System Design

System DesignSystem Design

- Mr. Ahmad Al-Ghoul- Mr. Ahmad Al-Ghoul

System Analysis and System Analysis and DesignDesign

AvicennaAvicennaSystem Analysis and Design System Analysis and Design

System DesignSystem Design 22

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Explain the concept of user Explain the concept of user interface design and human-interface design and human-computer interactioncomputer interaction

Explain the user rightsExplain the user rights Discuss several types of user Discuss several types of user

interfacesinterfaces



IntroductionIntroduction The user interface (UI) is the system which The user interface (UI) is the system which

helps users communicate with the helps users communicate with the computer system and/or the application computer system and/or the application systemsystem

UI Consists of all the hardware, software, UI Consists of all the hardware, software, screens, menus, functions, and features screens, menus, functions, and features that affect two-way communications that affect two-way communications between the user and the computerbetween the user and the computer

A good user interface provides a unifying A good user interface provides a unifying structure for finding, viewing and invoking structure for finding, viewing and invoking the different components of a systemthe different components of a system



User Interface DesignUser Interface Design Evolution of the User InterfaceEvolution of the User Interface

In older systems, analysts designed all the printed In older systems, analysts designed all the printed and screen output first, then worked on the inputs and screen output first, then worked on the inputs necessary to produce the resultsnecessary to produce the results

In older systems interface mainly consisted of In older systems interface mainly consisted of Process-control screens that allowed the users to Process-control screens that allowed the users to send commands to a system send commands to a system

A process control screen (also known as a dialog A process control screen (also known as a dialog screen) is part of the user interface, and enables a screen) is part of the user interface, and enables a user to initiate or control system actions. user to initiate or control system actions.

A process-control screens worked will with traditional A process-control screens worked will with traditional systems that simply transformed input data into systems that simply transformed input data into structured outputstructured output

As information management evolved from centralized As information management evolved from centralized data processing to dynamic, enterprise-wide systems, data processing to dynamic, enterprise-wide systems, the primary focus also shifted — from the IT the primary focus also shifted — from the IT department to the users themselvesdepartment to the users themselves



User Interface DesignUser Interface Design Evolution of the User InterfaceEvolution of the User Interface

In modern systems, the main focus is on users within In modern systems, the main focus is on users within and outside the company, how they communicate and outside the company, how they communicate with the information system, and how the system with the information system, and how the system supports the firm’s business operationssupports the firm’s business operations

In modern systems most users work with In modern systems most users work with varied mix of input, screen output, and data varied mix of input, screen output, and data queriesqueries

To perform users day-to-day job, the user To perform users day-to-day job, the user interface is a vital element in the systems interface is a vital element in the systems design phasedesign phase

Requires an understanding of human-computer Requires an understanding of human-computer interaction and user-centered design principlesinteraction and user-centered design principles



User Interface DesignUser Interface Design Compare the traditional, processing-centered system at the top Compare the traditional, processing-centered system at the top

of the figure to the modern, user-centered information system at of the figure to the modern, user-centered information system at the bottom. Notice the change in the role of the IT department.the bottom. Notice the change in the role of the IT department.

[1]



User Interface DesignUser Interface Design Human-Computer InteractionHuman-Computer Interaction

A user interface is based on basic principles of A user interface is based on basic principles of human-computer interactionhuman-computer interaction

Human-computer interaction (HCI) describes Human-computer interaction (HCI) describes the relationship between computers and the relationship between computers and people who use them to perform business-people who use them to perform business-related tasksrelated tasks

User interface includes all communications and User interface includes all communications and instructions necessary to enter input to the instructions necessary to enter input to the system and to obtain output in the form of system and to obtain output in the form of screen displays or printed reportsscreen displays or printed reports

Your main objective is to create a user-friendly Your main objective is to create a user-friendly design that is easy to learn and usedesign that is easy to learn and use




Dr. Clare-Marie Karat IBM usability expert, Dr. Clare-Marie Karat IBM usability expert, states that “in this new computer age, the states that “in this new computer age, the customer is not only right, the customer has customer is not only right, the customer has rights.”rights.”

