2020. 02. 18.

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UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – BUDAPEST

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL BREEDING NUTRITION AND LABORATORY

ANIMAL SCIENCE

SECTION FOR ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS

Subject: Animal Breeding

1st lecture: Horse breeding introduction

Subjects

I. Semester (fall):

VETERINARY GENETICS

II. Semester (spring):

ANIMAL BREEDING

Locations

• Department:

Building „J” 3rd floor

Lectures and practical/lab:

„Lecture hall Béla TORMAY”

ground floor

J

THE STAFF

(Animal Breeding)

1. GÁSPÁRDY András, assoc. Prof., Dr. habil. and head of dept: both

theoretical and practical: horse, cattle, sheep and goat, pig, poultry, chairman of

exam commission.

2. MARÓTI-AGÓTS Ákos, assoc. Prof., Dr. habil. And deputy head of dept.:

both theoretical and practical: horse, cattle, dog and cat breeding, examiner.

3. ZENKE Petra, research fellow , PhD:

Both theoretical and practical: pig and poultry

4. SZMODITS Zsolt, Dept. Vet., horse, tutor for English course education

5. KŐRÖSI László, Poultry Vet., Hon. assoc. Prof. poultry

THE STAFF

(Animal Breeding)

1. GÁSPÁRDY András, assoc. Prof., Dr. habil. and head of dept: both theoretical and

practical: horse, cattle, sheep and goat, pig, poultry, chairman of exam commission.

2. MARÓTI-AGÓTS Ákos, assoc. Prof., Dr. habil. And deputy head of dept.:

both theoretical and practical: horse, cattle, dog and cat breeding, examiner.

3. ZENKE Petra, research fellow , PhD:

Both theoretical and practical: pig and poultry

4. SZMODITS Zsolt, Dept. Vet., horse, tutor for English course education

5. KŐRÖSI László, Poultry Vet., Hon. assoc. Prof. poultry

hours Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

07:15

8:00

18:15

9:00 Állattenyésztéstanplen gyak 1

II/1-2-3-4. csop

Állattenyésztés (német)

plen gyak 2

II/5-6-7-8. csop29:15

10:00

310:15

11:00 Állattenyésztéstanplen gyak 2

II/5-6-7-8. csop

Állattenyésztés (német)

II. évf

Animal breeding(plenary lab)

II/1. Groups 1-2

Állattenyésztés (német)

II. évfAnimal breeding

(plenary lab)

II/2. Groups 8-104

11:15

12:00

512:15

13:00 Állattenyésztés (német)

plen gyak 1

II/1-2-3-4. csop

ANIMAL BREEDING

(LECTURE)

II/1. CLASS-A

ANIMAL BREEDING

(LECTURE)

II/1. CLASS-AAnimal breeding

(plenary lab)

II/1. Groups 3-46

13:15

14:00

714:15

15:00

Állattenyésztéstan

II. évf

ANIMAL BREEDING

(LECTURE)

II/2. CLASS-B

Animal breeding(plenary lab)

II/2. Groups 5-78

15:15

16:00

ANIMAL BREEDING

(LECTURE)

II/2. CLASS-B

916:15

17:00

1017:15

18:00

English courses

2020. 02. 18.

2

Week Date Lecture (2+1 hours/week) Date Plenary Practical

1. 04.02.

06.02.

G.A.: Horse breeding introduction, evolution,

domestication (2h)

Sz.Zs.: Use of horses (1h)

05.02.

07.02.

G.A.: Horse age determination

2. 11.02.

13.02.

M.Á.: Horse breeds (warm blooded, cold blooded,

ponies, types) and donkey, horse breeding methods, (2h)

Sz.Zs.: Horse important traits, breeding value estimation

(1h)

12.02.

14.02.

Sz.Zs.: Horse breeding, foal’s raising, keeping

conditions

3. 18.02.

20.02.

M.Á.: Horse reproduction, genetic diseases (2h)

G.A.: Horse colour inheritance and genotyping (1h)

19.02.

21.02.

M.Á.: Dairy cattle breeds and their recognition

4. 25.02.

