System analysis for effective use of biomass as energy resources
ICSS-Asia, Nov. 23, Bangkok
Sohei SHIMADA
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences
The University of Tokyo
Biomass: low energy density
Optimization of transportation is critical for “Biomass to Energy” project.
System analysis using GIS and optimization of economy (cost minimum) and environmental burden (CO2 emission minimum) is a strong tool for
evaluating the project.
Optimal location and size of the power generation plants and biofuel producing plants obtained by the analysis
Examples of analysis;
1. Power generation using EFB (Empty Fruit Bunches) from palm in Selangor State, Malaysia
2. Cocodiesel production in Lucena City, Philippine
3. RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) power generation in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
BACKGROUND
Case Study 1
Power generation using EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch) from palm in Selangor
State, Malaysia
Total Fresh Fruit Bunch processed ≈ 79.3 million tonnes
Crude palm oil (CPO) ≈ 15.9 million tonnes
Palm kernel oil (PKO)
≈ 2.0 million tonnes
Palm oil mill effluent (POME)
≈ 53.1 million tonnes
Empty fruit bunch (EFB)
≈ 17.4 million tonnes
Fiber
≈ 10.7 million tonnes
Shell
≈ 4.3 million tonnes
22%
13%
7%
20%
3%
67%
Output of Palm Oil
Issues
EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch)
• Problem of EFB supply chain for power generation
• EFB is bulky and high moisture content
→ inefficiency combustion and difficulty on transportation and store.
• Difficult decision for palm oil mill to commit themselves with certain
EFB handling method since there are many uncertain markets for EFB
based downstream products. →Resulting ‘wait and see’ situation.
Effective use of palm oil wastes system is not yet established.
Fiber and Shell
• Used as fuel to generate electricity to their own palm oil mill. However,
the mills have excess energy.
Energy Balance in Palm oil mill1ton FFB
Boiler
Turbine
Accumulator
Electricity: 95.8MJ
Electricity: 23.8MJ
Steam:1714.2 MJ
Steam:24.2MJ
0.13 t fiber 0.07 t shell
Pow
er central
Oil extraction process
0.23 t EFB
Excess energy :
48 MJ
2760 MJ
1810 MJ
0.65 t steam :
1690 MJ
Electricity :
72 MJ
Boiler efficiency: 65.6%
Heat/power ratio: 1/17.9
Drying
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3 4 5 6 7
number of plants
An
nu
al C
os
tm
illio
n J
PN
ye
n/y
ea
r
Capital cost Transportation cost Variable costRevenue ash sales Revenue electricity sales System profit
System Total Cost with Number of Power Plant
Palm oil mill
CHP 1 (6~10 MW)
CHP 1: plant install at palm oil mill(CHP 2: Independent CHP plant)
Distribution of Empty Fruit Bunch
Peninsular Malaysia
Selangor State
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
3 4 5 6 7
number of plants
Pro
fit,
mill
ion
JP
Y y
en
/ye
ar
Capital cost100%Capital cost50%Capital cost0%
Impacts of Capital Cost on Profit
Case Study 2
Cocodiesel production in Lucena City, Philippine
Cocodiesel: diesel oil produced from coconut
Coconut is used for food and diesel oil
Cocodiesel production and blending with the fossil fuel derived diesel
Simulation for 20% Cocodiesel Blend
Amount of CO2
emission per month
Cocodiesel Blend1% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
CO2 emission in kg (Transportation)
6.83 55.03 142.73 258.71 371.82 525.63
CO2 emission in kg (Reduced)
% Difference
3116.88
0.22 %
31172.6
0.18 %
62347.7
0.23 %
93519.7
0.28 %
124692
0.30 %
155867
0.34 %Transportation Cost per month (\/L) 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05
CO2 emission due to transportation is relatively small compared to the reduction due to the % blend increase: 0.18 – 0.34% difference
Transportation Cost has a minimal effect as % blend increases:0.02 – 0.05 ¥/L (Price increase per liter cocodiesel = ¥ 7 – 12)
Additional cost increases as % blend increases: \ 51,000 (1%) – \4.4M (50%)
Additional cost (\10,000) 5.1 - 8.8 51.3 - 88.0
102.62 -175.9
153.93 -263.9
205.24 – 351.8
256.55 – 439.8
Case Study 3
RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) power generation in Ishikawa
Prefecture (northern area), Japan
30mm
Omuta
Ishikawa
Hiroshima
Kashima
Mie
Incinerator
Power plant
RDF
Old System
9 incineration plants, no thermal recycle
RDF Power Generation System
4 RDF plants + 1 power generation plant
northern area of Ishikawa Prefecture
-1,500
-1,000
-500
0
500
1,000
1,500
[Mca
l/]t
Old system 62 120 679 1 1 6 869RDF 180 85 967 18 -1,140 434 12 1 8 564Large area treatment 31 127 -677 679 24 1 2 186Distributed treatment 53 91 -462 679 361
Constructionproces
Collection
proces
Manufacture
of
Transportation of
Powergeneration
Incineraion
Transportation of
Landfill
proces
Dismantlingproces
Sum
Energy Consumption
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
[/t
]g
Old system 1 3 99 0 1 0 0 104RDF 6 19 98 4 -166 60 3 0 1 25Large area treatment 2 35 -99 99 8 0 0 45Distributed treatment 2 19 -67 99 8 0 0 61
Constructionproces
Collection
proces
Manufacture
of RDF
Transportation of
Powergeneration
Incineraion
Transportation of
Landfillproces
s
Dismantling
procesSum
CO2 Emission
-20,000
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
[/
]¥
t
Old system 8,163 71,359 36,597 116,119RDF 13,567 72,759 17,600 11,516 -2,155 4,129 117,416Large area treatment 4,510 139,975 -2,978 19,157 160,663Distributed treatment 9,040 77,179 -2,537 20,532 104,214
Constructionproces
Collection
proces
Manufacture
of RDF
Transportation of
Powergenerat
ion
Incineraion
Transportation of
Landfillproces
s
Dismantling
procesSum
Cost
Thank you for your kind attention.