The user rights cited by Dr. Karat includeThe user rights cited by Dr. Karat include Perspective: the user is always rightPerspective: the user is always right Installation: the user has the right to install and Installation: the user has the right to install and

uninstall software and hardware systems easily uninstall software and hardware systems easily without negative consequenceswithout negative consequences

Compliance: the user has the right to a system that Compliance: the user has the right to a system that performs exactly as promisedperforms exactly as promised

Instruction: the user has the right to easy-to-use Instruction: the user has the right to easy-to-use instructions to achieve desired goals and recover instructions to achieve desired goals and recover efficiently from problem situationsefficiently from problem situations

Control: the user has the right to be in control of the Control: the user has the right to be in control of the system and to be able to get the system to respond system and to be able to get the system to respond to a request for attentionto a request for attention




The user rights cited by Dr. Karat includeThe user rights cited by Dr. Karat include Feedback: the user has the right to a system that Feedback: the user has the right to a system that

provides clear, understandable, and accurate provides clear, understandable, and accurate informationinformation

Dependencies: the user has the right to be informed Dependencies: the user has the right to be informed clearly about all systems requirements for clearly about all systems requirements for successfully using software or hardwaresuccessfully using software or hardware

Scope: the user has the right to know the limits of the Scope: the user has the right to know the limits of the system’s capabilitiessystem’s capabilities

Assistance: the user has the right to communicate Assistance: the user has the right to communicate with the technology provider and receive a thoughtful with the technology provider and receive a thoughtful and helpful response when raising concernsand helpful response when raising concerns

Usability: the user has the right to be the master of Usability: the user has the right to be the master of software and hardware technology, not vice versasoftware and hardware technology, not vice versa



User-computer interface designUser-computer interface design

User Interface designUser Interface design: There are various types of : There are various types of user interface designs, each of which has a user interface designs, each of which has a typical character and ability. typical character and ability.

The design type is required to be suitable to The design type is required to be suitable to the system’s duties and to its users who will the system’s duties and to its users who will interact directly with the computersinteract directly with the computers

Natural-language interfacesNatural-language interfaces Question-and-answer interfacesQuestion-and-answer interfaces A menu interfaceA menu interface Form-fill interfacesForm-fill interfaces Command-language interfacesCommand-language interfaces Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)



Interface designsInterface designs

Natural languageNatural language Natural-language interfaces permit users Natural-language interfaces permit users

to interact with the computer in their to interact with the computer in their everyday or "natural" languageeveryday or "natural" language

Inputs to and outputs from system are in a Inputs to and outputs from system are in a conventional speaking language like conventional speaking language like EnglishEnglish

Based on research in artificial intelligenceBased on research in artificial intelligence Current implementations are tedious and Current implementations are tedious and

difficult to work with, not as viable as difficult to work with, not as viable as other interaction methodsother interaction methods




Question-and-answer interfacesQuestion-and-answer interfaces The computer displays a question for the The computer displays a question for the

user on the screenuser on the screen The user enters an answer via the The user enters an answer via the

keyboardkeyboard The computer acts on that input The computer acts on that input

information in a preprogrammed mannerinformation in a preprogrammed manner New users may find the question-and-New users may find the question-and-

answer interface most comfortableanswer interface most comfortable



Interface designsInterface designsA Menu InterfaceA Menu Interface

A menu interface, which provides the user with A menu interface, which provides the user with an onscreen list of available selectionsan onscreen list of available selections

A specific command is invoked by user A specific command is invoked by user selection of a menu optionselection of a menu option

Two common placement methodsTwo common placement methods Pop-up Pop-up Drop-downDrop-down

A nested menu is a menu which can be A nested menu is a menu which can be reached through another menureached through another menu

The advantages of nested menus areThe advantages of nested menus are Nested menus eliminate menu options which do not Nested menus eliminate menu options which do not

interest a userinterest a user Nested menus allow users to move quickly through the Nested menus allow users to move quickly through the

programprogram




Guidelines for Menu DesignGuidelines for Menu Design Wording: meaningful titles, clear command verbs, Wording: meaningful titles, clear command verbs,

mixed upper/lower casemixed upper/lower case Organization: consistent organizing principleOrganization: consistent organizing principle Length: all choices fit within screen lengthLength: all choices fit within screen length Selection: consistent, clear and easy selection Selection: consistent, clear and easy selection

methodsmethods Highlighting: only for selected options or Highlighting: only for selected options or

unavailable optionsunavailable options



Interface designsInterface designs Graphical User Interface (GUI) MenusGraphical User Interface (GUI) Menus

GUI menus guidelinesGUI menus guidelines The main menu is always on the screenThe main menu is always on the screen The main menu uses single wordsThe main menu uses single words The main menu should have secondary The main menu should have secondary

menus grouped into similar featuresmenus grouped into similar features The secondary drop-down menus often The secondary drop-down menus often

consist of more than one wordconsist of more than one word Secondary options perform actions or Secondary options perform actions or

display additional menu optionsdisplay additional menu options Menu items in gray are unavailable for the Menu items in gray are unavailable for the

current activitycurrent activity



Interface designsInterface designsFormForm: Filling in the form is a popular type of : Filling in the form is a popular type of

dialogue on data and data processing. dialogue on data and data processing. Form-fill interfaces are onscreen forms Form-fill interfaces are onscreen forms

displaying fields containing data items or displaying fields containing data items or parameters that need to be communicated parameters that need to be communicated to the userto the user

Forms are displayed on the screen Forms are displayed on the screen similarly to the way tables are arranged. similarly to the way tables are arranged. The screen also displays form name, field The screen also displays form name, field name and instruction information. name and instruction information.

