95
[papers on (Ibalag Eubjectg .
[SEC O N D SER I ESJ
JOHOL
I N AS,ULU MUAR , J
'
EMPUL ,
PASI R/ AN D TERACH] .
THEI R HI STORY AN D CON STI TUTI ON .
I . E .
NATHANAN D
R . O . WI N STE'DT,
MALAYAN CIV IL SERV ICE
PUBLI SHED FOR THE COMMITTEE FOR MALAY STUD IES , FEDE RATEDMALAY STATES , AN D PR IN TED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS ,
CALCUTTA .
PREFACE .
I N his N o t e s on the N egri Sembilan’ Wilkinson
wro t e,
“
Doubt le ss this p resent hist o ry will be co r
rect ed and supp lement ed in it s turn a s mo re fa ct s
bec ome known .
”
Having the advant age o f be ing the
la st o f a number o f student s o f N egri Sembilan histo ryand having unea rthed
,during our o ffic ia l dut ie s
a s successive Dist rict Officers a t Kua la P ilah from
191 1 t ill 1919, a dea l o f ma t eria l inaccessible t o o u r
p redece sso rs , we advance in this bo ok a new theory
a s t o which we‘
re the o rig ina l N ine Sta te s . The
int erest o f tha t t op ic is a cademic . Bu t we hope tha t
the bulk o f this p amphle t will be o f pra c t ica l va lue t oGovernment Officers .
J'
. E . N ATHAN .
R . O . WrN s'rEDT .
T H E O R I G I N A L N I N E ST A T E S .
Newbo ld ‘ surmised that the orig inal NegriSediliila'
ir’
were made up o f Segamat , Johol, Naning,J elebu
,Rembau
,Klang ,
Ulu Pahang and J elai : in
Pahang ,above Kuala Tembeling . Martin Lister 2 followed
Newbold,except that for Ulu Pahang he substituted Pasi r
Besar . Wilkinson 3 diff ered from Newbold only in includingInas in place of I oho l . Parr and Mackray
‘ accepted Newbold’s list
,though they rightly remarked that his Ulu Pahang
mus t have been situated so uth of Kuala Tembeling.
« R e
search into the hitherto obscure histo ry of Inas and Joholhas led us to modify all these li sts .
Ulu Pahang Hervey took t o be the region adj oiningJelebu . Newbo ld had recorded that I oho l i s boundedon the north by Ulu Pahang ,
” —a statement intell igible onlyif we consider J empul to be a part of ]
'
ohol and the allusiont o refer to the Ulu Serting frontier . Again
,describing Mr
.
G ray ’
s j ourney in 1827 , he mentions that Gray passed fromUlu Sert ing over to Ulu Pahang . Parr and Mackray notedand accepted this identification
,but no enquirer
,not even
Lister who alone knew Johol well,has remarked the most
.
cogent evidence of all .In the states o f Jempul
,Muar
,J ohol and Terachi there
is a tribe Sri Lemak Pahang . Their name is to distinguishthem from the Sri Lemak Minangkabau branch of the tribe .
In Jempul,Muar and Te ra chi the tribe is large and important
in Tera chi it is the man'
s tribe and the Penghulu of Te rachimust be of this and not of the Biduanda tribe
,which provides
chiefs for all other states except Gunong Pas i r .
In Muar the husband of the first female Penghulu,
Khatib Akhir by name,was a Sri Lemak Pahang man and to
this day the head of the tribe,Bag inda Maharaj a , acts as
Penghulu between the death of a Dato Muar and the electionof his successor . The ancestors of this tribe were Minangkabau Malays from the Sri Lemak dist rict of Sumatra whoemigrated thence (presumably by way of Malacca or theSungai Muar ) to P ahang , and later from Pahang to J empul ,Muar and Tera chi . The traditions of the tribe throw lighton the locality and extent o f Ulu Pahang . Khatib Akhir
,
the first settler in Ulu Muar , came from Mengkarak,a
kampong on t he Semantan river the founders of the t ribe inJ empul and Tera chi came from Bukit Sa-Gump a l , a kamyfiongn ear the Pahang river about I O miles down stream from
J B r it ish Se t t lement s in the St ra it s o f Ma la cca ,V o l . I I , pp . 78 , 79
2 Jo urna l o f the R o ya l As ia t i c So c ie ty ,S t ra i t s B ranch ,
N o . 19 , p . 36 .
3 N o t es on the Ne gri Semb i l an , p . 13 .4 S E ,
N O ‘ 1"
2 Pa pers on M a lay Subjects .
Kuala Bra and about the . same distance as the crow fliesfrom Kuala Semantan .
The state of Ulu Pahang must be included therefore inthe ‘ Nine and identified with Pahang across the watershedof the Se t t ing extending as far as Mengkarak and Temerloh .
I t would appear very doubtful whether the state extended asfar no rth as Kuala Tembeling , and Parr and Ma ckray inmaking it do so seem t o be actuated by a desire t o . carry itup t o the boundaries of What they believe to have been theancient state o f J el ai in Pahang .
Tha t the ancient state of J elai has been traced t o
Pahang is due t o Newbold’s list
,though Newbold’s account
of the Negri Sembilan is always vague and often inaccu rateVol . II , p . 140 and his map l) . Even Mart in Lister
accepted Newbold ’s view,but an unpublished no te on his
o rig inal MS . would show that later he came t o doubt it .There is no trace o f Minangkabau o rig in in the famil y histo ryof ’To Raj a
,the chief o f Pahang Jelai . In the h ills between
Inas and Rembau rises ano ther River J elai and the evi dencenow ava ilable (p . 7 ) seems conclusive : we must identifythe J elai which fo rmed one o f the o riginal Nine States withInas .
Material has also been collected (pp . 5 , 6) t o prove thatmo dern J ohol is the lineal descendant and inherito r o f the
extinct state o f Pasir Besar . Even t o -day there are traces o fa fo rmer large settlement at Pasir B esar
,though now the
only inhabitants are abo rig ines .
If the new evidence has been correctly interpreted,the
list of the original Nine States should read Sungai Uj ong,J elebu
,Rembau
,Naning, Klang , Segamat , Pasir Besar (now
J ohol) , J el ai (now Inas) , and Ulu Pahang (the region betweenUlu Se t t ing and Temerloh ) .
J O H O L A N D I N A S .
What is the o rig in o f the little State of Joho l Newbo ldrecords
‘
a native tradition,which should satisfy the mos t
a rdent stickler fo r the antiquity o f the Negri Sembil an . Forit anticipates the Darwinian theo ry and carries us backfurther than P itheca nthropu s erectu s , who l ived in the quaternary period in J ava in the Kendeng hills .
