T-2159-01-Improve Protection Against Occupational Skin Disease- RFP.pdf

7/28/2019 T-2159-01-Improve Protection Against Occupational Skin Disease- RFP.pdf

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Addenda:

Overall:

Changed page numbering to start from table of content as recommended by instructor Fixed grammar and typos at various sections Added meaningful title to tables and figures as recommended by instructor

Abstract:

Rephrased according to comments and added content to reflect changes made to the RFP.Section 1

Reworded statement of the problem for better clarity Modified concluding sentences to better guide the flow of report

Section 2

More research was done to enrich the content as recommended by instructorSection 3

Changed section title for more clarity as recommended by instructor Added short intro to the section to guide the flow of the document

Section 3.1 Added more research to support credibility of data gathered outside Toronto Added more elaborate explanation of data

Section 3.2 Added more elaborate explanation of data Added transition sentences Ignored comment about identifying most common mode of contact since the data

shows all causes of skin disease has the same mode of contact (direct skin contact)Section 3.3

Modified sentences for format consistency Added explanation for technical terms

Section 4

Added transition sentenceSection 5

Added section 5. All the section numbers after this are pushed downSection 6

Rephrased informal sentences as recommended by instructor, added transition sentencesto guide the flow of the document

Section 7

Added Section 7Section 8

Rewrote the entire section since instructor commented that it was not very strongAppendix C

Added date and location


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Request for Proposal

Improving Protection against Occupational Skin Diseases for

Custodians and Janitors Working for Public Buildings

Abstract:

This Request for Proposal (RFP) seeks to improve the quality of life of janitors and custodians

working for public buildings by improving their health, particularly skin health.

Janitors and custodians are routinely in contact with cleaning chemicals, many of which are

corrosive and or toxic. Accidental skin contacts with these chemicals often result in unpleasant

skin diseases for janitors and custodians. The current protection for janitors come mainly in theform of gloves and aprons, however these protection are often ineffective in protecting against

work-related skin diseases. This is mainly because short gloves often allow entry for liquid

chemicals while long gloves traps perspiration and also cause skin diseases. The most commonly

used material for janitorial gloves, latex, is also an allergen for a sufficiently large portion of the

population.

This RFP will outline a set of requirements for the design of an engineering solution to improve

protection against skin diseases caused by direct contact with janitorial chemicals. There are

several approaches for solving this problem: improving current gloves, designing enclosed

mixing/diluting device and designing shielding device against airborne chemicals. The mainobjective is to improve protection of janitors from skin contact with cleaning chemical. This may

involve improving protection against accidental splash back of liquid chemicals, spillage of

chemicals and leakage through damaged protection apparatus. The solution should attempt to

remedy the flaws in current solutions. The solution should be reasonably affordable to implement

and maintain nimbleness of the users for efficient janitorial work.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction.....2

2. Community Overview........2

3. Details of the Situation .......2

3.1. Validating the Problem.2

3. 2. Skin Conditions and Direct Causes .......3

3.3. Active Ingredients in Cleaning Chemicals .....5

4. Problem Definition .......5

5. Stakeholder.......6

6. Current Solutions..7

6.1. Short Thin Gloves..7

6.2. Long Thick Gloves .....8

7. Possible Approaches for Engineering Solution..9

7.1Improvement of Gloves..9

7.2Prevention of splash backwhen mixing/diluting detergents.9

7.3 Prevention of skin contact with sprayed chemicals..9

8. Design Requirements..10

8.1. Objectives ... 10

8.2. Constraints.11

8.3. Criteria ......11

Appendix A...14

Appendix B...15

Appendix C...16

Works Cited..17


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1. Introduction:

Janitors and custodians working in public buildings are often faced with stubborn and oftenpainful skin conditions that prevent them from enjoying their lives. One of the causes for theseskin conditions is their routine interaction with chemical cleaning agents during their daily work.

These interactions lead to increased risk of skin contact with harmful chemical compared toworkers in most other professions. More details will be discussed in section 3. Many of thesecleaning detergents are either highly alkaline (with a pH of 11 or above) or highly acidic (with apH of 2 or below). [1] This makes them very corrosive to the skin. These long term frequentexposures have been known to cause chronic skin conditions and some other complications[1][2][3].

