1) The first phase studied correlation between all prioritised indicators and variables that had data. A total of 29 parameters were included as shown in Table 11 in the column labelled “City level: Correlation”.

2) The second phase was the principal component analysis. Compared to Phase 1, four indica-tors were removed due to high correlation and the two variables DE1028V and DE1055 were merged into one variable counting population aged 65 and above. Thus a total of 24 pa-rameters were included in the principal component analysis.

4.1.1 Results from correlation analysis

Table 12 shows the number of cities (out of 377) having data for two paired indicators. Green colour

is used for indicator pairs with more than 300 data points. Red colour is used for indicator pair with

less than 75 data points. The diagonal in Table 12 gives more details on the number of cities (out of

the 377) that have collected data on the various indicators. The indicators with most data are indica-

tor nos. 1 and 2 with 367 out of the 377 cities having collected data, whereas only 80 out of the 377

cities have data on indicator no. 29.


The most data can be found for indicator pair 1 and 2 with 360 cities having corresponding data.

The least data can be found for indicator pair 25 and 29 (“SA1018I: Proportion of dwellings lacking

basic amenities” and “EC3055I: Percent. households with less than 60% of the national median an-

nual disposable income”) with only 16 of 377 cities having collected both these indicators.

The large amount of missing data this indicates should be kept in mind when interpreting and using

the results from the correlation and PCA analysis, as this significantly weakens the rigour of the re-

sults. However, it is still believed that the results can be of practical use in studying underlying struc-

tures in the societies the data covers.


24

Table 12: No of cities (out of 377) having data for two paired indicators. Green colour: Indica-

tor pair with more than 300 data points. Red colour: Indicator pair with less than 75 data

points.

29

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

78

80

103

112

138

144

144

176

169

181

183

198

199

205

205

205

210

235

250

258

328

328

335

343

323

333

333

360

367

1

78

79

103

111

135

145

143

177

168

183

181

195

198

201

201

203

213

234

249

252

321

321

335

336

324

333

333

367

360

2

79

80

104

111

135

146

144

177

169

183

183

195

199

200

200

204

207

208

246

254

294

294

334

332

321

335

335

333

333

3

79

80

104

111

135

146

144

177

169

183

183

195

199

200

200

204

207

208

246

254

294

294

334

332

321

335

335

333

333

4

76

77

101

110

134

143

138

175

163

181

176

191

193

200

200

197

202

205

243

246

285

285

321

323

324

321

321

324

323

5

78

80

103

113

138

144

144

176

169

181

184

199

199

205

205

206

210

213

249

258

306

306

334

344

323

332

332

336

343

6

78

79

103

111

136

145

143

177

168

182

182

196

198

201

201

204

209

208

246

253

296

296

336

334

321

334

334

335

335

7

75

77

65

110

103

106

106

174

131

179

146

164

161

167

167

168

172

198

211

256

329

329

296

306

285

294

294

321

328

8

75

77

65

110

103

106

106

174

131

179

146

164

161

167

167

168

172

198

211

256

329

329

296

306

285

294

294

321

328

9

62

64

54

95

81

87

87

153

110

182

123

135

140

145

145

143

157

148

190

261

256

256

253

258

246

254

254

252

258

10

73

75

98

105

120

118

122

146

124

130

132

146

154

178

178

153

149

166

250

190

211

211

246

249

243

246

246

249

250

11

75

77

102

92

79

146

146

118

171

106

161

157

201

171

171

167

162

238

166

148

198

198

208

213

205

208

208

234

235

12

65

67

86

93

94

128

126

91

149

116

163

178

151

150

150

185

217

162

149

157

172

172

209

210

202

207

207

213

210

13

76

78

99

100

104

138

134

85

157

98

186

197

159

154

154

208

185

167

153

143

168

168

204

206

197

204

204

203

205

14

63

64

100

98

95

115

137

110

137

88

132

148

167

206

206

154

150

171

178

145

167

167

201

205

200

200

200

201

205

15

63

64

100

98

95

115

137

110

137

88

132

148

167

206

206

154

150

171

178

145

167

167

201

205

200

200

200

201

205

16

68

69

102

83

76

141

145

111

170

100

153

150

201

167

167

159

151

201

154

140

161

161

198

199

193

199

199

198

199

17

69

71

92

97

102

128

124

79

147

91

175

199

150

148

148

197

178

157

146

135

164

164

196

199

191

195

195

195

198

18

76

78

99

78

82

134

128

83

151

92

186

175

153

132

132

186

163

161

132

123

146

146

182

184

176

183

183

181

183

19

58

58

51

73

52

80

67

125

90

184

92

91

100

88

88

98

116

106

130

182

179

179

182

181

181

183

183

183

181

20

65

66

99

74

76

139

144

83

171

90

151

147

170

137

137

157

149

171

124

110

131

131

168

169

163

169

169

168

169

21

68

68

60

78

48

76

74

178

83

125

83

79

111

110

110

85

91

118

146

153

174

174

177

176

175

177

177

177

176

22

65

66

101

73

76

117

146

74

144

67

128

124

145

137

137

134

126

146

122

87

106

106

143

144

138

144

144

143

144

23

71

71

101

75

63

146

117

76

139

80

134

128

141

115

115

138

128

146

118

87

106

106

145

144

143

146

146

145

144

24


25

29

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

16

17

48

42

138

63

76

48

76

52

82

102

76

95

95

104

94

79

120

81

103

103

136

138

134

135

135

135

138

25

78

80

65

115

42

75

73

78

74

73

78

97

83

98

98

100

93

92

105

95

110

110

111

113

110

111

111

111

112

26

66

66

105

65

48

101

101

60

99

51

99

92

102

100

100

99

86

102

98

54

65

65

103

103

101

104

104

103

103

27

80

82

66

80

17

71

66

68

66

58

78

71

69

64

64

78

67

77

75

64

77

77

79

80

77

80

80

79

80

28

80

80

66

78

16

71

65

68

65

58

76

69

68

63

63

76

65

75

73

62

75

75

78

78

76

79

79

78

78

29

Table 13 shows the correlation matrix between the 29 transformed indicators. Red colour is used to

indicate highly correlated indicators (correlation >0.8 or <-0.8). Green colour is used to indicate rela-

tively independent indicators (-0.2 < correlation <0.2). It can be seen that only a few indicator pairs

are highly correlated, a larger number of indicator pairs are somewhat correlated whereas the ma-

jority of indicator pairs are relatively independent.

For the principal component analysis it was decided to exclude some of the indicators that are well

represented by other indicators. The indicators “SA2030I Crude death rate of male residents per

1000 male residents” and “SA2031I Crude death rate of female residents per 1000 female resi-

dents” were excluded as they both are strongly correlated with indicator “SA2029I Crude death rate

per 1000 residents” (correlation = 0.93 and 0.94 respectively). In addition, the indicator “SA2019I

Total deaths per year” was excluded as it correlates strongly with indicator “DE3003I Total number

of households” (correlation = 0.98).

For the principal component analysis it was also decided to merge the two variables counting elderly

people into one variable:

• DE1028V: Total Resident Population 65-74

• DE1055V: Total Resident Population 75 and over

As should be expected, the two variables are highly correlated (0.96). The resulting variable counts

all people aged 65 and over.

The information contained in the indicator “EC3055I Percentage households with less than 60% of

the national median annual disposable income” is well represented in the indicator “EC3057I Per-

cent. households with less than half the national average income” (correlation 0.86). EC3055I was

therefore excluded in the principal component analysis. As a result, the 29 indicators used in the

correlation analysis was reduced to 24 indicators for the principal component analysis.


26

Table 13: Correlation matrix between the 29 transformed indicators. Red colour: Abs >0.8.

Green colour: Abs<0.2.

29

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

EC

305

5I: P

erc

en

t. hou

seh

old

s w

ith le

ss th

an 6

0%

of

the n

atio

nal m

edia

n a

nnu

al d

isposable

inco

me

EC

305

7I:

Pe

rce

nt.

ho

usehold

s

with

le

ss

than

half

nat.a

ve

r.inco

me

EC

306

0I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f hou

seh

old

s re

liant u

po

n s

ocia

l

secu

rity

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

ispo

sable

an

nu

al h

ouse

hold

inco

me

(for c

ity o

r NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

SA

101

8I: P

ropo

rtion o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

eni-

ties

SA

101

2I:

Pro

portio

n

of

ho

usehold

s

livin

g

in

socia

l

hou

sin

g

DE

300

8I:

Pro

p.

househ

old

s

that

are

lo

ne

-pensio

ner

hou

seh

old

s

EN

500

1I: G

reen s

pace (in

m2) to

whic

h th

e p

ublic

has

access p

er c

apita

DE

300

5I:

Pro

p.

of

househ

old

s

tha

t are

lo

ne-p

are

nt

hou

seh

old

s

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t

level 5

or 6

ISC

ED

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t

level 1

or 2

ISC

ED

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

200

6I:

Pro

po

rtion

of

Resid

ents

w

ho

are

not

EU

Natio

nals

an

d c

itizens o

f a c

oun

try w

ith a

me

diu

m o

r

low

HD

I

DE

200

5I:

Pro

po

rtion

of

Resid

ents

w

ho

are

not

EU

Natio

nals

an

d c

itizens o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

hig

h H

DI

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t

level 3

or 4

ISC

ED

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Num

be

r of re

co

rded c

rime

s p

er 1

000

pop

ula

tion

EN

510

1I:

Pop

ula

tion

de

nsity

: to

tal

resid

en

t p

op.

per

squ

are

km

DE

105

5V

: Tota

l Resid

ent P

op

ula

tion 7

5 a

nd o

ve

r

DE

102

8V

: Tota

l Resid

ent P

op

ula

tion 6

5-7

4

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

203

1I:

Cru

de

de

ath

ra

te

of

fem

ale

re

sid

ents

pe

r

100

0 fe

male

resid

ents

SA

203

0I: C

rud

e d

eath

rate

of m

ale

resid

en

ts p

er 1

000

male

resid

ents

SA

201

9I: T

ota

l dea

ths p

er y

ea

r

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pu

-

latio

n

-0.2

3

-0.1

5

-0.1

5

-0.5

4

0.4

5

-0.3

2

0.3

3

0.0

0

0.0

2

-0.1

8

0.1

0

-0.0

7

-0.0

3

0.0

4

-0.1

7

0.3

6

0.2

5

-0.0

5

-0.2

3

0.0

9

0.0

9

0.0

5

0.3

0

-0.4

0

0.4

5

0.1

2

0.4

5

0.0

5

1.0

0

1

0.0

9

-0.0

7

-0.1

7

0.0

4

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.2

8

-0.0

7

0.0

5

-0.2

1

0.1

0

0.0

0

-0.0

9

0.2

7

0.2

6

-0.1

1

-0.0

7

0.9

8

0.1

4

0.3

4

0.9

6

0.9

8

0.1

3

-0.0

3

0.0

5

0.1

6

0.0

9

1.0

0

0.0

5

2

0.0

9

-0.0

6

-0.0

7

-0.2

1

0.4

5

-0.1

6

0.5

1

-0.0

9

-0.1

9

-0.1

6

-0.3

6

-0.0

7

-0.2

3

0.0

2

-0.0

4

0.3

0

0.0

5

-0.0

7

-0.0

7

0.0

7

0.0

4

0.0

5

0.9

3

-0.4

9

0. 6

4

0.7

6

1.0

0

0.0

9

0.4

5

3

0.4

4

-0.0

7

-0.0

4

0.2

6

0.2

5

-0.0

9

0.4

8

-0.0

9

-0.1

3

-0.0

7

-0.3

3

-0.2

1

-0.4

9

0.1

4

0.2

2

0.1

7

-0.1

5

0.0

1

0.3

1

0.0

6

0.1

5

0.1

2

0.9

4

-0.3

5

0. 3

9

1.0

0

0.7

6

0.1

6

0.1

2

4

-0.1

8

-0.1

0

0.0

8

-0.4

2

0.6

9

-0.1

8

0.3

3

-0.1

0

0.1

4

-0.2

5

-0.2

5

-0.1

6

-0.3

1

0.0

9

-0.0

7

0.5

0

0.1

0

-0.0

3

-0.0

8

-0.0

9

-0.0

2

0.0

0

0.5

4

-0.3

0

1.0

0

0.3

9

0. 6

4

0.0

5

0.4

5

5

-0.0

1

0.1

2

0.3

7

0.3

5

-0.2

1

0.4

8

-0.3

3

-0.0

1

0.5

6

-0.0

4

0.1

3

-0.0

2

0.2

1

0.0

7

-0.1

6

-0.2

3

-0.1

2

0.0

1

0.1

4

-0.1

2

-0.0

1

-0.0

4

-0.4

5

1.0

0

-0.3

0

-0.3

5

-0.4

9

-0.0

3

-0.4

0

6

0.3

0

-0.0

7

-0.0

6

0.0

5

0.3

5

-0.1

2

0.5

1

-0.1

0

-0.1

6

-0.1

2

-0.3

7

-0.1

5

-0.3

9

0.0

9

0.1

1

0.2

4

-0.0

6

-0.0

3

0.1

5

0.0

7

0.1

0

0.0

9

1.0

0

-0.4

5

0. 5

4

0.9

4

0.9

3

0.1

3

0.3

0

7

0.0

9

-0.0

7

-0.2

2

0.0

6

-0.0

8

-0.0

3

0.2

9

-0.0

6

0.0

9

-0.2

0

0.0

4

0.0

4

-0.0

7

0.3

2

0.2

0

-0.0

8

0.0

0

0.9

5

0.1

0

0.3

5

0.9

6

1.0

0

0.0

9

-0.0

4

0.0

0

0.1

2

0.0

5

0.9

8

0.0

5

8

0.0

7

-0.0

7

-0.2

4

0.0

9

-0.1

1

0.0

1

0.3

2

-0.0

6

0.1

1

-0.2

1

0.0

5

0.0

4

-0.0

9

0.3

3

0.2

4

-0.1

1

-0.0

4

0.9

1

0.1

4

0.3

5

1.0

0

0.9

6

0.1

0

-0.0

1

-0.0

2

0.1

5

0.0

4

0.9

6

0.0

9

9

-0.0

6

-0.0

1

-0.1

9

0.0

2

-0.1

7

0.2

1

-0.1

3

-0.1

6

-0.1

2

-0.2

9

-0.0

2

0.2

2

0.0

6

0.4

8

0.2

3

-0.2

1

0.0

4

0.3

0

-0.0

5

1.0

0

0.3

5

0.3

5

0.0

7

-0.1

2

-0.0

9

0.0

6

0.0

7

0.3

4

0.0

9

10

0.4

5

-0.1

1

-0.0

6

0.4

2

-0.1

3

0.1

9

0.1

6

-0.0

9

0.2

3

0.1

5

0.0

3

-0.3

7

-0.6

2

0.1

8

0.2

2

0.0

3

0.1

0

0.2

1

1.0

0

-0.0

5

0.1

4

0.1

0

0.1

5

0.1

4

-0.0

8

0.3

1

-0.0

7

0.1

4

-0.2

3

11

0.0

5

-0.0

7

-0.1

9

0.1

1

0.0

3

0.0

3

0.2

4

-0.0

8

0.0

7

-0.2

3

0.1

5

0.0

0

-0.1

4

0.3

1

0.3

4

-0.1

3

-0.0

2

1.0

0

0.2

1

0.3

0

0.9

1

0.9

5

-0.0

3

0.0

1

-0.0

3

0.0

1

-0.0

7

0.9

8

-0.0

5

12

0.3

7

-0.1

9

0.2

0

-0.1

9

-0.0

8

-0.1

3

0.0

9

0.0

1

0.4

4

0.0

8

-0.0

6

0.2

2

-0.0

4

-0.0

1

-0.2

9

0.2

7

1.0

0

-0.0

2

0.1

0

0.0

4

-0.0

4

0.0

0

-0.0

6

-0.1

2

0.1

0

-0.1

5

0.0

5

-0.0

7

0.2

5

13

-0.2

5

-0.2

2

-0.3

0

-0.3

9

0.3

2

-0.4

0

0.3

7

0.0

5

-0.0

9

0.2

5

-0.0

9

-0.3

6

-0.2

9

0.0

6

-0.1

3

1.0

0

0.2

7

-0.1

3

0.0

3

-0.2

1

-0.1

1

-0.0

8

0.2

4

-0.2

3

0.5

0

0.1

7

0.3

0

-0.1

1

0.3

6

14

-0.1

2

0.0

7

-0.3

1

0.2

7

-0.0

9

-0.2

1

0.0

5

-0.1

3

-0.1

6

-0.1

0

-0.0

9

0.1

0

-0.2

7

0.5

2

1.0

0

-0.1

3

-0.2

9

0.3

4

0.2

2

0.2

3

0.2

4

0.2

0

0.1

1

-0.1

6

-0.0

7

0.2

2

-0.0

4

0.2

6

-0.1

7

15

-0.0

5

-0.0

2

-0.1

8

0.3

1

0.1

1

-0.1

7

0.0

7

-0.1

7

0.2

5

-0.2

2

-0.2

3

0.0

7

-0.1

6

1.0

0

0.5

2

0.0

6

-0.0

1

0.3

1

0.1

8

0.4

8

0.3

3

0.3

2

0.0

9

0.0

7

0.0

9

0.1

4

0.0

2

0.2

7

0.0

4

16


27

29

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

EC

305

5I: P

erc

en

t. hou

seh

old

s w

ith le

ss th

an 6

0%

of

the n

atio

nal m

edia

n a

nnu

al d

isposable

inco

me

EC

305

7I:

Pe

rce

nt.

ho

usehold

s

with

le

ss

than

half

nat.a

ve

r.inco

me

EC

306

0I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f hou

seh

old

s re

liant u

po

n s

ocia

l

secu

rity

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

ispo

sable

an

nu

al h

ouse

hold

inco

me

(for c

ity o

r NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

SA

101

8I: P

ropo

rtion o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

eni-

ties

SA

101

2I:

Pro

portio

n

of

ho

usehold

s

livin

g

in

socia

l

hou

sin

g

DE

300

8I:

Pro

p.

househ

old

s

that

are

lo

ne

-pensio

ner

hou

seh

old

s

EN

500

1I: G

reen s

pace (in

m2) to

whic

h th

e p

ublic

has

access p

er c

apita

DE

300

5I:

Pro

p.

of

househ

old

s

tha

t are

lo

ne-p

are

nt

hou

seh

old

s

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t

level 5

or 6

ISC

ED

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t

level 1

or 2

ISC

ED

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

200

6I:

Pro

po

rtion

of

Resid

ents

w

ho

are

not

EU

Natio

nals

an

d c

itizens o

f a c

oun

try w

ith a

me

diu

m o

r

low

HD

I

DE

200

5I:

Pro

po

rtion

of

Resid

ents

w

ho

are

not

EU

Natio

nals

an

d c

itizens o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

hig

h H

DI

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t

level 3

or 4

ISC

ED

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Num

be

r of re

co

rded c

rime

s p

er 1

000

pop

ula

tion

EN

510

1I:

Pop

ula

tion

de

nsity

: to

tal

resid

en

t p

op.

per

squ

are

km

DE

105

5V

: Tota

l Resid

ent P

op

ula

tion 7

5 a

nd o

ve

r

DE

102

8V

: Tota

l Resid

ent P

op

ula

tion 6

5-7

4

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

203

1I:

Cru

de

de

ath

ra

te

of

fem

ale

re

sid

ents

pe

r

100

0 fe

male

resid

ents

SA

203

0I: C

rud

e d

eath

rate

of m

ale

resid

en

ts p

er 1

000

male

resid

ents

SA

201

9I: T

ota

l dea

ths p

er y

ea

r

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pu

-

latio

n

-0.0

2

0.3

8

0.3

7

-0.2

9

-0.1

0

-0.0

4

-0.4

8

0.0

7

-0.0

3

-0.0

1

-0.2

5

0.5

1

1.0

0

-0.1

6

-0.2

7

-0.2

9

-0.0

4

-0.1

4

-0.6

2

0.0

6

-0.0

9

-0.0

7

-0.3

9

0.2

1

-0.3

1

-0.4

9

-0.2

3

-0.0

9

-0.0

3

17

0.1

0

0.0

4

0.4

9

0.0

1

-0.2

9

0.1

3

-0.3

6

-0.2

6

-0.0

1

-0.2

5

-0.2

8

1.0

0

0.5

1

0.0

7

0.1

0

-0.3

6

0.2

2

0.0

0

-0.3

7

0.2

2

0.0

4

0.0

4

-0.1

5

-0.0

2

-0.1

6

-0.2

1

-0.0

7

0.0

0

-0.0

7

18

0.0

4

0.1

8

0.0

2

0.1

8

0.1

7

0.0

9

-0.1

8

0.1

7

-0.2

5

0.0

0

1.0

0

-0.2

8

-0.2

5

-0.2

3

-0.0

9

-0.0

9

-0.0

6

0.1

5

0.0

3

-0.0

2

0.0

5

0.0

4

-0.3

7

0.1

3

-0.2

5

-0.3

3

-0.3

6

0.1

0

0.1

0

19

-0.1

7

-0.1

8

-0.0

4

-0.2

5

- 0.2

1

-0.1

9

0.0

9

0.2

8

-0.0

5

1.0

0

0.0

0

-0.2

5

-0.0

1

-0.2

2

-0.1

0

0.2

5

0.0

8

-0.2

3

0.1

5

-0.2

9

-0.2

1

-0.2

0

-0.1

2

-0.0

4

-0.2

5

-0.0

7

-0.1

6

-0.2

1

-0.1

8

20

0.2

8

0.1

1

0.2

5

0.3

1

0.0

1

0.2

5

0.0

5

-0.0

8

1.0

0

-0.0

5

-0.2

5

-0.0

1

-0.0

3

0.2

5

-0.1

6

-0.0

9

0.4

4

0.0

7

0.2

3

-0.1

2

0.1

1

0.0

9

-0.1

6

0.5

6

0.1

4

-0.1

3

-0.1

9

0.0

5

0.0

2

21

-0.3

4

-0.3

7

0.3

8

-0.2

4

-0.0

6

0.0

2

-0.0

4

1.0

0

-0.0

8

0.2

8

0.1

7

-0.2

6

0.0

7

-0.1

7

-0.1

3

0.0

5

0.0

1

-0.0

8

-0.0

9

-0.1

6

-0.0

6

-0.0

6

-0.1

0

-0.0

1

-0.1

0

-0.0

9

-0.0

9

-0.0

7

0.0

0

22

0.0

9

-0.1

3

-0.3

9

-0.0

2

0.3

1

-0.2

1

1.0

0

-0.0

4

0.0

5

0.0

9

-0.1

8

-0.3

6

-0.4

8

0.0

7

0.0

5

0.3

7

0.0

9

0.2

4

0.1

6

-0.1

3

0.3

2

0.2

9

0.5

1

-0.3

3

0.3

3

0.4

8

0.5

1

0.2

8

0.3

3

23

0.0

2

0.1

7

0.5

3

0.5

2

-0.2

6

1.0

0

-0.2

1

0.0

2

0.2

5

-0.1

9

0.0

9

0.1

3

-0.0

4

-0.1

7

-0.2

1

-0.4

0

-0.1

3

0.0

3

0.1

9

0.2

1

0.0

1

-0.0

3

-0.1

2

0.4

8

-0.1

8

-0.0

9

-0.1

6

0.0

1

-0.3

2

24

-0.1

6

0.0

6

-0.0

6

-0.5

8

1.0

0

-0.2

6

0. 3

1

-0.0

6

0.0

1

-0.2

1

0.1

7

-0.2

9

-0.1

0

0.1

1

-0.0

9

0.3

2

-0.0

8

0.0

3

-0.1

3

-0.1

7

-0.1

1

-0.0

8

0.3

5

-0.2

1

0.6

9

0.2

5

0.4

5

0.0

1

0.4

5

25

0.3

4

0.4

6

-0.1

2

1.0

0

-0.5

8

0.5

2

-0.0

2

-0.2

4

0. 3

1

-0.2

5

0.1

8

0.0

1

-0.2

9

0.3

1

0.2

7

-0.3

9

-0.1

9

0.1

1

0.4

2

0.0

2

0.0

9

0.0

6

0.0

5

0.3

5

-0.4

2

0.2

6

-0.2

1

0.0

4

-0.5

4

26

0.0

1

0.3

0

1.0

0

-0.1

2

-0.0

6

0.5

3

-0.3

9

0.3

8

0.2

5

-0.0

4

0.0

2

0.4

9

0. 3

7

-0.1

8

-0.3

1

-0.3

0

0.2

0

-0.1

9

-0.0

6

-0.1

9

-0.2

4

-0.2

2

-0.0

6

0.3

7

0.0

8

-0.0

4

-0.0

7

-0.1

7

-0.1

5

27

0.8

6

1.0

0

0.3

0

0.4

6

0.0

6

0.1

7

-0.1

3

-0.3

7

0.1

1

-0.1

8

0.1

8

0.0

4

0.3

8

-0.0

2

0.0

7

-0.2

2

-0.1

9

-0.0

7

-0.1

1

-0.0

1

-0.0

7

-0.0

7

-0.0

7

0.1

2

-0.1

0

-0.0

7

-0.0

6

-0.0

7

-0.1

5

28

1.0

0

0.8

6

0.0

1

0.3

4

-0.1

6

0.0

2

0.0

9

-0.3

4

0. 2

8

-0.1

7

0.0

4

0.1

0

-0.0

2

-0.0

5

-0.1

2

-0.2

5

0.3

7

0.0

5

0.4

5

-0.0

6

0.0

7

0.0

9

0.3

0

-0.0

1

-0.1

8

0.4

4

0.0

9

0.0

9

-0.2

3

29

4.1.2 Results from PCA analysis

Table 14 lists the 24 indicators included in the principal component analysis. A total of 14 out of the



28



No Indicator

Trans-

formed


2 SA2016I: Mortality rate for <65 per year

3 DE1040I: Proportion of total population aged 0-4 Y

4 SA2029I: Crude death rate per 1000 residents

5 DE1028V + DE1055V: Total Resident Population 65 and over

6 EN5101I: Population density: total resident pop. per square km

7 SA3001I: Total Number of recorded crimes per 1000 population

8 DE3003I: Total number of households

9 EC1020I: Unemployment rate Y

10

TE2028I: Prop. of working age population qualified at level 3 or

4 ISCED Y

11

DE2005I: Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals

and citizens of a country with high HDI Y

12

DE2006I: Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals

and citizens of a country with a medium or low HDI Y

13 DE3004I: Average size of households

14


2 ISCED Y

15


6 ISCED Y


17 DE3005I: Prop. of households that are lone-parent households Y

18

EN5001I: Green space (in m2) to which the public has access

per capita

19

DE3008I: Prop. households that are lone-pensioner house-

holds Y



22

EC3039I: Median disposable annual household income (for city

or NUTS 3 region)

23 EC3060I: Proportion of households reliant upon social security Y

24

EC3057I: Percent. households with less than half

nat.aver.income Y

Table 15 shows the correlation matrix between the 24 transformed indicators. As some of the most

correlated indicators are excluded compared to the correlation analysis presented in Table 13, dif-

ferent cut-off values for red and green colour have been used in Table 15. Red colour is used to

indicate highly correlated indicators (correlation >0.5 or <-0.5). Green colour is used to indicate in-

dependent indicators (-0.1 < correlation <0.1).


29



24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

EC

305

7I:

Pe

rce

nt.

hou

seh

old

s

with

le

ss

than

half

nat.a

ve

r.inco

me

EC

306

0I:

Pro

po

rtion

of

househ

old

s

relia

nt

upon

so

cia

l

secu

rity

EC

303

9I:

Me

dia

n dis

po

sable

a

nn

ual

hou

seh

old

in

co

me

(for c

ity o

r NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l hou

s-

ing

DE

300

8I:

Pro

p.

househ

old

s

that

are

lo

ne-p

ensio

ner

hou

seh

old

s

EN

500

1I:

Gre

en s

pace (in

m2)

to w

hic

h th

e public

has

access p

er c

apita

DE

300

5I:

Pro

p.

of

ho

use

hold

s

tha

t are

lo

ne

-pare

nt

hou

seh

old

s

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

TE

20

31

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 5

or 6

ISC

ED

TE

20

25

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 1

or 2

ISC

ED

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

200

6I:

Pro

portio

n of

Re

sid

ents

w

ho are

n

ot

EU

N

a-

tion

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I:

Pro

portio

n of

Re

sid

ents

w

ho are

n

ot

EU

N

a-

tion

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

hig

h H

DI

TE

20

28

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 3

or 4

ISC

ED

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

SA

300

1I:

Tota

l N

um

ber

of

record

ed

crim

es

pe

r 10

00

pop

ula

tion

EN

510

1I:

Po

pula

tion

density

: to

tal

resid

en

t pop

. per

squ

are

km

DE

102

8V

+ D

E10

55V

: Tota

l Resid

ent P

opula

tion 6

5 a

nd

over

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

DE

100

3I: P

roportio

n o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l popula

-

tion

-0.1

5

-0.1

5

-0.5

4

0.4

5

-0.3

2

0.3

3

0.0

0

0.0

2

-0.1

8

0.1

0

-0.0

7

-0.0

3

0.0

4

-0.1

7

0.3

6

0.2

5

-0.0

5

-0.2

3

0.0

9

0.0

7

0.3

0

-0.4

0

0.4

5

1.0

0

1

-0.1

0

0.0

8

-0.4

2

0.6

9

-0.1

8

0.3

3

-0.1

0

0.1

4

-0.2

5

-0.2

5

-0.1

6

-0.3

1

0.0

9

-0.0

7

0.5

0

0.1

0

-0.0

3

-0.0

8

-0.0

9

-0.0

1

0.5

4

-0.3

0

1.0

0

0.4

5

2

0.1

2

0.3

7

0.3

5

-0.2

1

0.4

8

-0.3

3

-0.0

1

0.5

6

-0.0

4

0.1

3

-0.0

2

0.2

1

0.0

7

-0.1

6

-0.2

3

-0.1

2

0.0

1

0.1

4

-0.1

2

-0.0

3

-0.4

5

1.0

0

-0.3

0

-0.4

0

3

-0.0

7

-0.0

6

0.0

5

0.3

5

-0.1

2

0.5

1

-0.1

0

-0.1

6

-0.1

2

-0.3

7

-0.1

5

-0.3

9

0.0

9

0.1

1

0.2

4

-0.0

6

-0.0

3

0.1

5

0.0

7

0.0

9

1.0

0

-0.4

5

0.5

4

0.3

0

4

-0.0

7

-0.2

3

0.0

7

-0.0

9

-0.0

1

0.3

0

-0.0

6

0.1

0

-0.2

0

0.0

4

0.0

4

-0.0

8

0.3

3

0.2

2

-0.1

0

-0.0

2

0.9

4

0.1

2

0.3

5

1.0

0

0.0

9

-0.0

3

-0.0

1

0.0

7

5

-0.0

1

-0.1

9

0.0

2

-0.1

7

0.2

1

-0.1

3

-0.1

6

-0.1

2

-0.2

9

-0.0

2

0.2

2

0.0

6

0.4

8

0.2

3

-0.2

1

0.0

4

0.3

0

-0.0

5

1.0

0

0.3

5

0.0

7

-0.1

2

-0.0

9

0.0

9

6

-0.1

1

-0.0

6

0.4

2

-0.1

3

0.1

9

0.1

6

-0.0

9

0.2

3

0.1

5

0.0

3

-0.3

7

-0.6

2

0.1

8

0.2

2

0.0

3

0.1

0

0.2

1

1.0

0

-0.0

5

0.1

2

0.1

5

0.1

4

-0.0

8

-0.2

3

7

-0.0

7

-0.1

9

0. 1

1

0.0

3

0.0

3

0.2

4

-0.0

8

0.0

7

-0.2

3

0.1

5

0.0

0

-0.1

4

0.3

1

0.3

4

-0.1

3

-0.0

2

1.0

0

0.2

1

0.3

0

0.9

4

-0.0

3

0.0

1

-0.0

3

-0.0

5

8

-0.1

9

0.2

0

-0.1

9

-0.0

8

-0.1

3

0.0

9

0.0

1

0.4

4

0.0

8

-0.0

6

0.2

2

-0.0

4

-0.0

1

-0.2

9

0.2

7

1.0

0

-0.0

2

0.1

0

0.0

4

-0.0

2

-0.0

6

-0.1

2

0.1

0

0.2

5

9

-0.2

2

-0.3

0

-0.3

9

0.3

2

-0.4

0

0.3

7

0.0

5

-0.0

9

0.2

5

-0.0

9

-0.3

6

-0.2

9

0.0

6

-0.1

3

1.0

0

0.2

7

-0.1

3

0.0

3

-0.2

1

-0.1

0

0.2

4

-0.2

3

0.5

0

0.3

6

10

0.0

7

-0.3

1

0. 2

7

-0.0

9

-0.2

1

0.0

5

-0.1

3

-0.1

6

-0.1

0

-0.0

9

0.1

0

-0.2

7

0.5

2

1.0

0

-0.1

3

-0.2

9

0.3

4

0.2

2

0.2

3

0.2

2

0.1

1

-0.1

6

-0.0

7

-0.1

7

11

-0.0

2

-0.1

8

0. 3

1

0.1

1

-0.1

7

0.0

7

-0.1

7

0.2

5

-0.2

2

-0.2

3

0.0

7

-0.1

6

1.0

0

0.5

2

0.0

6

-0.0

1

0.3

1

0.1

8

0.4

8

0.3

3

0.0

9

0.0

7

0.0

9

0.0

4

12

0.3

8

0.3

7

-0.2

9

-0.1

0

-0.0

4

-0.4

8

0.0

7

-0.0

3

-0.0

1

-0.2

5

0.5

1

1.0

0

-0.1

6

-0.2

7

-0.2

9

-0.0

4

-0.1

4

-0.6

2

0.0

6

-0.0

8

-0.3

9

0.2

1

-0.3

1

-0.0

3

13

0.0

4

0.4

9

0.0

1

-0.2

9

0.1

3

-0.3

6

-0.2

6

-0.0

1

-0.2

5

-0.2

8

1.0

0

0.5

1

0.0

7

0.1

0

-0.3

6

0.2

2

0.0

0

-0.3

7

0.2

2

0.0

4

-0.1

5

-0.0

2

-0.1

6

-0.0

7

14

0.1

8

0.0

2

0.1

8

0.1

7

0.0

9

-0.1

8

0.1

7

-0.2

5

0.0

0

1.0

0

-0.2

8

-0.2

5

-0.2

3

-0.0

9

-0.0

9

-0.0

6

0.1

5

0.0

3

-0.0

2

0.0

4

-0.3

7

0.1

3

-0.2

5

0.1

0

15

-0.1

8

-0.0

4

-0.2

5

-0.2

1

-0.1

9

0.0

9

0.2

8

-0.0

5

1.0

0

0.0

0

-0.2

5

-0.0

1

-0.2

2

-0.1

0

0.2

5

0.0

8

-0.2

3

0.1

5

-0.2

9

-0.2

0

-0.1

2

-0.0

4

-0.2

5

-0.1

8

16


30

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

EC

305

7I:

Pe

rce

nt.

hou

seh

old

s

with

le

ss

than

half

nat.a

ve

r.inco

me

EC

306

0I:

Pro

po

rtion

of

househ

old

s

relia

nt

upon

so

cia

l

secu

rity

EC

303

9I:

Me

dia

n dis

po

sable

a

nn

ual

hou

seh

old

in

co

me

(for c

ity o

r NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l hou

s-

ing

DE

300

8I:

Pro

p.

househ

old

s

that

are

lo

ne-p

ensio

ner

hou

seh

old

s

EN

500

1I:

Gre

en s

pace (in

m2)

to w

hic

h th

e public

has

access p

er c

apita

DE

300

5I:

Pro

p.

of

ho

use

hold

s

tha

t are

lo

ne

-pare

nt

hou

seh

old

s

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

TE

20

31

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 5

or 6

ISC

ED

TE

20

25

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 1

or 2

ISC

ED

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

200

6I:

Pro

portio

n of

Re

sid

ents

w

ho are

n

ot

EU

N

a-

tion

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I:

Pro

portio

n of

Re

sid

ents

w

ho are

n

ot

EU

N

a-

tion

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

hig

h H

DI

TE

20

28

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 3

or 4

ISC

ED

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

SA

300

1I:

Tota

l N

um

ber

of

record

ed

crim

es

pe

r 10

00

pop

ula

tion

EN

510

1I:

Po

pula

tion

density

: to

tal

resid

en

t pop

. per

squ

are

km

DE

102

8V

+ D

E10

55V

: Tota

l Resid

ent P

opula

tion 6

5 a

nd

over

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

DE

100

3I: P

roportio

n o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l popula

-

tion

0.1

1

0.2

5

0.3

1

0.0

1

0.2

5

0.0

5

-0.0

8

1.0

0

-0.0

5

-0.2

5

-0.0

1

-0.0

3

0.2

5

-0.1

6

-0.0

9

0.4

4

0.0

7

0.2

3

-0.1

2

0.1

0

-0.1

6

0.5

6

0.1

4

0.0

2

17

-0.3

7

0.3

8

-0.2

4

-0.0

6

0.0

2

-0.0

4

1.0

0

-0.0

8

0.2

8

0.1

7

-0.2

6

0.0

7

-0.1

7

-0.1

3

0.0

5

0.0

1

-0.0

8

-0.0

9

-0.1

6

-0.0

6

-0.1

0

-0.0

1

-0.1

0

0.0

0

18

-0.1

3

-0.3

9

-0.0

2

0.3

1

-0.2

1

1.0

0

-0.0

4

0.0

5

0.0

9

-0.1

8

-0.3

6

-0.4

8

0.0

7

0.0

5

0.3

7

0.0

9

0.2

4

0.1

6

-0.1

3

0.3

0

0.5

1

-0.3

3

0.3

3

0.3

3

19

0.1

7

0.5

3

0.5

2

-0.2

6

1.0

0

-0.2

1

0.0

2

0.2

5

-0.1

9

0.0

9

0.1

3

-0.0

4

-0.1

7

-0.2

1

-0.4

0

-0.1

3

0.0

3

0.1

9

0.2

1

-0.0

1

-0.1

2

0.4

8

-0.1

8

-0.3

2

20

0.0

6

-0.0

6

-0.5

8

1.0

0

-0.2

6

0.3

1

-0.0

6

0.0

1

-0.2

1

0.1

7

-0.2

9

-0.1

0

0.1

1

-0.0

9

0.3

2

-0.0

8

0.0

3

-0.1

3

-0.1

7

-0.0

9

0.3

5

-0.2

1

0.6

9

0.4

5

21

0.4

6

-0.1

2

1.0

0

-0.5

8

0.5

2

-0.0

2

-0.2

4

0.3

1

-0.2

5

0.1

8

0.0

1

-0.2

9

0.3

1

0.2

7

-0.3

9

-0.1

9

0.1

1

0.4

2

0.0

2

0.0

7

0.0

5

0.3

5

-0.4

2

-0.5

4

22

0.3

0

1.0

0

-0.1

2

-0.0

6

0.5

3

-0.3

9

0.3

8

0.2

5

-0.0

4

0.0

2

0.4

9

0.3

7

-0.1

8

-0.3

1

-0.3

0

0.2

0

-0.1

9

-0.0

6

-0.1

9

-0.2

3

-0.0

6

0.3

7

0.0

8

-0.1

5

23

1.0

0

0.3

0

0. 4

6

0.0

6

0.1

7

-0.1

3

-0.3

7

0.1

1

-0.1

8

0.1

8

0.0

4

0.3

8

-0.0

2

0.0

7

-0.2

2

-0.1

9

-0.0

7

-0.1

1

-0.0

1

-0.0

7

-0.0

7

0.1

2

-0.1

0

-0.1

5

24

The bar-diagrams in Figure 5 (indicator numbers 1-8), Figure 6 (indicator numbers 9-16) and Figure

7 (indicator numbers 17-24) are histograms normalised to estimate probability distribution function

for the 24 transformed indicators. The solid line shows a best fit generalised extreme value distribu-

tion. The best fit parameters are listed in Table 16.


31

80 90 100 110 120 1300

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

Transformed value

1.

DE

1003I:

Pro

port

ion o

f fe

male

s

to m

ale

s in t

ota

l popula

tion

0 1 2 3 4 5 60

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Transformed value

2.

SA

2016I:

Mort

alit

y r

ate

for

<65 p

er

year

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.140

10

20

30

40

50

60

Transformed value

3.

DE

1040I:

Pro

port

ion o

f to

tal

popula

tion a

ged 0

-4

0 5 10 150

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

Transformed value

4.

SA

2029I:

Cru

de d

eath

rate

per

1000 r

esid

ents

0 2 4 6 8 10

x 105

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5x 10

-5

Transformed value

5.

DE

1028V

+ D

E1055V

: T

ota

l

Resid

ent

Popula

tion 6

5 a

nd

over

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

x 104

0

1

2

3

4x 10

-4

Transformed value

6.

EN

5101I:

Popula

tion d

ensity:

tota

l re

sid

ent

pop.

per

square

km

0 50 100 150 200 2500

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

Transformed value

7.

SA

3001I:

Tota

l N

um

ber

of

record

ed c

rim

es p

er

1000 p

opula

tion

0 1 2 3 4

x 106

0

2

4

6

8x 10

-6

Transformed value

8.

DE

3003I:

Tota

l num

ber

of

household

s

Figure 5: Probability density function estimates for indicator nos. 1-8 (bars). Best fit General-



32

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50

2

4

6

8

10

Transformed value

9.

EC

1020I:

Unem

plo

ym

ent

rate

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.50

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Transformed value

10.

TE

2028I:

Pro

p.

of

work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualif

ied a

t

level 3 o

r 4 I

SC

ED

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.040

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Transformed value

11.

DE

2005I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

Resid

ents

who a

re n

ot

EU

Nationals

and c

itiz

ens o

f a c

ountr

y w

ith

hig

h H

DI

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50

5

10

15

20

Transformed value

12.

DE

2006I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

Resid

ents

who a

re n

ot

EU

Nationals

and c

itiz

ens o

f a c

ountr

y w

ith

a m

ediu

m o

r lo

w H

DI

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.50

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Transformed value

13.

DE

3004I:

Avera

ge s

ize o

f

household

s

0 0.5 1 1.50

1

2

3

4

Transformed value

14.

TE

2025I:

Pro

p.

of

work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualif

ied a

t

level 1 o

r 2 I

SC

ED

0 0.5 1 1.50

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Transformed value

15.

TE

2031I:

Pro

p.

of

work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualif

ied a

t

level 5 o

r 6 I

SC

ED

0 2 4 6 80

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Transformed value

16.

EN

5012I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

the a

rea in g

reen s

pace

Figure 6: Probability density function estimates for indicator nos. 9-16 (bars). Best fit Gener-

alised Extreme Value distribution (solid line).


33

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40

5

10

15

20

Transformed value

17.

DE

3005I:

Pro

p.

of

household

s

that

are

lone-p

are

nt

household

s

0 1000 2000 3000 40000

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

Transformed value

18.

EN

5001I:

Gre

en s

pace (

in

m2)

to w

hic

h t

he p

ublic

has

access p

er

capita

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.80

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Transformed value

19.

DE

3008I:

Pro

p.

household

s

that

are

lone-p

ensio

ner

household

s

0 0.5 1 1.50

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Transformed value

20.

SA

1012I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

household

s liv

ing in s

ocia

l

housin

g

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Transformed value

21.

SA

1018I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

dw

elli

ngs lackin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

0 1 2 3 4 5

x 104

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1x 10

-4

Transformed value

22.

EC

3039I:

Media

n d

isposable

annual household

incom

e (

for

city o

r N

UT

S 3

regio

n)

0 0.5 1 1.50

2

4

6

8

10

Transformed value

23.

EC

3060I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

household

s r

elia

nt

upon s

ocia

l

security

0 1 2 3 4 5 60

1

2

3

4

5

Transformed value

24.

EC

3057I:

Perc

ent.

household

s

with less t

han h

alf n

at.

aver.

incom

e

Figure 7: Probability density function estimates for indicator nos. 17-24 (bars). Best fit Gen-

eralised Extreme Value distribution (solid line).


34



24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

EC

305

7I: P

erc

ent. h

ouseh

old

s w

ith le

ss th

an h

alf

nat.a

ve

r.inco

me

EC

306

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f househ

old

s re

liant u

pon s

ocia

l security

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

ispo

sa

ble

ann

ual h

ouse

hold

incom

e (fo

r city

or N

UT

S 3

regio

n)

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

DE

300

8I: P

rop. h

ou

seh

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne-p

ensio

ner h

ouse

hold

s

EN

500

1I: G

ree

n s

pace

(in m

2) to

whic

h th

e p

ublic

has a

ccess p

er

capita

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt h

ouse

hold

s

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 5

or 6

ISC

ED

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 1

or 2

ISC

ED

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

200

6I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

ents

who

are

no

t EU

Natio

nals

an

d

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

ents

who

are

no

t EU

Natio

nals

an

d

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

hig

h H

DI

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 3

or 4

ISC

ED

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Num

be

r of re

co

rde

d c

rimes p

er 1

00

0 p

op

ula

tion

EN

510

1I: P

op

ula

tion d

ensity

: tota

l resid

ent p

op. p

er s

qua

re k

m

DE

102

8V

+ D

E10

55V

: To

tal R

esid

en

t Popula

tion 6

5 a

nd

over

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pula

tion

Ind

ica

tor n

am

e

0.2

85

0.4

70

-0.1

37

0.7

49

0.2

43

-0.0

25

0.6

25

0.0

17

0.6

39

-0.0

36

0.0

54

0.0

12

0.2

33

0.5

84

-0.0

69

0.0

93

0.6

96

-0.0

95

0.3

61

0.7

15

-0.2

32

0.1

02

0.0

06

-0.2

18

Sh

ap

e p

a-

ram

e-

ter, ξ

0.0

80

0.0

91

6983

0.0

16

0.1

23

0.0

42

21.3

94

0.0

29

0.3

97

0.1

26

0.1

50

0.2

55

0.0

25

0.0

03

0.3

03

0.0

48

61827

39.6

973

18157

1.7

48

0.0

08

0.5

85

5.5

06

Sca

le

pa

-

ram

e-

ter, σ

0.1

58

0.1

29

13083

0.0

13

0.1

35

0.1

24

19.1

95

0.0

55

0.3

54

0.2

75

0.2

91

2.0

82

0.0

35

0.0

03

0.6

58

0.0

92

72510

62.1

1194

21321

8.5

79

0.0

46

1.9

52

106.0

Lo

ca

-

t ion

pa

r.,

µ.

Be

st fit

0.1

24

0.3

21

-0.2

07

0.4

82

0.0

59

-0.0

95

0.4

64

-0.0

61

0.4

18

-0.1

23

-0.0

53

-0.1

20

0.1

07

0.3

88

-0.1

57

-0.0

09

0.5

45

-0.1

96

0.2

48

0.5

89

-0.2

81

0.0

20

-0.0

65

-0.2

52

Sh

ap

e p

a-

ram

e-

ter, ξ

0.0

65

0.0

74

6131

0.0

13

0.1

05

0.0

37

17.9

72

0.0

26

0.3

29

0.1

13

0.1

34

0.2

26

0.0

22

0.0

03

0.2

73

0.0

43

52649

35.8

862

15819

1.6

15

0.0

07

0.5

37

5.1

28

Sca

le

pa

-

ram

e-

ter, σ

0.1

38

0.1

10

11706

0.0

09

0.1

11

0.1

16

15.5

83

0.0

51

0.2

81

0.2

55

0.2

68

2.0

41

0.0

31

0.0

03

0.6

12

0.0

85

63371

56.4

1059

19058

8.3

77

0.0

45

1.8

81

105.4

Lo

ca

-

t ion

pa

r.,

µ.

5%

co

nfid

ence

inte

rva

l

va

lue

0.4

46

0.6

19

-0.0

67

1.0

15

0.4

27

0.0

45

0.7

86

0.0

95

0.8

60

0.0

50

0.1

60

0.1

44

0.3

59

0.7

80

0.0

20

0.1

94

0.8

48

0.0

07

0.4

73

0.8

42

-0.1

84

0.1

83

0.0

78

-0.1

84

Sh

ap

e p

a-

ram

e-

ter, ξ

0.0

98

0.1

11

7953

0.0

20

0.1

45

0.0

48

25.4

69

0.0

32

0.4

80

0.1

41

0.1

68

0.2

88

0.0

29

0.0

04

0.3

37

0.0

54

72605

43.9

1098

20839

1.8

91

0.0

09

0.6

38

5.9

11

Sca

le

pa

-

ram

e-

ter, σ

0.1

77

0.1

48

14460

0.0

16

0.1

59

0.1

31

22.8

08

0.0

60

0.4

28

0.2

95

0.3

15

2.1

23

0.0

39

0.0

04

0.7

03

0.0

99

81650

67.7

1329

23584

8.7

81

0.0

47

2.0

23

106.6

Lo

ca

-

t ion

pa

r.,

µ.

95

% c

on

fide

nce

inte

rval

va

lue


are shown in Table 17. To show the importance of each indicator in the various eigenvectors, ei-

genvector components with absolute value larger than 0.3 (high importance) are marked in red and


35

eigenvector components with absolute value between 0.1 and 0.3 (medium importance) are marked

in green. Indicators with low importance (absolute value less than 0.1) are written in black.

The eigenvectors are sorted by decreasing eigenvalue, showing the eigenvector representing the

largest variation (16.2%) in the data set in the first column and the eigenvector representing the

least variation (0.01%) in column number 24.





tors with eigenvalues larger than 0.99, gives a data set containing 81.3 % of the variation in the

original data set.


sorted by decreasing eigenvalue. Components with absolute value larger than 0.3 marked in

red. Components with absolute value between 0.1 and 0.3 marked in green.

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

EC

3057I

EC

3060I

EC

3039I

SA

1018I

SA

1012I

DE

3008I

EN

5001I

DE

3005I

EN

5012I

TE

2031I

TE

2025I

DE

3004I

DE

2006I

DE

2005I

TE

2028I

EC

1020I

DE

3003I

SA

3001I

EN

5101I

DE

1028V

SA

2029I

DE

1040I

SA

2016I

DE

1003I

Ind

icato

r co

de

Eig

en

valu

e

Cu

mu

lativ

e e

xp

lan

atio

n

of v

aria

bility

(%)

Exp

lan

atio

n o

f varia

bil-

ity (%

)

Eig

en

vecto

r no

0.1

3

0.2

1

0.2

7

-0.3

2

0.2

9

-0.2

7

0.0

3

0.1

1

0.0

1

0.0

8

0.1

6

0.1

9

-0.0

5

-0.0

4

-0.3

1

-0.0

5

-0.0

2

0.0

2

0.0

6

-0.0

5

-0.3

1

0.3

4

-0.3

4

-0.3

1

4.0

7

16.2

16.2

1

-0.0

6

0.2

1

-0.3

0

0.1

1

-0.0

1

-0.1

8

0.1

7

-0.0

4

0.1

5

0.0

0

0.0

3

0.2

5

-0.3

3

-0.3

4

0.1

3

0.0

8

-0.3

7

-0.2

5

-0.2

5

-0.4

0

-0.1

1

0.0

1

0.0

6

0.0

9

3.3

9

29.7

13.4

2

-0.0

4

0.0

0

-0.2

4

0.0

6

-0.1

3

-0.1

8

-0.0

4

-0.1

0

-0.2

7

-0.1

2

0.4

4

0.3

8

0.1

6

0.0

9

-0.1

6

0.0

1

0.1

4

-0.4

2

0.3

5

0.1

7

-0.0

8

-0.1

2

0.0

4

0.1

5

2.5

0

39.6

9.9

5

3

0.0

9

-0.3

6

0.0

3

-0.2

3

-0.3

0

-0.0

5

-0.0

1

-0.5

2

0.2

2

0.1

2

-0.0

3

0.0

1

-0.1

2

0.2

0

-0.0

1

-0.2

7

-0.1

4

-0.0

9

0.0

1

-0.1

4

-0.1

0

-0.2

9

-0.3

1

-0.1

4

2.1

9

48.4

8.7

3

4

0.2

9

0.0

5

0.2

6

0.2

2

0.1

1

-0.0

9

-0.2

1

-0.0

7

-0.3

1

-0.1

6

0.0

7

-0.0

4

0.1

3

0.1

8

-0.1

5

-0.2

5

-0.4

0

-0.0

1

0.0

3

-0.4

0

0.2

8

-0.0

2

0.2

4

-0.0

7

1.8

7

55.8

7.4

5

5

0.2

2

0.0

6

0.0

2

0.3

3

0.1

5

0.0

1

0.1

4

-0.2

3

-0.2

5

0.5

0

-0.1

5

-0.0

3

-0.2

8

-0.1

2

-0.1

9

-0.3

3

0.2

8

-0.1

4

-0.1

5

0.2

0

-0.0

4

0.0

2

0.1

0

0.0

8

1.7

7

62.9

7.0

5

6

0.0

2

-0.2

2

-0.1

0

0.2

4

-0.2

5

-0.3

5

-0.2

0

0.2

0

-0.0

7

0.3

0

-0.2

4

0.0

1

0.3

2

0.1

5

0.1

7

-0.0

2

-0.0

5

0.0

6

0.0

2

-0.1

4

-0.4

2

0.2

9

0.0

1

0.1

2

1.3

3

68.2

5.3

2

7

-0.1

7

0.1

9

0.0

4

-0.0

8

0.1

7

-0.1

3

0.2

1

-0.2

0

-0.1

2

0.4

3

0.0

8

-0.3

0

0.0

6

0.0

2

-0.0

1

0.3

3

-0.1

7

0.1

9

0.4

2

-0.1

8

0.0

2

-0.2

1

-0.0

6

0.2

5

1.1

7

72.8

4.6

5

8

-0.4

7

0.2

3

-0.2

3

0.0

6

0.1

3

-0.2

5

0.3

0

-0.2

0

0.0

6

-0.1

6

-0.1

7

0.0

2

0.1

5

0.2

1

0.1

0

-0.4

5

0.0

7

0.1

4

0.1

0

0.0

2

0.1

0

0.1

3

0.1

0

-0.2

3

1.1

5

77.4

4.5

7

9

0.5

2

0.2

2

0.0

3

0. 0

5

-0.2

2

0.1

1

0.6

4

0.1

3

0.2

1

0.0

0

-0.0

1

0.0

3

0.2

9

0.2

1

0.0

8

0.0

2

-0.0

2

-0.0

9

0.0

4

0.0

2

0.0

2

0.0

1

-0.0

1

0.0

1

0.9

9

81.3

3.9

3

10

-0.0

1

-0.1

3

-0.0

5

-0.2

1

0.1

4

0.2

9

0.0

3

0.1

0

0.0

0

-0.0

5

-0.3

2

0.0

3

0.1

6

-0.3

1

-0.0

5

-0.3

7

-0.2

1

-0.2

2

0.3

4

-0.0

1

0.0

8

0.2

1

-0.2

1

0.4

0

0.7

6

84.4

3.0

3

11

0.3

5

0.1

9

0.0

0

-0.1

0

0.2

2

-0.2

1

-0.3

9

-0.2

0

0.4

0

0.0

8

-0.0

5

0.1

1

0.0

1

-0.0

8

0.4

2

0.0

0

0.1

5

-0.0

6

0.2

7

0.1

0

0.1

4

0.0

3

0.2

2

0.0

0

0.7

2

87.2

2.8

7

12

-0.0

9

0.1

7

-0.2

6

0.0

6

0.2

1

0.3

4

-0.2

3

0.0

9

0.3

1

0.1

9

0.3

4

-0.2

9

0.0

2

0.4

3

-0.0

8

-0.1

5

-0.0

8

-0.2

3

-0.1

3

-0.0

7

-0.1

3

0.1

2

-0.0

5

0.1

0

EIG

EN

VE

CT

OR

CO

MP

ON

EN

TS

0.5

4

89.4

2.1

6

13


36

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

EC

3057I

EC

3060I

EC

3039I

SA

1018I

SA

1012I

DE

3008I

EN

5001I

DE

3005I

EN

5012I

TE

2031I

TE

2025I

DE

3004I

DE

2006I

DE

2005I

TE

2028I

EC

1020I

DE

3003I

SA

3001I

EN

5101I

DE

1028V

SA

2029I

DE

1040I

SA

2016I

DE

1003I

Ind

icato

r co

de

Eig

en

valu

e

Cu

mu

lativ

e e

xp

lan

atio

n

of v

aria

bility

(%)