In the beginning o f the world,a white ungka and a
white si amang dwelt o n a lofty mountain ; they cohabitedand had four children
,who descende d from the mountains t o
the plain and became mankind . From them sprang fourtr ibes . In a fter times the heads o f these tribes
,Nenek Tukul
,
Nenek Landasan ,Nenek Jelandong ,
and Nenek Karah,were
invested by an ancient king o f J oho r with the honorary titlesof ’
To Batin Kakanda Ungku,’
To Batin Sa-ribu J aya,
’
To
Batin J ohan Lela P erkasa and ’
To Batin Karah . The firstfounded the State of Klang and possessed the canoe
, SampanBalang ; the second ascended the Lingg i river and foundedSungai Uj o ng the third proceeded t o the hill o f LautaiKulit and founded the state of Joho l and the fourth t o UluPahang f
’
After this,the account collected by Hervey from the chief
of all the Ba t ins o f the Mantras is comparatively prosaic .
I t begins only with the firs t magician and ends with ’ToEta
,a Dato o f J ohol
,who was murdered in 1900 A.D .
Mertang,the first magician
,married his sister . They
had a son,
’
To Ent ah,who pro ceeded to Pagar Ruyong . H is
son,
’
To Terj a li , returned and settled in Jelebu . In charge o fKuala Muar ’To
!
Terj al i placed’To Mutan J antan
,a woman
,
whose husband,Johan Pahlawan Lela Perka sa
,he removed to
J oho l . After the death of ’
To Mutan J antan,the succession
passed t o her nephews . She was succeeded by ’
To Ular B isa ,’TO Maharaj a Garang
,
’To Tengah,
’
To Nuri,
’
To Bunchit ,’To Eta .
”
All abo rig inal traditions agr ee that Johol was opened bya woman . Martin Lister writes
It is difficult to say how long ago it was that a greatnumber of Sakai travelled from the mo untains o f Sekudaiand arrived in J oho l . Their numbers amounted to as manygrains as are contained in a ganta ng of rice, as on their arrivalin J ohol each indiv idual planted a grain of r ice, and it wa sfound that a gantang was exhausted . They tied a rattanfrom tree to tree and hung up their axes, and the rattanwas complete ly filled . . The distance between the trees isno t given . There were four great chiefs or Ba t ins amongthese Sakais . Three were men and one a woman . The
4 Papers on Ma lay Subjects .
woman elected t o remain in J ohol . The three men separatedwith their fo llowers ; one went t o J elebu, one t o Klang andone t o Sungai Uj ong .
”
N ow who were B a tin Sa-ribu (o r better , Sa -ibu) Jaya ,Batin Johan Lela Perkasa ,
and the other Ba t ins o f traditionalhisto ry ? And were they really Sakais P
A Malay acco unt o f Sungai Uj ong furnishes their gene alogi cal tree with geometrical exactitude , and gives thename o f the fo undress of J ohol as Nenek Kerbau .
B a t in Ser i Alam
IB a tin Berchangga i B e s i ’
To J e lundong N enek Kerbau(a ch ie f o f Sunga i Ujong ) (fo under o f J e lebu ) (fo under o f J oho l )
’
To Dara De rani Put eri Mayang Sel id a ,
m . a Sul t an o f J o ho r
B a t in Sa-ibu m . Bendaha ra ’
To Engku K lang ’To Mant ri ’
To J ohanJ aya Sekuda i Akhir Z aman Pah lawan m
Put er i S it iR ulers o f Awan , he ad
R u lers o f K lang J e lebu o f the Jo ho lBat ins
Such a tree,as Wi lkinso n has shown
,is absurd . But it
would puzzle the mo st inventive genealogist t o extractmaterial fo r a pedigree out o f a re al Sakai . Anthropo logistsdifferentiate three races in the p eninsula the negrito Semangwho has left traces throughout its length but i s now confinedt o the north ; the Sakai with Mon-Annam affiniti es and thepagan or aboriginal Malay of the south of the peninsula, whoalone calls his headmen Batin and the headman’s assistantsJenang and Juru—Kerah , and whose Malayan speech is nativeto him and not borrowed entirely from that o f the Muham
madan Malay . In Sumatra the negrito and the Sakai do notexist ; but tribes of pagan Malays are so numerous
,that
perhaps our peninsular tribes the B iduanda,Mantra and
B landa are to be regarded as offshoots from this la rgerSumatran sto ck
,as indeed native tradition constantly asserts .
Anyhow it is inaccurate to describe the aboriginal Malay element in Negri Sembilan as Sakai .
That the aboriginal element predominated in Joholdown to very recent times is proved by the numerous su rvi
vals of its influence to this day . Till the end o f the l gth
century , the Undang of Johol was suppo sed to wear hishair long in memory of an aboriginal chieftainess o f Johol !Newbold wrote
,The pénglmlu is elected bv the suku and th e
j okol . 5
Batin da a—béla s . In J ohol said Lister in 1887, therei s only one descent from which the Undang can be electedand the Batin have. a stronger voice in the election than theLembaga .
”
In 1899 the Lembaga of the Tiga Batu tribeJ ohol wa s appointed by the Batin with the approval of theDato o f J ohol ! The Bat ins still claim to have a vo ice inall Johol elections
,even when the office like that of the
Baginda Tan Mas is of recent creation : at the electionfor that offi ce in 19 15
’To Pongk is, an aboriginal Batin ,attended and urged the claims of his favourite with suchvehement threats as t o reduce the a ssembled crowd of excitedMalays t o silence and perhaps t o trepidation . The head ofthe female wa rt s who summons the Ba t ins to elections ande xamine s candidates ’ genealogies bears the tell-tale title ofJ enang . Three of the six (mafia of the Biduanda tribe bearthe aborig inal titles of Menggarang ,
Sa-ibu Garang,Sa
rumpun . Late in the 19th century a section of theB iduanda tribe , sulking at the inability and refusal of ’ToE t a t o get an alleged murderer executed when there was noproo f o f his guilt
,took to the j ungle and its ways and
co nsented to return only when a pious Haj i slaughtered abuffalo and entertained them at a feast of concili atio n ; andat any rate by Malay cynics their j aunt was hailed as at avistic reversion ! As we shall see
,the connectio n between
J oho l and Inas is historically in t imate,and according t o an
abo rig inal story collected by Vaughan St eevens , the Penghuluof Inas once possessed among his insignia an aborig inalchopping-board used for chopping up bats on Pulau Penj aringand (like the Penghulu of J elebu) a spoo n made from the skullof a bat
,though these treasures are lost and forgo tten now.
The lists o f rulers of J ohol and‘
Inas bear out thee vidence of the recency of aboriginal Malay influence
Hervey? M a lay Li st of Ma lay Li st ofMantra Lzst of th Clthe Chiefs 0/
the
$3506
?of e
“333 of
j okol .
Setiawan’
To Mutan Perdana Embun Seri (f . )J antan (f . ) m . Mant eri
J ohan Pahla Setiawanwan LelaPerka sa whowent to
JohoL’To Ular Bisa
,Rambut Pan Bayan
nephew of j ang (f . )’To MutanJ antan
Mantik ’
To Maharaj a Set iawan (UGarang
6 P apers on Ma lay Subjects .
Hervey sBa ti n Li st of M a lay Li st of Ma lay Li st ofthe Chi efs of
M antra.