Physical health and comfort is a great indicator ofa persons quality of life. Therefore, byaddressing the problem of skin diseases caused by exposure to cleaning chemicals, the quality oflife for janitors can be substantially improved. This report will show the urgency of this problemusing statistical evidence related to occupational skin disease in janitors. The stakeholders and

some reference designs will also be discussed in order to formulate a set of requirements for theengineering solution as well as providing several possible approaches to the problem.

2. Community Overview:

The community of interest for this design project will be the janitors and custodians working forpublic buildings in Toronto. The janitors and custodians community in Toronto comprises ofover 2500 workers who are united under the Service Employees International Union andhundreds more who are not in the union [4]. These janitors work for more than 100 differentcleaning companies [5]. From information gathered from careercruising.com, most peopleworking as janitors have a regular routine. They mostly work inside heated, well-lit buildings.However, sometimes their work takes them outside, sweeping walkways, mowing lawns, orshoveling snow [6]. This report will mainly focus on janitors who work indoor and whose mainduty is cleaning. Janitors need no formal training to be employed, and acquire most of theirrequired skills during work [6]. This means less experienced janitors have a greater risk ofaccidental skin contact with harmful chemicals during their work.

3. Occupational Skin Disease in Janitors:

For the purpose of this report, occupational skin disease will be defined as any abnormal skincondition directly caused by janitorial work which result in discomfort and therefore impairing a

janitors quality of life. This section aims to show the urgency of this problem by validating theseverity of this problem as well as revealing the detail causes.

3.1. Validating the Problem

Janitorial workers have one of the highest rates of work-related injury rate among all occupations[1]. From the data gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average annual non-fatal injuryand illness rate for janitorial services is 3.2 cases per 100 workers [7]. This is fairly high


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compared to most other occupations. Although these statistics are taken from U.S., the janitors inToronto work in a very similar environment and these statistics should also represent the injuryrate of janitors in Toronto with fair accuracy. The similarities in working conditions betweenjanitors in Toronto and USA can be seen from a job description for janitors given by IllinoisDepartment of Human Services in USA [8] and the job description in a job listing on the

government of Canada webpage [9]. Both sources described the duties of janitors as involvingvacuum cleaning carpets, moping interior surfaces, sweeping floors, disposal of garbage andmaintenance of cleaning equipment [8][9]. Although not all injury and illness cases are causedby skin contact with chemicals, a large portion of them are. In fact, from statistics taken fromEuropean Agency for Safety at Work, skin diseases are by far the most common occupationaldisease in janitors, followed by tuberculosis [3]. From 2002 to 2006, 155 of the 334 recordedcases of occupational disease have been classified under skin diseases. Please refer to Table 1for details.Table 1 Break Down of Janitorial Occupational Disease Cases by Cause [3]

Although this data is also taken from a region outside of Toronto, we can expect similar trends injanitors working in Toronto. A job description in a job posting in London, England described thesame duties and working conditions as those in Toronto and USA [10]. Therefore this is still a

reasonable indication for the magnitude and urgency of this problem. More statistics onoccupational diseases in cleaners can be found in Appendix B. Details of skin diseases and theirdirect causes will be discussed below.

3.2. Detailed Skin Conditions and Direct Causes:


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The most common skin conditions contracted by janitors and custodians are: skin irritation, skinburns, allergies, contact dermatitis and skin depigmentation [1][2][11]. Figure 1 showsappearance of hands suffering from dermatitis.

Figure 1Dermatitis Symptoms

From nine separate studies on skin disorders among cleaning workers, a range of 6.2 -55% ofworkers reported to experience dermatitis or other skin conditions [2]. This is a very large range.However, the study that resulted in 55% of workers experiencing skin diseases can be consideredan outlier since the second highest percentage is 35%, which is a lot smaller. The studies with thelargest sample sizes consistently result in a range of 1025%. Refer to Appendix A for details.From our personal interview with 2 janitors, both of them also reported chronic skin rashes [12].From this information, it can be clearly seen that skin conditions are very common andsubstantial problem for the janitor community.

