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SYNTHESISED TEXT OF THE MLI AND THE CONVENTION BETWEEN

JAPAN AND THE CZECHOSLOVAK SOCIALIST REPUBLIC FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION

WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME (AS IT APPLIES TO RELATIONS BETWEEN

JAPAN AND THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC) This document presents the synthesised text for the application, in respect of relations between Japan and the Slovak Republic, of the Convention between Japan and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with respect to Taxes on Income signed on October 11, 1977 (hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”), as modified by the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting signed by Japan and the Slovak Republic on June 7, 2017 (hereinafter referred to as “the MLI”). This document was prepared on the basis of the reservations and notifications submitted to the Depositary (the Secretary-General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) by Japan on September 26, 2018 and by the Slovak Republic on September 20, 2018 respectively. The sole purpose of this document is to facilitate the understanding of the application of the MLI to the Convention and the document does not constitute a source of law. The authentic texts of the Convention and the MLI are the only legal texts applicable. The provisions of the MLI that are applicable with respect to the provisions of the Convention are included in boxes throughout this document in the context of the relevant provisions of the Convention. In this document, changes to the text of the provisions of the MLI have been made to conform the terminology used in the MLI to the terminology used in the Convention (such as changes from “Covered Tax Agreement” to “Convention” and changes from “Contracting Jurisdiction” to “Contracting State”). Similarly, changes have been made to parts of provisions of the MLI that describe existing provisions of the Convention by replacing such descriptive language with the article and paragraph numbers or language of the existing provisions. These changes are intended to increase the readability of the document and are not intended to change the substance of the provisions of the MLI. Unless the context otherwise requires, references made to the provisions of the Convention will be understood as referring to the provisions of the Convention as modified by the provisions of the MLI.

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Entry into force and entry into effect of the MLI The MLI enters into force for Japan and the Slovak Republic on January 1, 2019 and has effect as follows: (a) The provisions of the MLI shall have effect in each Contracting State with

respect to the Convention: (i) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to

non-residents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after January 1, 2019; and

(ii) with respect to all other taxes levied by that Contracting State, for taxes

levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after July 1, 2019. (b) Notwithstanding (a), Article 16 (Mutual Agreement Procedure) of the MLI

shall have effect with respect to the Convention for a case presented to the competent authority of a Contracting State on or after January 1, 2019, except for cases that were not eligible to be presented as of that date under the Convention prior to its modification by the MLI, without regard to the taxable period to which the case relates.

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CONVENTION BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE CZECHOSLOVAK SOCIALIST REPUBLIC FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION

WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME Japan and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, The following preamble text described in paragraph 3 of Article 6 of the MLI is included in the preamble of the Convention:

Article 6 – Purpose of a Covered Tax Agreement Desiring to further develop their economic relationship and to enhance their co-operation in tax matters, Desiring to conclude a Convention for the avoidance of double taxation with respect to taxes on income, The following preamble text described in paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the MLI replaces the preamble language of the Convention referring to “Desiring to conclude a Convention for the avoidance of double taxation with respect to taxes on income,”: Article 6 – Purpose of a Covered Tax Agreement Intending to eliminate double taxation with respect to the taxes covered by the Convention without creating opportunities for non-taxation or reduced taxation through tax evasion or avoidance (including through treaty-shopping arrangements aimed at obtaining reliefs provided in the Convention for the indirect benefit of residents of third jurisdictions), Have agreed as follows:

Article 1 This Convention shall apply to persons who are residents of one or both of the Contracting States. The following paragraph 1 (as modified by paragraph 3) of Article 3 of the MLI applies to the Convention:

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Article 3 - Transparent Entities 1. For the purposes of the Convention, income derived by or through an entity or arrangement that is treated as wholly or partly fiscally transparent under the tax law of either Contracting State shall be considered to be income of a resident of a Contracting State but only to the extent that the income is treated, for purposes of taxation by that Contracting State, as the income of a resident of that Contracting State. In no case shall the provisions of this paragraph be construed to affect a Contracting State’s right to tax the residents of that Contracting State.

Article 2 1. The taxes which are the subject of this Convention are: (a) In Japan: (i) the income tax; (ii) the corporation tax; and (iii) the local inhabitant taxes (hereinafter referred to as “Japanese tax”); (b) In Czechoslovakia: (i) the taxes on profits; (ii) the wages tax; (iii) the tax on income from literary and artistic

activities; (iv) the agricultural tax; (v) the tax on population income; and (vi) the house tax (hereinafter referred to as “Czechoslovak tax”). 2. This Convention shall also apply to any identical or substantially similar taxes which are imposed after the date of signature of this Convention in addition to, or in place of, those referred to in the preceding paragraph. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall

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notify to each other any changes which have been made in their respective taxation laws within a reasonable period of time after such changes.