Lzst of the Chiefs of the Chiefs ofj oho l .
”13 3 of j ohol . I na s .
’TO Bunchit ’To Tengah R ambutan ‘To N uriJ antan
’
To Eta ’To Nuri ’TO Nu riWan Omar ’
To Bunchit’To E t a
Uj ang (elected19 15 )
Alike in Inas and Joho l there have been seldom morethan five ho lders o f any Minangkabau tribal o ffi ce .
N ow the comparative method helps us to check thesel ists o f chiefs . J empul claims t o have go t its first Penghuluin the days when ’
To Rambutan J antan was chief o f Joho land the niece o f Daim that first Penghulu o f Jempul marriedTengku Alang Husain (a son of Raj a Hitam
,the second
Yamtu an ) , who nominally governed” J empul in Newbold’s
time—he published his book in 1839 . Clearly therefore ’To~Rambutan Jantan flourished at the beg inning o f the 19th
century . Again we are indebted t o Newbold fo r theinformation that at his day the Penghulu o f Joho l was .
“
Abubakar o r Bunchit ; he resides at Nuri, is an intell igentlooking person, plain simple and collected in manner andmuch respected by his people .
” It is obvious therefo re thatthe recorded line o f Malay chiefs of Joho l do es no t extendfa r into the 18th century . And in fact the o ld seal o f
the o ffice i s dated 1778 A .D . five years after the installatio nof Raj a Melewar as first Yamt u an . But a Malay state willexist de fa cto for several generations , befo re its chiefs troublet o get recogn ition from the outside world . Al l history agreesthat the chief o f Johol wa s one o f the king—makers whoinvited Raj a Melewar t o the throne o f Negri Sembilan . Thefirst Penghulu of Muar
,who was beheaded by Raj a Melewar
in 1773 A.D .,was the son of a lady Sendok Mas supplied by
the Dato o f Inas ” or of “ Johol ” at the request o f theearly Minangkabau settlers in Ulu Muar t o be their chieft a iness tradition sometimes states that she was a daughtero f the chief o f Johol
,and sometimes that she was a .
MantikChendero ng
Abubakar ’
To SobatBunchit orGobah (fl .
1839 AD )Eta (murdered Biong
1900, aged
90)Wan Omar OmarKamat (elected Sulong
1918 )
Johol 7
daughter of the chief of Inas,and a s she came from the
hamlet o f Lautai Kulit (on the present Pabai bridle-path ,
where her grave is still a kérama t and called Makam ’
To
Mua r ) , probably the latter traditi on is correct . Again allUlu Muar and Sungai Uj ong hist ory al leges that the Penghuluo f Muar is not to be ranked among the Undang
,but is
a h ak lea -{Jada j ohol , because Johol obtained recognition fromthe Joho r Sultanate but Ulu Muar failed to do so
,owing
t o the murder o f Sultan Mahmud II,the last of the Malacca
line,at Kota Tinggi by Megat Sri Rama in 1699 . Megat
Sri Rama , it is alleged by Ulu Muar t radition , voyaged upthe Muar river visited Pasir Besar voyaged on and openeddri Menanti ; and then ordered i t s early Minangkabaufounders t o open Pasir Panj ang
,known t od ay as the little
state of Ulu Muar . All this puts the date of the founding ofwhat are now the states of Joho l and Inas in the 17th
century . N one of the l ists of the two Chieftains support thisearlier date . I f it be suggested that the earlier holderso f the two offices have been forgotten ,
we are confrontedwith the facts that the earliest reco rded names already havean aboriginal sound and lead us up to Batin legends , andthat survivals in culture at Johol and Inas lead us t o supposeBatin predominance is no t very old
,seeing that there have
been o nly seven holders o f the tell-tale office of ’To Jenang lWhat then is the explanation
Le t us again compare traditional accounts . Hervey ’
s
Mantra legend alleges that ’
T0 Terj al i, who settled in Jelebu,
placed ’To Mutan J antan,a woman
,in charge of Kuala Muar
,
whi l e he removed her husband to Johol it adds , that j ela iwa s once a pa rt 0/ j oho l but broke away . This traditionassociates the founding of Johol with comers from lowerreaches of the Muar river and its dominion with ancient Jelaito get to Joho l and to Inas they would have to ascend theJelai . Malay tradition
,as preserved in Jempul
,confirms the
story of this route the Jempul version telescopes fragmentsof Minangkabau and Johor histo ry in the usual style but likeother Malay traditions
,is likely to have preserved a subst ra
t um o f truth , when it comes to more recent t imes .
Two brothers came from Minangkabau , Temenggongand Bendahara .
’To Temenggong founded a settlement inJohor ’To Bendahara first at Sungai Terap , then at Sekudai ,where after founding a settlement he died
,leaving a son,
”
l‘
o
Panj ang Rambut . Wa ri s of his removed from Sekudai t oPasir Besar where they made a settlement
,and later some of
their descendants went from Pa si r Besa r to j ohol . The names
of tho se who went to Johol were Dato Durun,Dat o Buncha t ,
and Dato Li ta . At Pasir Besar st ayed Perdana Mant eri andhis wife
,Pe t am their son
,Daim
,became the first Penghulu
Of J empul . The early Minangkabau settlers who opened theJ empul valley requested ’To Rambutan
,the then Dato of
8 Papers on Ma lay Subj ects .
Johol,t o give them a chief and he nominated Daim
,one o f
h is own waris .
”
The Batin tradition (AMJeudix p . 74) co nfirms this c onn ec t ion between Joho l and descendants of ’TO Sekudai fromPasir Besar .
Next we have the Ulu Muar story (pp . 3 , 4 ) which was no tinvented as a theory by Martin Lister ; he merely referred
‘
t o a well-authenticated tradition . The exact tradition relatesthat when Ulu Muar was founded (so on after 1700
Jelebu was sti ll called Sung ai J irak , Semu j ong Sungai Gadingand Johol Enj ela i .
Final ly there is the Inas version . In June 1880,Gover
nor Sir Frederick Weld met the Dato of Inas,about whose
territory little or nothing was known,and Sir Frederick Weld
was told that J elai lay between Sri Menanti and Malacca ;also that it was now known as Inas . The same story isextant to-day .
In the face of all this definite tradition,is it not reason
able to surmise that first Inas and then Johol . eclipsing Inas,
took the place o f the early state of J elai,which formed one
of the orig inal nine states, and on the evidence was cert ainlynot the Ulu Jelai of Pahang ? If it. be obj ected that theDato of this early state is said t o have borne the title o f
Maharaj a Purba'
bo rne now by the chief o f Ulu J elai inPahang ,
the answer is very easy : once confuse the twopl aces and it was very natural to transfer the title o f theexisting chief t o the forgo tten ruler o f the submergedstate .
