SYSTEMATIC APPROACH AND STRATEGIES
FOR BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING
(BIM) ADOPTION IN THE JORDANIAN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
MOHAMMAD (AL-DIABAT AL-BTOUSH)
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate
in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of
Science in Civil Engineering.
(Supervisor’s Signature)
Full Name :
Position :
Date :
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for
quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has
not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti
Malaysia Pahang or any other institutions.
(Student’s Signature)
Full Name : MOHAMMAD (AL-DIABAT AL-BTOUSH)
Position : PAC15001
Date : 6 June 2018
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH AND STRATEGIES FOR BUILDING INFORMATION
MODELLING (BIM) ADOPTION IN THE JORDANIAN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
MOHAMMAD (AL-DIABAT AL-BTOUSH)
Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy of Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
June 2018
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Ahmad Tarmizi Haron and Dr.I Putu
Mandiartha, Dr. Majdee Khresha for their enormous assistance. Many thanks to Dr.
Ibrahim Farouqa, Dr. Suliman, Dr. Arkam and Dr. Abdullah Khawaldeh for joining the
focus group meetings to validate the results of this research.
Many thanks to the Malaysian government representatives who decided to support this
practical research by sending BIM experts in order to spread BIM technology in the
Jordanian construction industry.
To my great mother, and my lovely wife who took care of my children while I am away
from Jordan; many thanks.
Furthermore, I would also like to express my biggest appreciation to all companies and
participants who were involved in the case studies and answering the questionnaire.
I would never forget my brother Jaafar who looked after me over the period of three
years I spent in the most beautiful country I have ever visited, Malaysia.
To my father's soul.
THANK YOU ALL.
iii
ABSTRAK
Kebanyakan negara menganggap industri pembinaan sebagai salah satu industri yang
paling mencabar. Masalah-masalah utama yang dihadapi oleh kebanyakan syarikat
pembinaan ini telah menyebabkan kadar penurunan prestasi dari semasa ke semasa yang
semakin membimbangkan. Antara punca-punca yang menyebabkan hal ini berlaku
termasuklah komunikasi yang tidak berkesan dan keadaan persekitaran yang kurang
pendedahan berkaitan dengan sektor pembinaan. Di Jordan, industri pembinaan
merupakan salah satu sektor ekonomi Jordan yang sangat penting. Pada tahun 2014,
industri pembinaan menyumbang kira-kira 5.8 peratus kepada Keluaran Dalam Negara
Kasar (KDNK) Jordan, yang mencatatkan peratusan lebih tinggi daripada sektor
pertanian, elektrik dan air. Walaubagaimanapun, industri pembinaan di Jordan
menghadapi isu kekurangan produktiviti disebabkan oleh kadar kelewatan yang
berulangkali dalam menyelesaikan projek pembinaan dan lebihan kos pengeluaran. Di
sebalik itu, terdapat banyak kajian mengenai penggunaan pemodelan maklumat
bangunan (BIM) telah dijalankan di pelbagai negara termasuk Norway, Finland,
Sweden, Jerman, Malaysia, Singapura, Perancis, Amerika Syarikat, Australia, dan
United Kingdom di mana BIM telah membuktikan keupayaan untuk membangunkan
integrasi maklumat, aliran proses perniagaan, produktiviti, dan mengurangkan kesulitan,
ketidakpastian, konflik, dan perpecahan, antara satu sama lain. BIM adalah suatu
pembaharuan terkini yang menjanjikan kemajuan dalam prosedur-prosedur pembinaan
dan perkembangan teknologi dalam sektor AEC. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk
menyediakan pembangunan sokongan bagi memastikan industri pembinaan di Jordan
lebih maju dengan mengaplikasikan rangka kerja BIM. Setiap kontraktor, pemilik dan
para perunding boleh menggunakan rangka kerja ini untuk menilai dan memahami
tahap kesediaan dan keterbukaan mereka untuk mengaplikasikan BIM. Untuk mencapai
objektif ini, kajian yang berkaitan telah dikelaskan secara komprehensif kepada dua
konteks. Konteks yang pertama adalah dari segi industri pembinaan di Jordan, dalam
meneroka kriteria terbaru bagi proses pembinaan dan cabaran berkaitan dengan tempat.