Article 3 1. In this Convention, unless the context otherwise requires: (a) the term “Japan”, when used in a geographical

sense, means all the territory in which the laws relating to Japanese tax are in force;

(b) the term “Czechoslovakia” means the Czechoslovak

Socialist Republic; (c) the terms “a Contracting State” and “the other

Contracting State” mean Japan or Czechoslovakia, as the context requires;

(d) the term “tax” means Japanese tax or Czechoslovak

tax, as the context requires; (e) the term “person” includes an individual, a

company and any other body of persons; (f) the term “company” means any body corporate or

any entity which is treated as a body corporate for tax purposes;

(g) the terms “enterprise of a Contracting State” and

“enterprise of the other Contracting State” mean respectively an enterprise carried on by a resident of a Contracting State and an enterprise carried on by a resident of the other Contracting State;

(h) the term “nationals” means all individuals

possessing the nationality of either Contracting State and all juridical persons created or organized under the laws of that Contracting State and all organizations without juridical personality treated for the purposes of tax of that Contracting State as juridical persons created or organized under the laws of that Contracting State;

(i) the term “competent authority” in relation to a

Contracting State means the Minister of Finance of that Contracting State or his authorized representative;

(j) the term “international traffic” means any

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transport by a ship or aircraft operated by an enterprise of a Contracting State, except when the ship or aircraft is operated solely between places in the other Contracting State.

2. As regards the application of this Convention by a Contracting State, any term not otherwise defined in this Convention shall, unless the context otherwise requires, have the meaning which it has under the laws of that Contracting State relating to the taxes which are the subject of this Convention.

Article 4 1. For the purposes of this Convention, the term “resident of a Contracting State” means any person who, under the laws of that Contracting State, is liable to taxation therein by reason of his domicile, residence, place of head or main office, place of management or any other criterion of a similar nature; the term does not include any individual who is liable to tax in that Contracting State only if he derives income from sources therein. 2. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, then the competent authorities shall determine by mutual agreement the Contracting State of which that individual shall be deemed to be a resident for the purposes of this Convention. 3. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 a person other than an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, then it shall be deemed to be a resident of the Contracting State in which its head or main office is situated. The following paragraph 1 (as modified by subparagraph e) of paragraph 3) of Article 4 of the MLI replaces paragraph 3 of Article 4 of the Convention: Article 4 – Dual Resident Entities 1. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 4 of the Convention a person other than an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavour to determine by mutual agreement the Contracting State of which such person shall be deemed to be a resident for the purposes of the Convention, having regard to its place of effective management, the place where it is incorporated or otherwise constituted and any other

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relevant factors. In the absence of such agreement, such person shall not be entitled to any relief or exemption from tax provided by the Convention.

Article 5 1. For the purposes of this Convention, the term “permanent establishment” means a fixed place of business in which the business of the enterprise is wholly or partly carried on. 2. The term “permanent establishment” shall include especially: (a) a place of management; (b) a branch; (c) an office; (d) a factory; (e) a workshop; (f) a mine, quarry or other place of extraction of

natural resources; (g) a building site or construction or assembly

project which exists for more than twelve months. 3. The term “permanent establishment” shall not be deemed to include: (a) the use of facilities solely for the purpose of

storage, display or delivery of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise;

(b) the maintenance of a stock of goods or

merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of storage, display or delivery;

(c) the maintenance of a stock of goods or

merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of processing by another enterprise;

(d) the maintenance of a fixed place of business

solely for the purpose of purchasing goods or merchandise, or for collecting information, for the enterprise;

(e) the maintenance of a fixed place of business

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solely for the purpose of advertising, for the supply of information, for scientific research or for similar activities which have a preparatory or auxiliary character, for the enterprise;

(f) an assembly project carried on by an enterprise

of a Contracting State in connection with the delivery of machinery or equipment from that Contracting State to the other Contracting State.