27.02.

G.A.: Cattle breeding introduction, Dairy traits (2h)

G.A.: Dairy traits continued (1h)

26.02.

28.02.

G.A.: Dairy cattle technology, milk production and

hygiene

5. 03.03.

05.03.

G.A.: Breeding value estimation of dairy cattle (2h)

G.A.: Breeding value estimation of beef cattle (1h)

04.03.

06.03.

M.Á.: Beef and dual purpose cattle breeds and

their recognition

6. 10.03.

12.03.

M.Á.: Beef cattle traits (2h)

G.A.: Methods of cattle breeding (1h)

11.03.

13.03.

M.Á.: Beef cattle technology

7. 17.03.

19.03.

G.A.: Sheep and goat introduction (2h)

G.A.: Sheep and goat traits (1h)

18.03.

20.03.

G.A.: Sheep and goat technology (breeds used)

8. 24.03.

26.03.

G.A.: Cattle, sheep and goat reproduction, and genetic

diseases (2h)

G.A.: Sheep and goat breeds, breeding methods breeds

(1h)

25.03.

27.03.

G.A.: Wool classification and evaluation

9. 31.03.

02.04.

G.A.: Pig introduction (2h)

G.A.: pig traits and breeding value estimation (1h)

01.04.

03.04.

Z.P.: Pig breeds and their recognition

10. 06.04.

10.04.

HOLIDAY (DEAN) 06.04-10.04. HOLIDAY

11. 14.04.-

16.04.

Z.P.: Pig breeds and breeding methods (2h)

G.A: Pig reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)

15.04.

17.04.

G.A.: Pig technology

12. 21.04.

23.04.

M.Á.: Dog breeding (2h)

M.Á.: Dog reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)

22.04.

24.04.

M.Á.: Dog breeds and their recognition

13. 28.04.

30.04.

M.Á.: Cat breeding (2h)

M.Á.: Cat reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)

29.04.

01.05.

M.Á.: Cat breeds and their recognition

14. 05.05.

07.05.

G.A.: Hen breeding (egg production) (2h)

K.L.: Hen breeding (broiler production) (1h)

06.05.

08.05.

G.A.: Hen technologies, breeds, hybrids and their

recognition

15. 12.05.

14.05.

Z.P.: Ducks and goose breeding (2h)

Z.P.: Turkey and pigeon breeding (1h)

13.05.

15.05.

Z.P.: Water poultry, turkey and pigeon

technologies, species, breeds, hybrids and their

recognition

Class A

Week Date Lecture (2+1 hours/week) Date Plenary Practical

1. 04.02.

06.02.

G.A.: Horse breeding introduction, evolution, domestication (2h)

Sz.Zs.: Use of horses (1h)

05.02.

07.02.

G.A.: Horse age determination

2. 11.02.

13.02.

M.Á.: Horse breeds (warm blooded, cold blooded, ponies, types)

and donkey, horse breeding methods, (2h)

Sz.Zs.: Horse important traits, breeding value estimation (1h)

12.02.

14.02.

Sz.Zs.: Horse breeding, foal’s raising, keeping

conditions

3. 18.02.

20.02.

M.Á.: Horse reproduction, genetic diseases (2h)

G.A.: Horse colour inheritance and genotyping (1h)

19.02.

21.02.

M.Á.: Dairy cattle breeds and their recognition

4. 25.02.

27.02.

G.A.: Cattle breeding introduction, Dairy traits (2h)

G.A.: Dairy traits continued (1h)

26.02.

28.02.

G.A.: Dairy cattle technology, milk production

and hygiene

5. 03.03.

05.03.

G.A.: Breeding value estimation of dairy cattle (2h)

G.A.: Breeding value estimation of beef cattle (1h)

04.03.

06.03.

M.Á.: Beef and dual purpose cattle breeds and

their recognition

6. 10.03.

12.03.

M.Á.: Beef cattle traits (2h)

G.A.: Methods of cattle breeding (1h)

11.03.

13.03.

M.Á.: Beef cattle technology

7. 17.03.