Konteks yang kedua adalah dari segi teknologi BIM, konsep, aplikasi, pembangunan,
keadaan penggunaan, dan proses yang paling tepat untuk memilih rangka kerja untuk
penggunaan BIM dari kesemua sumber yang disenaraikan. Bagi menguji keberkesanan
rangka kerja yang dipilih, penyelidikan menggunakan kaedah pendekatan kualitatif dan
15 temubual separa berstruktur telah dijalankan dengan beberapa organisasi pembinaan
terkemuka dalam industri pembinaan di Jordan. Tiga tahap kesahihan dan
kebolehpercayaan pemeriksaan dilakukan; Tahap pertama adalah bengkel secara
berkumpulan di mana penyelidik membincangkan hasil keputusan dengan empat pakar
dalam sektor pembinaan yang telah mencadangkan beberapa pengubahsuaian berkaitan
komponen pengguna dalam rangka kerja teori, diikuti oleh tahap kedua kesahihan di
mana 228 kajian secara soal selidik telah dijawab oleh organisasi-organisasi pembinaan
yang terlibat. Hasil keputusan dianalisis menggunakan teknik pemodelan persamaan
berstruktur di mana salah satu hipotesis ditolak dan pelarasan kedua mengenai
komponen rangka kerja konseptual diambil alih. Pemeriksaan kesahihan yang terakhir
telah dilakukan dengan membincangkan mengenai rangka kerja konseptual dengan tiga
tonggak utama dalam bidang pembinaan di Jordan iaitu Kementerian Kerja Awam dan
Perumahan, persatuan kontraktor pembinaan Jordan dan persatuan jurutera Jordan bagi
mendapatkan hasil kesimpulan yang paling terbaik. Hasil penemuan menunjukkan
bahawa penggunaan BIM di kalangan organisasi pembinaan di Jordan masih di
peringkat pra-BIM di mana ia menghadapi banyak halangan dan cabaran seperti
iv
kurangnya kesedaran berkaitan BIM, pusat latihan, pakar BIM, sokongan kerajaan,
sumber kewangan dan ketahanan terhadap sesuatu perubahan. Kajian ini mencadangkan
pengaplikasian rangka kerja BIM yang praktikal yang diakui dan disahkan oleh pakar
utama dalam industri pembinaan di mana ia diharapkan boleh menyokong dan
mempercepatkan operasi penggunaan BIM di kalangan industri pembinaan Jordan
secara menyeluruh.
Selain itu, rangka kerja yang dicadangkan boleh digunakan sebagai penanda aras untuk
mengukur kesediaan sesebuah organisasi untuk mengaplikasi teknologi BIM. Ia juga
telah dirujuk dari kajian kesusasteraan terdahulu (dan kemudian disahkan oleh hasil
temubual dan soal selidik) bahawa beberapa masalah yang dihadapi oleh industri
pembinaan Jordan adalah: rekabentuk yang kurang baik, penjadualan dan perancangan
yang tidak tersusun, perubahan arahan, kekurangan kakitangan teknikal yang kompetitif
dan komunikasi yang tidak berkesan antara satu sama lain, yang membawa kepada isu-
isu seperti masalah dana dan ketepatan masa yang dijanjikan. Kebanyakan peserta
sebulat suara bersetuju mengenai penggunaan ITC dalam perniagaan mereka telah
meningkatkan kecekapan mereka, menjimatkan masa dan mengurangkan kos.