Exp

lan

atio

n o

f varia

bil-

ity (%

)

Eig

en

vecto

r no

0.0

9

0.1

6

-0.2

4

0.2

3

-0.1

8

-0.0

5

-0.1

7

0.0

6

0.3

5

-0.0

3

-0.2

0

0.1

7

-0.1

1

0.0

2

-0.6

1

0.0

4

0.0

1

0.3

7

0.1

9

0.0

0

0.1

1

-0.0

8

-0.0

6

0.1

2

0.4

9

91.3

1.9

5

14

0.0

5

-0.1

2

-0.2

3

0.1

0

0.0

3

0.0

8

0.0

0

0.0

7

0.0

5

0.0

0

-0.1

4

-0.3

5

0.1

2

-0.2

8

-0.1

9

0.1

1

-0.0

1

-0.3

0

0.2

9

-0.0

7

-0.1

5

-0.1

1

0.1

7

-0.6

1

0.4

2

93.0

1.6

9

15

0.1

2

-0.3

4

-0.0

1

-0.1

1

0.3

3

-0.2

7

0.2

1

0.2

5

0.1

2

-0.2

6

-0.0

3

-0.1

5

-0.3

1

0.2

0

-0.0

7

-0.1

0

0.0

2

0.0

3

0.1

0

0.0

2

-0.3

0

-0.2

3

0.3

2

0.2

5

0.3

2

94.3

1.2

8

16

0.1

7

0.3

8

-0.2

5

-0.2

9

-0.1

8

0.0

9

-0.1

5

0.0

0

-0.4

2

-0.1

6

-0.3

7

-0.1

2

-0.3

4

0.3

1

0.1

0

0.0

9

0.0

1

-0.0

6

0.1

0

0.0

0

-0.1

5

0.0

3

-0.0

6

-0.0

2

0.3

0

95.5

1.1

9

17

-0.1

6

0.2

0

0.4

6

0.4

4

-0.2

0

-0.0

2

-0.0

3

-0.0

5

0.1

5

-0.2

4

0.0

1

-0.2

0

-0.2

4

-0.0

3

0.1

1

-0.0

3

-0.2

1

-0.1

4

0.2

5

0.2

9

-0.2

4

0.0

5

-0.1

5

0.0

5

0.2

7

96.6

1.0

9

18

0.0

2

-0.2

1

-0.1

0

-0.0

8

-0.2

8

-0.3

0

0.0

9

0.1

9

0.0

2

0.1

1

0.2

1

-0.2

8

-0.3

4

0.0

3

0. 0

0

-0.0

1

0.0

1

-0.1

1

0.1

3

0.0

4

0.5

1

0.4

3

-0.0

4

-0.0

3

0.2

4

97.6

0.9

7

19

0.0

7

-0.0

4

-0.2

1

-0.0

8

0.1

2

-0.1

4

-0.0

3

-0.0

1

-0.0

6

0.1

1

-0.0

5

0.0

3

0.1

1

0.0

4

-0.0

4

0.0

6

-0.6

3

0.0

4

-0.1

8

0.6

5

0.0

6

-0.0

7

0.0

1

-0.0

9

0.2

0

98.4

0.8

1

20

-0.2

2

-0.1

6

0.2

2

0.0

9

0.1

9

0.1

0

0.0

6

0.0

8

0.0

9

0.1

7

-0.3

7

0.3

8

-0.1

2

0.4

1

-0.0

6

0.3

3

-0.0

4

-0.3

6

0.0

8

-0.0

4

0.2

1

0.0

5

0.0

4

-0.1

1

0.1

7

99.0

0.6

7

21

-0.0

1

0.1

7

0.0

4

0. 0

2

0.0

9

-0.4

3

-0.1

0

0.1

5

0.0

4

-0.1

1

-0.2

1

-0.2

6

0.2

2

-0.0

2

-0.0

8

0.0

1

0.1

8

-0.3

5

-0.2

9

-0.0

2

0.2

1

-0.3

3

-0.3

8

0.1

4

0.1

4

99.6

0.5

6

22

0.2

3

-0.2

5

-0.2

8

0.3

8

0.3

7

0.0

3

0.0

8

-0.2

8

-0.0

9

-0.2

8

0.0

2

-0.0

4

-0.0

3

0.0

6

0.1

3

0.2

5

0.0

5

0.1

2

0.0

4

-0.0

4

0.0

2

0.2

2

-0.4

4

-0.0

1

0.0

9

99.9

0.3

5

23

-0.0

2

0.0

0

0.0

9

-0.1

8

-0.0

7

-0.0

7

0.0

4

-0.5

0

0.1

1

-0.2

0

-0.1

1

-0.2

0

0.1

8

-0.0

1

-0.3

3

0.2

7

0.0

3

-0.1

6

-0.2

1

0.0

4

-0.0

9

0.4

0

0.3

1

0.2

2

0.0

0

100

0.0

1

24

Table 18, which shows correlation between the principal components (PC1 to PC24) and each of

the 24 original indicators, can be used to find which indicators dominate each of the principal com-

ponents. It can be seen that on average, decreasing correlation between the indicators and the

principal components is found for increasing principal component number.


37

Table 18: Correlation between principal components (PC1 to PC24) and each of the original

indicators. Green: Strong positive correlation. Yellow: Low correlation. Red: Strong negative

correlation.

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

EC

305

7I: P

erc

ent. h

ouseh

old

s w

ith le

ss th

an h

alf

nat.a

ve

r.inco

me

EC

306

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f househ

old

s re

liant u

pon s

ocia

l secu

rity

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

ispo

sa

ble

ann

ual h

ouse

hold

in-

com

e (fo

r city

or N

UT

S 3

regio

n)

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

eni-

ties

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l hou

sin

g

DE

300

8I: P

rop. h

ou

seh

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne-p

ensio

ner

hou

seh

old

s

EN

500

1I: G

ree

n s

pace

(in m

2) to

whic

h th

e p

ublic

has

access p

er c

apita

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt

hou

seh

old

s

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t le

vel 5

or 6

ISC

ED

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t le

vel 1

or 2

ISC

ED

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

200

6I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

ents

who

are

no

t EU

N

atio

nals

an

d c

itizens o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r lo

w H

DI

DE

200

5I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

ents

who

are

no

t EU

N

atio

nals

an

d c

itizens o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

hig

h H

DI

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t le

vel 3

or 4

ISC

ED

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Num

be

r of re

co

rde

d c

rimes p

er 1

00

0

pop

ula

tion

EN

510

1I: P

op

ula

tion d

ensity

: tota

l resid

ent p

op. p

er

squ

are

km

DE

102

8V

+ D

E10

55V

: To

tal R

esid

en

t Popula

tion 6

5

and

over

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pu

-la

tion

IND

ICA

OT

RS

-0.2

6

-0.4

1

-0.5

4

0.6

4

-0.5

9

0.5

5

-0.0

6

-0.2

1

-0.0

2

-0.1

6

-0.3

3

-0.3

8

0.0

9

0.0

8

0.6

2

0.1

1

0.0

4

-0.0

4

-0.1

1

0.1

0

0.6

2

-0.6

8

0.6

9

0.6

2

PC

1

0.1

1

-0.3

9

0.5

5

-0.2

0

0.0

2

0.3

3

-0.3

2

0.0

6

-0.2

7

-0.0

1

-0.0

5

-0.4

6

0.6

1

0.6

3

-0.2

4

-0.1

5

0.6

8

0.4

6

0.4

6

0.7

3

0.2

1

-0.0

3

-0.1

2

-0.1

7

PC

2

-0.0

7

0.0

1

-0.3

7

0.1

0

-0.2

1

-0.2

8

-0.0

6

-0.1

6

-0.4

3

-0.1

9

0.6

9

0.6

0

0.2

5

0.1

4

-0.2

5

0.0

2

0.2

2

-0.6

6

0.5

6

0.2

6

-0.1

2

-0.1

9

0.0

6

0.2

4

PC

3

-0.1

4

0.5

3

-0.0

4

0.3

3

0.4

4

0.0

8

0.0

1

0.7

6

-0.3

2

-0.1

7

0.0

5

-0.0

2

0.1

8

-0.3

0

0.0

1

0.3

9

0.2

1

0.1

3

-0.0

2

0.2

1

0.1

4

0.4

3

0.4

6

0.2

1

PC

4

-0.3

9

-0.0

7

-0.3

6

-0.3

0

-0.1

5

0.1

2

0.2

8

0.0

9

0.4

2

0.2

2

-0.0

9

0.0

5

-0.1

7

-0.2

4

0.2

1

0.3

4

0.5

5

0.0

1

-0.0

5

0.5

5

-0.3

9

0.0

2

-0.3

3

0.1

0

PC

5

0.2

9

0.0

8

0.0

3

0.4

4

0.2

1

0.0

1

0.1

8

-0.3

0

-0.3

3

0.6

6

-0.1

9

-0.0

5

-0.3

7

-0.1

6

-0.2

5

-0.4

3

0.3

7

-0.1

9

-0.2

0

0.2

7

-0.0

5

0.0

3

0.1

4

0.1

0

PC

6

-0.0

2

0.2

6

0.1

1

-0.2

7

0.2

9

0.4

0

0.2

3

-0.2

3

0.0

8

-0.3

5

0.2

8

-0.0

2

-0.3

7

-0.1

7

-0.2

0

0.0

2

0.0

6

-0.0

7

-0.0

2

0.1

6

0.4

8

-0.3

4

-0.0

1

-0.1

4

PC

7

-0.1

8

0.2

0

0.0

4

-0.0

9

0.1

8

-0.1

4

0.2

3

-0.2

2

-0.1

3

0.4

7

0.0

8

-0.3

3

0.0

7

0.0

2

-0.0

1

0.3

6

-0.1

9

0.2

0

0.4

6

-0.1

9

0.0

3

-0.2

2

-0.0

6

0.2

7

PC

8

0.5

0

-0.2

5

0.2

4

-0.0

6

-0.1

4

0.2

6

-0.3

2

0.2

1

-0.0

6

0.1

7

0.1

9

-0.0

2

-0.1

6

-0.2

3

-0.1

1

0.4

8

-0.0

7

-0.1

5

-0.1

1

-0.0

2

-0.1

0

-0.1

4

-0.1

1

0.2

5

PC

9

0.5

2

0.2

2

0.0

3

0.0

5

-0.2

2

0.1

1

0.6

3

0.1

3

0.2

1

0.0

0

-0.0

1

0.0

3

0.2

8

0.2

1

0.0

8

0.0

2

-0.0

2

-0.0

9

0.0

4

0.0

2

0.0

2

0.0

1

-0.0

1

0.0

1

PC

10

0.0

0

-0.1

1

-0.0

5

-0.1

8

0.1

2

0.2

5

0.0

2

0.0

8

0.0

0

-0.0

4

-0.2

8

0.0

3

0.1

4

-0.2

7

-0.0

4

-0.3

2

-0.1

8

-0.1

9

0.2

9

-0.0

1

0.0

7

0.1

8

-0.1

8

0.3

5

PC

11

0.2

9

0.1

6

0.0

0

-0.0

9

0.1

9

-0.1

7

-0.3

3

-0.1

7

0.3

4

0.0

7

-0.0

4

0.0

9

0.0

1

-0.0

7

0.3

6

0.0

0

0.1

2

-0.0

5

0.2

3

0.0

9

0.1

2

0.0

3

0.1

9

0.0

0

PC

12

-0.0

7

0.1

3

-0.1

9

0.0

5

0.1

5

0.2

5

-0.1

7

0.0

7

0.2

3

0.1

4

0.2

5

-0.2

1

0.0

1

0.3

2

-0.0

6

-0.1

1

-0.0

6

-0.1

7

-0.1

0

-0.0

5

-0.1

0

0.0

9

-0.0

4

0.0

8

PC

13

-0.0

6

-0.1

1

0.1

7

-0.1

6

0.1

2

0.0

3

0.1

2

-0.0

4

-0.2

5

0.0

2

0.1

4

-0.1

2

0.0

8

-0.0

1

0.4

3

-0.0

3

-0.0

1

-0.2

6

-0.1

3

0.0

0

-0.0

8

0.0

6

0.0

4

-0.0

8

PC

14

-0.0

3

0.0

8

0.1

5

-0.0

6

-0.0

2

-0.0

5

0.0

0

-0.0

5

-0.0

3

0.0

0

0.0

9

0.2

3

-0.0

8

0.1

9

0.1

2

-0.0

7

0.0

1

0.2

0

-0.1

9

0.0

5

0.1

0

0.0

7

-0.1

1

0.4

0

PC

15

-0.0

7

0.1

9

0.0

0

0.0

6

-0.1

9

0.1

5

-0.1

2

-0.1

4

-0.0

7

0.1

5

0.0

1

0.0

8

0.1

7

-0.1

1

0.0

4

0.0

6

-0.0

1

-0.0

1

-0.0

6

-0.0

1

0.1

7

0.1

3

-0.1

8

-0.1

4

PC

16


38

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

EC

305

7I: P

erc

ent. h

ouseh

old

s w

ith le

ss th

an h

alf

nat.a

ve

r.inco

me

EC

306

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f househ

old

s re

liant u

pon s

ocia

l secu

rity

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

ispo

sa

ble

ann

ual h

ouse

hold

in-

com

e (fo

r city

or N

UT

S 3

regio

n)

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

eni-

ties

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l hou

sin

g

DE

300

8I: P

rop. h

ou

seh

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne-p

ensio

ner

hou

seh

old

s

EN

500

1I: G

ree

n s

pace

(in m

2) to

whic

h th

e p

ublic

has

access p

er c

apita

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt

hou

seh

old

s

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t le

vel 5

or 6

ISC

ED

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t le

vel 1

or 2

ISC

ED

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

200

6I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

ents

who

are

no

t EU

N

atio

nals

an

d c

itizens o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r lo

w H

DI

DE

200

5I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

ents

who

are

no

t EU

N

atio

nals

an

d c

itizens o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

hig

h H

DI

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t le

vel 3

or 4

ISC

ED

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Num

be

r of re

co

rde

d c

rimes p

er 1

00

0

pop

ula

tion

EN

510

1I: P

op

ula

tion d

ensity

: tota

l resid

ent p

op. p

er

squ

are

km

DE

102

8V

+ D

E10

55V

: To

tal R

esid

en

t Popula

tion 6

5

and

over

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pu

-la

tion

IND

ICA

OT

RS

-0.0

9

-0.2

1

0.1

4

0.1

6

0.1

0

-0.0

5

0.0

8

0.0

0

0.2

3

0.0

9

0.2

0

0.0

7

0.1

8

-0.1

7

-0.0

5

-0.0

5

-0.0

1

0.0

3

-0.0

5

0.0

0

0.0

8

-0.0

2

0.0

3

0.0

1

PC

17

0.0

8

-0.1

0

-0.2

4

-0.2

3

0.1

0

0.0

1

0.0

2

0.0

3

-0.0

8

0.1

3

0.0

0

0.1

1

0.1

3

0.0

2

-0.0

6

0.0

2

0.1

1

0.0

7

-0.1

3

-0.1

5

0.1

3

-0.0

3

0.0

8

-0.0

2

PC

18

0.0

1

-0.1

0

-0.0

5

-0.0

4

-0.1

4

-0.1

5

0.0

4

0.0

9

0.0

1

0.0

5

0.1

0

-0.1

4

-0.1

7

0.0

2

0.0

0

-0.0

1

0.0

0

-0.0

5

0.0

6

0.0

2

0.2

5

0.2

1

-0.0

2

-0.0

2

PC

19

-0.0

3

0.0

2

0.0

9

0.0

3

-0.0

5

0.0

6

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

3

-0.0

5

0.0

2

-0.0

1

-0.0

5

-0.0

2

0.0

2

-0.0

3

0.2

8

-0.0

2

0.0

8

-0.2

9

-0.0

3

0.0

3

-0.0

1

0.0

4

PC

20

-0.0

9

-0.0

6

0.0

9

0.0

4

0.0

8

0.0

4

0.0

2

0.0

3

0.0

4

0.0

7

-0.1

5

0.1

5

-0.0

5

0.1

7

-0.0

2

0.1

4

-0.0

1

-0.1

5

0.0

3

-0.0

2

0.0

9

0.0

2

0.0

2

-0.0

5

PC

21

0.0

0

-0.0

6

-0.0

1

-0.0

1

-0.0

3

0.1

6

0.0

4

-0.0

6

-0.0

2

0.0

4

0.0

8

0.1

0

-0.0

8

0.0

1

0.0

3

0.0

0

-0.0

7

0.1

3

0.1

1

0.0

1

-0.0

8

0.1

2

0.1

4

-0.0

5

PC

22

-0.0

7

0.0

7

0.0

8

-0.1

1

-0.1

1

-0.0

1

-0.0

2

0.0

8

0.0

3

0.0

8

-0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

1

-0.0

2

-0.0

4

-0.0

7

-0.0

2

-0.0

4

-0.0

1

0.0

1

-0.0

1

-0.0

6

0.1

3

0.0

0

PC

23

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

-0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

-0.0

2

0.0

0

-0.0

1

0.0

0

-0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

0

-0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

0

-0.0

1

-0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

2

0.0

1

0.0

1

PC

24

Principal component number one is strongly correlated with the following indicators:

Positive:

• Correlation = +0.69: SA2016I: Mortality rate for <65 per year

• Correlation = +0.64:SA1018I: Proportion of dwellings lacking basic amenities

• Correlation = +0.62: DE1003I: Proportion of females to males in total population

• Correlation = +0.62: SA2029I: Crude death rate per 1000 residents

• Correlation = +0.62: TE2028I: Prop. of working age population qualified at level 3 or 4

ISCED

Negative:

• Correlation = -0.68: DE1040I: Proportion of total population aged 0-4

• Correlation = -0.59: SA1012I: Proportion of households living in social housing

• Correlation = -0.54: EC3039I: Median disposable annual household income (for city or NUTS

3 region)


39

The strongly correlated indicators would be characteristic for an on average poor population. Princi-

pal component no 1 could therefore subjectively be termed Proportion of poor people.