19.03.

G.A.: Sheep and goat introduction (2h)

G.A.: Sheep and goat traits (1h)

18.03.

20.03.

G.A.: Sheep and goat technology (breeds used)

8. 24.03.

26.03.

G.A.: Cattle, sheep and goat reproduction, and genetic diseases

(2h)

G.A.: Sheep and goat breeds, breeding methods breeds (1h)

25.03.

27.03.

G.A.: Wool classification and evaluation

9. 31.03.

02.04.

G.A.: Pig introduction (2h)

G.A.: pig traits and breeding value estimation (1h)

01.04.

03.04.

Z.P.: Pig breeds and their recognition

10. 06.04.

10.04.

HOLIDAY (DEAN) 06.04.

10.04.

HOLIDAY

11. 14.04.-

16.04.

Z.P.: Pig breeds and breeding methods (2h)

G.A: Pig reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)

15.04.

17.04.

G.A.: Pig technology

12. 21.04.

23.04.

M.Á.: Dog breeding (2h)

M.Á.: Dog reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)

22.04.

24.04.

M.Á.: Dog breeds and their recognition

13. 28.04.

30.04.

M.Á.: Cat breeding (2h)

M.Á.: Cat reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)

29.04.

01.05.

M.Á.: Cat breeds and their recognition

14. 05.05.

07.05.

G.A.: Hen breeding (egg production) (2h)

K.L.: Hen breeding (broiler production) (1h)

06.05.

08.05.

G.A.: Hen technologies, breeds, hybrids and

their recognition

15. 15.05.

16.05.

Z.P.: Ducks and goose breeding (2h)

Z.P.: Turkey and pigeon breeding (1h)

13.05.

15.05.

Z.P.: Water poultry, turkey and pigeon

technologies, species, breeds, hybrids and their

recognition

Class B

TANTÁRGYI_TEMATIKA_Animal_breeding_ANGOL_2019-2020-

2_spring.pdfEducation

Summer practical

(extramural farm work)

responsible lecturer for English course student:

Dr. Zsolt SZMODITS, szmodits.zsolt@univet.hu

Ildiko KOVÁCS, kovacs.ildiko@univet.hu

Contact persons

(class representatives)

• Name: van Eijk Victoria Elizabeth

• E-mail: vic.vaneijk@gmail.com

• Phone:

Recommended literature:

- text book (ed. L. Zöldág)

- Power.point presentations

- lecture notes

- practical notes

Understanding Animal Breeding

Richard M. Bourdon

Second Edition, 2014

Pearson ISBN 10: 1-292-04003-3

2020. 02. 18.

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- Exam within the exam period which consists of two (practical

and theoretical) parts. At first, students are controlled by a

questionnaire on computer (according to their rapid answers

to basic figures, breeds, tools, wool samples and age

determination, http://gat.univet.hu/hu/node/2189) as a

threshold to enter into the theoretical part. The performance

from 60% is successful.

And then, they choose four questions, and after a preparation

time they answer these orally. All the four questions should

be answered (a single unknown question leads to failure). All

questions are published in advance. In case of failed exam,

students with at least 80% performance in computer test do

not need to repeat the practical part. Time span between the

exam failed and its re-take should exceed 5 days.-

Exam: Eighty questions in oral part:

Topic_list_1_Animal_Breeding_English_2020.pdf

1.

- A ló evolúciója és háziasítása, mikroevolúciós következmények, rokonfajok,

fajhibridek

- Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary consequences,

related species, inter-species hybrids

- Evolution und Domestikation des Pferdes, mikroevolutionäre Konsequenzen,

verwandte Arten, Artenhybride

2.

- A ló szaporodásbiológiai jellemzői és értékszámai (tenyészszezon, csikónevelés)

- Main reproduction features and traits of the horse (breeding season, raising

foals)

- Fortpflanzungsbiologische Merkmale des Pferdes (Zuchtsaison, Fohlenaufzucht)

3.