Anyhow the Jempul story of tho se wa ris of the greathouse of Bendahar a Sekudai
,coupled with Lister
’
s accountof “ Sakais from Sekudai
” and with the Sungai Uj ong
g enealog ies would seem t o explain the mysterious prestige o f
J ohol . Travelling ever further up the Muar and turningfinally up the Jelai
,those few early Malay adventu rers
s trengthened their position by friendship with the indisp ensable aborigines , till they were almost swamped by the allianceand forgot their own origin . It would suit them to admitt hat Johol was opened by a woman . As they had Minangkabau adherents
,it would be natural to borrow Minang
k abau matriarchal ideas to concil i ate the Bat ins . Many ofthem would depend on the Ba t ins’ goodwill t o secure themaboriginal Mal ay wives . But it was no t j ust because Joho lrepresented Batin influence that tho se Minangkabau patria rchs o f aristocratic l ineage
,who came from Pasir Besar,
applied to its ruler for a chief for their new settlement inU lu Muar : it was because the J ohol house was of the wari sof ’To Sekudai and its genealogy well authenticated at PasirBesar . Neither did the then ruler o f Inas or J ohol del iberately send those patriarchs an aboriginal woman fo r theirchieftainess he sent a woman of his own house
,because the
f ohol . g
matriarchal system of the settlers demanded a woman .
Probably she was not a pure-bred woman .Raj a Melewa r
condescended t o marry her grand-daughter : would he havemarried the grand-daughter o f an aborigine As the Minangkabau dynasty became established
,possibly it was politic fo r
the big chiefs to disavow connection with Johor , and turnBendahara Sekudai into a Batin ! Johol would appear to bea perfect instance o f Malays of the old Johor (or Malacca)nobility penetrating the fastnesses of Negri Sembilan bya scending the rivers and marrying perforce Biduanda, that is ,aborig inal Malay women .
As fo r the connection between Inas and Johol,the
Dato o f Inas,Martin Lister records
,is a branch of the
Johol wari s of the oldest descent .
” The historical folk-loreof Ulu Muar frequently confuses the chiefs
,who ruled J ohol
and Inas inthe 18th century . But aga inst’
the theory thatthe two houses are branches of the same family is the fact
“that the wa ri s I na s and the wa ri s j ohol are allowed toi ntermarry ; and the peru t N u r i in wa ri s I ua s is said not tobe connected with the wa ris j ohol . Evidently Johol forgedahe ad . o f Inas in the time of Raj a Me lewa r : tradition has ahabit of anachronism
,but tradition assigns a great part to
Johol in the installation of Raj a Melewa r and no part toInas . Anyhow it is clear that for the l ast 150 years
,
while Inas,perhaps the legitimate and elder representa
tive of ancient Jelai,has sunk into a mere appanage o f
Joho l , the ruler of J ohol has waxed in power owing t o alliancewith the royal house of Sri Menanti . Examination of thelist o f chiefs will show that ’To Rambutan and ’To Nuriand Mantik succeed one another both in the J ohol and in theInas lists ; this canno t be coincidence and may be taken toprove that Johol usurped entire autho rity over Inas for threegenerations . It is significant tha t the chiefs of Johol andInas both bear the title Johan Pahlawan Lela Pe rka sa .
Joho l has among the insignia of its rulers a peculiar iron rodthree feet long decorated with a brass ring and called a tokiu :Joho l claims that i t and another tokiu belonged once to itsUndang and that Inas carried one away . Perhaps the cont rary woul d be the truth, for t here is no tokiu or memory ofa tokin at Inas now .
To sum up . All the evidence available goes to show
(a ) that the territo ry now covered by Johol and Inaswas befo re the 18th century the ancient stateof J elai
(b) that in the 18th cent ury ancient J elai vanishedand Inas took its place
,getting recognition from
Johor in 1760 A .D and(c) that about the time of Tunku Melewa r
,Johol
,the
representative of the ancient st at e of PasirBesar , began to forge ahead of Inas and eventu
10 Papers on Ma lay Subj ects;
ally eclipsed it,probably usurping the title and
insignia of its chief .
There is no definite evidence as to what families ruledancient J elai and Inas the
,
seal o f the Inas chief bears the
inscription Wa lad Da to Ku a la Dioh, Son o f the Dato o f
Kuala Dioh ,” a small hamlet in U lu Muar near to Kuala
Pilah,where a kerama t grave i s still revered the seal is dated
1803 A.D. and must have replaced an earlier seal, whichprobably had the same inscription . The Johol family isdescended from ’
To Sekudai of the great house of the Bendaharas of old Malacca and Johor
,a fact which must hav e
helped it s rise ; but with the accessio n of Tunku Melewar
and the growth of Minangkabau power it became pol itic t obase claims to territorial r ights on the distaff and aboriginalside and to fo rget relationship with the rulers of J oho re .
THE OFFI CES OF UN DAN G JOHOL , JOHANPAHLAV
VAN LELA PERKASA SET I AWANAND OF BAGI N DA TAN MAS .
M ethbd o f E lec t io n .
In 1901 the then Acting Resident wrote , The successo rto the Baginda Tan Amas will be appointed by the DatoJohol in a cco rdance wi th the custom and later he added
,’
To Johol appo inted ’
To Muda Moha after consulting thelembaga and wari s —n0t apparently the Batin thisappointment under the constitution of the s tate is entirely inthe g i ft of the Dato
’ Joho l .
” This,i f true
,wo uld point t o
the fact that the dignity is o f quite recent creatio n,as the
elections not only of the Undang Johol but of J ohol lémbagaare always confirmed by the Batin . In Johol
,wrote
L1st er in 1887 , there is o nly one descent from which the
Undang can be elected and the Batin have a stronger voice inthe election than the lémbaga .
That it is true is co rro bo rated by a further note madeby Lister that the Baginda Tan Amas cannot succeed t othe offi ce of Penghulu —a fact in this context quite int ell i
g1ble ,although the Baginda Tan Amas is o f the eligible
wa ri s béruuda ug because any claim to this offi ce of Undangbased on an offi ce acquired by the Undang
’s nominationwould have destroyed the principle o f the gi lir and the Ba t in
’
s
right to appoint the Malay Uuda ug . And the dignity is o f
quite recent creation . The sister of Dollah,the fo urth holder
,
i s still a live (in and Malay tradition declares thateven the first Baginda Tan Amas wa s created during Eta’sl i fe-time .
j oho l . 1 1
An unpubli shed Aturau Sunga i Uj oug describes the cons t itu t ion o f Sungai Uj ong
,as bérundaug bérkéadi la u bertéromba
bérsa la si lah of Jelebu , as béruuda ug berkeadi la n bérlembaga ;of Rembau
,as béruudaug berlémbaga of J ohol
,as béru uda ug
bértéromba bérsa la si lah,possessed of a law-giver
,of t radi
t ional pedigree,of an established Malay genealogy ”
- thereis no mention o f bérlémba ga ; and the lémbaga system o f
Johol is not a century old . The constitution on the tribals ide is not elabo rate like that of Muar o r it would have beenimpossible so late in the day to start the office of BagindaTan Mas who
,in Lister ’s words
,besides being a hepa la warts
i s also , so to speak , minister of foreign affairs . He is alsothe person to be first consulted before any commoner canreach the Dat o’ J oho l
,i . e . he is the ha lu au sémbah . He may
proceed a s the Dato’s proxy t o one of the ta nah telapakau in
Ulu Muar for the election of a Yam Tuan .
