Syntax:Syntax:Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs

LING 400LING 400Winter 2010Winter 2010

OverviewOverview VP substitution (review)VP substitution (review) Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs

– PropertiesProperties– Auxiliary verbs and movementAuxiliary verbs and movement– Subject NPSubject NP

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Verb Phrases and substitutionVerb Phrases and substitutionOne possibility for VP: do so Robin plays the violin, and Lee does so as well.Robin plays the violin, and so does Lee.

do so substitutes for entire VP

Sentences with Sentences with havehave Another VP pro-form: Another VP pro-form: soso

– Robin has studied the violin. So has Lee.Robin has studied the violin. So has Lee.

What does this tell us about What does this tell us about havehave?? havehave must not be part of the VP must not be part of the VP What is What is havehave (and words like it)? (and words like it)?

VP substitution possibilities VP substitution possibilities do so

Joyce has studied ASL. Julia has done so as well.so

Joyce has studied ASL. So has Julia.as

Joyce has studied ASL, as has Julia.

More pre-VP possibilitiesMore pre-VP possibilitiesisis

Joyce is Joyce is studying ASLstudying ASL, and , and soso is Julia. is Julia.willwill

Joyce will Joyce will study ASLstudy ASL, and , and soso will Julia. will Julia.shouldshould

Joyce should Joyce should study ASLstudy ASL, and , and soso should should Julia.Julia.

AUXAUXmy slides my slides Contemporary Contemporary

LinguisticsLinguisticsS S NP (AUX) VP IP NP (AUX) VP IP NP I’ NP I’ I’ I’ I VP I VPAUX AUX Modal Modal havehave be be I, I, ±±Pst Pst Modal Modal will, would, can, could, may, might, will, would, can, could, may, might,

must, shouldmust, should The dog might bite that man.The dog might bite that man.

My slidesMy slides

Contemporary Contemporary LinguisticsLinguistics

Why V’: never [drink alcohol and drive a car]

Properties of AUXProperties of AUXModals Modals

Joyce will study.Joyce will study.have: + past participle

Joyce has studied.be: + present participle/gerund

Joyce is studying.

Rightmost AUX governs V Rightmost AUX governs V formform

Joyce AUX[should] VP[study ASL].

Joyce AUX[should have] VP[studied ASL]. Joyce AUX[should have been] VP[studying

ASL].

Modal vs. non-modal AUXModal vs. non-modal AUXBE + -ing form (‘gerund’): ‘progressive’ construction

is going: present progressivewas going: past progressivewill be going: future progressive

HAVE + -ed form (‘past participle’): ‘perfect’ constructionhas gone: present perfecthad gone: past perfectwill have gone: future perfect

Modal vs. non-modal AUXNon-modals: 3sg, infinitive, participle forms has, to have, having, had is, to be, being, been Modals like must do not have infinitival forms *to mustdo not inflect for 3sg mustsdo not have participle forms *musting, *musted

Negation follows AUXNegation follows AUX

positive negative positive negative free form:free form: not not bound form: bound form: n’t n’t

[[əənt]nt] has studied has not studied hasn’t studiedhas studied has not studied hasn’t studiedis studying is not studying isn’t studyingis studying is not studying isn’t studyingwill study will not study won’t studywill study will not study won’t study

Aux + n’tAux + n’t Some special negative formsSome special negative forms

– haven’t, hasn’t, hadn’thaven’t, hasn’t, hadn’t– isn’t, aren’t (> isn’t, aren’t (> ain’tain’t), *amn’t, wasn’t, weren’t), *amn’t, wasn’t, weren’t– *willn’t (won’t)*willn’t (won’t)– wouldn’twouldn’t– can’tcan’t– couldn’tcouldn’t– *mayn’t (may not)*mayn’t (may not)– mightn’tmightn’t– mustn’tmustn’t– shouldn’tshouldn’t– *shalln’t (shant, shall not)*shalln’t (shant, shall not)

Aux and yes/no questionsAux and yes/no questionsAux moves to the beginning of QAux moves to the beginning of Q

Joyce will study ASL.Will Joyce study ASL?*Will study Joyce ASL?