Walaubagaimanapun, hasil penemuan ini adalah berbeza daripada BIM. Kebanyakan
pakar dari industri pembinaan menyedari mengenai kewujudan BIM tetapi tidak pernah
mengaplikasikannya dalam amalan harian. Ada juga yang mengetahui kelebihan BIM,
tetapi majoritinya menyatakan bahawa mereka tidak mempunyai pengetahuan tentang
BIM. Dalam erti kata lain, kajian ini mendedahkan bahawa pakar-pakar yang
mengetahui tentang BIM dalam lingkungan usia 30 hingga 49 tahun. Kebanyakan orang
yang lebih berumur tidak berminat dalam mempelajari proses baru. Jurutera-jurutera
baru juga tidak mepunyai pengetahuan mengenai BIM. Penyelidikan ini mencadangkan
agar pendedahan hasil kajian ini boleh dijadikan sebagai rujukan dan piawaian terbaik
dalam penerimaan BIM. Piawaian penerimaan ini dapat membantu sesebuah organisasi
untuk mengiktiraf keupayaan BIM dan menilai kesediaan mereka untuk mengamalkan
BIM. Di samping itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesedaran semasa
mengenai BIM dengan mencatatkan tahap kebimbangan berkaitan dengan BIM dan
pengaplikasiannya dari sudut pandangan organisasi pembinaan. Selain itu, keputusan
yang dibuat dalam kajian ini dapat membantu sektor industri bagi menyelesaikan
masalah pengaplikasian BIM dalam situasi di Jordan. Akhir sekali, kajian ini dapat
disimpulkan mempunyai kepentingan yang bermanfaat kepada sektor pembinaan
disebabkan oleh ketiadaan model yang bersesuaian untuk mengaplikasi BIM dalam
situasi latar belakang pembinaan Jordan pada masa kini.
v
ABSTRACT
Many countries consider the construction industry as one of the most challenging
industries. The major problems facing construction companies and have ardently caused
its low performance improvements over the years cannot be overemphasized. Among
others, the causes include poor communications and exceptional fragmented
environment relating to the construction sector. The Jordanian construction industry is a
very crucial segment of Jordan’s economy. In 2014, it contributed about 5.8% to the
gross domestic product (GDP) of Jordan, which is more than the agricultural, electricity
and water sectors. However, the construction industry in Jordan faces low productivity
issue which is obviously due to repeated delays in the construction project besides cost
overrun. On the other hand, many studies on the adoption of building information
modelling (BIM) have been conducted in various countries including Norway, Finland,
Sweden, Germany, Malaysia, Singapore, France, USA, Australia, and UK where BIM
has proven the capabilities to develop information integration, business process flow,
productivity, and reduce complexities, uncertainties, conflicts, and fragmentations,
among others. BIM is the latest development which is a promising, an evolving
procedural and technological shift within the AEC sector. This research is aimed to
provide support development in the Jordanian construction industry practice by
developing a BIM adoption framework. The contractors, owners and consultants can
use this framework to assess and comprehend how ready they are for BIM adoption. To
meet this aim, related literature was comprehensively elaborated in two contexts. The
first context was the Jordan construction industry in order to explore the current criteria
for construction practice and spot-related challenges. The second context was BIM
technology, the concept, practice, development, adoption condition, and best practices
to select the theoretical framework for BIM adoption from the best practices list. To
conceptualize the selected theoretical adoption framework, the research followed a
qualitative approach and 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with the leading
construction organizations in the Jordanian construction industry. Three levels of
validity and reliability checks were performed; the first level was a focus group
workshop where the researcher discussed the results with four construction experts who
suggested some adjustments regarding the drivers’ components in the theoretical
framework, followed by the second level of validity where 228 questionnaires were
answered by construction organizations. The results were analyzed using the structured
equation modelling technique where one of the hypotheses were rejected and a second
adjustment regarding the conceptual framework components took place. The last
validity check was done by discussing the conceptual framework with the three major
industry players in Jordan i.e. the ministry of public work and housing, the Jordanian
construction contractors association and the Jordanian engineers association to generate
the finalized adoption framework. Findings revealed that the adoption of BIM among
construction organizations in Jordan is still at the pre-BIM stage where it faces barriers
and confronts challenges such as, but not restricted to, the lack of BIM awareness,
training centers, BIM specialists, government support, and financial resources, and
resistance to change. This study proposed a practical conceptual BIM adoption
framework validated by the construction industry key players where it is expected to
support and accelerate the adoption operation amongst the Jordanian construction
industry significantly. Moreover, the proposed adoption framework could be used as a
benchmarking tool to measure the organizations’ readiness to adopt BIM technology.
vi
It had been observed from previous literatures (and later confirmed by the interviews
and questionnaire results) that some of the problems faced by Jordanian construction
industry are: poor design, poor scheduling and planning, change orders, lack of
competitive technical staff and ineffective communications among others, leading to
issues such as cost and time overruns.