The following paragraph 2 of Article 13 of the MLI replaces paragraph 3 of Article 5 of the Convention: Article 13 – Artificial Avoidance of Permanent Establishment Status through the Specific Activity Exemptions 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 5 of the Convention, the term “permanent establishment” shall be deemed not to include: a) i) the use of facilities solely for the purpose

of storage, display or delivery of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise;

ii) the maintenance of a stock of goods or

merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of storage, display or delivery;

iii) the maintenance of a stock of goods or

merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of processing by another enterprise;

iv) the maintenance of a fixed place of business

solely for the purpose of purchasing goods or merchandise, or for collecting information, for the enterprise;

v) the maintenance of a fixed place of business

solely for the purpose of advertising, for the supply of information, or for scientific research, for the enterprise;

vi) an assembly project carried on by an

enterprise of a Contracting State in connection with the delivery of machinery or equipment from that Contracting State to the other Contracting State;

b) the maintenance of a fixed place of business

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solely for the purpose of carrying on, for the enterprise, any activity not described in subparagraph a);

c) the maintenance of a fixed place of business

solely for any combination of activities mentioned in subparagraphs a) and b),

provided that such activity or, in the case of subparagraph c), the overall activity of the fixed place of business, is of a preparatory or auxiliary character. The following paragraph 4 of Article 13 of the MLI applies to the Convention: Article 13 – Artificial Avoidance of Permanent Establishment Status through the Specific Activity Exemptions 4. Paragraph 3 of Article 5 of the Convention shall not apply to a fixed place of business that is used or maintained by an enterprise if the same enterprise or a closely related enterprise carries on business activities at the same place or at another place in the same Contracting State and: a) that place or other place constitutes a permanent

establishment for the enterprise or the closely related enterprise under the provisions of Article 5 of the Convention; or

b) the overall activity resulting from the

combination of the activities carried on by the two enterprises at the same place, or by the same enterprise or closely related enterprises at the two places, is not of a preparatory or auxiliary character,

provided that the business activities carried on by the two enterprises at the same place, or by the same enterprise or closely related enterprises at the two places, constitute complementary functions that are part of a cohesive business operation. 4. A person acting in a Contracting State on behalf of an enterprise of the other Contracting State - other than an agent of an independent status to whom paragraph 5 applies - shall be deemed to be a permanent establishment in the first-mentioned Contracting State if he has, and habitually exercises in that first-mentioned Contracting State, an authority to conclude contracts in the name of the

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enterprise, unless his activities are limited to the purchase of goods or merchandise for the enterprise. 5. An enterprise of a Contracting State shall not be deemed to have a permanent establishment in the other Contracting State merely because it carries on business in that other Contracting State through a broker, general commission agent or any other agent of an independent status, where such persons are acting in the ordinary course of their business. The following paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 12 of the MLI replace paragraphs 4 and 5 of Article 5 of the Convention: Article 12 – Artificial Avoidance of Permanent Establishment Status through Commissionnaire Arrangements and Similar Strategies 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 5 of the Convention, but subject to paragraph 2, where a person is acting in a Contracting State on behalf of an enterprise and, in doing so, habitually concludes contracts, or habitually plays the principal role leading to the conclusion of contracts that are routinely concluded without material modification by the enterprise, and these contracts are: a) in the name of the enterprise; or b) for the transfer of the ownership of, or for the

granting of the right to use, property owned by that enterprise or that the enterprise has the right to use; or

c) for the provision of services by that enterprise, that enterprise shall be deemed to have a permanent establishment in that Contracting State in respect of any activities which that person undertakes for the enterprise unless these activities, if they were exercised by the enterprise through a fixed place of business of that enterprise situated in that Contracting State, would not cause that fixed place of business to be deemed to constitute a permanent establishment under the definition of permanent establishment included in the provisions of Article 5 of the Convention. 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply where the person acting in a Contracting State on behalf of an enterprise of the other Contracting State carries on business in the first-mentioned Contracting State as an independent agent and acts for the enterprise in the ordinary course of that

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business. Where, however, a person acts exclusively or almost exclusively on behalf of one or more enterprises to which it is closely related, that person shall not be considered to be an independent agent within the meaning of this paragraph with respect to any such enterprise. 6. The fact that a company which is a resident of a Contracting State controls or is controlled by a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State, or which carries on business in that other Contracting State (whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise), shall not of itself constitute either company a permanent establishment of the other. The following paragraph 1 of Article 15 of the MLI applies to the Convention: Article 15 – Definition of a Person Closely Related to an Enterprise 1. For the purposes of the provisions of Article 5 of the Convention, a person is closely related to an enterprise if, based on all the relevant facts and circumstances, one has control of the other or both are under the control of the same persons or enterprises. In any case, a person shall be considered to be closely related to an enterprise if one possesses directly or indirectly more than 50 per cent of the beneficial interest in the other (or, in the case of a company, more than 50 per cent of the aggregate vote and value of the company’s shares or of the beneficial equity interest in the company) or if another person possesses directly or indirectly more than 50 per cent of the beneficial interest (or, in the case of a company, more than 50 per cent of the aggregate vote and value of the company’s shares or of the beneficial equity interest in the company) in the person and the enterprise.