” It looks as ifBaginda Tan Mas must have usurped many of the functionso f Jenang (hepa la wa ris fibrémpuau ) or poss ibly o f a sub
merged officer Pawang called hétu a au wa ri s who j oined J enangin the first st u lt ified election of the Bag inda Ta n Mas (1912 )as if
,in other words
,his creation shows Malay influenc e
proper winning ground against the ancient Batin p redominance .
The old rule that a Baginda Tan Mas shall not becomeUudau g J ohol was broken by the election of the fifth holder ,Wan Omar
,a s Undang in 190 1 . Wan Omar had long carried
out the work of the aged Dato ’ Eta and the breach of const it u t iona l principle necessary fo r his election was glozed overby punctilious observance of customary procedure .
’To~J enang
,the Malay officer with the Batin title (kuu chi pésaka
wa ri s sa’
s i lah) , head of the wa ri s fiérémpu au j ohol and theirrepresentative at all elections
,studied the genealogical tree
which is in the keeping of his memory summo ned the wa ri sconferred with the lémbaga . When the lembaga had chosenthe candidate
,
’
To J enang called. the Bat ins of Muar , Je laiand Jelebu
,and the Ba t ins confirmed the election of Wan
Omar , the select ed candidate . It wa s immediately after this.
election that it was offi cially recorded the new Bag indaTan Mas will be appointed by ’To Johol in
'
accordance withcustom this appointment under the co nstitution of the stat eis entirely in the gift of the ’To Johol . ” Yet admit theprinciple that the Baginda Tan Mas succeeds to the offi ce o f
Undaug and you admit the right of the Dat o’ Johol t o appoint
his own successor .
As a matt er o f fact,the 190 1 election was accept ed a s
inaugurating a new principle that the Baginda Tan Mas
succeeds to the offi ce of Undang . But the right of theUnda ng to appo int the Baginda Tan Ma s was modified t osave the constitution . In 190 1 when Wan Omar was electedUnda ug , he did no t appoint a successor to the o ffice of
1 2 Papers on Ma lay Subj ects .
Baginda Tan Mas which he then vacated,as
,on relinquishing
office from old age,Dollah the previous holder
,had appo inted
him it is recorded that ’To Moha was elected by the Jenangand six ba apa o f the wa ri s or Biduanda tribe . At thee lection in 1912 t o choose Moha
’
s successor,it was definitely
laid down that the election of a Bag inda Tan Mas depends onkébu la tau or unanimous selection by Jenang and t he sixbuapa of the Biduanda tribe , and that the lémbaga shallno t i nterfere— convincing evidence that the Minangkabautribal system is recent and weak in J ohol . The election washeld before the Dato’ J ohol and the seven lembaga . So fara s the el ectorat e goes
,the new system has only made one
c hange . The Ba t ins a re left in the cold ! But the j unglechiefs all attended the election of an Undang in 19 18 or
rather the formal promotion of the Baginda Tan Mas to thato ffi ce
,the Batin of Muar taking a leading part . It is quite
i n accord with Malay love for time-honoured formalities forthe Bat ins to be called t o witness an installation
,which has
finally passed out o f the rather vague grasp they have hadon it on former occas ions .
The practical result o f the new system is to save all theheart-burning attendant on the selection o f a candidate fo rhigh office like that of an Undang. It secures that the heirt o the offi ce is a persona gra ta to H .H . the Yam Tuan
,who
will have already accepted him as B aginda Tan Mas .
N o record of procedure were complete without an accounto f the way in which the Undang Johol pays obeisance to theYam Tuan . The Batin take no part in this ceremony . Thenewly-elected Dato stays overnight at his tau ah télapaka u atKampong Bukit
,two miles from Sri Menanti . There he is
met by the lémbaga ya ug émpa t o f Muar , Paduka Besar, SriMaharaj a
,Senara Kaya and Orang Kaya Bongsu ,
to whomhe expresses his wish t o sembah ka -bawah du li . He makes acustomary offer of a tray containing a man’s dress , sa -ba taugtuboh
,and a képa la maya t , i . e . $ 14 in silver . This tray is taken
by the ora ug empa t a stana ,the four maj or co urt chamberla ins .
Then the Dato g oes in processionto the Astana,preceded by
his Highness’ panglima and fo l lowe d by the four Muarlembaga ,
J enang and the Johol lembaga . The Yarn Tuantakes his seat on his throne . The Dato J ohol and ’
To J enangpay formal obeisance . The J ohol lé
'
mbaga merely salute theYam Tuan respectfully.
As to the,ceremonies observed at Johol on the installa
tion of an Uudaug we have only the ev i dence of what tookplace in 19 18 . At the election of the former Penghulu WanOmar in 1901 , there was no formal installation and Eta
,the
Penghulu before Wan Omar was inst alled at least sixty yearsago . There is no one living who saw the last installationand it is very doubtful i f any fixed ceremonial has beenh anded down . Probably the wh ole ceremonial described
14 Papers on Ma lay Su bj ects .
Sa-rumpunBaginda Mo lanaPaduka Raj a Lela .
Only wa ri s béruudaug are eligible .
The wari s bera ndang are divided
(i ) strictly and originally into wa ris ] 0hol perm [aki
laki and waris ] 0hol péru t pereiupu au , thisdiv ision being based on the legend that in veryearly days a brother and sister became Undangand the two pérut represent their severalfamilies .
(i i ) As this distinction was one requiring , as timewent on
,genealogical exactitude beyond the
genius o f the Malay mind,territorial division
has taken its place .
These ter ritorial péru t now determine the choice of theUndang , the Bag inda Tan Mas , and the lady who is képa lawa ris pérémpua u Johol .
O rig inally the péru t were (1 ) Baroh (o r Tanggai ) , (2 )Gemencheh
, (3 ) Bukit . Later for revenue purposes theBritish added t h a t Tanggai an-d beru t Kepis but these havenever been deemed entitled t o be reckoned in the gi lira u .
In 1912 Che Mek was chosen as Baginda Tan Ma s because
péru t Bukit had never held the office but it was then decidedthat in future the t h a t Baroh and the fiéru t Bukit should beamalgamated into a new fi rm! called perm Johol -mo rep articularly as the t h a t Baroh and the péru t Bukit weredescended from two sisters and never constituted two realfami l ies . In futu re the rotation for the above three offices
,
v iz .