The results of a similar analysis for the first eight principal components, representing close to 75%

of the variation in the data, can be found in Table 19. Along with the subjective descriptor is listed

the indicator most strongly correlated (either positive or negative) with the principal component and

the corresponding correlation value.

Table 19: Subjective labelling of the first eight principal components representing close to

75% of the variation in the data

No Subjective descriptor for principal com-

ponent Strongest correlated indicator

Strongest

correlation

value

1 Proportion of poor people SA2016I: Mortality rate for <65 per

year +0.69

2 Proportion of old people DE1028V + DE1055V: Total Resident

Population 65 and over +0.73

3 Proportion of uneducated people TE2025I: Prop. of working age popu-

lation qualified at level 1 or 2 ISCED +0.69

4 Proportion of households that are lone-

parent households

DE3005I: Prop. of households that are

lone-parent households +0.76

5 Size of sub-city district DE3003I: Total number of households +0.55

6 Proportion of highly educated people TE2031I: Prop. of working age popu-


7 Crude death rate per 1000 residents SA2029I: Crude death rate per 1000

residents +0.48

8 Population density EN5101I: Population density: total

resident pop. per square km +0.46

4.2 SUB-CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

The spatial resolution of interest for determining the need and capacity for setting up emergency

shelters and health facilities in a post earthquake situation is normally sub-city. Although not all data

of interest (see Table 11 on page 21) was available in the Urban Audit for 2003-2006, it was de-

cided to analyse the available sub-city level data in order to be able to make comparisons of correla-

tion and principal components to the city level data. A two step procedure was followed for the sub-

city level analysis:

1. The first step was to make a correlation analysis at sub-city level for the same 24 indicators that were included in the principal component analysis at city-level.

2. The second step was to exclude indicators that either were highly correlated to other indica-tors, or indicators with too little data and then perform a principal component analysis.

Details for each of the two steps can be found below.

4.2.1 Results from correlation analysis

Table 20 shows the 24 indicators included in the correlation analysis. A total of 14 out of the 24 indi-

cators have been transformed using the equation in Section 3.1.2.


40

Table 20: The 24 indicators included in the correlation analysis. A total of 14 out of the 24

indicators have been transformed using the equation in Section 3.1.2.

No Indicator description Trans-formed


2 DE1028V + DE1055V: Total Resident Population 65 and over


4 DE2005I: Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals and citi-zens of a country with high HDI

Y

5 DE2006I: Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals and citi-zens of a country with a medium or low HDI

Y




9 DE3008I: Prop. households that are lone-pensioner households Y


11 EC3039I: Median disposable annual household income (for city or NUTS 3 region)

12 EC3057I: Percent. households with less than half nat.aver.income Y

13 EC3060I: Proportion of households reliant upon social security Y

14 EN5001I: Green space (in m2) to which the public has access per capita









Y


Y


Y

Table 21 shows the number of sub-city districts (out of 2466) having data for two paired indicators.

Green colour is used for indicator pairs with more than 1200 data points. Red colour is used for indi-

cator pair with less than 200 data points. The diagonal in Table 21 gives more details on the number

of districts (out of the 2466) that have collected data on the various indicators. The indicator with

most data is no. 1 with 2188 out of the 2466 districts having collected data. Apart from indicator no.

2 DE1028V + DE1055V: Total Resident Population 65 and over which has no data at sub-city dis-

trict level, indicator no. 12, EC3057I: Percent. households with less than half nat. aver. income is the

indicator with the least data (216 out of the 2466 districts).


The most data can be found for indicator pair 1 and 3 with 2128 districts having corresponding data.

Several data pairs have no data at all. This is the case for the six combinations of indicators 12 and

13 with indicators 22, 23 and 24.


41


42

Table 21: No of sub-city districts (out of 2466) having data for two paired indicators. Green

colour: Indicator pair with more than 1200 data points. Red colour: Indicator pair with less

than 200 data points.

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

5 o

r 6 IS

CE

D

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

3 o

r 4 IS

CE

D

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

1 o

r 2 IS

CE

D

SA

300

1I:

Tota

l N

um

ber

of

record

ed

crim

es

per

100

0

pop

ula

tion

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

EN

510

1I:

Pop

ula

tion

den

sity

: to

tal

resid

en

t p

op.

pe

r

squ

are

km

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I:

Gre

en space (in

m

2)

to w

hic

h th

e pu

blic

h

as

access p

er c

apita

EC

306

0I:

Pro

portio

n

of

ho

use

hold

s

relia

nt

up

on

so

cia

l

secu

rity

EC

305

7I:

Perc

en

t. ho

use

hold

s

with

le

ss

than

h

alf

nat.a

ve

r.inco

me

EC

303

9I:

Media

n

dis

posa

ble

an

nual

hou

seh

old

in

com

e

(for c

ity o

r NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I:

Pro

p.

hou

seh

old

s

tha

t a

re

lon

e-p

ensio

ne

r

hou

seh

old

s

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt h

ouse

-

hold

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho a

re n

ot E

U N

atio

n-

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho a

re n

ot E

U N

atio

n-

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

102

8V

+ D

E105

5V

: To

tal R

esid

ent P

opula

tion 6

5 a

nd

over

DE

100

3I: P

roportio

n o

f fem

ale

s to

ma

les in

tota

l po

pula

-

tion

543

542

536

584

104

2

104

1

100

9

117

9

149

1

664

342

589

215

340

127

4

138

0

154

6

154

0

159

4

192

1

192

1

212

8

0

218

8

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

517

516

510

584

104

2

100

4

987

115

8

148

5

638

336

584

210

326

124

8

135

9

152

5

153

2

157

3

191

5

191

5

212

8

3

442

441

438

488

914

856

972

115

0

137

1

569

269

559

200

282

119

2

136

1

149

4

149

4

151

8

198

1

198

1

4

442

441

438

488

914

856

972

115

0

137

1

569

269

559

200

282

119

2

136

1

149

4

149

4

151

8

198

1

5

361

361

358

399

746

689

996

125

4

127

8

408

221

589

215

404

120

1

145

9

174

3

173

7

179

2

6

356

356

353

387

730

684

982

123

6

126

1

397

221

584

215

388

116

1

142

8

171

2

173

7

7

332

331

331

368

711

665

996

125

4

126

7

397

211

589

215

393

117

7

145

8

174

3

8

300

300

300

310

574

528

996

110

8

103

9

351

199

491

215

275

104

8

145

9

9

368

368

368

268

635

559

658

862

898

257

65

381

8

124

133

4

10

8

8

8

292

278

299

213

261

432

304

245

275

216

459

11

0

0

0

196

166

187

201

201

204

210

199

215

216

12

0

0

0

368

528

549

201

555

576

360

199

589

13

135

135

99

274

288

311

232

195

344

344

377

14


43

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

5 o

r 6 IS

CE

D

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

3 o

r 4 IS

CE

D

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

1 o

r 2 IS

CE

D

SA

300

1I:

Tota

l N

um

ber

of

record

ed

crim

es

per

100

0

pop

ula

tion

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

EN

510

1I:

Pop

ula

tion

den

sity

: to

tal

resid

en

t p

op.

pe

r

squ

are

km

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I:

Gre

en space (in

m

2)

to w

hic

h th

e pu

blic

h

as

access p

er c

apita

EC

306

0I:

Pro

portio

n

of

ho

use

hold

s

relia

nt

up

on

so

cia

l

secu

rity

EC

305

7I:

Perc

en

t. ho

use

hold

s

with

le

ss

than

h

alf

nat.a

ve

r.inco

me

EC

303

9I:

Media

n

dis

posa

ble

an

nual

hou

seh

old

in

com

e

(for c

ity o

r NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I:

Pro

p.

hou

seh

old

s

tha

t a

re

lon

e-p

ensio

ne

r

hou

seh

old

s

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt h

ouse

-

hold

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho a

re n

ot E

U N

atio

n-

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho a

re n

ot E

U N

atio

n-

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

102

8V

+ D

E105

5V

: To

tal R

esid

ent P

opula

tion 6

5 a

nd

over

DE

100

3I: P

roportio

n o

f fem

ale

s to

ma

les in

tota

l po

pula

-

tion

129

128

93

360

559

591

241

353

670

697

15

116

115

79

521

831

829

762

105

1

163

6

16

81

80

80

368

607

569

758

125

4

17

305

305

258

207

163

188

106

4

18

267

267

264

549

977

104

1

19

247

247

244

529

110

2

20

108

109

106

607

21

559

559

559

22

611

612

23

614

24


indicate highly correlated indicators (correlation >0.5 or <-0.5). Green colour is used to indicate rela-

tively independent indicators (-0.1 < correlation <0.1). It can be seen that only a few indicator pairs

are highly correlated (abs > 0.5), a larger number of indicator pairs are somewhat correlated (0.1 <

abs < 0.5) whereas the majority of indicator pairs are virtually independent (abs<0.1).


44



24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

TE

20

31

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 5

or 6

ISC

ED

TE

20

28

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 3

or 4

ISC

ED

TE

20

25

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 1

or 2

ISC

ED

SA

300

1I:

Tota

l N

um

be

r of

record

ed

crim

es

per

10

00

pop

ula

tion

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f househ

old

s liv

ing in

socia

l ho

us-

ing

EN

510

1I:

Pop

ula

tion

de

nsity

: to

tal

resid

ent

po

p.

per

squ

are

km

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I:

Gre

en sp

ace (in

m

2) to

wh

ich th

e p

ublic

has

access p

er c

apita

EC

306

0I:

Pro

portio

n

of

househ

old

s

relia

nt

up

on

socia

l secu

rity

EC

305

7I:

Pe

rce

nt.

ho

use

hold

s

with

le

ss

than

half

nat.a

ve

r.inco

me

EC

303

9I:

Me

dia

n dis

posa

ble

a

nn

ual

hou

seh

old

in

co

me

(fo

r city

or N

UT

S 3

regio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I:

Pro

p.

ho

use

hold

s

that

are

lo

ne

-pensio

ner

hou

seh

old

s

DE

300

5I:

Pro

p.

of

household

s

that

are

lo

ne-p

are

nt

hou

seh

old

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I:

Pro

po

rtion of

Resid

ents

w

ho a

re no

t E

U N

a-

tion

als

and

citiz

ens o

f a c

ountry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

H

DI

DE

200

5I:

Pro

po

rtion of

Resid

ents

w

ho a

re no

t E

U N

a-

tion

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

102

8V

+ D

E1

05

5V

: Tota

l Resid

ent P

opula

tion 6

5 a

nd

over

DE

100

3I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l pop

ula

-tio

n

Indic

ato

r nam

e

0.2

5

0.1

1

-0.1

8

-0.2

3

0.1

7

0.0

2

-0.1

6

-0.1

3

0.2

7

0.0

4

0.1

2

-0.0

8

-0.3

5

-0.2

2

-0.1

0

0.4

6

-0.2

4

0.0

2

-0.0

6

-0.1

9

-0.0

6

-0.2

8

NA

1.0

0

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

2

-0.0

8

-0.2

5

0. 1

3

-0.2

4

-0.3

4

-0.3

7

-0.0

1

0.3

4

-0.2

7

-0.0

2

-0.1

6

0.4

2

-0.1

0

0.5

2

0.0

2

-0.4

7

0.4

2

0.1

0

0.1

5

-0.0

2

-0.1

7

1.0

0

3

0.1

1

-0.1

5

-0.0

5

0.1

4

0.0

3

0.1

2

-0.0

3

-0.1

8

0.1

0

-0.1

2

0.0

2

-0.4

0

0.3

1

-0.0

8

-0.1

4

0.2

0

-0.0

5

-0.2

7

0.1

4

0.3

7

1.0

0

4

-0.1

9

-0.0

1

0.1

5

0.1

3

-0.0

1

0.2

8

0.0

6

0.0

5

0.1

6

-0.1

3

-0.1

3

-0.1

0

0.6

2

-0.3

5

0.0

8

0.2

1

0.1

1

-0.2

0

0.1

4

1.0

0

5

-0.0

1

-0.4

3

-0.0

7

0.1

7

-0.0

4

0.0

3

-0.2

1

0.0

0

-0.1

2

0.0

1

-0.1

3

-0.4

3

0.3

6

-0.4

9

-0.1

2

0.3

4

0.2

1

-0.2

0

1.0

0

6

-0.3

8

-0.0

2

0.5

2

-0.2

9

-0.1

3

-0.0

7

0.2

3

-0.0

9

0.2

3

0. 1

4

0.1

7

0.2

3

-0.4

8

0.1

6

0.0

2

-0.3

1

-0.2

5

1.0

0

7

-0.1

7

-0.4

1

0.1

9

-0.0

4

-0.1

1

0.2

0

-0.1

3

0.3

5

-0.4

6

-0.0

6

-0.1

2

-0.0

3

0.3

4

-0.2

1

0.0

5

0.0

7

1.0

0

8

0.0

9

0.2

3

-0.2

2

0.1

1

0.4

0

0.6

1

-0.0

5

-0.2

2

0.1

1

0.0

5

0.0

5

-0.4

2

-0.1

4

-0.6

5

0.1

0

1.0

0

9

-0.3

2

0.2

2

0.2

6

0.1

0

0.1

7

0.4

2

0.0

8

0.0

9

0.0

3

-0.0

4

0.0

2

0.6

3

-0.1

1

-0.3

4

1.0

0

10

0.7

1

0.3

4

-0.7

6

-0.1

0

-0.1

8

-0.7

0

-0.4

9

0.2

0

0.1

0

-0.1

2

-0.4

7

0.4

5

-0.7

8

1.0

0

11

NA

NA

NA

0.1

0

-0.0

8

-0.0

4

0.1

9

0.3

9

0.5

7

-0.2

5

-0.2

8

0.1

1

1.0

0

12

NA

NA

NA

-0.1

6

-0.2

8

-0.4

5

0.1

2

0.6

5

0.1

5

-0.0

9

-0.0

4

1.0

0

13

-0.2

1

0.1

4

0.0

7

-0.0

4

0.0

6

0.3

3

0.0

7

-0.0

6

-0.4

6

0. 3

8

1.0

0

14


45

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

TE

20

31

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 5

or 6

ISC

ED

TE

20

28

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 3

or 4

ISC

ED

TE

20

25

I: P

rop.

of

work

ing

age

po

pu

latio

n

qu

alifie

d

at

level 1

or 2

ISC

ED

SA

300

1I:

Tota

l N

um

be

r of

record

ed

crim

es

per

10

00

pop

ula

tion

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f househ

old

s liv

ing in

socia

l ho

us-

ing

EN

510

1I:

Pop

ula

tion

de

nsity

: to

tal

resid

ent

po

p.

per

squ

are

km

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I:

Gre

en sp

ace (in

m

2) to

wh

ich th

e p

ublic

has

access p

er c

apita

EC

306

0I:

Pro

portio

n

of

househ

old

s

relia

nt

up

on

socia

l secu

rity

EC

305

7I:

Pe

rce

nt.

ho

use

hold

s

with

le

ss

than

half

nat.a

ve

r.inco

me

EC

303

9I:

Me

dia

n dis

posa

ble

a

nn

ual

hou

seh

old

in

co

me

(fo

r city

or N

UT

S 3

regio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I:

Pro

p.

ho

use

hold

s

that

are

lo

ne

-pensio

ner

hou

seh

old

s

DE

300

5I:

Pro

p.

of

household

s

that

are

lo

ne-p

are

nt

hou

seh

old

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I:

Pro

po

rtion of

Resid

ents

w

ho a

re no

t E

U N

a-

tion

als

and

citiz

ens o

f a c

ountry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

H

DI

DE

200

5I:

Pro

po

rtion of

Resid

ents

w

ho a

re no

t E

U N

a-

tion

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

102

8V

+ D

E1

05

5V

: Tota

l Resid

ent P

opula

tion 6

5 a

nd

over

DE

100

3I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l pop

ula

-tio

n

Indic

ato

r nam

e

-0.2

8

0.4

6

0.1

7

-0.1

2

0.0

3

0.0

7

-0.0

4

-0.0

8

-0.2

1

1.0

0

15

0.3

9

-0.3

3

-0.3

1

0.0

3

-0.1

3

-0.1

5

-0.1

6

-0.0

9

1.0

0

16

-0.2

3

-0.6

0

0.2

4

-0.1

8

-0.3

0

-0.4

1

-0.0

9

1.0

0

17

0.2

0

-0.0

6

0.0

3

-0.0

5

0.0

3

0.3

0

1.0

0

18

-0.2

5

0.2

1

0.2

4

0.0

9

0.5

4

1.0

0

19

0.0

9

0.1

0

-0.0

7

0.1

0

1.0

0

20

0.4

2

-0.4

3

-0.0

7

1.0

0

21

-0.6

2

-0.2

8

1.0

0

22

-0.2

8

1.0

0

23

1.0

0

24

No zero data indicator combinations can be included in the principal component analysis. For this

reason it was decided to exclude indicators number 12 and 13 (EC3057I: Percent. households with

less than half nat.aver.income and EC3060I: Proportion of households reliant upon social security).

Also indicator number two (DE1028V + DE1055V: Total Resident Population 65 and over) has no

data, and was excluded. This leaves 21 indicators for the principal component analysis.

4.2.2 Results from PCA analysis

Table 23 lists the 21 indicators included in the principal component analysis. A total of 12 out of the



46



No Indicator description Trans-formed



3 DE2005I: Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals and citizens of a country with high HDI

Y

4 DE2006I: Proportion of Residents who are not EU Nationals and citizens of a country with a medium or low HDI

Y




8 DE3008I: Prop. households that are lone-pensioner house-holds

Y


10 EC3039I: Median disposable annual household income (for city or NUTS 3 region)

11 EN5001I: Green space (in m2) to which the public has access per capita









Y


Y


Y


indicate relatively highly correlated indicators (correlation >0.4 or <-0.4). Green colour is used to

indicate independent indicators (-0.1 < correlation < 0.1).