Article 6 1. Income from immovable property may be taxed in the Contracting State in which such property is situated. 2. The term “immovable property” shall be defined in accordance with the laws of the Contracting State in which the property in question is situated. The term shall in any case include property accessory to immovable property, livestock and equipment used in agriculture and forestry, rights to which the provisions of general law respecting immovable property apply, usufruct of immovable property and rights to variable or fixed payments as consideration for the working of, or the right to work, mineral deposits,

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sources and other natural resources; ships and aircraft shall not be regarded as immovable property. 3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall apply to income derived from the direct use, letting, or use in any other form of immovable property. 4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3 shall also apply to the income from immovable property of an enterprise and to income from immovable property used for the performance of professional services.

Article 7 1. The profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that Contracting State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein. If the enterprise carries on business as aforesaid, the profits of the enterprise may be taxed in that other Contracting State but only so much of them as is attributable to that permanent establishment. 2. Where an enterprise of a Contracting State carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, there shall in each Contracting State be attributed to that permanent establishment the profits which it might be expected to make if it were a distinct and separate enterprise engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions and dealing wholly independently with the enterprise of which it is a permanent establishment. 3. In the determination of the profits of a permanent establishment, there shall be allowed as deductions expenses which are incurred for the purposes of the permanent establishment including executive and general administrative expenses so incurred, whether in the Contracting State in which the permanent establishment is situated or elsewhere. 4. Insofar as it has been customary in a Contracting State to determine the profits to be attributed to a permanent establishment on the basis of an apportionment of the total profits of the enterprise to its various parts, nothing in paragraph 2 shall preclude that Contracting State from determining the profits to be taxed by such an apportionment as may be customary; the method of apportionment adopted shall, however, be such that the result shall be in accordance with the principles laid down in this Article. 5. No profits shall be attributed to a permanent

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establishment by reason of the mere purchase by that permanent establishment of goods or merchandise for the enterprise. 6. For the purposes of the preceding paragraphs, the profits to be attributed to the permanent establishment shall be determined by the same method year by year unless there is good and sufficient reason to the contrary. 7. Where profits include items of income which are dealt with separately in other Articles of this Convention, then the provisions of those Articles shall not be affected by the provisions of this Article.

Article 8 1. Profits from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic carried on by an enterprise of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that Contracting State. 2. In respect of the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic carried on by an enterprise of a Contracting State, that enterprise, if an enterprise of Czechoslovakia, shall be exempt from the enterprise tax in Japan, and, if an enterprise of Japan, shall be exempt from any tax similar to the enterprise tax in Japan which may hereafter be imposed in Czechoslovakia. 3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall also apply to profits derived from the participation in a pool, a joint business or in an international operating agency.

Article 9 Where (a) an enterprise of a Contracting State participates

directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of the other Contracting State, or

(b) the same persons participate directly or

indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of a Contracting State and an enterprise of the other Contracting State,

and in either case conditions are made or imposed between the two enterprises in their commercial or financial relations which differ from those which would be made between independent enterprises, then any profits which would, but for those conditions, have accrued to one of the enterprises, but, by reason of those conditions, have not

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so accrued, may be included in the profits of that enterprise and taxed accordingly. The following paragraph 1 of Article 17 of the MLI applies to the Convention: Article 17 – Corresponding Adjustments 1. Where a Contracting State includes in the profits of an enterprise of that Contracting State - and taxes accordingly - profits on which an enterprise of the other Contracting State has been charged to tax in that other Contracting State and the profits so included are profits which would have accrued to the enterprise of the first-mentioned Contracting State if the conditions made between the two enterprises had been those which would have been made between independent enterprises, then that other Contracting State shall make an appropriate adjustment to the amount of the tax charged therein on those profits. In determining such adjustment, due regard shall be had to the other provisions of the Convention and the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall if necessary consult each other.