Most of the participants approved that the use of ITC on their business increase their
efficiency, saving time and decreasing cost. Nonetheless, the finding is different from
that of the BIM. Numerous specialists from the construction body are aware of BIM but
never applied it in practice. Also, some were familiar of the advantages of BIM, but
majority stated they had no knowledge of BIM. In the same way, this study exposed that
those experts who knew about BIM were in the age of 30-49. The people of older ages
are uninterested in learning a new process. The fresh engineers have no idea about BIM.
The research proposed an expository revision that asset the best predictable adoption
standards for BIM adoption. The adoption standards would help the firms to recognize
the BIM field of capability and assess their present ability to adopt BIM.
Moreover, the study supposed to increase the present awareness on BIM by recording
concerns associated with BIM adopting from the construction organizations viewpoint.
Furthermore, the results concluded in this study could assist the industry sector to
realize the BIM adoption problem inside the situation of Jordan.
This research supposed to have a significant importance to the construction sector by
reason of the absenteeism of a suitable model to adopt BIM in regard of the Jordanian
construction background.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION
TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRAK iii
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Aims and Objectives 4
1.4 Research scope 5
1.4.1 Project lifecycle: Design phase 5
1.4.2 Research context: Owner, contractors, and supervising
construction organisations 6
1.4.3 Respondent: Project managers and top management 6
1.4.4 Exploration area: Process, technology, people, and policy 7
1.5 Research Significance 7
1.6 Research Outline 8
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 The Background of Jordan 11
2.2.1 The background of Jordanian economy 11
2.2.2 The background of Jordanian construction industry 13
2.2.3 The challenges in the Jordanian construction industry 17
2.3 Building Information Modelling 19
2.3.1 Definition of Building Information Modelling 19
2.3.2 The concept of building information modelling 21
viii
2.3.3 Building Information Modelling in construction lifecycle 23
2.3.4 Benefits of BIM (Design phase) 26
2.3.5 The evolution of BIM 27
2.3.6 Overview of BIM maturity measurement tools 28
2.3.7 BIM adoption – Global Strategies 33
2.3.8 Overview of BIM adoption frameworks 38
2.3.9 Theoretical framework for BIM adoption 43
2.4 Study philosophy 44
2.4.1 Epistemology 45
2.4.2 Axiology 46
2.5 Philosophical stance of this research 46
2.6 Research Approach 47
2.6.1 Deductive approach 47
2.6.2 Inductive approach 47
2.7 Strategy of Inquiry 47
2.8 Rezoning of the Research 49
2.9 Research Method 49
2.10 Summary 51
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 52
3.1 Introduction 52
3.2 Choosing the Research Methodology 56
3.3 Selection of the Survey Study Criteria 56
3.4 Data Collection Technique 57
3.4.1 Literature 57
3.4.2 Interviews 57
3.4.3 Questionnaire 58
3.5 Structure of the Interviews and Questionnaire 58
3.6 Sampling 59
3.6.1 Sampling techniques 59
3.7 Data Analysis 60
3.8 Summary 61
ix
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 62
4.1 Introduction 62
4.2 Interviews Process 62
4.2.1 Study limitations 66
4.3 Interviews Results 67
4.3.1 Construction industry challenges 67
4.3.2 Construction industry challenges ranking 67
4.3.3 BIM adoption 68
4.4 Conceptual Framework Development 79
4.4.1 Introduction 79
4.4.2 Conceptual adoption framework 81
4.5 Summary of the Interviews Findings 84
4.6 Findings Ranking (R3-1) 85
4.6.1 Construction industry challenges ranking 85
4.6.2 BIM adoption challenges &Barriers ranking 85
4.6.3 BIM Drivers ranking 86
4.7 Difference between theoretical and conceptual frameworks 86
4.8 Summary of Conceptual Framework 88
4.9 Summary 89
CHAPTER 5 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE STUDY 90
5.1 Introduction 90
5.2 Qualitative Research Evaluation 91