(a ) Undang Johol
(b) B aginda Tan Mas
(c) Kepa la wa ri s pérémpuauwill be solely between (1 ) this new péru t J ohol , and (2 )péru t Gemencheh .
Consequent on the innova t 1on that the B aginda TanMa s succeeds to the office of Undang , i t was further arrangedat the election of Baginda Tan Mas in 1912 that
(a ) the same t h a t shall never hold the two officestogether
(b) the Baginda Tan Ma s shal l always be elected fromthe para : whose turn comes next for the office of Undang
(c ) i f a Baginda Tan Mas resigns or even dies before heinherits the office of Undang, then his successor shall bechosen from the t h a t of the deceased or resigned Bag indaTan Mas- a n arrangement similar to that in the case o f thePenghulu of Ulu Muar
,and the ’To Perdana and ’
To Purba ofthat state . Thus the gi li r of the higher office is preserved .
] 0hol . 15
It is perhaps a detail worth recording that at the 19 12 electionit was held ’Che Mek wa s no t debarred from the office ofB aginda Tan Mas by the fact that his s ister as kepa la wa ri sperémpu au go t a pension of $ 25 a month or in other wordsthat the same péru t may hold both these offices s imult aneo u sly .
Tradition reco rds‘
nine holders o f the o ffice of B agindaTan Ma s z—(I )
’
To J anggut o r Gémp a , (2 )’TO Gunj ai
, (3 )Babal
, (4 ) Dollah , (5 ) Wan Omar , (6)’To Moha (elected
(7 )’
Che Mek (elected (8 ) Kamat (becameUndang , (9 ) Siama Balek . Kamat was of péru t Johol ,Siama Balek o f peru t Gemencheh . Kamat succeeded W a r:
Omar of peru t Gemencheh as Uudaug.
THE CON ST I TUTI ON OF JOHOL .
Newbold,inaccurate as usual where Negri Sembil an is
concerned,wro te
,J oho l is governed by a Penghulu and
émfia t suku The tribes are those o f Biduanda,Sri
Melenggang, Tiga B atu and Mungkal . Actually the Minangkabau predominance of the four tribes has never obtained inJ ohol . As we have seen
,even in 19 12 it was definitely l aid
down that the election of a Bag inda Tan ,Mas , successor tothe office of Penghulu
,depends on unanimous selection by
’
To Jenang , head of the wa ri s Biduanda, and the six elders o fthe Biduanda tribe
,and that the tribal Lémbagas shall have
no voice . The Biduanda tribe outnumbers the other threetr ibes to gether when Martin Lister issued titles in Johol , 70grants went to the Tiga Batu tribe
, 98 t o the Mungkal , 99 tothe Sri Melenggang , and 375 t o the various branches of theBiduanda . When a Sakai turns Malay in Jo hol , he becomesan au ak bu ah of
’
To Jenang or a waris ! The Minangkabaurule of exogamy is not in fo rce in the Biduanda tribe and allits di fferent branches can intermarry . Really all power restswith the Biduanda tribe .
In Inas,when Martin Lister issued the first t it les for
land,the Tig a Nenek tribe took out 16 grants , Sri Lemak
Minangkabau 12,Sri Melenggang 3 5 and the Biduanda tribe
1 18 .
16 I apers ou Ma lay Subj ects .
] OHOL .
M 1 N o R c H 1 E F s
"
ro JENANG .
!
Tribe B IDUANDA
Peru t Simpang Narusa Kuala Joho l
Ho lders inchrono logi
cal o rder 3 . Suboh
4 . Haj i Do llah5 . Mahat
Buap a Sa-ibu Garang
The Batin have sole voice in the appointment o f a’
To
Jenang and his buapa but must fo llow the fixed ro tation .
There are two sub-perut ; Sima t, a branch of Simp ang and
Batang Johol , a branch o f Kuala J ohol,neither o f which
were reco gnised a t the last election .
The ’
TO Jenang is képa la wa ri s , kuu chi pésaha wa i i ssa
’
s i lah. The title is a Sak ai title and is borne by the chiefassistant of a B atin . Mart in Lister recorded how in his timestill the Dato of Joho l pays t o the Batin o f Joho l a p roportion of the revenue derived from waste lands through
’To
Jenang,who i s
,so t o speak
,minister fo r the aborigines .
”
Further,there is the o ld saying
Takek kayu Ba ti n j enang,P u tu s tébus pada Undang .
The Sakai chief and his minister blaze the trees tomark the boundaries o f forest for alienation the Malay chieffixes the purchase money .
”
Signifie s tha t the info rma t ion a s t o p revio us ho lders wa s a ct ua l lyc o l le ct ed a t an e le ct ion .
] 0hol . 17
A.—BIDU
'
ANDA .
T1t1e ofGEMPAR
Tanggai Landing
Holders in I . Gobekchrono logi 2 . Aj akcal order 3 . Muhamad
4 . Sinor
5 . Haj i Omar6. Si-Abang
7 . Si—Asin
Bu ap a' Manti
B .
—BI DUAN I )A .
MANTR I
c KampongPe ru t
TengahChabang Dua
Holders in 1 . Bogokchrono log i 2 . Li ascal order 3 . Tanding
Bu ap a Senara Pahlawan
Péru t Nuri is said to have been added by a tribal agree.
ment about 14 years ago and will provide the next holder o f
the Offi ce .
P apers on Ma lay Subjects .
C.
-BIDUANDA .
Title o f Lembaga RAJA BALANG
Peru t Kuala Johol Masj id Tua
Ho l ders in chrono lo
g ical order
6. Suman
Bu apa Bag inda Raj a Lela
Raj a Balang is the ti tian Bidu anda,sérémpu saka li a u
lémbaga .
D .—SR I MELENGGANG .
ANDIKA
Peru t Balik Bukit Kampong Kampong KualaTinggal Paya Nuri
Ho lders in 1 . Lakatchrono log i 2 . Bodo t
cal order 3 . Do llah4 . Chakup
5 . Asul6. Leon
Buap a Raj a Lela
I 9
E .—TIGA BATU .
BAG INDA RAJA
Peru t Simp ang1
123225 Yoh Narusa Gédohom
1 . Lepir2 . Tabu
3 . Talip
4 . Nasip
5 . Sanan
Bu ap a Senara Kaya
F .
—MUNGKAL
RAJA SENARA
Peru t Tumang
Holders 1n 1 . Kadinchron010g i
cal o rder
4 . Sahar
5 . Lida
Bu ap a Kanda
Pé i u t N uri is an o ffshoo t o f peru t Tumang . It is verydoubtful if there has been any tribal agreement c ons t itu t ing peru t Nuri a separate peru t with a right t o supplya Raj a Senara in turn .