Article 10 1. Dividends paid by a company which is a resident of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other Contracting State. 2. However, such dividends may be taxed in the Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident, and according to the laws of that Contracting State, but the tax so charged shall not exceed: (a) 10 per cent of the gross amount of the dividends

if the recipient is a company which owns at least 25 per cent of the voting shares of the company paying such dividends during the period of six months immediately preceding the date of payment of such dividends;

(b) in all other cases, 15 per cent of the gross

amount of the dividends. This paragraph shall not affect the taxation of the company in respect of the profits out of which the dividends are paid. 3. The term “dividends” as used in this Article means income from shares or other rights, not being debt-claims,

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participating in profits, as well as income from other corporate rights assimilated to income from shares by the taxation laws of the Contracting State of which the company making the distribution is a resident. 4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply if the recipient of the dividends, being a resident of a Contracting State, has in the other Contracting State, of which the company paying the dividends is a resident, a permanent establishment with which the holding by virtue of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected. In such a case, the provisions of Article 7 shall apply. 5. Where a company which is a resident of a Contracting State derives profits or income from the other Contracting State, that other Contracting State may not impose any tax on the dividends paid by the company to persons who are not residents of that other Contracting State, or subject the company’s undistributed profits to a tax on undistributed profits, even if the dividends paid or the undistributed profits consist wholly or partly of profits or income arising in that other Contracting State.

Article 11 1. Interest arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other Contracting State. 2. However, such interest may be taxed in the Contracting State in which it arises, and according to the laws of that Contracting State, but the tax so charged shall not exceed 10 per cent of the gross amount of the interest. 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2, interest arising in a Contracting State and derived by the Government of the other Contracting State including local authorities thereof, the Central Bank of that other Contracting State or any financial institution wholly owned by that Government, or by any resident of the other Contracting State with respect to debt-claims guaranteed or indirectly financed by the Government of that other Contracting State including local authorities thereof, the Central Bank of that other Contracting State or any financial institution wholly owned by that Government shall be exempt from tax in the first-mentioned Contracting State. 4. The term “interest” as used in this Article means income from Government securities, bonds or debentures, whether or not secured by mortgage and whether or not carrying a right to participate in profits, and other debt-claims of every kind, and any excess of the amount repaid

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in respect of such debt-claims over the amount lent, as well as all other income assimilated to income from money lent by the taxation laws of the Contracting State in which the income arises. 5. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply if the recipient of the interest, being a resident of a Contracting State, has in the other Contracting State in which the interest arises a permanent establishment with which the debt-claim from which the interest arises is effectively connected. In such a case, the provisions of Article 7 shall apply. 6. Interest shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payer is that Contracting State itself, a local authority or a resident of that Contracting State. Where, however, the person paying the interest, whether he is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment in connection with which the indebtedness on which the interest is paid was incurred, and such interest is borne by such permanent establishment, then such interest shall be deemed to arise in the Contracting State in which the permanent establishment is situated. 7. Where, owing to a special relationship between the payer and the recipient or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the interest paid, having regard to the debt-claim for which it is paid, exceeds the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the recipient in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In that case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Convention.

Article 12 1. Royalties arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other Contracting State. 2. (a) Industrial royalties may be taxed in the

Contracting State in which they arise, and according to the laws of that Contracting State, but the tax so charged shall not exceed 10 per cent of the gross amount of the royalties.

(b) Cultural royalties shall be exempt from taxes in

the Contracting State in which they arise. 3. (a) The term “industrial royalties” as used in

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paragraph 2 means payments of any kind received as a consideration for the use of, or the right to use, any patent, trade mark, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, or for the use of, or the right to use, industrial, commercial or scientific equipment, or for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience.

(b) The term “cultural royalties” as used in

paragraph 2 means payments of any kind received as a consideration for the use of, or the right to use, any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work including cinematograph films and films or tapes for radio or television broadcasting.

4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply if the recipient of the royalties, being a resident of a Contracting State, has in the other Contracting State in which the royalties arise a permanent establishment with which the right or property giving rise to the royalties is effectively connected. In such a case, the provisions of Article 7 shall apply. 5. Royalties shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payer is that Contracting State itself, a local authority or a resident of that Contracting State. Where, however, the person paying the royalties, whether he is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment in connection with which the liability to pay the royalties was incurred, and such royalties are borne by such permanent establishment, then such royalties shall be deemed to arise in the Contracting State in which the permanent establishment is situated. 6. Where, owing to a special relationship between the payer and the recipient or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the royalties paid, having regard to the use, right or information for which they are paid, exceeds the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the recipient in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In that case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Convention.