From information provided by Health Hazards Manual for Janitors and Custodians published byCornell University, the direct causes for skin diseases in janitors are as follows:

Skin contact with cleaning liquids causing skin irritation, allergies, loss of skinpigmentation, skin burns (this includes eye damage or irritation as well) [1]

Skin contact with some types of gloves (will be further discussed in reference designsection) causing skin allergies or loss of skin pigmentation[1]

Skin contact with wash or rinse waters used in cleaning stainless steel can involvesufficient contact with nickel in solution to bring about nickel allergy

Skin absorption of liquids such as solvents or disinfectants[1]

Repeated prolonged contact with water, prolonged wet work or work while wearingocclusive gloves[3]

Nearly all skin diseases in janitors are caused by direct skin contact with chemical hazards.Therefore preventing contact with chemical hazards is the best way to prevent skin diseases andsubsequently improve the health condition of janitors and custodians. The exact substancesknown to cause skin diseases will be discussed below.


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3.3.Active Ingredients in Cleaning Chemicals:

In order to home in on the problem even further, it is necessary to know the actual harmfulchemicals that are contained in the cleaning detergents.

Disinfectants: Disinfectants are the most toxic group of substances used by janitors that canenter blood stream through skin absorption. The active ingredients of disinfectants ofteninclude quaternary ammonium compounds, bleach, ethyl and isopropyl alcohol,formaldehyde, and phenolic compounds. These chemical are used to kill germs, but areequally proficient at killing human cells and tissues [13].

Highly Acidic/Alkaline Substances: When the pH of substances is very high or very low, itbecomes very corrosive. Acidic janitorial products include toilet bowl cleaners, which mayhave a pH < 1[3][14]. Alkaline janitorial products are usually degreasing products such asmost detergents [3].

Nickel: Nickel ion dissolved in rinse water is a common source of allergy [1]. Latex: Ironically, the latex gloves used for protection against common cleaning chemicals is

also a common allergen [2]. Surfactants: Surfactants are substances that greatly reduce surface tension of water, a

property that makes them useful for removing oil and greases [15]. However, this propertyalso enables surfactants to remove skin oil, causing skin to dry out and even crack or bleed.Repeated skin damage may even increase the potential for developing a skin allergy to aningredient. [1]

4. Problem Definition:

As established by the evidence provided, skin diseases are a major health detriment for janitors

and custodians. Health is an important indicator for the quality of life, therefore protecting

janitors from skin diseases can contribute substantially to improving the quality of life of the

custodians and janitors community.

In order to frame this into an engineering problem, it is necessary to functionally decompose the

problem into physical processes. From information provided by Inform, Inc., the main ways in

which cleaning chemicals come into contact with skin is through the following[12]:

Unexpected spilling Splashes backs Wearing latex gloves (for janitors allergic to latex)

From our first hand interview with two janitors after attending their union meeting, we have

identified four more sources of skin contact [12]:

Chemicals leak in through glove opening when diluting concentrated cleaning chemicals Chemicals come into contact with hands when taking off gloves


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Occlussive gloves causes a lot of sweating, which can also damage the hands over longperiod of time

Thin gloves frequently rip while being used, allowing chemicals to enterAn ideal solution for this problem should address as many of these sources of skin contact as

possible to protect janitors from skin diseases. The next section will discuss stakeholders for thisproblem.

5. Stakeholders:

The aim of this design problem is to solve a very specific problem. As a result there are not

many group involved.

Janitors and Custodians:

Janitors and custodians are the primary stakeholder of this design problem. They are the

community this RFP is focusing on. A solution to this problem would be directly enhancing

their lives. The main objective of this group is to reduce the risk of skin disease due to constant

contact of their hands with different types of cleaning detergents. While designing a solution, the

objectives of this group should be considered as top priority.

Employers:

This stakeholder represents the cleaning companies which have hired these janitors and

custodians. There are about 100 cleaning companies located in Toronto [5]. They are

responsible for the cost of the implementation of the solution. The key objective of the

Employers is to implement an effective solution for a reasonable price. With a design solution,the Employers would be hoping for less work related injuries which in return would result to

more available workers.

Manufacturer:

The manufacturer is responsible for the implementation and the manufacturing of the solution.

From their perspective, the solution must be feasible. They look for a balance between the

production cost and the overall quality of the product. They are responsible for manufacturing

the design solution with accordance to objectives, constraints and criteria. They also make sure

that their shipped product is accompanied by safety and usage instructions for janitors and

custodians [16].