The po int will have to be dec i ded a t
the next election .
20 Papers on M a lay Subj ects .
KEp z s LEMBAGAS .
A .
-PAYA KUMBOH .
!
Title o f Lembaga SR I MAHARAJ‘A
Peru t Only one péru t in this tribe
Ho lders in chronolo gical 1 . Maj idorder 2 . J abar
3 . Ha j i Daud4 . Lateh
5 . Sigut6 . Nahu
Bu ap a None
B .
—SR I LEMAK MINANGKABAU .
!
Title o f Lembaga PADUKA BESAR
Peru t Only one péru t in thi s tr ibe
Ho lders in chro no logicalo rder
None
22 Pa pers on Ma lay Su bj ects .
B .
—PANGLIMA PUTEH .
Tribe Sm MELE N GGANG
Peru tKual?‘ Kampong Bukit JemalokNur1 Paya
6. Ma’Usin
7 . Ka sit
The individual is chosen by the Penghulu who musthowever o bserve the correct ro tation .
] UAK-j UAK
1 . Perang Kanan
Perang KiriPangl ima PutehPanglima H itamPangl ima DalamPanglima TengahLaksamana
Panglima Besa r
CHI EFS OF I N AS.
A .
—PENGHULU OF INAS .
Acco rding to tradition there have been down to thepresent day eleven holders (pp . 5, 6) o f the title o f JohanPahlawan Lela Perkasa Setiawan
,Penghulu o f Inas . The
gi lira u lies between three peru t , - Inas,Dingkir and Nuri . .
Biong was o f permInas,Omar o f péru t Dingkir , Sulong of
UN DAN G 101101 .
Carries a tufted spearTombak béndéraug.
do .
Carries a swo rd .
do .
Carries a long Keri s .
do .
Carries a black flag .
Carries a Kéri s .
] 0hol . 23
peru t Nuri , and Uj ang o f péru t I ua s . The division into {t h a t
is recent .
The Dato of Johal pres ides at an election . The electorsare the lembaga and ju ak-ju ab and the bentara bl‘tiua orképa la wa ri s pérémpu a u .
B .—DATO MENTARA .
This ofli cer is al so called Bént ara J antan , being head ofthe wa ris Biduanda in Inas . Tradition records nine holders
(1 ) Tegoh , (2 ) Ahmat , (3 ) Fati , (4) Gumpa l , (5 ) Sulong , (6)Benchus , (7) Ma a su l
, (8 ) Uj ang , (9 ) Bachi .Rotation is between three pi ru t z—D i i i gkir , Inas , Nuri . .
Ma asul was o f j ! era t Dingkir , Uj ang of 7mm Inas , and Bachio f gum Nuri .
C .
— BENTARA BETINA .
She is the female képa la wari s . Montok,the present
holder,is the mother of B achi
,the Bent ara J antan . Holders
are reco rded as follows
Ho lders in 1 . Paduka Pahlawanchrono log i 2 . Limahcal order 3 . Lij ah
4 . Sunyi
5 . Sombo ng6. Montok
D .
—BIDUANDA KUALA PUNGGOR .
Title of Lembaga .MANTRI
Buap a Lela Raj a
Perut Tiamin
Holders in chro no 1 . Bibun
log ical order 2 . Binchu s
3 . Ku lup Ayang4 . Kotok
5 . Montok6. Haj i Chanai
2 4 P apers on Ma lay Su bj ects .
There are only seven famil ies in this tribe and the gi l iranhas rarely been observed . This tribe are no t wa ri s . Members may intermarry with the Biduanda wa ris and with Eand F. .
E .
—BIDUANDA BUAH PETAI .
Title o f Lembaga BAGIN DA RAJA
Bu apa Paduka Raj a Lela
Ho lders in chronological 1 . Mént iko ngo rder 2 . Dati
3 . Lari
4 . Laj i
5 . Lelah
This trib e co nsists at present o f 15 households Theyare no t wa ri s and may intermarry with A
,D o r F . In the
lifetime o f the late Penghulu Sul ong , a tribal muafaka t establ ished a gi li ra u and division into three péru t,— Ponggor ,Masj id and Inas . The present holder is of peru t Ponggo r andpéru t Masj id shou ld furnish the next holder . Péru t Ma sj idhowever has dwindled down to one househo l d
,and
,
it willhave t o be decided at the next election if it should no t bemerged in one of the other two péru t .
F .
—B IDUANDA SUN GAI UJONG .
Ti tle o f Lembaga SETIA RAJA
Bu apa Sénara Sati
Perut Chéno rong Chémé rloh Bukit»
Ho lders in chrono 1 . Dollahlo gical order 2 . Sampai
3 . Mungkeh
4 . Layar
] 0hol . 25
There was originally a rotation between the two former
ji éru t only . Péru t Bukit was added by a tribal agreement inthe time of Penghulu Sulo ng and will supply t he next holder .
This tribe are not wa ris and may intermarry with A,D
'a nd E .
G .—TIGA NENEK .
!
Title o f Lembaga BANGSA BALANG
Bu ap a Senara Kaya
Peru t Durian Ulat Inas or Dingkir
Ho lders in chrono I . Semilanglog ical order 2 . Itan
1 3 . Kasan
4 . Obong
5 . Sair
There are 20 households in this tribe Tiga B atu andPaya Kumboh
,tribesmen from other states who settle in Ina s
,
j oin this tribe , their own not being represented in Inas .
H .
—SR I LEMAK MINANGKABAU .
Title o f Lembaga BAG INDA MAHARAJA
Bu ap a Senara Pahlawan
Peru t Pulau
Holders in chro no 1 . Ludinlogical order 2 . Ahmat
3 . Ku lup Raj a
4 . Aris5 . Tahim
Papers on M a lay Subjects .
r—sar MELENGGANG .
!
AND IKA
Buap a Maharaj a Lela
Peru t Sig inyeh Kabong To nggas Inas .
Holders in I . R a j u schrono lo gi
cal order
4 . Laka
5 . Kham i sj
6. Bading
7 . Wan Ahmat
This tribe may no t intermarry with the Sri Melenggangtribe in Joho l
,bo th claiming a common ancestress in Naning .
UAK-j UAK .
I .-PANGLIMA HITAM .
Tribe Biduanda Sungai Uj ong
Holders in chronolog icalorder
The appo intment is in the hands of the Penghulu .
II .
—PANGLI MA PUTEH .
Tribe Sri Melenggang
Holders in chronologicalorder
The appointment in the hands of the Penghulu .
1 . Uj ang Del i2 . Engah
3 . Badu
4 . Mahat
5 . Samat6. Raman
U L U M U A R .