Article 13 1. Gains from the alienation of immovable property, as defined in paragraph 2 of Article 6, may be taxed in the

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Contracting State in which such property is situated. 2. Gains from the alienation of any property, other than immovable property, forming part of the business property of a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State or of any property, other than immovable property, pertaining to a fixed base available to a resident of a Contracting State in the other Contracting State for the purpose of performing professional services, including such gains from the alienation of such a permanent establishment (alone or together with the whole enterprise) or of such a fixed base, may be taxed in that other Contracting State. However, gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of ships or aircraft operated in international traffic and any property, other than immovable property, pertaining to the operation of such ships or aircraft shall be taxable only in that Contracting State. 3. Gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of any property other than those mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be taxable only in that Contracting State. The following paragraph 4 of Article 9 of the MLI applies to the Convention: Article 9 – Capital Gains from Alienation of Shares or Interests of Entities Deriving their Value Principally from Immovable Property 4. For purposes of the Convention, gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of shares or comparable interests, such as interests in a partnership or trust, may be taxed in the other Contracting State if, at any time during the 365 days preceding the alienation, these shares or comparable interests derived more than 50 per cent of their value directly or indirectly from immovable property situated in that other Contracting State.

Article 14 1. Income derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of professional services or other independent activities of a similar character shall be taxable only in that Contracting State unless he has a fixed base regularly available to him in the other Contracting State for the purpose of performing his activities. If he has such a fixed base, the income may be taxed in that other Contracting State but only so much of it as is attributable

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to that fixed base. 2. The term “professional services” includes, especially, independent scientific, literary, artistic, educational or teaching activities as well as the independent activities of physicians, lawyers, engineers, architects, dentists and accountants.

Article 15 1. Subject to the provisions of Articles 16, 18, 19, 20 and 21, salaries, wages and other similar remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment shall be taxable only in that Contracting State unless the employment is exercised in the other Contracting State. If the employment is so exercised, such remuneration as is derived therefrom may be taxed in that other Contracting State. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment exercised in the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned Contracting State if: (a) the recipient is present in that other

Contracting State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 183 days in the calendar year concerned; and

(b) the remuneration is paid by, or on behalf of, an

employer who is not a resident of that other Contracting State; and

(c) the remuneration is not borne by a permanent

establishment or a fixed base which the employer has in that other Contracting State.

3. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, remuneration in respect of an employment exercised aboard a ship or aircraft operated in international traffic by an enterprise of a Contracting State may be taxed in that Contracting State.

Article 16 Remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in his capacity as a member of the board of directors of a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other Contracting State.

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Article 17 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 14 and 15, income derived by an entertainer, such as a theatre, motion picture, radio or television artiste, and a musician, or by an athlete, from his personal activities as such may be taxed in the Contracting State in which these activities of the entertainer or athlete are exercised. Such income shall, however, be exempt from tax in that Contracting State if such activities are exercised by an individual, being a resident of the other Contracting State, pursuant to a special programme for cultural exchange agreed upon between the Governments of the two Contracting States. 2. Where income in respect of personal activities as such of an entertainer or athlete accrues not to that entertainer or athlete himself but to another person, that income may, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 7, 14 and 15, be taxed in the Contracting State in which the activities of the entertainer or athlete are exercised. Such income shall, however, be exempt from tax in that Contracting State if such income is derived from the activities exercised by an individual, being a resident of the other Contracting State, pursuant to a special programme for cultural exchange agreed upon between the Governments of the two Contracting States and accrues to another person who is a resident of that other Contracting State.

Article 18 Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 19, pensions and other similar remuneration paid to a resident of a Contracting State in consideration of past employment and any annuity paid to such a resident shall be taxable only in that Contracting State.

Article 19 1. (a) Remuneration, other than a pension, paid by a Contracting State or a local authority thereof to

any individual in respect of services rendered to that Contracting State or local authority thereof, in the discharge of functions of a governmental nature, shall be taxable only in that Contracting State.

(b) However, such remuneration shall be taxable only

in the other Contracting State if the services are rendered in that other Contracting State and

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the recipient is a resident of that other Contracting State who:

(i) is a national of that other Contracting

State; or (ii) did not become a resident of that other

Contracting State solely for the purpose of performing the services.

2. (a) Any pension paid by, or out of funds to which

contributions are made by, a Contracting State or a local authority thereof to any individual in respect of services rendered to that Contracting State or local authority thereof shall be taxable only in that Contracting State.

(b) However, such pension shall be taxable only in the other Contracting State if the pensioner is a national of and a resident of that other Contracting State.

3. The provisions of Articles 15, 16, 17 and 18 shall apply to remuneration and pensions in respect of services rendered in connection with any trade or business carried on by a Contracting State or a local authority thereof.

Article 20 1. A professor or teacher who makes a temporary visit to a Contracting State for a period not exceeding two years for the purpose of teaching or conducting research at a university, college, school or other accredited educational institution, and who is, or immediately before such visit was, a resident of the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in that other Contracting State in respect of remuneration for such teaching or research. 2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply to income from research if such research is undertaken primarily for the private benefit of a specific person or persons.