- Ló típusok, a ló küllembírálata, a fontosabb küllemi hibák

- Horse types, judging of conformation in horse, faults in stand and action

- Pferdetypen, Exterieurbeurteilung beim Pferd, Fehlern im Stehen und Bewegung

Attendance

• The presence on both the lectures and

practicals are obligatory.

by reading the names

Summer Report Guide_Animal_Breeding_2020.pdf

Training_Agreement_2020.pdf

TTRRAAIINNIINNGG AAGGRREEEEMMEENNTT FFOORR SSUUMMMMEERR PPRRAACCTTIICCEE

Between Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science,

University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (DEPARTMENT)

And ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (PARTNER ORGANISATION)

And ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (Hereinafter “the STUDENT”)

WHEREAS the PARTNER ORGANIZATION accepts the STUDENT as an intern

within the framework of this agreement.

The parties agree to the following:

Horse breeding introduction(outline of lecture)

• Horse’s evolution

• Horse’s taxonomy

• Horse’s domestication

• Relatives and interspecies hybrids

• Horse’s biological characteristics

• Names after age and gender

• Sorting of horses

2020. 02. 18.

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Exam question

• 1. Evolution and domestication of the

horse, micro-evolutionary consequences,

related species, inter-species hybrids

Horse’s evolution

• archeologically well documented development,started in North-American continent.

– many transitional species: Eohippus →Mesohippus →Miohippus →Merychippus →Pliohippus →Equus.– cca. 60 million years long process.– major changes: body size, nutrition (omnivorous for herbivorous), tooth, reduction of digits, life mode.

– extinction in North-America.– spread: Eurasia, Africa, then America and Australia

Phenacodus (60 million years ago)

Evolution of horse

The names of the ancestral species

• Eohyppus protohyppus e.Mosbachensis

• Mesohyppus pliohyppus e.Steinheimesis

• Meryrichyppus astrohyppus e.robustus

• Hyracoterium orohyppus e.germanicus

• Aminippus epihyppus e.Przewalskii

• Duchesnehyppus hippidium e.Gmellini

• Plesihyppus nannihippus e.semiplicatus

• Scottihyppus Tauhippus e.francisci

• Lophioteium dinohyppus e.idahoensis

• Miohyppus allohyppus e.excelsus

• Parahyppus amerhyppus e.occidentalis

• Archeohyppus onohippidion e.fraternus

• Anchiterium hyppotigris e.mexicanus

• Hypohyppus e.niobrarensis e.convesidens

• Megahyppus e.pectinatus e.stenonis

• Hypparion e.süssenbornensis e.altidens

• Neohypparion e.Hydrantinus e.graziosii

• e.hydruntinus e.capensis e.oldowayensis

• E.koobifrensis e.tabeti e.melkiensis

• E.algericus e.simplicidens e.caballus

• E.hemionus e.asinus 62 „species”

Eohippus (55 mya)

(Hyracotherium)

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(Orohippus, 50 mya)

(Epihippus, 45 mya)

Mesohippus (35 mya)

Miohippus (30 mya)

Anchitherium (extinct) Hypohippus (extinct)

Parahippus (25 mya) Hypparion (20 mya)

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Merychippus (15 mya) Pliohyppus (10 mya)

Plesippus (3.5 mya)Equus (1 mya)

Equus Przewalskii (Taki)

Equus (1 mya)Equus Gmelinii (Tarpan)

Changes on forefoot bones

Lengthening of radius,

canon bone and

terminal phalanx

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Changes on scull and teethLengthening and

broadening of the

skull,

orientation of post-

orbital bar relative to

horizontal plane,

degree of cranial

flexion,

development of

isthmus on lower

molars, development

of infundibulum on

third lower incisors

Changes in size and weight

The domestic horse and its ancestor

(Tarpan)

Zoological position and taxonomy of the horse

(chromosome numbers)• Phylum Chordata

• Class Mammalia

• Order Perissodactylia (non-ruminant hoofed mammals,

horse, tapir, rhinoceros)

• Family Equidae – Subgenus Equus (horses, species: Equus ferus Boddaert)

• Equus ferus Przewalskii-taki (2n = 66),

• Tarpan (Equus ferus ferus, silvaticus, Forest Horse, germanicus extinct, 2n = ?), extinct