47



21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 5

or 6

IS

CE

D

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 3

or 4

IS

CE

D

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 1

or 2

IS

CE

D

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Num

be

r of re

co

rde

d c

rimes p

er 1

00

0 p

op

ula

tion

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

EN

510

1I: P

op

ula

tion d

ensity

: tota

l resid

ent p

op. p

er s

qua

re k

m

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I: G

ree

n s

pace

(in m

2) to

whic

h th

e p

ublic

has a

ccess p

er

capita

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

ispo

sa

ble

ann

ual h

ouse

hold

incom

e (fo

r city

or

NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I: P

rop. h

ou

seh

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne-p

ensio

ner h

ouse

hold

s

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt h

ouse

hold

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

ents

who

are

no

t EU

Natio

nals

an

d

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

ents

who

are

no

t EU

Natio

nals

an

d

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pula

tion

Indic

ato

r

0.2

5

0.1

1

-0.1

8

-0.2

3

0.1

7

0.0

2

-0.1

6

-0.1

3

0.2

7

0.0

4

0.1

2

-0.2

2

-0.1

0

0.4

6

-0.2

4

0.0

2

-0.0

6

-0.1

9

-0.0

6

-0.2

8

1.0

0

1

-0.0

8

-0.2

5

0.1

3

-0.2

4

-0.3

4

-0.3

7

-0.0

1

0.3

4

-0.2

7

-0.0

2

-0.1

6

0.5

2

0.0

2

-0.4

7

0.4

2

0.1

0

0.1

5

-0.0

2

-0.1

7

1.0

0

2

0.1

1

-0.1

5

-0.0

5

0.1

4

0.0

3

0.1

2

-0.0

3

-0.1

8

0.1

0

-0.1

2

0.0

2

-0.0

8

-0.1

4

0.2

0

-0.0

5

-0.2

7

0.1

4

0.3

7

1.0

0

3

-0.1

9

-0.0

1

0.1

5

0. 1

3

-0.0

1

0.2

8

0.0

6

0.0

5

0.1

6

-0.1

3

-0.1

3

-0.3

5

0.0

8

0.2

1

0. 1

1

-0.2

0

0.1

4

1.0

0

4

-0.0

1

-0.4

3

-0.0

7

0.1

7

-0.0

4

0.0

3

-0.2

1

0.0

0

-0.1

2

0.0

1

-0.1

3

-0.4

9

-0.1

2

0.3

4

0.2

1

-0.2

0

1.0

0

5

-0.3

8

-0.0

2

0.5

2

-0.2

9

-0.1

3

-0.0

7

0.2

3

-0.0

9

0.2

3

0.1

4

0.1

7

0.1

6

0.0

2

-0.3

1

-0.2

5

1.0

0

6

-0.1

7

-0.4

1

0.1

9

-0.0

4

-0.1

1

0.2

0

-0.1

3

0.3

5

-0.4

6

-0.0

6

-0.1

2

-0.2

1

0.0

5

0.0

7

1.0

0

7

0.0

9

0.2

3

-0.2

2

0.1

1

0.4

0

0.6

1

-0.0

5

-0.2

2

0.1

1

0.0

5

0.0

5

-0.6

5

0.1

0

1.0

0

8

-0.3

2

0.2

2

0.2

6

0.1

0

0.1

7

0.4

2

0.0

8

0.0

9

0.0

3

-0.0

4

0.0

2

-0.3

4

1.0

0

9

0.7

1

0.3

4

-0.7

6

-0.1

0

-0.1

8

-0.7

0

-0.4

9

0.2

0

0.1

0

-0.1

2

-0.4

7

1.0

0

10

-0.2

1

0.1

4

0.0

7

-0.0

4

0.0

6

0.3

3

0.0

7

-0.0

6

-0.4

6

0.3

8

1.0

0

11

-0.2

8

0.4

6

0.1

7

-0.1

2

0.0

3

0.0

7

-0.0

4

-0.0

8

-0.2

1

1.0

0

12

0.3

9

-0.3

3

-0.3

1

0.0

3

-0.1

3

-0.1

5

-0.1

6

-0.0

9

1.0

0

13


48

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 5

or 6

IS

CE

D

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 3

or 4

IS

CE

D

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 1

or 2

IS

CE

D

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Num

be

r of re

co

rde

d c

rimes p

er 1

00

0 p

op

ula

tion

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

EN

510

1I: P

op

ula

tion d

ensity

: tota

l resid

ent p

op. p

er s

qua

re k

m

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I: G

ree

n s

pace

(in m

2) to

whic

h th

e p

ublic

has a

ccess p

er

capita

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

ispo

sa

ble

ann

ual h

ouse

hold

incom

e (fo

r city

or

NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I: P

rop. h

ou

seh

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne-p

ensio

ner h

ouse

hold

s

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt h

ouse

hold

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

ents

who

are

no

t EU

Natio

nals

an

d

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

ents

who

are

no

t EU

Natio

nals

an

d

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pula

tion

Indic

ato

r

-0.2

3

-0.6

0

0.2

4

-0.1

8

-0.3

0

-0.4

1

-0.0

9

1.0

0

14

0.2

0

-0.0

6

0.0

3

-0.0

5

0.0

3

0.3

0

1.0

0

15

-0.2

5

0.2

1

0.2

4

0.0

9

0.5

4

1.0

0

16

0.0

9

0.1

0

-0.0

7

0.1

0

1.0

0

17

0.4

2

-0.4

3

-0.0

7

1.0

0

18

-0.6

2

-0.2

8

1.0

0

19

-0.2

8

1.0

0

20

1.0

0

21


49

0 50 100 1500

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Transformed value

1.

DE

1003I:

Pro

port

ion o

f fe

male

s

to m

ale

s in t

ota

l popula

tion

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250

10

20

30

40

Transformed value

2.

DE

1040I:

Pro

port

ion o

f to

tal

popula

tion a

ged 0

-4

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40

20

40

60

80

Transformed value

3.

DE

2005I:

Pro

port

ion o

f R

esid

ents

who a

re n

ot

EU

Nationals

and

citiz

ens o

f a c

ountr

y w

ith

hig

h H

DI

0 0.5 1 1.50

2

4

6

8

10

12

Transformed value

4.

DE

2006I:

Pro

port

ion o

f R

esid

ents

who a

re n

ot

EU

Nationals

and

citiz

ens o

f a c

ountr

y w

ith

a

mediu

m o

r lo

w H

DI

0 5 10 15

x 104

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1x 10

-4

Transformed value

5.

DE

3003I:

Tota

l num

ber

of

household

s

0 2 4 6 8 100

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Transformed value

6.

DE

3004I:

Avera

ge s

ize o

f

household

s

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40

5

10

15

20

25

30

Transformed value

7.

DE

3005I:

Pro

p.

of

household

s

that

are

lone-p

are

nt

household

s

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40

2

4

6

8

10

Transformed value

8.

DE

3008I:

Pro

p.

household

s

that

are

lone-p

ensio

ner

household

s

Figure 8: Probability density function estimates for indicator nos. 1-8 (bars). Best fit General-



50

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

2

4

6

8

Transformed value

9.

EC

1020I:

Unem

plo

ym

ent

rate

0 1 2 3 4

x 104

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2x 10

-4

Transformed value

10.

EC

3039I:

Media

n d

isposable

annual household

incom

e (

for

city o

r N

UT

S 3

regio

n)

0 200 400 6000

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

Transformed value

11.

EN

5001I:

Gre

en s

pace (

in

m2)

to w

hic

h t

he p

ublic

has

access p

er

capita

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Transformed value

12.

EN

5012I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

the a

rea in g

reen s

pace

0 2 4 6 8

x 104

0

1

x 10-4

Transformed value

13.

EN

5101I:

Popula

tion d

ensity:

tota

l re

sid

ent

pop.

per

square

km

0 1 2 3 4 5 60

1

2

3

4

Transformed value

14.

SA

1012I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

household

s liv

ing in s

ocia

l

housin

g

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40

20

40

60

80

Transformed value

15.

SA

1018I:

Pro

port

ion o

f

dw

elli

ngs lackin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

0 5 10 15 200

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Transformed value

16.

SA

2016I:

Mort

alit

y r

ate

for

<65 p

er

year

Figure 9: Probability density function estimates for indicator nos. 9-16 (bars). Best fit Gener-

alised Extreme Value distribution (solid line).


51

0 10 20 30 40 500

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Transformed value

17.

SA

2029I:

Cru

de d

eath

rate

per

1000 r

esid

ents

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

2

4

6

8x 10

-3

Transformed value

18.

SA

3001I:

Tota

l N

um

ber

of

record

ed c

rim

es p

er

1000 p

opula

tion

0 0.5 1 1.50

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Transformed value

19.

TE

2025I:

Pro

p.

of

work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualif

ied a

t

level 1 o

r 2 I

SC

ED

0 1 2 3 40

0.5

1

1.5

2

Transformed value

20.

TE

2028I:

Pro

p.

of

work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualif

ied a

t

level 3 o

r 4 I

SC

ED

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.60

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Transformed value

21.

TE

2031I:

Pro

p.

of

work

ing

age p

opula

tion q

ualif

ied a

t

level 5 o

r 6 I

SC

ED

Figure 10: Probability density function estimates for indicator nos. 17-21 (bars). Best fit Gen-

eralised Extreme Value distribution (solid line).


52



21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f wo

rkin

g age

pop

ula

tion q

ualifie

d at le

vel 5

or 6

IS

CE

D

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f wo

rkin

g age

pop

ula

tion q

ualifie

d at le

vel 3

or 4

IS

CE

D

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f wo

rkin

g age

pop

ula

tion q

ualifie

d at le

vel 1

or 2

IS

CE

D

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Num

be

r of re

co

rde

d c

rimes p

er 1

00

0 p

op

ula

tion

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

EN

510

1I: P

op

ula

tion d

ensity

: tota

l resid

ent p

op. p

er s

qua

re k

m

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I: G

ree

n s

pace (in

m2) to

whic

h th

e p

ublic

has a

cce

ss p

er

capita

EC

303

9I:

Me

dia

n dis

posa

ble

a

nn

ual

hou

seh

old

in

co

me (fo

r city

o

r N

UT

S 3

regio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I: P

rop. h

ou

seh

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne-p

ensio

ner h

ouse

hold

s

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt h

ouse

hold

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I:

Pro

po

rtion o

f R

esid

ents

w

ho a

re not

EU

N

atio

nals

an

d

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I:

Pro

po

rtion o

f R

esid

ents

w

ho a

re not

EU

N

atio

nals

an

d

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pula

tion

Ind

icato

r nam

e

0.1

8

-0.0

2

0.2

0

0.2

5

-0.0

6

-0.0

4

4.9

8

0.5

3

0.8

8

1.0

2

0.8

1

-0.3

8

0.0

7

-0.1

1

0.5

5

-0.0

4

0.2

3

0.4

5

0.4

6

0.0

0

-0.2

5

Sh

ap

e

para

me-

ter, ξξ ξξ

0.1

5

0.2

9

0.1

3

50.1

3.3

9

0.9

2

0.0

0

0.1

1

3127

0.2

9

28.8

7

9822

0.0

5

0.0

5

0.0

2

0.4

5

4433

0.0

3

0.0

1

0.0

1

11.3

Scale

p

ara

me-

ter, σσ σσ

0.2

9

0.7

7

0.2

3

52.0

7.4

7

1.5

0

0.0

0

0.1

1

2397

0.2

0

23.3

9

13050

0.1

0

0.0

9

0.0

3

2.1

2

7367

0.0

4

0.0

1

0.0

4

104

Lo

catio

n

par., µµ µµ

.

Best fit

0.1

1

-0.0

6

0.1

2

0.1

8

-0.0

7

-0.0

5

0.4

8

0.8

1

0.8

8

0.6

5

-0.4

2

0.0

4

-0.1

4

0.5

0

-0.0

6

0.2

0

0.3

9

0.4

1

-0.0

2

-0.2

5

Sh

ap

e

para

me-

ter, ξξ ξξ

0.1

4

0.2

8

0.1

2

46.6

3.2

5

0.8

8

0.1

1

2911

0.2

5

25.0

5

9158

0.0

4

0.0

5

0.0

2

0.4

4

4257

0.0

3

0.0

0

0.0

1

11.0

Scale

p

ara

me-

ter, σσ σσ

0.2

8

0.7

5

0.2

1

47.5

7.2

6

1.4

4

0.1

1

2208

0.1

7

19.7

8

12090

0.0

9

0.0

9

0.0

3

2.1

0

7140

0.0

4

0.0

1

0.0

4

103

Lo

catio

n

par., µµ µµ

.

5%

co

nfid

en

ce in

terv

al

valu

e

0.2

5

0.0

2

0.2

8

0.3

2

-0.0

4

-0.0

2

0.5

9

0.9

6

1.1

6

0.9

6

-0.3

4

0.1

0

-0.0

8

0.6

1

-0.0

3

0.2

6

0.5

0

0.5

1

0.0

3

-0.2

4

Sh

ap

e

para

me-

ter, ξξ ξξ

0.1

6

0.3

1

0.1

4

54.0

3.5

4

0.9

7

0.1

2

3359

0.3

2

33.3

10535

0.0

5

0.0

5

0.0

2

0.4

7

4616

0.0

4

0.0

1

0.0

1

11.6

Scale

p

ara

me-

ter, σσ σσ

0.3

0

0.8

0

0.2

4

56.6

7.6

9

1.5

6

0.1

2

2586

0.2

3

27.0

14009

0.1

0

0.1

0

0.0

3

2.1

4

7593

0.0

4

0.0

1

0.0

4

104

Lo

catio

n

par., µµ µµ

.

95%

co

nfid

en

ce in

terv

al

valu

e

The bar-diagrams in Figure 8 (indicator numbers 1-8), Figure 9 (indicator numbers 9-16) and Figure

10 (indicator numbers 17-21) are histograms normalised to estimate probability distribution function

for the 21 transformed indicators. The solid line shows a best fit generalised extreme value distribu-

tion. The best fit parameters are listed in


53

Table 25. It is believed that the double peak distribution observed for indicator number 10. EC3039I:

Median disposable annual household income (for city or NUTS 3 region) (Figure 9) is a result of

error in the data, in particular for a number of German cities where income levels seem unrealisti-

cally low.


are shown in Table 26. To show the importance of each indicator in the various eigenvectors, ei-

genvector components with absolute value larger than 0.3 (high importance) are marked in red and

eigenvector components with absolute value between 0.1 and 0.3 (medium importance) are marked

in green. Indicators with low importance (absolute value less than 0.1) are written in black.

The eigenvectors are sorted by decreasing eigenvalue, showing the eigenvector representing the

largest variation (14.4%) in the data set in the first column and the eigenvector representing the

least variation (0.3%) in column number 21.





tors with eigenvalues larger than 1.00, gives a data set containing 75 % of the variation in the origi-

nal data set.


sorted by decreasing eigenvalue. Components with absolute value larger than 0.3 marked in

red. Components with absolute value between 0.1 and 0.3 marked in green.

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1 T

E20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 5

or 6

ISC

ED

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 3

or 4

ISC

ED

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 1

or 2

ISC

ED

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Nu

mb

er o

f reco

rded c

rimes p

er 1

000 p

opula

-tio

n

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

EN

510

1I: P

opula

tion d

ensity

: tota

l resid

en

t po

p. p

er s

qu

are

km

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I:

Gre

en

space

(in

m2)

to

whic

h

the

public

h

as

access p

er c

apita

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

isp

osa

ble

ann

ual h

ou

seh

old

inco

me (fo

r city

or N

UT

S 3

regio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I: P

rop

. ho

use

hold

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pensio

ner h

ouse-

hold

s

DE

300

5I:

Pro

p.

of

ho

usehold

s th

at

are

lo

ne

-pare

nt

ho

use

-hold

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho

are

not E

U N

atio

nals

and

citiz

ens o

f a c

oun

try w

ith a

me

diu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho

are

not E

U N

atio

nals

and

citiz

ens o

f a c

oun

try w

ith h

igh H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pula

tion

Indic

ato

r code

Eig

en v

alu

e

Cum

ula

tive e

xpla

natio

n o

f varia

bility

(%)

Expla

natio

n o

f varia

bility

(%)

Eig

en v

ecto

r no

0.0

0

-0.1

3

0.0

6

-0.1

0

-0.3

2

-0.4

4

-0.0

5

0.2

9

-0.0

4

-0.0

8

-0.1

8

0.4

4

-0.0

8

-0.4

0

0.0

3

0.0

9

0.0

1

-0.1

1

-0.1

0

0.3

7

-0.1

6

4.0

2

18.3

18.3

1

-0.4

1

0.4

7

0.2

3

-0.3

3

-0.0

1

0.1

2

-0.0

2

0.0

4

-0.1

2

0.3

2

0.2

4

0.0

3

0.1

3

-0.1

2

-0.0

4

0.2

5

-0.3

2

-0.0

7

-0.2

1

0.0

5

-0.0

3

2.6

8

30.5

12.2

2

-0.3

2

-0.2

5

0.3

4

0.0

8

-0.0

3

0.2

1

0.0

3

0.1

5

-0.3

0

-0.0

5

0.0

5

-0.1

8

0.1

4

0.0

3

0.4

4

-0.1

2

0.2

7

0.2

7

0.0

4

0.1

8

-0.3

2

2.4

5

41.6

11.1

3

0.1

7

0.2

0

-0.3

9

-0.2

0

0.0

1

-0.0

6

0.0

4

0.1

2

-0.4

8

0.1

6

0.1

2

-0.0

5

-0.1

9

0.0

9

0.3

5

-0.4

0

0.0

9

-0.2

6

-0.1

1

0.1

0

0.1

5

1.7

7

49.7

8.0

4

-0.1

6

0.3

0

-0.1

2

-0.1

6

-0.1

3

-0.0

5

-0.3

8

0.2

0

0.1

6

-0.0

3

-0.1

9

0.1

0

-0.0

4

0.1

4

0.0

0

-0.3

8

-0.1

6

0.4

7

0.3

9

-0.0

3

-0.0

2

1.4

8

56.4

6.7

5


54

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1 T

E20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 5

or 6

ISC

ED

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 3

or 4

ISC

ED

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level 1

or 2

ISC

ED

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Nu

mb

er o

f reco

rded c

rimes p

er 1

000 p

opula

-tio

n

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

EN

510

1I: P

opula

tion d

ensity

: tota

l resid

en

t po

p. p

er s

qu

are

km

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I:

Gre

en

space

(in

m2)

to

whic

h

the

public

h

as

access p

er c

apita

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

isp

osa

ble

ann

ual h

ou

seh

old

inco

me (fo

r city

or N

UT

S 3

regio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I: P

rop

. ho

use

hold

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pensio

ner h

ouse-

hold

s

DE

300

5I:

Pro

p.

of

ho

usehold

s th

at

are

lo

ne

-pare

nt

ho

use

-hold

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho

are

not E

U N

atio

nals

and

citiz

ens o

f a c

oun

try w

ith a

me

diu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I: P

ropo

rtion o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho

are

not E

U N

atio

nals

and

citiz

ens o

f a c

oun

try w

ith h

igh H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pula

tion

Indic

ato

r code

Eig

en v

alu

e

Cum

ula

tive e

xpla

natio

n o

f varia

bility

(%)