Government of City of Toronto:

The government of the city of Toronto is responsible for the overseeing the implementation of

the project. They ensure that the manufacture will not decrease the overall build quality of the


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solution in order to increase the profit. They check that there are no major faults within the

potential solution.

6. Current Solutions:

Although there are already numerous precautions and guidelines in place to protect janitors fromskin contact with cleaning chemicals, they have been shown to be insufficient based on thenumerous statistics shown above. However, it is worthwhile to look at these current solutionsbefore moving on to improve them. Table 2 is a guideline provided by Inform, Inc. for dealingwith chemical hazards (although the respiratory irritation section is irrelevant to this report).

Table 2 Guidelines for Janitorial Work Involving Hazards

Wearing waterproof gloves during work is almost universal among janitors; there are mainly two

types of gloves on the market: thin latex gloves and thick rubber gloves. However, both of them

are not ideal as they both have some major disadvantages.

6.1. Short Thin Gloves:


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Figure 2 Short Thin Glove

Figure 2 shows the appearance of a think latex glove. This type of glove is more common

among janitors. They are waterproof and also provide some protection against harmful chemicals

[17]. However, protection is very limited as the openings of these gloves are loose and allows

chemicals to leak into the gloves easily. They are thin so they fit closely to hands and allows fornimble work. [12] For example, they can tie a knot on a garbage bag without taking off their

gloves. Despite having advantages of being thin, these gloves also have problem of being thin.

They can be easily ripped if something is hooked to the glove.

The greatest drawback to this type of glove is that many people are allergic to latex, defeating its

purpose of preventing skin contact with irritable substances [2][13][18].

Cleaning companies give each janitor two pairs of gloves every day. One pair of glove is for

cleaning offices and the other is for cleaning washrooms. Once cleaning chemicals leak inside

the glove,janitors hands will be in contact with those chemicals forthe rest of their work period.[12]

6.2. Long Thick Gloves:

Figure 3 Thick Long Glove


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Figure 3 shows the appearance of a thick long rubber glove. This type of glove is less common.

The rubber glove generally provides better against harmful chemicals by being more chemically

inert [19]. It is also less likely to rip. Although the length of the gloves makes chemicals leaking

through the opening less like to happen, it makes the glove hard to put on and take off. It could

also cause dermatitis by causing perspiration and coating the hands of the wearer in sweat for

long period of time [12]. Since janitors have to change gloves whenever he/she changes cleaning

environment; for example: when a janitor finishes cleaning a washroom and goes to clean an

office room, he/she has to change gloves.[20] This type of glove reduces the efficiency of

janitors. Whats more, these gloves usually do not fit closely and prevent nimble work.

As shown by the analysis above, although gloves are the most commonly used protection against

chemical hazards for janitors, it is not sufficient to solve the problem due to its innumerous

limitations. The next section will introduce some possible approaches for a solution to this

problem.

7. Possible Approaches for Engineering Solution:

7.1 Improvement of Gloves:

Many of the issues discussed above regarding shortcomings of gloves can be remedied in a

feasible manner. The following is a summary of the features that need to be improved for a glove

that is acceptable as a solution to the problem:

Insulation of skin and external environment: The improved glove should prevent alllikely means of entry of harmful chemicals, including leakage from entry opening

Accumulation of Sweat: The improved glove should discourage the accumulation ofsweat inside the glove

7.2 Prevention of splash back when mixing/diluting detergents:

Many detergents used by janitors come in concentrated form, which are then diluted before use

[12]. The diluting process presents a large risk of skin contact with the detergent since it involves

manual agitation of the detergent and solvent, which often causes splashing detergents. Therefore,

one possible way to greatly reduce the risk of skin contact with janitorial chemicals is to invent a

detergent mixing/diluting device that is completely enclosed during the mixing process, allowing

no chance for accidental skin contact.

7.3 Prevention of skin contact with sprayed chemicals:

The janitors hands are not the only part of the body at risk of skin contact with janitorial

chemicals. Many chemicals used by janitors are used by spraying, particularly disinfectants,

which are highly toxic as discussed in section 3. As the chemicals are released from spraying

devices, they often spread in the air before settling onto surfaces. During this process, there is a

large chance for the chemical to come into contact with any exposed skin on the workers body.