• Equus caballus (domesticated horse, 2n = 64)

– Subgenus Asinus (African ass,): Species:

• Equus asinus/africanus (Nubian and Somali wild ass, chrm. No: 62)

• Domiesticated ass (donkey, Equus africanus, chrm. No: 62)

– Subgenus Hemionus (Equus hemionus, Asian semi-ass, onager, culan, kiang etc) (2n=50-56)

– Subgenus Hippotigris (Zebras, 5 species, 2n chrm. No = 62or 44, or 46)

Masuri-Tarpan

Wild ass

Zebra(South-African Zebra)

Quagga (extinct)

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Onager/Kulan/Dziggetai(Persian/Kirghiz/Mongolian hemionus)

Khur(Indian hemionus)

Kiang(Tibetian hemionus)

Wild ass(Africa, Somali ass)

Domestic donkeyEquine genome

(Number of chromosomes: 2n = 64; n = 32)

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Horse Genome Project (http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horsemap/)

• First genome sequenced: Twilight English Thoroughbred mare (Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y.) (Chowdhary BP, Raudsepp T. The horse genome, Genome Dyn., 2006. 2:97-110.)

• Size: 2.7 billion DNA base pairs.

• First gene map for studying (2006) equine genetic diseases.

• 1 million base mutations: single nucleotide polymorphisms (point mutation, SNP).

• About 80 genetic diseases are comparable to human genetic disorders.

• SNP-s (point mutations) are available: www.broad.mit.edu/mammals/horse/snp or NCBI Single Nucleotide Polymorphism database, dbSNP (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP).

Interspecies-hybridization of equines

Hybridization is possible:

Wild horse (Taki, 2n = 66) ×domestic horse (2n = 64 -fusion);

Domestic horse (2n = 64) ×domestic ass (2n = 62);

Domestic horse (2n = 64) ×Zebra (2n = 62);

Zebra (2n = 62) × domestic ass (2n = 62).

Unfertile offspring!

Used: Mule, hinnies.

Merits: heterosis, power, working, stamina, obedience, heat tolerant, disease resistant.

Przewalski-horse (Taki)

Domestic horse (2n =

64) × domestic ass

(2n = 62);

mulus, mule

hinnus, hinny

Haldane rule:Heterogametic gender is sterile

Zebra (2n = 62) × domestic ass (2n = 62).(zonkey, zedonk, zebrass).

Domestic horse (2n = 64) × Zebra (2n = 62)(mare, horse, 2007)

zorse

Inter-species hybridization of equines - fertility

Wild horse (Przewalski-horse) × domestic horses: successful,fertile offspring;

Horse (domestic, wild) × ass (donkey): successful, not fertile, except rarely the mares;

mule (horse mare),

hinny (she-ass);

Horse × zebras: not fertile (zorses);

Asses × zebras: not fertile (zonkeys, zedonk, zebrass)

Portmanteau words!

Haldane’s rule: primarily the heterogametic sex (male!) is affected by sterility in successful crossing of closely related species.

Heterosis: inter-specific hybrids may show higher strength, endurance, tolerance and resistance to heat and diseases (mainly mules).

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Biotechnology!Hunting of horses from BC 30 000

Domestication of the horse

• Domestication 5-6000 years ago: Central Asia, Persia, Egypt, Europe, to America arrived only after 1492 (by Spanish invaders).

• Historical use of horse: hunting, chariot, carriage, coach, people migration, transport, military use, agriculture, races, sport, hobby, leisure, therapy, recreation, status-symbol…etc.

• Major role in cultural and social development of mankind!

• Ancestors, wild horses:

– Living to date: Przewalski-horse or taki, Mongolian steppes.

– Extinct: Tarpan, West-European, Forest horse.

– Returned to nature: feral horses, Mustang, Bramby - re-domestication possible.

– Features: dun, cream-, grey-coloured, black ridge, eel stripe, standing mane, „missing withers", cross at withers, zebroid stripes on legs, 125-130 cm withers height.