Form-fill interfaces may be implemented Form-fill interfaces may be implemented using the Webusing the Web



Interface designsInterface designs Advantages of using a Web-based Advantages of using a Web-based

formform User enters the dataUser enters the data Data may be entered 24 hours a day, Data may be entered 24 hours a day,

globallyglobally Disadvantages of a Web-based formDisadvantages of a Web-based form

The user may not know what to enter if The user may not know what to enter if the form is not clearthe form is not clear

User might be nervous about using a User might be nervous about using a credit card over the Internetcredit card over the Internet




Command-Language InterfacesCommand-Language Interfaces: This is a wide but : This is a wide but simple area consisting of both simple commands and simple area consisting of both simple commands and grammatically complicated commands.grammatically complicated commands.

Allow the user to control the application with a series Allow the user to control the application with a series of keystrokes, commands, phrases, or some of keystrokes, commands, phrases, or some sequence of thesesequence of these

A command will result in a move of the system when A command will result in a move of the system when it is entered by the user.it is entered by the user.

The most significant advantage of command-The most significant advantage of command-language is that its flexibility is limited by the language is that its flexibility is limited by the language’s grammar only.language’s grammar only.

it takes time for users to learn by heart the it takes time for users to learn by heart the commands and users are required to have a commands and users are required to have a background knowledge of the system in case there background knowledge of the system in case there are no information displayed on the screen.are no information displayed on the screen.

command-language asks for great efforts while command-language asks for great efforts while developing it.developing it.

It is suitable for users who are professionals.It is suitable for users who are professionals.



Interface designsInterface designsGraphical User Interfaces (GUIs)Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

GUIs provide a strong metaphor of the GUIs provide a strong metaphor of the applicationapplication

Allow direct manipulation of the Allow direct manipulation of the graphical representation on the screengraphical representation on the screen

Can be accomplished with keyboard input, Can be accomplished with keyboard input, joystick, or mousejoystick, or mouse

Requires more system sophistication than Requires more system sophistication than other interfacesother interfaces



Sequence SummarySequence Summary In older systems interface mainly consisted of In older systems interface mainly consisted of

Process-control screens that allowed the Process-control screens that allowed the users to send commands to a system users to send commands to a system

In modern systems most users work with In modern systems most users work with varied mix of input, screen output, and data varied mix of input, screen output, and data queriesqueries

A variety of user interfaces can be used, some A variety of user interfaces can be used, some interfaces are particularly well suited to interfaces are particularly well suited to inexperienced users, such as natural inexperienced users, such as natural language, question and answer, menus, form-language, question and answer, menus, form-fill and web-based form-fill. Command fill and web-based form-fill. Command language is better suited with experienced language is better suited with experienced usersusers

Combinations of interfaces can be extremely Combinations of interfaces can be extremely effectiveeffective



Sequence SummarySequence Summary In this Sequence we haveIn this Sequence we have

Defined the term user interfaceDefined the term user interface Discussed the evolution of the user interfaceDiscussed the evolution of the user interface Defined and discussed the term human-computer Defined and discussed the term human-computer

interaction (HCI) interaction (HCI) Explained the user rights cited by Dr. Karat Explained the user rights cited by Dr. Karat Explained the concept of user interface design and Explained the concept of user interface design and

human-computer interactionhuman-computer interaction Discussed several types of user interfaces include: Discussed several types of user interfaces include:

Natural-language interfacesNatural-language interfaces Question-and-answer interfacesQuestion-and-answer interfaces A menu interfaceA menu interface Form-fill interfacesForm-fill interfaces Command-language interfacesCommand-language interfaces Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)



ReferenceReference

[1] System Analysis and Design, Sixth Edition[1] System Analysis and Design, Sixth Edition Authors: Gary B. Shelly, Thomas J. Cashman and Harry J. Authors: Gary B. Shelly, Thomas J. Cashman and Harry J.

Rosenblatt Rosenblatt Publisher: SHELLY CASHMAN SEWIES.Publisher: SHELLY CASHMAN SEWIES.

[2] system analysis and design, sixth edition[2] system analysis and design, sixth edition Authors: Kenneth E. Kendall and Julie E. KendallAuthors: Kenneth E. Kendall and Julie E. Kendall Publisher: Prentice HallPublisher: Prentice Hall

[3] Modern Systems Analysis and Design Third Edition[3] Modern Systems Analysis and Design Third Edition Authors: Jeffrey A. Hoffer , Joey F. George, Joseph S. Authors: Jeffrey A. Hoffer , Joey F. George, Joseph S.

ValacichValacich Publisher: prentice hall Publisher: prentice hall

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