5.2.1 Triangulation 93
5.2.2 Presenting discrepant or negative information 93
5.2.3 Rich descriptions 93
5.2.4 Member Checking 94
5.2.5 Description of In-Depth Methodological 94
5.2.6 Peer Debriefing 94
5.3 Study Validation Technique 94
5.3.1 Research hypothesis 95
5.3.2 Triangulation theoretical framework 95
5.3.3 Research model 96
5.3.4 Data analysis 98
x
5.3.5 Pilot test 98
5.3.6 An overview on Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) 102
5.4 Farther Validity Technique 104
5.4.1 Focus group meetings 104
5.4.2 Online survey 104
5.5 Summary 104
CHAPTER 6 QUESTIONNAIRE DATA ANALYSIS & FINDINGS 105
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 Construct Measures and Variables 106
6.3 Data Screening 106
6.3.1 Replacing missing values 106
6.3.2 Removing outliers 106
6.3.3 Assessment of the data normality 108
6.4 Sample Profile 110
6.5 Measurement Model (CFA) – Stage 1 of SEM 111
6.5.1 Overall CFA model for research model 1 111
6.5.2 Overall CFA model for research model 2 115
6.6 Descriptive Analysis 119
6.7 Structural Models - Stage 2 of SEM 120
6.7.1 Structural model for research model 1 121
6.7.2 Structural model for research model 2 124
6.8 Finalise Framework for BIM adoption in the Jordanian construction
industry 129
6.8.1 Rejected hypothesis 130
6.8.2 Matching findings with problem statement 130
6.9 Findings Ranking (R3-2) 134
6.9.1 Construction industry challenges ranking 134
6.9.2 BIM adoption challenges &Barriers ranking 134
6.9.3 BIM Drivers ranking 135
6.10 Summary 135
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 137
7.1 Introduction 137
xi
7.2 Summary of the Main Findings 138
7.3 Main Findings Ranking 141
7.4 BIM adoption elements covered in this study (Finalised Framework). 142
7.4.1 Challenges 142
7.4.2 Drivers 143
7.4.3 Strategies 143
7.4.4 Firm Readiness 143
7.5 Research Limitations 144
7.6 Research Novelty and Contribution 144
7.7 Practical Framework 146
7.8 Future Research 146
7.9 Recommendations 147
7.10 Summary 147
REFERENCES 148
Appendix A Initial CFA Model for Research Model 1 156
Appendix B Questionnaire Questions 157
Appendix C Interview Structure 166
Appendix D List of Publications 167
Appendix E PLS Output Excel Structural Model 168
Appendix F pictures gallary 172
Appendix G typical calculation 176
Appendix H past researcher results 181
Appendix I questionnaire sample 182
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Number of Establishments in the biggest three cities in Jordan
(2013 – 2014)
14
Table 2.2 Total Registered Capitals for Establishments Operating in the
Construction Industry Sector in 2013 – 2014 (Million Dinars)
15
Table 2.3 Main Indicators of Construction Sector (2013 – 2016)
16
Table 2.4 Output of the Jordanian Construction Industry in (JD m)
(2012-2016)
17
Table 2.5 BIM use within design phase
26
Table 2.6 Summary of the main strengths and main weaknesses for each
tool
31
Table 2.7 The difference between qualitative and quantitative research 48
Table 2.8 Differences between deductive and inductive approaches 49
Table 4.1 Background of Participants
64
Table 4.2 Construction industry challenges ranking
68
Table 4.3 Findings Summary for BIM benefits & and the design tools
used in Jordan construction
72
Table 4.4 Findings Summary
85
Table 5.1 Evaluating Qualitative research
92
Table 5.2 Validity and Credibility
92
Table 5.3 Research Hypotheses Codes and Descriptions
95
Table 5.4 Calculating Validity of the Questions according to 5 Experts’
Answers
99
Table 5.5 Results of Reliability Tests upon the Feedback from 30
Respondents as Pilot Study
102
Table 6.1 List of Constructs and Measurement Items
106
Table 6.2 Result of Univariate Outlier Based on Standardized values
107
Table 6.3 Assessment of Normality of All Items
108
xiii
Table 6.4 Sample Profile
110
Table 6.5 Results of Cronbach Alpha and Convergent Validity for
Research Model 1 CFA Model
112
Table 6.6 Discriminant validity of Modified CFA Model for Research
Model 1
114
Table 6.7 Discriminant validity of Modified CFA Model for Research
Model 2
115
Table 6.8 Results of Descriptive Statistic for Variables
119