Expla

natio

n o

f varia

bility

(%)

Eig

en v

ecto

r no

-0.2

0

-0.2

3

0.1

0

-0.3

4

-0.1

0

-0.0

4

-0.3

3

0.1

7

0.2

9

0.1

0

0.0

3

-0.1

6

-0.2

3

0.2

1

0.0

5

0.1

7

0.4

1

-0.0

7

-0.1

7

-0.0

1

0.4

3

1.4

1

62.8

6.4

6

-0.1

1

-0.0

4

-0.0

4

0.1

8

-0.1

5

-0.0

8

-0.0

8

-0.3

0

-0.0

6

0.4

7

0.2

8

0.0

2

-0.4

9

-0.2

0

-0.1

5

0.0

3

0.2

4

0.0

3

0.3

3

-0.0

6

-0.2

3

1.2

4

68.5

5.7

7

0.1

6

0.0

0

0.0

3

-0.3

3

-0.2

8

0.0

2

0.6

2

0.2

1

0.0

3

-0.1

7

0.1

7

-0.2

2

-0.2

5

-0.0

6

-0.0

2

0.1

6

-0.0

8

0.2

7

0.2

4

-0.0

4

0.1

0

1.1

6

73.8

5.3

8

-0.0

5

0.0

9

-0.0

4

-0.3

4

0.3

3

0.1

4

0.2

2

-0.3

5

-0.0

2

0.0

7

-0.5

5

0.1

5

-0.2

0

0.1

4

0.0

0

0.1

6

0.1

7

0.1

0

0.0

5

0.3

4

-0.1

0

0.9

7

78.2

4.4

9

0.0

1

-0.0

8

0.3

8

0.0

3

0.2

8

-0.0

8

-0.2

2

-0.0

4

-0.2

2

-0.2

7

-0.0

6

0.0

2

-0.4

9

-0.0

1

0.2

5

0.1

1

-0.4

1

-0.1

4

0.1

8

-0.1

6

0.1

4

0.8

4

82.0

3.8

10

-0.0

4

-0.1

0

-0.0

5

-0.2

3

0.2

8

0.0

9

-0.0

9

-0.0

5

-0.0

8

-0.2

5

0.4

4

0.2

4

0.2

7

-0.0

8

-0.1

6

0.0

0

0.1

4

-0.1

6

0.5

0

0.3

0

0.1

9

0.7

2

85.2

3.3

11

-0.2

2

0.0

5

-0.3

5

-0.2

4

-0.0

9

0.1

6

-0.2

0

-0.1

6

-0.0

5

-0.5

7

0.0

7

-0.1

4

-0.1

7

-0.2

1

-0.0

9

0.0

5

0.1

1

-0.0

7

-0.2

1

-0.2

1

-0.3

7

0.6

6

88.2

3.0

12

0.1

5

0.0

9

-0.1

5

0.0

7

-0.4

4

0.1

4

-0.2

1

-0.3

8

0.0

8

-0.0

2

-0.0

8

-0.1

6

0.1

9

-0.1

3

0.4

7

0.3

2

-0.1

2

-0.0

4

0.2

0

0.2

0

0.1

8

0.6

0

91.0

2.7

13

-0.1

0

0.0

3

0.1

2

-0.1

7

-0.1

9

0.0

1

0.1

1

0.1

2

0.0

0

0.0

8

-0.3

2

-0.0

1

0.1

9

0.1

1

0.0

3

-0.0

2

0.1

1

-0.5

8

0.4

1

-0.4

0

-0.2

1

0.4

7

93.1

2.1

14

-0.2

6

0.0

2

0.2

3

0.0

3

-0.3

1

-0.0

8

0.1

3

-0.3

8

-0.3

5

-0.1

6

-0.1

8

0.0

6

0.0

8

-0.1

2

-0.2

6

-0.3

0

0.1

0

0.0

8

-0.0

8

-0.1

1

0.4

7

0.3

9

94.9

1.8

15

0.0

0

0.6

2

0.2

3

0.2

7

0.1

0

-0.3

3

0.0

5

0.0

4

0.1

4

-0.2

6

0.0

3

-0.3

0

-0.0

6

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

2

0.3

5

-0.1

3

0.0

6

0.2

2

-0.0

2

0.3

4

96.5

1.5

16

0.0

1

0.0

2

-0.1

2

-0.1

4

0.3

7

-0.3

5

0.0

0

-0.0

1

-0.0

5

0.1

3

-0.0

9

-0.0

8

0.2

5

-0.4

7

0.2

5

0.1

5

0.2

0

0.2

8

0.0

5

-0.4

1

0.1

2

0.2

9

97.8

1.3

17

0.1

5

-0.0

5

0.2

9

-0.2

6

0.0

6

0. 0

8

0.0

7

-0.2

6

0.4

9

0.0

4

0.1

1

-0.0

4

-0.0

3

-0.3

2

0.2

0

-0.5

4

-0.0

7

-0.1

3

-0.1

1

0.0

4

-0.0

9

0.2

6

98.9

1.2

18

-0.3

5

-0.2

4

-0.2

4

0.0

7

0.1

3

-0.1

1

0.0

4

0.1

1

0.0

4

0.1

0

-0.2

0

-0.5

7

0.0

0

-0.2

2

-0.1

8

-0.1

1

-0.3

0

-0.1

6

0.1

3

0.3

1

0.0

8

0.1

4

99.6

0.6

19

0.5

4

0.0

0

0.2

8

-0.2

3

-0.0

4

0.1

1

-0.3

6

0.0

7

-0.3

1

0.1

0

-0.1

3

-0.3

4

0.0

8

-0.1

5

-0.3

7

0.0

2

0.0

6

0.0

6

0.0

0

0.0

8

-0.1

2

0.0

9

100.0

0.4

20

-0.0

1

0.1

7

-0.0

3

0.2

6

0.0

7

0.6

2

0.0

2

0.3

5

0.0

6

0.0

2

-0.1

8

0.1

5

-0.1

8

-0.4

5

-0.0

1

-0.0

1

0.1

7

-0.0

6

0.0

3

-0.0

3

0.2

5

0.0

1

100.0

0.0

21

Table 27, which shows correlation between the principal components (PC1 to PC21) and each of

the 21 original indicators, can be used to find which indicators dominate each of the principal com-


55

ponents. It can be seen that on average, decreasing correlation between the indicators and the

principal components is found for increasing principal component number.

Table 27: Correlation between principal components (PC1 to PC21) and each of the original

indicators. Green: Strong positive correlation. Yellow: Low correlation. Red: Strong negative

correlation.

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

5 o

r 6 IS

CE

D

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

3 o

r 4 IS

CE

D

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

1 o

r 2 IS

CE

D

SA

300

1I:

Tota

l N

um

ber

of

record

ed

crim

es

per

100

0

pop

ula

tion

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

EN

510

1I:

Pop

ula

tion

den

sity

: to

tal

resid

en

t p

op.

pe

r

squ

are

km

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I:

Gre

en space (in

m

2)

to w

hic

h th

e pu

blic

h

as

access p

er c

apita

EC

303

9I:

Media

n

dis

posa

ble

an

nual

hou

seh

old

in

com

e

(for c

ity o

r NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I:

Pro

p.

hou

seh

old

s

tha

t a

re

lon

e-p

ensio

ne

r

hou

seh

old

s

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt h

ouse

-

hold

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho a

re n

ot E

U N

atio

n-

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho a

re n

ot E

U N

atio

n-

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

100

3I: P

roportio

n o

f fem

ale

s to

ma

les in

tota

l po

pula

-

tion

IND

ICA

OT

RS

-0.0

1

-0.2

7

0.1

1

-0.2

0

-0.6

3

-0.8

8

-0.1

0

0.5

9

-0.0

8

-0.1

6

-0.3

6

0.8

8

-0.1

6

-0.8

0

0.0

7

0.1

7

0.0

2

-0.2

2

-0.2

0

0.7

3

-0.3

1

PC

1

-0.6

8

0.7

7

0.3

8

-0.5

4

-0.0

2

0.2

0

-0.0

4

0.0

6

-0.2

0

0.5

3

0.4

0

0.0

5

0.2

0

-0.1

9

-0.0

6

0.4

0

-0.5

3

-0.1

1

-0.3

4

0.0

8

-0.0

5

PC

2

-0.5

0

-0.4

0

0.5

4

0.1

2

-0.0

5

0.3

3

0.0

5

0.2

3

-0.4

8

-0.0

8

0.0

8

-0.2

8

0.2

3

0.0

5

0.6

8

-0.1

8

0.4

2

0.4

2

0.0

7

0.2

9

-0.5

0

PC

3

0.2

3

0.2

7

-0.5

2

-0.2

7

0.0

1

-0.0

8

0.0

5

0.1

6

-0.6

4

0.2

1

0.1

5

-0.0

7

-0.2

6

0.1

2

0.4

7

-0.5

3

0.1

2

-0.3

4

-0.1

5

0.1

3

0.2

0

PC

4

-0.1

9

0.3

7

-0.1

4

-0.2

0

-0.1

6

-0.0

6

-0.4

6

0.2

4

0.1

9

-0.0

3

-0.2

3

0.1

2

-0.0

5

0.1

6

0.0

0

-0.4

6

-0.2

0

0.5

8

0.4

8

-0.0

4

-0.0

2

PC

5

-0.2

4

-0.2

7

0.1

2

-0.4

1

-0.1

2

-0.0

4

-0.3

9

0.2

0

0.3

5

0.1

2

0.0

4

-0.1

8

-0.2

7

0.2

5

0.0

6

0.2

0

0.4

9

-0.0

9

-0.2

0

-0.0

1

0.5

1

PC

6

-0.1

2

-0.0

5

-0.0

4

0.2

0

-0.1

6

-0.0

9

-0.0

8

-0.3

4

-0.0

7

0.5

2

0.3

1

0.0

2

-0.5

4

-0.2

2

-0.1

7

0.0

3

0.2

6

0.0

3

0.3

7

-0.0

6

-0.2

6

PC

7

0.1

8

0.0

0

0.0

3

-0.3

6

-0.3

0

0.0

3

0.6

7

0.2

3

0.0

4

-0.1

8

0.1

9

-0.2

4

-0.2

7

-0.0

6

-0.0

2

0.1

8

-0.0

9

0.2

9

0.2

5

-0.0

5

0.1

1

PC

8

-0.0

5

0.0

9

-0.0

4

-0.3

3

0.3

2

0.1

4

0.2

1

-0.3

5

-0.0

2

0.0

7

-0.5

4

0.1

4

-0.2

0

0.1

4

0.0

0

0.1

6

0.1

7

0.1

0

0.0

5

0.3

3

-0.1

0

PC

9

0.0

0

-0.0

8

0.3

5

0.0

3

0.2

6

-0.0

8

-0.2

0

-0.0

4

-0.2

0

-0.2

5

-0.0

5

0.0

2

-0.4

5

-0.0

1

0.2

3

0.1

0

-0.3

7

-0.1

2

0.1

6

-0.1

5

0.1

3

PC

10

-0.0

3

-0.0

9

-0.0

4

-0.1

9

0.2

3

0.0

7

-0.0

7

-0.0

4

-0.0

7

-0.2

1

0.3

7

0.2

0

0.2

3

-0.0

7

-0.1

3

0.0

0

0.1

2

-0.1

3

0.4

2

0.2

5

0.1

6

PC

11


56

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

TE

20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

5 o

r 6 IS

CE

D

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

3 o

r 4 IS

CE

D

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing a

ge p

op

ula

tion q

ualifie

d a

t level

1 o

r 2 IS

CE

D

SA

300

1I:

Tota

l N

um

ber

of

record

ed

crim

es

per

100

0

pop

ula

tion

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

EN

510

1I:

Pop

ula

tion

den

sity

: to

tal

resid

en

t p

op.

pe

r

squ

are

km

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I:

Gre

en space (in

m

2)

to w

hic

h th

e pu

blic

h

as

access p

er c

apita

EC

303

9I:

Media

n

dis

posa

ble

an

nual

hou

seh

old

in

com

e

(for c

ity o

r NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I:

Pro

p.

hou

seh

old

s

tha

t a

re

lon

e-p

ensio

ne

r

hou

seh

old

s

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt h

ouse

-

hold

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho a

re n

ot E

U N

atio

n-

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f Resid

en

ts w

ho a

re n

ot E

U N

atio

n-

als

and c

itize

ns o

f a c

ountry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

100

3I: P

roportio

n o

f fem

ale

s to

ma

les in

tota

l po

pula

-

tion

IND

ICA

OT

RS

-0.1

8

0.0

4

-0.2

8

-0.1

9

-0.0

7

0.1

3

-0.1

6

-0.1

3

-0.0

4

-0.4

6

0.0

5

-0.1

2

-0.1

3

-0.1

7

-0.0

8

0.0

4

0.0

9

-0.0

5

-0.1

7

-0.1

7

-0.3

0

PC

12

0.1

2

0.0

7

-0.1

2

0.0

5

-0.3

4

0.1

1

-0.1

6

-0.2

9

0.0

6

-0.0

1

-0.0

6

-0.1

2

0.1

4

-0.1

0

0.3

7

0.2

5

-0.0

9

-0.0

3

0.1

5

0.1

6

0.1

4

PC

13

-0.0

7

0.0

2

0.0

8

-0.1

2

-0.1

3

0.0

1

0.0

8

0.0

9

0.0

0

0.0

5

-0.2

2

-0.0

1

0.1

3

0.0

7

0.0

2

-0.0

1

0.0

8

-0.4

0

0.2

8

-0.2

8

-0.1

4

PC

14

-0.1

6

0.0

1

0.1

4

0.0

2

-0.1

9

-0.0

5

0.0

8

-0.2

4

-0.2

2

-0.1

0

-0.1

1

0.0

4

0.0

5

-0.0

8

-0.1

6

-0.1

9

0.0

7

0.0

5

-0.0

5

-0.0

7

0.2

9

PC

15

0.0

0

-0.3

6

-0.1

3

-0.1

6

-0.0

6

0.1

9

-0.0

3

-0.0

2

-0.0

8

0.1

5

-0.0

2

0.1

8

0.0

4

-0.0

1

0.0

0

-0.0

1

-0.2

0

0.0

7

-0.0

4

-0.1

3

0.0

1

PC

16

0.0

0

0.0

1

-0.0

6

-0.0

8

0.2

0

-0.1

9

0.0

0

0.0

0

-0.0

3

0.0

7

-0.0

5

-0.0

4

0.1

3

-0.2

6

0.1

3

0.0

8

0.1

1

0.1

5

0.0

3

-0.2

2

0.0

7

PC

17

0.0

7

-0.0

2

0.1

5

-0.1

3

0.0

3

0.0

4

0.0

4

-0.1

3

0.2

5

0.0

2

0.0

5

-0.0

2

-0.0

2

-0.1

6

0.1

0

-0.2

8

-0.0

4

-0.0

7

-0.0

6

0.0

2

-0.0

5

PC

18

0.1

3

0.0

9

0.0

9

-0.0

3

-0.0

5

0.0

4

-0.0

2

-0.0

4

-0.0

1

-0.0

4

0.0

7

0.2

1

0.0

0

0.0

8

0.0

7

0.0

4

0.1

1

0.0

6

-0.0

5

-0.1

2

-0.0

3

PC

19

0.1

6

0.0

0

0.0

8

-0.0

7

-0.0

1

0.0

3

-0.1

1

0.0

2

-0.0

9

0.0

3

-0.0

4

-0.1

0

0.0

3

-0.0

4

-0.1

1

0.0

1

0.0

2

0.0

2

0.0

0

0.0

2

-0.0

4

PC

20

0.0

0

-0.0

2

0.0

0

-0.0

2

-0.0

1

-0.0

6

0.0

0

-0.0

3

-0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

2

-0.0

1

0.0

2

0.0

4

0.0

0

0.0

0

-0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

0

-0.0

2

PC

21

Principal component number one is strongly correlated with the following indicators:

Positive:

• Correlation = +0.73: DE1040I: Proportion of total population aged 0-4

• Correlation = +0.88: EC3039I: Median disposable annual household income (for city or

NUTS 3 region)

• Correlation = +0.59: SA1012I: Proportion of households living in social housing

Negative:


57

• Correlation = -0.80: DE3008I: Prop. households that are lone-pensioner households

• Correlation = -0.88: SA2016I: Mortality rate for <65 per year

• Correlation = -0.63: SA2029I: Crude death rate per 1000 residents

It should be noted that less emphasis should be put on the median income indicator (EC3039I) as

the data is believed to contain errors. The correlation with the remaining five indicators would be

characteristic for a young population. Principal component no 1 could therefore subjectively be

termed Proportion of young people.

The results of a similar analysis for the first eight principal components, representing close to 75%

of the variation in the data, can be found in Table 28. Along with the subjective descriptor is listed

the indicator most strongly correlated (either positive or negative) with the principal component and

the corresponding correlation value.

Table 28: Subjective labelling of the first eight principal components representing close to

75% of the variation in the data



Strongest

correlation

value

1 Proportion of young people SA2016I: Mortality rate for <65 per

year -0.88

2 Green, suburban, medium educated family

area

TE2028I: Prop. of working age popu-


3 Low education, single parent households DE3005I: Prop. of households that are


4 Suburban, well educated, single people EN5101I: Population density: total

resident pop. per square km -0.64

5 Medium educated, small household, immi-

grant areas

DE2006I: Proportion of Residents who

are not EU Nationals and citizens of a


+0.58

6 Large, male dominates districts with social

problems

DE1003I: Proportion of females to

males in total population +0.51

7 Suburban districts with high employment EC1020I: Unemployment rate -0.54

8 Slum areas SA1018I: Proportion of dwellings lack-

ing basic amenities +0.67

4.3 COMPARISON OF CITY AND SUB-CITY DATA.

Table 29 shows a comparison of correlation of data at city and sub-city level (Correlation at sub-city

level from Table 24 minus correlation at city level from Table 15). Components where data were not

available at sub-city level are marked with NA. Components with absolute value larger than 0.5 are

marked in red. Components with absolute value between 0.2 and 0.5 are marked in yellow. Compo-

nents with absolute value between 0.1 and 0.2 are unmarked (white background). Components with

absolute value less than 0.1 are marked in green.

It can be seen from the table that although a majority of the data correlates similarly at city and sub-

city level (green and white), still there are a significant number of variables that correlate somewhat

(yellow) or highly (red) different at sub-city from city level.