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A shielding mechanism against spreading airborne chemicals can also be an effective protection

against skin contact with chemicals.

8. Design Requirements:

The design requirements of the solution are listed below. A proposed solution to theproblem must follow these outlines carefully and not violate any of the listed constraints. A

solution that is able to follow these outlines more carefully is ultimately the better solution.

8.1 Objectives:

The high priority objective of this design is to ensure better protection for janitors and

custodians who work with their hands against cleaning detergents and harmful chemicals. This

objective is of high importance to the janitors and Custodians since it would be affecting their

lives in a direct way. Other objectives are as follows:

Protection against skin disease:

While being exposed to different chemicals and cleaning solutions, janitors can develop skindiseases such as irritant Contact Dermatitis over time [21].

o Janitors: Desire to prevent as many sources of skin contact with harmful chemicaloutlined in problem definition as possible (e.g. splash back, ripping).

o Employers: They would benefit from less work related injuries, which would result inmore available workers

o Government of Toronto: The desire to not pay for Employment Insurance SicknessBenefits of janitors and custodians when they are injured [22]

Ergonomics:

Should be designed to fit the average human dimensions and be produced in different sizesand for different genders in the case of a solution which can be worn

The product should be user-friendly, easy to use and comfortableJanitors: As the users of the proposed solution, they are looking for a product that

is comfortable to use during their long shifts. They would also prefer a product

that does not decrease their efficiency by arising other nuisances and problems.

Durability:

Should last at least one work period if not reusableo Janitors: In case of a non-reusable product, they desire a product which would not

interrupt their work by becoming ineffective to use in after a short period of time.

Janitors on average work 8 hours in a normal daily shift and they desire a product

which lasts the whole shift [23][12].

Should last as long as possible if reusable for maximum cost efficiency


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o Employers: They desire the product to be effective for a long period of time so that itwould not require constant contact with manufacturer for new shipments.

If applicable, the product should not require constant implementation each time a newshipment is arrived

o Employers: They desire the product not to require constant implementation for thereason that the implementation of the product costs time and effort.

Cost:

If possible cost should be kept at minimum without affecting the efficiency and lifespan ofthe product

o Janitors: They desire a relatively inexpensive product because of the fact that thejanitors are not very financially able (about $26,367 salary) [24].

o Employer: They look for a relatively low cost solution and implementation. Theycannot hire janitors if they the janitorial cost is going to be significantly increased.

o Manufacturer: They want a solution with an inexpensive manufacturing cost tomaximize the profit made from selling the product to the Employers.

8.2 Constraints:

The proposed solution must adhere with laws and regulations of cleaning companiesregarding the equipment and products that janitors are allowed to use. For example some

cleaning companies such as Marathon provide eco-friendly cleaning services by only using

green products [25].

If the proposed solution is an organic substance or if it is a chemical, then it should adherewith the guidelines provided by Environment Canada regarding testing new organic andchemical substances [26] [27].

Must not be made materials that are common allergens if the device will come into contactwith user(e.g. latex)[20]

Must not in any way endanger physical health of the Janitors and Custodians The material must be able to resist pH extremes and must not react with common cleaning

detergents such as nonionic detergents which are made up of mostly polyoxyethylene glycol,

cationic detergents which have a positively charged center composed primarily of

ammonium, anionic, Intestinal Natural detergents and other common detergents [28] [29]

Must maintain nimbleness of workers for delicate work due to the fact that nimble work area part of janitors job [12]

Cannot cost more than 1/20 of a janitors total salary ($26,367 per year[31]) over its servicelife. Latex gloves cost very little ($0.2 each [24]), however a 5% increase in cost for each

janitor should be an acceptable investments for employers.

8.3 Criteria:


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The proposed solutions will be compared to each other based on the following criteria. These

criteria are chosen based on the objectives of the design and the stakeholders. A design solution

should provide a good balance between these criteria.