Article 21 Payments or income received for the purpose of his maintenance, education or training by a student or business apprentice who is present in a Contracting State solely for the purpose of his education, training or the acquisition of his special technical experience and who is, or immediately before being so present was, a resident of the other Contracting State shall be exempt from tax of the first-mentioned Contracting State, provided that such

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payments are made to him from outside that first-mentioned Contracting State or that such income is received in respect of his personal services performed in that first-mentioned Contracting State in an amount not in excess of 600,000 Japanese yen or its equivalent in Czechoslovak crowns during any taxable year.

Article 22 Items of income of a resident of a Contracting State which are not expressly mentioned in the foregoing Articles of this Convention shall be taxable only in that Contracting State.

Article 23 Double taxation of income shall be avoided in the following manner: (a) Where a resident of Japan derives income from

Czechoslovakia and that income may be taxed in both Contracting States in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, the amount of Czechoslovak tax payable in respect of that income shall be allowed as a credit, in accordance with the provisions of the laws of Japan regarding the allowance as a credit against Japanese tax of tax payable in any country other than Japan, against the Japanese tax imposed on that resident. The amount of credit, however, shall not exceed that part of the Japanese tax which is appropriate to that income.

(b) (i) Where a resident of Czechoslovakia derives

income which, in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, may be taxed in Japan, Czechoslovakia shall, subject to the provisions of sub-paragraph (ii), exempt such income from tax but may, in calculating tax on the remaining income of that person, apply the rate of tax which would have been applicable if the exempted income had not been so exempted.

The following paragraph 6 of Article 5 of the MLI replaces clause (i) of subparagraph (b) of Article 23 of the Convention: Article 5 – Application of Methods for Elimination of Double Taxation 6. a) Where a resident of the Slovak Republic

derives income which may be taxed in Japan in

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accordance with the provisions of the Convention (except to the extent that these provisions allow taxation by Japan solely because the income is also income derived by a resident of Japan), the Slovak Republic shall allow as a deduction from the tax on the income of that resident, an amount equal to the income tax paid in Japan.

Such deduction shall not, however, exceed

that part of the income tax, as computed before the deduction is given, which is attributable to the income which may be taxed in Japan.

b) Where in accordance with any provision of the

Convention income derived by a resident of the Slovak Republic is exempt from tax in the Slovak Republic, the Slovak Republic may nevertheless, in calculating the amount of tax on the remaining income of such resident, take into account the exempted income.

(ii) Where a resident of Czechoslovakia derives

income which, in accordance with the provisions of Article 10, 11, 12, 16 and 17 of this Convention, may also be taxed in Japan, Czechoslovakia shall allow as a deduction from the tax on the income of that person an amount equal to the tax paid in Japan. Such deduction shall not, however, exceed that part of the Czechoslovak tax, as computed before the deduction is given, which is appropriate to the income which, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 10, 11, 12, 16 and 17 of this Convention, was taxed in Japan.

(iii) Returns paid by the Czechoslovak state

enterprises to the state budget shall be deemed as Czechoslovak tax.

Article 24

1. The nationals of a Contracting State, whether or not they are residents of one of the Contracting States, shall not be subjected in the other Contracting State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which nationals of that other Contracting State in the same circumstances are or may be subjected.

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2. The taxation on a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State shall not be less favourably levied in that other Contracting State than the taxation levied on enterprises of that other Contracting State carrying on the same activities. This provision shall not be construed as obliging a Contracting State to grant to residents of the other Contracting State any personal allowances, reliefs and reductions for taxation purposes on account of civil status or family responsibilities which it grants to its own residents. 3. Enterprises of a Contracting State, the capital of which is wholly or partly owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by one or more residents of the other Contracting State, shall not be subjected in the first-mentioned Contracting State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which other similar enterprises of that first-mentioned Contracting State are or may be subjected. 4. In this Article the term “taxation” means taxes of every kind and description.

Article 25 1. Where a resident of a Contracting State considers that the actions of one or both of the Contracting States result or will result for him in taxation not in accordance with this Convention, he may, notwithstanding the remedies provided by the laws of those Contracting States, present his case to the competent authority of the Contracting State of which he is a resident. The following second sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 16 of the MLI applies to the Convention: Article 16 – Mutual Agreement Procedure The case must be presented within three years from the first notification of the action resulting in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of the Convention. 2. The competent authority shall endeavour, if the objection appears to it to be justified and if it is not itself able to arrive at an appropriate solution, to resolve that case by mutual agreement with the competent

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authority of the other Contracting State, with a view to the avoidance of taxation not in accordance with this Convention. The following second sentence of paragraph 2 of Article 16 of the MLI applies to the Convention: Article 16 – Mutual Agreement Procedure Any agreement reached shall be implemented notwithstanding any time limits in the domestic law of the Contracting States. 3. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavour to resolve by mutual agreement any difficulties or doubts arising as to the interpretation or application of this Convention. They may also consult together for the elimination of double taxation in cases not provided for in this Convention. 4. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may communicate with each other directly for the purpose of reaching an agreement in the sense of the preceding paragraphs.