58

Table 29: Comparison of correlation of data at city and sub-city level (Correlation at sub-city

level from Table 24 minus correlation at city level from Table 15). Components where data

were not available at sub-city level are marked with NA. Components with absolute value

larger than 0.5 are marked in red. Components with absolute value between 0.2 and 0.5 are

marked in yellow. Components with absolute value between 0.1 and 0.2 are unmarked(white

background). Components with absolute value less than 0.1 are marked in green.

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1 T

E20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age

po

pula

tion

qu

alifie

d a

t level 5

or 6

IS

CE

D

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age

po

pula

tion

qu

alifie

d a

t level 3

or 4

IS

CE

D

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age

po

pula

tion

qu

alifie

d a

t level 1

or 2

IS

CE

D

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Num

be

r of re

co

rde

d c

rimes p

er 1

00

0 p

op

ula

tion

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

EN

510

1I: P

op

ula

tion d

ensity

: tota

l resid

ent p

op. p

er s

qua

re k

m

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I: G

ree

n s

pace (in

m2) to

whic

h th

e p

ublic

has a

ccess p

er

capita

EC

306

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f househ

old

s re

liant u

pon s

ocia

l security

EC

305

7I: P

erc

ent. h

ouseh

old

s w

ith le

ss th

an h

alf n

at.a

ver.in

co

me

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

isp

osable

an

nu

al h

ousehold

incom

e (fo

r city

or

NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I: P

rop. h

ou

seh

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne-p

ensio

ner h

ouse

hold

s

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt h

ouse

hold

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I:

Pro

portio

n o

f R

esid

en

ts w

ho are

not

EU

N

atio

nals

a

nd

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I:

Pro

portio

n o

f R

esid

en

ts w

ho are

not

EU

N

atio

nals

a

nd

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

102

8V

+ D

E10

55V

: To

tal R

esid

en

t Popula

tion 6

5 a

nd

over

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pula

tion

IND

ICA

TO

R

0.1

5

-0.2

5

-0.1

1

0.0

0

-0.1

3

-0.4

3

-0.6

1

0.1

9

0.1

8

0.2

2

0.1

2

0.0

7

-0.2

1

0.3

2

-0.3

5

0.1

3

-0.2

6

0.0

6

-0.0

1

-0.2

3

0.1

2

0.1

2

NA

0.0

0

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

2

-0.2

1

-0.0

2

0.1

5

-0.3

8

0.1

1

-0.0

7

0.2

0

-0.1

4

-0.1

5

0.0

2

-0.1

4

0.0

5

-0.2

1

0.1

7

0.1

4

-0.1

4

-0.1

5

-0.1

1

0.1

4

-0.0

9

0.0

0

0.0

0

NA

0.1

2

3

0.2

0

-0.0

2

-0.1

4

-0.0

8

-0.0

9

0.2

0

0.0

6

0.0

3

-0.1

3

-0.0

2

0.1

5

-0.0

9

0.2

4

-0.3

5

0.1

5

0.1

5

0.1

1

0.0

0

-0.1

9

-0.1

4

0.0

0

0.0

0

NA

0.1

2

4

0.0

3

-0.0

7

0.0

8

-0.0

5

-0.1

0

0.1

9

-0.0

5

0.2

2

-0.3

2

0.0

8

0.0

5

0.0

7

0.6

4

-0.6

6

0.0

9

0.1

4

-0.1

4

-0.0

3

-0.1

6

0.0

0

-0.1

4

-0.0

9

NA

-0.2

3

5

-0.1

6

-0.3

0

-0.0

7

-0.0

4

-0.0

1

0.0

6

-0.2

4

-0.0

3

-0.4

3

0.2

5

-0.0

5

-0.2

4

0.4

3

-0.6

0

-0.1

0

0.0

9

0.1

5

-0.0

7

0.0

0

-0.1

6

-0.1

9

0.1

4

NA

-0.0

1

6

-0.1

3

0.2

7

0.0

1

0.3

3

0.2

6

0.2

4

0.3

3

-0.0

5

0.1

7

0.1

4

0.1

0

-0.1

4

-0.8

5

0.4

5

0.0

5

0.1

6

-0.2

2

0.0

0

-0.0

7

-0.0

3

0.0

0

-0.1

1

NA

0.0

6

7

0.0

8

-0.3

1

0.2

0

-0.2

7

0.0

6

0.0

6

-0.1

4

0.1

0

-0.3

4

0.0

0

-0.0

3

-0.2

8

0.2

3

-0.5

2

-0.3

9

0.0

2

0.0

0

-0.2

2

0.1

5

-0.1

4

0.1

1

-0.1

5

NA

-0.2

6

8

0.2

7

-0.1

4

0. 1

3

-0.0

5

-0.1

1

0.2

7

-0.3

6

-0.0

1

0.2

4

-0.0

4

0.0

9

-0.0

4

-0.0

2

-0.6

3

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

2

0.1

6

0.0

9

0.1

4

0.1

5

-0.1

4

NA

0.1

3

9

-0.2

6

-0.0

5

0.0

4

0.0

0

0.2

3

0.3

2

0.1

6

0.2

2

-0.0

1

-0.1

2

0.0

1

0.4

3

0.0

8

-0.1

5

0.0

0

0.0

1

-0.3

9

0.0

5

-0.1

0

0.0

9

0.1

5

0.1

4

NA

-0.3

5

10

0.5

3

0.7

3

-0.7

7

-0.5

2

-0.2

4

-0.2

7

0.0

9

-0.3

3

0.0

9

0.1

3

-0.2

3

0.5

6

-1.2

4

0.0

0

-0.1

5

-0.6

3

-0.5

2

0.4

5

-0.6

0

-0.6

6

-0.3

5

0.1

7

NA

0.3

2

11


59

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1 T

E20

31

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age

po

pula

tion

qu

alifie

d a

t level 5

or 6

IS

CE

D

TE

20

28

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age

po

pula

tion

qu

alifie

d a

t level 3

or 4

IS

CE

D

TE

20

25

I: Pro

p. o

f work

ing

age

po

pula

tion

qu

alifie

d a

t level 1

or 2

IS

CE

D

SA

300

1I: T

ota

l Num

be

r of re

co

rde

d c

rimes p

er 1

00

0 p

op

ula

tion

SA

202

9I: C

rude d

eath

rate

pe

r 100

0 re

sid

en

ts

SA

201

6I: M

orta

lity ra

te fo

r <6

5 p

er y

ear

SA

101

8I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f dw

ellin

gs la

ckin

g b

asic

am

enitie

s

SA

101

2I: P

rop

ortio

n o

f ho

use

hold

s liv

ing in

socia

l housin

g

EN

510

1I: P

op

ula

tion d

ensity

: tota

l resid

ent p

op. p

er s

qua

re k

m

EN

501

2I: P

ropo

rtion o

f the a

rea in

gre

en s

pace

EN

500

1I: G

ree

n s

pace (in

m2) to

whic

h th

e p

ublic

has a

ccess p

er

capita

EC

306

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f househ

old

s re

liant u

pon s

ocia

l security

EC

305

7I: P

erc

ent. h

ouseh

old

s w

ith le

ss th

an h

alf n

at.a

ver.in

co

me

EC

303

9I: M

edia

n d

isp

osable

an

nu

al h

ousehold

incom

e (fo

r city

or

NU

TS

3 re

gio

n)

EC

102

0I: U

ne

mplo

ym

ent ra

te

DE

300

8I: P

rop. h

ou

seh

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne-p

ensio

ner h

ouse

hold

s

DE

300

5I: P

rop. o

f househ

old

s th

at a

re lo

ne

-pare

nt h

ouse

hold

s

DE

300

4I: A

vera

ge s

ize o

f househ

old

s

DE

300

3I: T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

f ho

use

hold

s

DE

200

6I:

Pro

portio

n o

f R

esid

en

ts w

ho are

not

EU

N

atio

nals

a

nd

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

a m

ediu

m o

r low

HD

I

DE

200

5I:

Pro

portio

n o

f R

esid

en

ts w

ho are

not

EU

N

atio

nals

a

nd

citiz

en

s o

f a c

ou

ntry

with

hig

h H

DI

DE

104

0I: P

ropo

rtion o

f tota

l pop

ula

tion

age

d 0

-4

DE

102

8V

+ D

E10

55V

: To

tal R

esid

en

t Popula

tion 6

5 a

nd

over

DE

100

3I: P

ropo

rtion o

f fem

ale

s to

male

s in

tota

l po

pula

tion

IND

ICA

TO

R

NA

NA

NA

0.2

1

-0.0

1

0.0

6

0.1

3

0.2

2

0.5

8

-0.0

7

0.0

9

-0.1

9

0.0

0

-1.2

4

0.0

8

-0.0

2

0.2

3

-0.8

5

0.4

3

0.6

4

0.2

4

-0.2

1

NA

-0.2

1

12

NA

NA

NA

-0.1

0

-0.2

2

-0.5

2

0.1

8

0.1

2

0.3

4

-0.0

5

-0.4

2

0.0

0

-0.1

9

0.5

6

0.4

3

-0.0

4

-0.2

8

-0.1

4

-0.2

4

0.0

7

-0.0

9

0.0

5

NA

0.0

7

13

-0.3

8

0.0

9

0.3

3

0.0

6

0.1

6

0.4

3

0.1

3

-0.0

8

-0.3

0

0.1

0

0.0

0

-0.4

2

0.0

9

-0.2

3

0.0

1

0.0

9

-0.0

3

0.1

0

-0.0

5

0.0

5

0.1

5

-0.1

4

NA

0.1

2

14

-0.2

7

0.2

1

0.4

3

-0.2

7

0.1

5

0.3

3

0.1

7

0.1

1

0.0

8

0.0

0

0.1

0

-0.0

5

-0.0

7

0.1

3

-0.1

2

-0.0

4

0.0

0

0.1

4

0.2

5

0.0

8

-0.0

2

0.0

2

NA

0.2

2

15

0.4

2

-0.1

3

-0.5

3

0.0

8

-0.2

0

-0.0

6

0.0

0

-0.3

0

0.0

0

0.0

8

-0.3

0

0.3

4

0.5

8

0.0

9

-0.0

1

0.2

4

-0.3

4

0.1

7

-0.4

3

-0.3

2

-0.1

3

-0.1

5

NA

0.1

8

16

-0.3

2

-0.2

1

0.1

1

-0.3

7

-0.1

7

-0.2

4

0.1

7

0.0

0

-0.3

0

0.1

1

-0.0

8

0.1

2

0.2

2

-0.3

3

0.2

2

-0.0

1

0.1

0

-0.0

5

-0.0

3

0.2

2

0.0

3

-0.1

4

NA

0.1

9

17

0.0

2

-0.3

8

0.3

2

0.0

9

-0.3

2

-0.3

9

0.0

0

0.1

7

0.0

0

0.1

7

0.1

3

0.1

8

0.1

3

0.0

9

0.1

6

-0.3

6

-0.1

4

0.3

3

-0.2

4

-0.0

5

0.0

6

0.2

0

NA

-0.6

1

18

0.0

0

-0.2

9

0.4

0

0.1

6

0.0

0

0.0

0

-0.3

9

-0.2

4

-0.0

6

0.3

3

0.4

3

-0.5

2

0.0

6

-0.2

7

0.3

2

0.2

7

0.0

6

0.2

4

0.0

6

0.1

9

0.2

0

-0.0

7

NA

-0.4

3

19

0.4

5

-0.1

5

0.0

8

-0.0

4

0.0

0

0.0

0

-0.3

2

-0.1

7

-0.2

0

0.1

5

0.1

6

-0.2

2

-0.0

1

-0.2

4

0.2

3

-0.1

1

0.0

6

0.2

6

-0.0

1

-0.1

0

-0.0

9

0.1

1

NA

-0.1

3

20

0.3

8

-0.4

6

0.3

1

0.0

0

-0.0

4

0.1

6

0.0

9

-0.3

7

0.0

8

-0.2

7

0.0

6

-0.1

0

0.2

1

-0.5

2

0.0

0

-0.0

5

-0.2

7

0.3

3

-0.0

4

-0.0

5

-0.0

8

-0.3

8

NA

0.0

0

21

-0.3

3

0.0

9

0.0

0

0.3

1

0.0

8

0.4

0

0.3

2

0.1

1

-0.5

3

0.4

3

0.3

3

NA

NA

-0.7

7

0.0

4

0.1

3

0.2

0

0.0

1

-0.0

7

0.0

8

-0.1

4

0.1

5

NA

-0.1

1

22

-0.1

9

0.0

0

0.0

9

-0.4

6

-0.1

5

-0.2

9

-0.3

8

-0.2

1

-0.1

3

0.2

1

0.0

9

NA

NA

0.7

3

-0.0

5

-0.1

4

-0.3

1

0.2

7

-0.3

0

-0.0

7

-0.0

2

-0.0

2

NA

-0.2

5

23

0.0

0

-0.1

9

-0.3

3

0.3

8

0.4

5

0.0

0

0.0

2

-0.3

2

0.4

2

-0.2

7

-0.3

8

NA

NA

0.5

3

-0.2

6

0.2

7

0.0

8

-0.1

3

-0.1

6

0.0

3

0.2

0

-0.2

1

NA

0.1

5

24

Summary and recommendations

60

5 Summary and recommendations

The objective of the work reported herein has been to review the only publicly available pan-

European socio-economic indicator database, the European Urban Audit. The review has attempted

to identify indicators suitable to describe levels of socio-economic vulnerability related to the need

for emergency shelter as well as pressure on and functioning of the health system in a post-

earthquake situation.

In the downloaded Urban Audit data set, a total of 958 indicators are included grouped as follows:

• Demography (DE)

• Economic aspects (EC)

• Environment (EN)

• Social aspects (SE)

• Training and education (TE)

Out of the 958 indicators, data are collected for only 44 indicators. For these 44 indicators, data has

been collected for two periods, 1999-2002 and 2003-2006. During the first period, data has been

collected for 7856 districts in 321 cities in 30 European countries. During the second period, data

has been collected for 2972 districts in 173 cities in 24 European Countries.

Identification of indicators has been made through the following procedure:

1. Removal of indicators with no or very little data. A subjective selection procedure considering the relevance of the indicators to emergency shelter and health has been carried out. The re-sulting matrix with 44 indicators, organised with indicator as column heading and district as row heading, had completeness degrees of 32 % for 1999-2002 and 35% for 2003-2006.

2. Improving completeness : To improve completeness of the data set, the following procedure of excluding cities and indicators have been performed:

a. Sort indicators according to completeness, i.e. starting with the indicator having data for the most districts and ending with the indicator having the least data.

b. Subjectively exclude indicators with the least data. Indicators believed to carry infor-mation with significant importance for socio economic vulnerability should be kept when possible.

c. Sort cities according to completeness, i.e. starting with the city having data for the most indicators and ending with the city with data for the least indicators.

d. Subjectively exclude cities with the least indicators. Cities believed to have high sig-nificance, for example being among the last cities of a country, or representing a cer-tain size or type of city should be kept.

e. If necessary, repeat the procedure. For 1999-2002, this resulted in a data set with 20 indicators and 2820 districts, representing

161 cities in 20 European countries. For 2003-2006, analysis was carried out both at city and

sub-city district level. At city level a total of 29 indicators was included, whereas 24 indicators

were included at sub-city district level.

3. Correlation analysis and removal of highly correlated indicators. For 1999-2002 this resulted

in the removal of three indicators, leaving 17 indicators for further analysis. For 2003-2006,

five indicators were removed at city level, leaving 24 indicators for further analysis. At sub-

city district level, three indicators were removed leaving 21 indicators for further analysis.

4. Principal component analysis with the objective to reduce the dimensionality of the data set

while retaining as much as possible of the variation present in the data set. This was

achieved by transforming the data to a new set of variables, the principal components (PCs),


61

which are uncorrelated, and which are ordered so that the first few retain most of the varia-

tion present in all of the original variables. For 1999-2002, this resulted in ten principal com-

ponents that represent 85% of the variation in the 17 input indicators. For 2003-2006, the

city level data are represented by the first eight principal components representing close to

75% of the variation in the 24 original indicators. At sub-city district level, the same is found

with the first eight principal components representing close to 75% of the variation in the

data. It should be noted that the eight principal components at sub-city district level are not

the same as the ones identified at city level.

It is expected that Urban Audit Data for the period 2007-2010 will be made available shortly. These

data will have to be analysed following the same procedure to be able to identify data gaps and pat-

terns of variation in the data. Until then, the most recent available data are from 2003-2006. For this

period, the following principal components are found to represent the Urban Audit Data well in terms

of its relevance to socio-economic vulnerability considering emergency shelter and health care

needs :

City level:



Strongest

correlation

value

1 Proportion of poor people SA2016I: Mortality rate for <65 per

year +0.69

2 Proportion of old people DE1028V + DE1055V: Total Resident

Population 65 and over +0.73

3 Proportion of uneducated people TE2025I: Prop. of working age popu-


4 Proportion of households that are lone-

parent households

DE3005I: Prop. of households that are


5 Size of sub-city district DE3003I: Total number of households +0.55

6 Proportion of highly educated people TE2031I: Prop. of working age popu-


7 Crude death rate per 1000 residents SA2029I: Crude death rate per 1000

residents +0.48

8 Population density EN5101I: Population density: total

resident pop. per square km +0.46

Sub-city district level :



Strongest

correlation

value

1 Proportion of young people SA2016I: Mortality rate for <65 per

year -0.88

2 Green, suburban, medium educated family

area

TE2028I: Prop. of working age popu-


3 Low education, single parent households DE3005I: Prop. of households that are


4 Suburban, well educated, single people EN5101I: Population density: total

resident pop. per square km -0.64


62

5 Medium educated, small household, immi-

grant areas

DE2006I: Proportion of Residents who

are not EU Nationals and citizens of a


+0.58

6 Large, male dominates districts with social

problems

DE1003I: Proportion of females to

males in total population +0.51

7 Suburban districts with high employment EC1020I: Unemployment rate -0.54

8 Slum areas SA1018I: Proportion of dwellings lack-

ing basic amenities +0.67

It should be noted that the subjective descriptors as given in the tables above should be used with

care, and that a full understanding of each of the eight principal components included both at city

and sub-city district level can only be obtained by considering how the individual indicators contrib-

ute to each principal component as detailed in Table 17 (city level) and Table 26 (sub-city district

level).

References

63

6 References

Jolliffe, I.T. (2002)Principal Component Analysis, Second Edition, Springer Series in Statistics, ISBN

0-387-95442-2, 2002

Date post:	20-Jan-2021
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	2 times
Download:	0 times

SYNER-G D4.5 FINAL - VCE and... · 2014. 9. 3. · pacts due to seismic damages that influence...

Documents