Wild horses:

(1) „Tarpan” from zoos

(Reconstruction as Heck-Horse)

(2) Przewalski-horse (Mongolian

Taki)

Wild horse features: bay dun,

rarely mouse dun, eel stripe

(dorsal line), standing mane,

zebra stripes, height at withers:

125-130 cm

Highland Pony with wild horse features

Fjord horse

Wild colours of the domestic horseMost important genetic consequences of horse

domestication

• 2n chromosome number: fusion of

chromosomes?

– Wild and domestic horse: 66→64, presumption only, not

proved.

– Tarpan (?) is unknown (extinct).

– Ass remained the same: 62.

• New mutations and artificial selection:

– Many new mutations (harmful – genetic diseases,

favourable, desired) → high allelic polymorphism on the

same locus across breeds.

– Diversity has increased (in size, type and colour).

– More then 200 breeds, breed groups and types

(Falabella, Shire, Ponies, Brabant etc).

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Most important phenotype consequences of horse

domestication

• Diversity seen in:– Varied sizes, body builds (heights 50-180 cm), dwarfism;

– Weights (50-1200 kg), heavy, light horses and ponies;

– Many colour variants, temperament, long hair disappeared;

– Less effective feed conversion;

– Accelerated ageing;

– Sensitivity to respiratory diseases, decreased resistance;

– Not well expressed sex dimorphism;

– Sexual activity changed from mono-estrus to seasonal poly-estrus;

– Ability to return to the nature (feral horses, America –Mustang, Australia – Brumby).

Horses show more, asses less diversity and domestication

changes.

Biological characteristics of horse

• Herbivorous, can not ruminate and vomit.

• Odd-toed.

• Loving a group.

• Uniparous.

• Short and long hairs, shedding.

• Vivid, scary, but trainable.

• Escaping lifestyle (frequent ingestion and suckling).

• Large framed.

• Long time periods (slow genetic improvement).

• Dicromatic vision.

Terminology (various sexes, age and life cycle)

• Foal: less than one year old of either sex; nursing foal, suckling, weanling (at 4-6 months of age).

• Yearling: between one and two years.

• Colt: male under the age of four; common error: to call any young horse a colt.

• Filly: female horse under the age of four.

• Mare: female horse four years old and older, brood-mare.

• Stallion: stud, non-castrated male horse four years old and older. A "rig" is a stallion having undescended testicle.

• Gelding: castrated male horse of any age.

• She-ass: jennet,

• He-ass: jack

Horses to distinguish

• Wild horse: the only living species: Equus ferus

Przewalski (taki).

• Domesticated horses: horse breeds and types.

• Feral horses: free-roaming

horses of domesticated ancestry, often are

popularly called as "wild" horses. Feral horses

live in groups called a band, herd, harem, or mob.

• Semiferal horses: live in a feral condition but

may be occasionally handled or managed by

humans.

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Most common feral horses

• Mustang: Europeans (Conquistadors)

reintroduced the horse to the American Continent in

the 15th century, some horses escaped and

formed feral herds known today as Mustangs.

• Brumby: Australia has the largest population of

feral horses in the world (400,000). The Australian

name is the Brumby, feral descendants of horses

brought to Australia by English settlers.

• In Portugal, there are two populations of free-

ranging feral horses, known as Sorraia in the

southern plains and Garrano in the northern

mountain chains.

• There are also isolated populations of feral horses

in a number of other places (Islands of Nova

Scotia, of Virginia and Maryland, of Georgia etc).

Mustang, mestena, the „wild horse” of America (in USA gene

preservation, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico.

Brumby in Australia Sorraia in Portugal

Namib Desert HorseSpreading and influence of Arab, Barb and Spanish

horse breeds

Ancient breeds - Arabs

Spanish and

Spanish blooded breeds

European and Asian

breeds

The English Thoroughbred is unique! World breed, fastest, racing, multinational,

improver (James Weatherby, 1783)

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Horse diversity

Three basic types of

domestic horsesWork, draft

Sport,

racing

Multi-

purpose

The type is not a breed!