Syntactical DevicesSyntactical DevicesImportant:Important:

These are different from the grammar These are different from the grammar concepts that we have been covering concepts that we have been covering because these devices manipulate the because these devices manipulate the structure of your sentence. They are not structure of your sentence. They are not focusing on a “grammar concept”.focusing on a “grammar concept”.

Also, these are all forms of repetition!!!!Also, these are all forms of repetition!!!!

There are no allusions for these because There are no allusions for these because your sentences will have to be longer to your sentences will have to be longer to incorporate these devices. incorporate these devices.

AnaphoraAnaphora

The repetition of a word or phrase The repetition of a word or phrase at at the beginningthe beginning of successive of successive phrases, clauses or lines. phrases, clauses or lines.

The purpose of using Anaphora is to The purpose of using Anaphora is to build up to a point or create strong build up to a point or create strong emotional emphasis.emotional emphasis.

ExamplesExamples We shallWe shall not flag or fail. not flag or fail. We shallWe shall go on to the go on to the

end. end. We shallWe shall fight in France, fight in France, we shallwe shall fight on fight on the seas and oceans, the seas and oceans, we shallwe shall fight with growing fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, confidence and growing strength in the air, we we shallshall defend our island, whatever the cost may defend our island, whatever the cost may be, be, we shallwe shall fight on the beaches, fight on the beaches, we shallwe shall fight fight on the landing grounds, on the landing grounds, we shallwe shall fight in the fight in the fields and in the streets, fields and in the streets, we shallwe shall fight in the fight in the hills. hills. We shallWe shall never surrender. never surrender. ChurchillChurchill. .

Churchill uses anaphora (We Shall) to emphasis Churchill uses anaphora (We Shall) to emphasis to the people that this is not something just one to the people that this is not something just one man could do. He wanted England as a man could do. He wanted England as a collective body to rally for the fight.collective body to rally for the fight.

Other ExamplesOther Examples

"Sir Walter Raleigh. "Sir Walter Raleigh. GoodGood food. food. GoodGood cheer. cheer. GoodGood times." times."((slogan of the Sir Walter Raleigh Inn slogan of the Sir Walter Raleigh Inn Restaurant, MarylandRestaurant, Maryland))

""Of allOf all the gin joints the gin joints in allin all the towns the towns in allin all the world, she walks into mine."the world, she walks into mine."((Rick Blaine in CasablancaRick Blaine in Casablanca) )

EpistropheEpistrophe

This is the same concept as This is the same concept as Anaphora except the repeated word, Anaphora except the repeated word, series of words, or phrase series of words, or phrase comes at comes at the ENDthe END of the sentence or of the sentence or sentences. sentences.

ExamplesExamples "A day may come when the courage of men fails, "A day may come when the courage of men fails,

when we forsake our friends and break all bonds of when we forsake our friends and break all bonds of fellowship, fellowship, but it is not this daybut it is not this day. An hour of woes and . An hour of woes and shattered shields, when the age of men comes shattered shields, when the age of men comes crashing down! crashing down! But it is not this dayBut it is not this day!! This day we This day we fight!"fight!" (Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn in (Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn in The Lord of The Lord of

the Rings: The Return of the Kingthe Rings: The Return of the King, 2003), 2003)

"Don't you ever talk about "Don't you ever talk about my friendsmy friends! You don't know ! You don't know any of any of my friendsmy friends. You don't look at any of . You don't look at any of my friendsmy friends. . And you certainly wouldn't condescend to speak to And you certainly wouldn't condescend to speak to any of any of my friendsmy friends."." (Judd Nelson as John Bender in (Judd Nelson as John Bender in The Breakfast The Breakfast

ClubClub, 1865), 1865)

More ExamplesMore Examples Manny Delgado: "Shel was there"Manny Delgado: "Shel was there"

"Shel Turtlestein was many things, but above "Shel Turtlestein was many things, but above all he was my friend. When I didn’t get a date all he was my friend. When I didn’t get a date with Fiona Gunderson, with Fiona Gunderson, Shel was thereShel was there. When . When I didn’t get to play the part of Tevye, I didn’t get to play the part of Tevye, Shel Shel was therewas there. And when a raccoon broke into . And when a raccoon broke into my room, unfortunately, my room, unfortunately, Shel was thereShel was there."." (Manny's eulogy for his turtle in the (Manny's eulogy for his turtle in the

episode "Truth Be Told." episode "Truth Be Told." Modern Modern FamilyFamily, ,

March 2010)March 2010)

PolysyndetonPolysyndeton

This is where you use many This is where you use many conjunctions between clausesconjunctions between clauses

One of the main purposes of this is One of the main purposes of this is often to slow the tempo or rhythm. often to slow the tempo or rhythm.

EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

I said, "Who killed him?" I said, "Who killed him?" andand he said, "I he said, "I don't know who killed him but he's dead all don't know who killed him but he's dead all right," right," andand it was dark it was dark andand there was water there was water standing in the street standing in the street andand no lights no lights andand windows broke windows broke andand boats all up in the town boats all up in the town andand trees blown down trees blown down andand everything all everything all blown blown andand I got a skiff I got a skiff andand went out went out andand found my boat where I had her inside found my boat where I had her inside Mango Key Mango Key andand she was all right only she she was all right only she was full of water.was full of water.——Ernest Hemingway, "After the Storm." Ernest Hemingway, "After the Storm."