Effectiveness of the protection provided:

The extent in which the design solution is able to prevent chemical detergents fromgetting in contact with the skin of janitors and Custodians ( skin protection: the higher the

better )

Ergonomics:

How comfortable the product is for the Janitors and Custodian to work with ( comfortlevel: higher the better )

The extent in which the design solution is user-friendly ( ease of use; the higher thebetter )

The extent in which the product is suitable for Janitors and Custodians of different heightand strength( accessibility: the higher the better )

Durability:

If the product is not reusable:

Amount of the product needed for an eight shift (Number of product used in a shift: thelower the better )

If reusable:

The extent of time which the product in which it is fully functional ( Lifespan: longer thebetter )

The extent in which the product is repairable ( longer the better )Cost:

The manufacturing cost of the product without sacrificing the overall quality of theproduct ( measured in CDN$, lower the better )

The cost of implementation of design solution for the Employers ( measured in CDN$,lower the better )

If applicable, the cost of reparation ( measured in CDN$, lower the better)Feasibility:

How much effort in terms of time and manpower it takes for the manufacturer to manufacture the

product ( less effort the better )


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How much effort in terms of time and manpower it takes for Employer to implement thesolution across all the public buildings in which they are working for (the lower the better)

Summary of Requirements

Requirements Constraints Criteria Metrics Objective

Effectiveness of the

protection provided

Must not be made

by common

allergens materials.

Must not react with

common cleaning

chemicals.

Extent the design

solution is able to

prevent chemical

detergents from

getting in contact

with the skin.

Skin protection: (the

higher the better )

To decrease work-

related injuries of

janitors and

custodians

Ergonomics Must maintain

nimbleness of

workers for delicate

work

The extent the

product is for

comfortable and

easy for Janitors and

Custodian to work

with

Comfort level:

(higher the better)

Be comfortable and

easy to use for

Janitors and

custodians

Extent device is able

to be used by people

of different height

and strength

Ease of use: ( the

simpler the better )

Durability Extent of time which

the product in which

it is fully functional

Lifespan: longer the

better ( measured in

years )

Should last as long

as possible for

maximum cost

efficiencyExtent in which the

product is repairable

Cost Cannot cost more

than 1/20 of ajanitors total salary

($26,367 per year)

over its service life.

Manufacturing cost

of the product

Measured in CDN$,

( lower the better )

More cleaning

companies wouldadapt the product if

the cost is relatively

inexpensive

Cost of

implementation of

design solution for

the Employers

Feasibility Must adhere with

laws and regulations

of cleaning

companies. If

applicable must

adhere with

Environment

Canadas guidelineRegarding testing

new organic andchemical substances

Effort put in the

manufacturing of

the product in terms

of time and

manpower

Manufacturing time To reduce the

complexity and

effort put in

manufacturing the

product


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Appendix A:

Studies done on Skin diseases in janitors [2].


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Appendix B:

Occupational Disease Statistics[3]:

Occupational diseases in cleaners in Belgium from 2001 to 2006, by age

Occupational diseases in cleaners in Belgium from 2001 to 2006, by gender

Occupational diseases in cleaners in Belgium from 2001 to 2006, by pathology


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Appendix C:

Summary of Personal Interview with Janitors

January 26, 2013 at 300 Bloor St W, Toronto, ON, Canada

During our personal interview with two janitorial workers after their union meeting, the

following information was acquired:

Gloves are very precious to them, since they are only given 2 each day Short latex gloves are easy to rip Long gloves are uncomfortable due to sweating and is cumbersome to take off Both janitors experience chronic dermatitis Their hands often come into contact with chemicals when taking off gloves When diluting cleaning chemical, short gloves often allows chemicals to leak in

The cleaning detergent brands they use most often are: Max, Echo. Dust protection masks are not provided for normal janitors, only heavy duty cleaners Goggles are not provided Their daily work requires nimbleness of the hand, which thick gloves dont allow Their work is stressful and changing gloves for different jobs need to be done quickly Noise from vacuum is also a very big problem for them


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References:

[1] Cornell University. 1990. Health Hazards Manual for Custodians, Janitors and Housekeepers.