Article 26 1. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall exchange such information as is necessary for the carrying out of this Convention and of the domestic laws of the Contracting States concerning taxes covered by this Convention insofar as the taxation thereunder is in accordance with this Convention. Any information so exchanged shall be treated as secret and shall not be disclosed to any persons or authorities other than those concerned with the assessment or collection of the taxes which are the subject of this Convention. 2. In no case shall the provisions of paragraph 1 be construed so as to impose on a Contracting State the obligation: (a) to carry out administrative measures at variance

with the laws or the administrative practice of that or of the other Contracting State;

(b) to supply particulars which are not obtainable

under the laws or in the normal course of the administration of that or of the other Contracting State; or

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(c) to supply information which would disclose any

trade, business, industrial, commercial or professional secret or trade process, or information, the disclosure of which would be contrary to public policy.

Article 27

Nothing in this Convention shall affect the fiscal privileges of diplomatic or consular officials under the general rules of international law or under the provisions of special agreements. The following paragraphs 1 through 3 of Article 10 of the MLI apply to the Convention: Article 10 – Anti-abuse Rule for Permanent Establishments Situated in Third Jurisdictions 1. Where: a) an enterprise of a Contracting State derives

income from the other Contracting State and the first-mentioned Contracting State treats such income as attributable to a permanent establishment of the enterprise situated in a third jurisdiction; and

b) the profits attributable to that permanent

establishment are exempt from tax in the first-mentioned Contracting State,

the benefits of the Convention shall not apply to any item of income on which the tax in the third jurisdiction is less than 60 per cent of the tax that would be imposed in the first-mentioned Contracting State on that item of income if that permanent establishment were situated in the first-mentioned Contracting State. In such a case, any income to which the provisions of this paragraph apply shall remain taxable according to the domestic law of the other Contracting State, notwithstanding any other provisions of the Convention. 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the income derived from the other Contracting State described in paragraph 1 is derived in connection with or is incidental to the active conduct of a business carried on through the permanent establishment (other than the business of making, managing or simply holding investments for the enterprise’s own account, unless these activities are banking, insurance or securities activities carried on by a bank, insurance

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enterprise or registered securities dealer, respectively). 3. If benefits under the Convention are denied pursuant to paragraph 1 with respect to an item of income derived by a resident of a Contracting State, the competent authority of the other Contracting State may, nevertheless, grant these benefits with respect to that item of income if, in response to a request by such resident, such competent authority determines that granting such benefits is justified in light of the reasons such resident did not satisfy the requirements of paragraphs 1 and 2. The competent authority of the Contracting State to which a request has been made under the preceding sentence by a resident of the other Contracting State shall consult with the competent authority of that other Contracting State before either granting or denying the request. The following paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the MLI applies to the Convention: Article 7 – Prevention of Treaty Abuse 1. Notwithstanding any provisions of the Convention, a benefit under the Convention shall not be granted in respect of an item of income if it is reasonable to conclude, having regard to all relevant facts and circumstances, that obtaining that benefit was one of the principal purposes of any arrangement or transaction that resulted directly or indirectly in that benefit, unless it is established that granting that benefit in these circumstances would be in accordance with the object and purpose of the relevant provisions of the Convention.

Article 28 1. This Convention shall be ratified and the instruments of ratification shall be exchanged at Tokyo as soon as possible. 2. This Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification and shall be applicable in both Contracting States as respects income for any taxable year beginning on or after the first day of January in the calendar year next following that in which this Convention enters into force.

Article 29 This Convention shall continue in effect indefinitely but either Contracting State may, on or before the

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thirtieth day of June in any calendar year beginning after the expiration of a period of five years from the date of its entry into force, give to the other Contracting State, through the diplomatic channel, written notice of termination and, in such event, this Convention shall cease to be effective in both Contracting States as respects income for any taxable year beginning on or after the first day of January in the calendar year next following that in which the notice of termination is given. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Convention. DONE in duplicate at Prague, on the 11th day of October, 1977, in the English language. For Japan: For the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic: Fumihiko Suzuki Hájek