Table 6.9 Examining Results of Hypothesized Direct Effects of the
Constructs in Structural Model 1
123
Table 6.10 Examining Results of Hypothesized Direct Effects of the
Constructs in Structural Model 2
125
Table 7.1 Main Findings Ranking (Interview: - 12 interviewees) 141
Table 7.2 Main Findings Ranking (Questionnaire: - 228 Respondents) 141
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Growth rate of GDP 13
Figure 2.3 BIM utilization through the project lifecycle 24
Figure 2.4 BIM utilization through the project lifecycle 24
Figure 2.5 Mcleamy curve to control cost of design change 25
Figure 2.7 Adoption model phases 40
Figure 2.8 Diffusion areas model 41
Figure 2.9 The Macro-Maturity Components model 42
Figure 2.10 Finland Implementation Framework 43
Figure 2.11 Theoretical framework for BIM adoption in the construction
industry 44
Figure 3.1 Nested research methodology approach 53
Figure 3.2 Other nested research methodology approaches 54
Figure 3.3 Research process flow 55
Figure 4.1 Construction industry challenges (Interviews results) 67
Figure 4.2 BIM Status in Jordan Construction industry (The first portion of
the conceptual framework) 69
Figure 4.4 BIM Benefits 71
Figure 4.5 Willing to Adopt BIM 72
Figure 4.7 BIM adoption drivers (The third portion of the conceptual
framework) 75
Figure 4.9 Organization Readiness (The fifth portion of the conceptual
framework) & Ranking 78
Figure 4.10 Status-quo cycle inhibiting technology 79
Figure 4.11 Recursive development cycle 80
Figure 4.12 Conceptualizing theoretical framework (challenges and barriers) 81
Figure 4.14 Conceptual Framework 83
Figure 4.15 Construction industry challenges ranking 85
xv
Figure 4.16 BIM adoption challenges &Barriers ranking 85
Figure 4.17 BIM drivers ranking 86
Figure 4.18 Difference between theoritical and conceptual framework 87
Figure 5.1 Triangulation Theoretical Framework 96
Figure 5.3 Research Hypotheses in Research Model 2 98
Figure 6.1 Modified CFA and Structural Model for Research Model 1 117
Figure 6.2 Modified CFA and Structural Model for Research Model 2 118
Figure 6.3 Means and Standard Variations of All Variables 120
Figure 6.5 PLS Analysis of the Structural Model 2 125
Figure 6.6 Finalise Framework 129
Figure 6.9 BIM adoption challenges &Barriers ranking 134
Figure 6.10 BIM drivers ranking 135
Figure 7.1 Modified CFA and Structural Model for Research Model 1 142
Figure 7.2 Modified CFA and Structural Model for Research Model 1 143
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AEC Architecture, Engineering and Construction
AIA American Institute of Architects
ANZRS The 'Australian and New Zealand Revit Standards’
AVE Average Variance Extracted
B Billion
BIM Building Information Modelling
BIMADP BIM Adoption
BIMAW BIM Awareness
BIMCP BIM Capability
BIMCS Building Information Modelling Cloud Score
BIMUND BIM Understanding
BPI BIM Proficiency Index
BRR Barriers
BRRCHL Barriers and Challenges
CBJ Central Bank of Jordan
CFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis
C.R Construct Reliability
CPI Price Index
EFA Exploratory Factor Analysis
GDP Gross Domestic Product
HUDC Housing and Urban Development Corporation
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IFC Industry Foundation Classes
IDM Information Delivery Manuals
IPD Integrated Project Delivery
JD Jordan Dinar
JCCA Jordan Construction Contractors Association
JEA Jordan Engineers Association
LOD Level of details
MENA Middle East and North Africa
MDV Model View Definitions
MEP AUS Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Australia
MPWH Ministry of Public Work and Housing
NATSPEC National Specification
NBIMS The National Building Information Model Standard
PLS Partial Least Squares
PDM Project Document Management
ROI Return on Investment
SEM Structural Equation Modelling
UK United Kingdom
USA United States of America
VDC Virtual Design and Construction
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
H Hypothesis
P Probability
R² Construct’s percent variation
T The size of the difference relative to the variation in the sample
V validity
148
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