Available from:

http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=manuals

[2] Luenda E. Charles. 2009. Occupational hazards experienced by cleaning workers and

janitors: A review of the epidemiologic literature. Available from:

http://iospress.metapress.com/content/l6206q1030814788/fulltext.pdf

[3] European Agency of Safety and Health at Work. 2009. The occupational safety and health of

cleaning workers Available from:

https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/literature_reviews/cleaning_workers_and_OSH

[4] Justice for Janitors. Janitors are Standing up for Good Jobs and Making Gains. Available from:

http://justiceforjanitors.ca/markets/toronto-2/

[5] YellowPages.ca. Available from:

http://www.yellowpages.ca/search/si/1/Janitorial+Service/Toronto+ON

[6] Careercruising. Custodians: Working Conditions. Available from:

https://www.careercruising.com/Careers/JobDetails.aspx?LoginID=66b26a3e-680a-482d-adff-

7b0cfed92e10-&OccNumber=127&field=WorkCond

[7]Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2010. Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and

illnesses by industry and case types. Available from:

http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/ostb2813.pdf

[8] Illinois Department of Human Services. Custodian Job Description. Available from:

http://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=51337

[9] Government of Canada. Heavy Duty Cleaner. Available from:

http://www.workingincanada.gc.ca/jobposting.do;jsessionid=6FD19686EA949DFA31CAC5142

17B66F7.imnav4?id=9504030&bq=null&source=report

[10] CV Library. Cleaner. Available from: http://www.cv-library.co.uk/cgi-bin/view-

job.cgi?id=105171402

[11] Susan Duty. Health Effects of Cleaning Products. Available from:

http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDAQFjAA&url

=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simmons.edu%2Fhygieneandhealth%2Fppt%2FDuty_Health_Effects_

of_Cleaning_Products.ppt&ei=ZuQfUdWsHeHsyQHHrIBY&usg=AFQjCNGDf8ExyP7sTBPN

kvdVtVOaZbzMEA&sig2=-k5WEb8zrs9Wt4V8ZO8DtA&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc


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[12] Personal interview with two janitorial workers after a union meeting, January 26, 2013.

[13] Inform, Inc. 2002. Cleaning for Health: Products and Practices for a Safer Indoor

Environment. Available from:

http://www.greenbiz.com/sites/default/files/document/CustomO16C45F42354.pdf

[14] Compliance Service Group. 2004. Material Safety Data Sheet. Available from:

http://www.cor.cleaneasier.com/php/MSDS/Zep/Acidic%20Toilet%20Bowl%20Cleaner.pdf

[15] Kiwi Web. Surfactants: Surface Active Agents. Available from:

http://www.chemistry.co.nz/surfactants.htm

[16] CE marking consulting service. Definition of Manufacturer. Available from:

http://www.ce-marking.com/what-is-a-manufacturer.html

[17] Why Use Latex Gloves?,Glovenation, [Online]. Available:

http://www.glovenation.com/latex-gloves/why-use-latex-gloves.htm

[18] Natural Rubber Latex Allergy, Canadian Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Foundation,

[Online]. http://www.allergyfoundation.ca/index.php?page=64

[19] Should Janitors Wear Rubber Gloves?, Janitorial and Sanitation products, 2011.[Online].

Available: http://www.janitorialproducts.org/article/should-janitors-wear-rubber-gloves/

[20]John A. Molinari, Ph.D. 2012. Factors that Affect Selection and Performance of Disposable

Medical Gloves. The Dental Advisor [Internet]. [cited 2013 Feb 15] Vol 12. Available from:

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disposable-medical-gloves.pdf

[21] Christine Wheatley. Diseases Caused by Cleaning Chemicals. Available from:

http://www.ehow.com/list_7474118_diseases-caused-cleaning-chemicals.html

[22] Service Canada. Employment Insurance Sickness Benefits. Available from:

http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/sc/ei/benefits/sickness.shtml

[23] Sangajob. Janitor. Available from: http://www.snagajob.com/job-descriptions/janitor

[24] WowJobs. Janitorial Salaries in Canada. Available from:

http://www.wowjobs.ca/salaryjanitor

[25] marathoncleaning. Environmentally Friendly Cleaning Service. Available from:

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newsubs/default.asp?lang=En&xml=FA59945E-8DD5-D745-8A55-EA6667737FE5


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[27] Guidelines for the Notification and Testing of New Substances. Environment Canada.

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newsubs/default.asp?lang=En&n=22FC25C8-1

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[29] Jane Johansen. What Types of Detergent Are There? Available from:

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[30] Uline. Exam grade Aloe Latex Gloves. Available from:

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Large?pricode=DK758&gadtype=pla&gclid=CND71LqkvLUCFYk7Mgod_n4AfQ

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