Another ExampleAnother Example

"He pulled the blue plastic tarp off of "He pulled the blue plastic tarp off of him him andand folded it folded it andand carried it out to carried it out to the grocery cart the grocery cart andand packed it packed it andand came back with their plates came back with their plates andand some cornmeal cakes in a plastic bag some cornmeal cakes in a plastic bag andand a plastic bottle of syrup." a plastic bottle of syrup."((Cormac McCarthy, The Road, Knopf, Cormac McCarthy, The Road, Knopf, 20062006) )

AsyndetonAsyndeton

Lack of conjunctions between Lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or coordinate phrases, clauses, or words. words.

from Gk. from Gk. aa and and sundetonsundeton “bound “bound together with” together with”

ExamplesExamples

We shall pay any price, bear any burden, We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardships, support any friend, meet any hardships, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. Jand the success of liberty. J. F. Kennedy, . F. Kennedy, Inaugural Inaugural

But, in a larger sense, we cannot But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. cannot hallow this ground. Lincoln, Lincoln, Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address

AnadiplosisAnadiplosis

Repeats the last word of one phrase, Repeats the last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at or very near clause, or sentence at or very near the beginning of the nextthe beginning of the next

It can be generated in series for the It can be generated in series for the sake of beauty or to give a sense of sake of beauty or to give a sense of logical progressionlogical progression

ExamplesExamples

They have forsaken me, the fountain of living They have forsaken me, the fountain of living waters, and hewed them out waters, and hewed them out cisternscisterns, broken , broken cisternscisterns that can hold no water. --Jer. 2:13 that can hold no water. --Jer. 2:13

The question next arises, How much confidence The question next arises, How much confidence can we put in the can we put in the peoplepeople, when the , when the peoplepeople have have elected Joe Doax? elected Joe Doax?

This treatment plant has a record of uncommon This treatment plant has a record of uncommon reliabilityreliability, a , a reliability reliability envied by every other envied by every other water treatment facility on the coast. water treatment facility on the coast.

In the beginning was the In the beginning was the WordWord, and the , and the WordWord was was with God, and the with God, and the WordWord was God. --John 1:1 was God. --John 1:1

More ExamplesMore Examples

The love of wicked men converts to The love of wicked men converts to fearfear,,That That fearfear to to hatehate, and , and hatehate turns one or turns one or both both To worthy danger and deserved death. To worthy danger and deserved death. —Shakespeare, —Shakespeare, Richard IIRichard II 5.1.66-68 5.1.66-68

The following shows anadiplosis of a phrase:The following shows anadiplosis of a phrase:...a man could stand and see the whole wide ...a man could stand and see the whole wide reachreachOf blue Atlantic. But Of blue Atlantic. But he stayed ashorehe stayed ashore. .

EpanalepsisEpanalepsis

Repeats the beginning word of a Repeats the beginning word of a clause or sentence at the end clause or sentence at the end

The beginning and the end are the The beginning and the end are the two positions of strongest emphasis two positions of strongest emphasis in a sentence, so by having the same in a sentence, so by having the same word in both places, you call special word in both places, you call special attention to it attention to it

ExamplesExamples

Examples Examples  "In  "In times like thesetimes like these, it is helpful , it is helpful to remember that there have always been to remember that there have always been times like thesetimes like these. " —Paul Harvey . " —Paul Harvey

""BelieveBelieve not all you can hear, tell not all not all you can hear, tell not all you you believebelieve." —Native American proverb ." —Native American proverb

""A lieA lie begets begets a liea lie." —English proverb ." —English proverb ""To eachTo each the boulders that have fallen the boulders that have fallen to to

eacheach." ." —Robert Frost, "Mending Wall" —Robert Frost, "Mending Wall"

More ExamplesMore Examples

WaterWater alone dug this giant canyon; alone dug this giant canyon; yes, just plain yes, just plain waterwater. .

To To reportreport that your committee is still that your committee is still investigating the matter is to tell me investigating the matter is to tell me that you have nothing to that you have nothing to reportreport. .

AntimetaboleAntimetabole

Repetition of words, in successive Repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical clauses, in reverse grammatical order. order.

Gk. Gk. antianti “in opposite direction” “in opposite direction” and and metabolemetabole “turning about” “turning about”

ExamplesExamples

When the When the goinggoing gets gets toughtough, the , the toughtough get get goinggoing. Ask not what your . Ask not what your countrycountry can do for can do for youyou; ask what ; ask what youyou can do for your can do for your countrycountry. —John . —John F. Kennedy F. Kennedy

You can take the You can take the gorillagorilla out of the out of the junglejungle, but you can't take the , but you can't take the junglejungle out of the out of the gorillagorilla. .

More ExamplesMore Examples

Integrity Integrity without without knowledgeknowledge is weak and is weak and useless, and useless, and knowledgeknowledge without without integrityintegrity is dangerous and dreadful. —Samuel is dangerous and dreadful. —Samuel Johnson, Johnson, RasselasRasselas

Woe unto them that call Woe unto them that call evilevil goodgood, and , and goodgood evilevil; that put ; that put darkness darkness for for lightlight, , and and light light for for darknessdarkness; that put ; that put bitter bitter for for sweetsweet, and , and sweet sweet for for bitterbitter! —Isaiah 5:20 ! —Isaiah 5:20