Only leftmost Aux moves Joyce has been studying ASL.

Has Joyce been studying ASL?*Has been Joyce studying ASL?

Aux movementAux movement

Contemporary LinguisticsContemporary Linguistics Inversion: Move I Inversion: Move I to C to C (see p. 175)(see p. 175)

Properties of sentences with no Properties of sentences with no AuxAux

S S NP (Aux) VP NP (Aux) VP ““Do-support” (= Do-support” (= DoDo Insertion, Insertion, CL CL p. 177)p. 177)

– In negative Ss and questions, if no Aux, then In negative Ss and questions, if no Aux, then Aux Aux do.do.

dodo-support-support Declarative sentence

– Julia studies.Julia studies. Negative

– Julia Julia doesdoesn’t studyn’t study..– *Julia *Julia studies notstudies not. *Julia . *Julia studiesn’tstudiesn’t. *Julia . *Julia not not

studiesstudies.. Yes/no question

– DoesDoes Julia study? Julia study?– *Studies Julia?*Studies Julia?– (Julia studies?!)(Julia studies?!)

Emphatic– Julia does study.

AUX, if any, inflects for tense.

dodo can be can be AuxAux or V or V DeclarativeDeclarative

– Stephen did the homework.Stephen did the homework. NegativeNegative

– Stephen Stephen didn’tdidn’t do the homework.do the homework. Yes/no QYes/no Q

– DidDid Stephen do the homework? Stephen do the homework? EmphaticEmphatic

– Stephen Stephen diddid do the homework. do the homework.

3 types of 3 types of dodo Main verbMain verb

– Stephen Stephen diddid the homework. the homework. AUX (< Do support)AUX (< Do support)

– DidDid Stephen do the homework? Stephen do the homework? Pro-formPro-form

– Stephen finished the homework. Joyce Stephen finished the homework. Joyce diddid so as well. so as well.

be be and and havehave can be Aux or can be Aux or VV

bebe– V: V: John is quiet.John is quiet.– AUX + V: AUX + V: John is being quiet.John is being quiet.

havehave– V: V: Robin has doubts.Robin has doubts.– Aux + V: Aux + V: Robin has had doubts.Robin has had doubts.

Refining AUX movement ruleRefining AUX movement rule ““In questions, the leftmost constituent In questions, the leftmost constituent

of Aux is moved to the beginning of the of Aux is moved to the beginning of the sentence.”sentence.”– Joyce has been studying ASL.Joyce has been studying ASL.– Has Joyce been studying ASL?Has Joyce been studying ASL?

Sentences with more than one Sentences with more than one AUXAUX

The person who The person who isis studying ASL studying ASL hashas left the room.left the room.

1 21 2 Which Aux?Which Aux? Not leftmost Aux of sentenceNot leftmost Aux of sentence

– *Is the person who studying ASL has left *Is the person who studying ASL has left the room?the room?

HasHas the person who is studying ASL the person who is studying ASL left the room?left the room?

Subject NPSubject NP ““In questions, the leftmost In questions, the leftmost

constituent of the highest AUX is constituent of the highest AUX is moved to the beginning of the moved to the beginning of the sentence.”sentence.”

‘‘highest AUX’highest AUX’– immediately dominated by root nodeimmediately dominated by root node

Movement delimits subject NP Movement delimits subject NP constituentconstituent

Syntax summarySyntax summary Sentences are not just strings of wordsSentences are not just strings of words Structural ambiguity: structure determines Structural ambiguity: structure determines

meaningmeaning Tests for constituencyTests for constituency

– Coordination test: only constituents of same Coordination test: only constituents of same category can be conjoinedcategory can be conjoined

– Substitution test: Substitution test: propro-forms can substitute for -forms can substitute for constituentsconstituents

– Movement test: only constituents can be movedMovement test: only constituents can be moved Some constituents identified: VP, Aux, Some constituents identified: VP, Aux,

Subject NPSubject NP

QuestionQuestionIn some language you know other than In some language you know other than

English, how are negative sentences English, how are negative sentences formed? Where is the negative formed? Where is the negative morpheme placed with respect to the morpheme placed with respect to the verb?verb?