A manuscript history o f Sungai Uj ong gives the fo llowingstory .
l The Penghulu o f Ulu Muar was a creation o f
Johol and was no t -a su z eram of J ohor on account of the warbetween the party of the Sultan o f J ohor and the faction o f
Megat Sri Rama . The sto ry goes that the Sultan once sentMegat Sri Rama to inspect the islands subj ect t o J ohor .N ow
,when the Megat set o u t
,he left behind him his wife
three months gone with child . One day a peasant wastaking a j ack-fruit as an o ffering to the Sultan ,
when thisl ady stopped him and asked for the fruit . The peasantdemurred
,whereupon she took a section of it . The peasant
carried the remainder to the Sultan . The Su lt an‘
enqu ired
how i t came to be broken and was told that the lady hadhelped herself to a section to satisfy her longings . He wasi nformed that the longings were tho se o f the child unbo rn .
Thereupo n he ordered the woman to be c ut open to test thet ruth o f this theo ry
,and the fruit was fo und in the mouth of
the child . When Megat Sri Rama returned and heard of thetragedy , he contrived t o be one o f the bearers of the ro y all itter
,as the Sultan was being carried t o the mo sque ; and
he stabbed the Sultan t o death on the way,the white blo od
which is a sign of Malay royal birth dripping at the corpse’s
feet .
This Sultan , Mahmud Shah II,is known t o histo ry as
M arkum iu angka t di-ju laug . He was the last representative
of the royal house o f Malacca . And the date o f his murderwas 1699 A .D . Co nsequently
,the little state of Ulu Muar
first obtained the recognitio n of the Malav world after thatdate .
Sungai Uj ong tradition avers that Ulu Muar took amongthe nine states the place o f the ancient state of Pasir Besar .And U lu Muar accounts corroborate this
,in so far as they
claim that the founders came by way o f Pasir Besar . Thisis the Ulu Muar version
“ Seven persons came from Hindustan ! Their nameswere Mogek Si Rama (the Minangkabau equivalent fo r MegatSri Rama) , Dato Ferdana ,
Dato Purba,Nenek Gadih ,
a femalewho married Dato Buj ang
,and Banun
,a female who married
a man named Shaikh Abdu ’r-Rahman . They settled i nSingapo re but were ousted by a plague o f lo custs known asSiku uyi k ; so they crossed t o Johor
,ascended a river up to
Pasir Besar,and named the river Muar
,becaus e they were
1 The st o ry is a lso pr int ed in S. B .,XXV I II , page 56 , and
a ppears t o o in a sho rt MS . hist o ry o f Pahang .
3 0 Papers on Ma lav Subj ects .
six years o ld,and the son was elected as Penghulu , but as
he was a minor,his father administered fo r him till he cameof age .
”
Study o f the history of Johol has led us t o doubt ifTengkis o r Sendo k Mas , as the J oho l and ayer kaki version sname her
,was given o r accepted as a Sakai or aboriginal
woman . The version mo st Widely accepted is that she was adaughter o f the Penghulu of Inas , the representative o f whatis traditionally said t o be the senior branch of the Joholhouse
,which
,as we have seen
,came from Pasir B es ar and
was descended from Bendahara Sakuda i . The Minangkabausettlers would want
,in accordance with their ada t
,a lady
with a title t o the so il as mother o f their ch i ef t o be . ButMinangkabau men o f whom one claimed t o belong t o the greathouse o f ’
To Makhdum Sakti o f Sumanik would hardly haveresp ected o r accepted an aboriginal woman ; whil e they wouldindubitably have respected a woman who marrying one o f
their number could bear a son,who would be o f the best
blo o d o f J oho r . In fact it lo oks as i f their descendants hadinvented Banun
,because the legend has sprung up that
Sendok Mas was an aboriginal woman .
The vari ant version of the st o ry, which oht a ins in J oholand is accept ed at Sri Menanti by the court chiefs who aredescended from Penghulu Naam
,the first Penghulu o f Muar
,
no t only gives a very definite account of Sendok Mas,but
also the histo ry o f those Minangkabau p atriarchs .“ The first Tanah Datar tribesmen ”
t o come t o NegriSembilan, were two rel atives
,Sultan Sumanik (or Sultan
Tengah Padang) and Sultan Johan Kebesaran o f the familyof Dato Makhdum Sakti o f Sumanik . They came with manV
followers call ing at Si ak but not at J ohor,acro ss to Malacca
and thence by way of Rembau t o Sri Menanti SultanSumanik settled at Ayer Merbau An]mg Beranak and SultanJohan at Tanj ong Alam . So on afterwards came three othermen of birth from Minangkabau : ’
To Puteh o f the SriLemak tribe who was made Pawang uégéri and settled atKuala Gamin ;
’To Laut of the Mungkal tribe who settled atKuala Ayer Humban Tali To Shaikh of the Sri Melenggangt ribe , who settled at Anak Ayer Sungai Lant ah . These fiveearly settlers made friends . Later as the population increasedand the need for a Penghulu was felt
,the M inangkabau
settlers asked the Penghu lu of Inas fo r his daughter,Sendok
Mas,whom they called Penghulu Lautai Kulit and married
to one of themselves Khatib Akhir . She lived at P adangBiawas . Her child by Khatib Akhir was Naam
,first Peng
hulu o f Muar . ”
This versio n om its mention o f’
To Ferdana and the ’ToPurba
,probably in accordance with historical fact : the two
lesser titles o f the B iduanda tribe would naturally be createdonly when the family eligible for the office o f Penghulu had
] 0hol . 3 I
split into three,and tradition says they were created in the
t ime o f the fourth Penghulu .
Lant a i Kulit is the name of a pl ace in Inas on the Pabaibridl e-path to this day : and probably it was from thatplace that the l ady came
,though at that time Inas may
have been under J ohol . One genealogy is interesting , as
bringing additiona l ev idence fo r the traditional identity o f
Inas with Joho l z— that is , i f Si ti Awan and Siti Awa maybe construed for corruptions o f Sitiawan
,the early title of
the rulers of Johol . It runs
Sit i Awan
Siti Awa
Téngkis Sendo k Ma s
m . Kha t ib Akhir
Penghu lu N a am
Penghulu Naam is well known in Negri Sembilan history .
He was beheaded close to Sri Menanti by Raj a Melewar,the
first Yam Tuan who reigned from 1773 t o 1795 . His head isburied at Bukit Temp uro ng and his b ody under a tamarindtree at Ampangan Rambai . His daughter
,Che Seni
,was
taken in marr iage by Raj a Me lewa r,and her two brothers
were given the court titles o f Sri Amar ’diraj a and Raj a’
diwangsa , titles extant to this day . Another daughter ,VVarna Mas
,had married Raj a Khatib
,a pretender to the
office o f Yarn Tuan,whose fall i nvo lved the death of his
father-in-law . In early days,the chief of Ulu Muar must
have been a co nsiderable personage .
Writing in 1839 ,Newbold gave the name of six Penghu
lu s who had held office down to that date,namely
,J a llam
,
Naam,Allum
,Pompom
,Ta llun and Talib .
”
The offices of Penghulu,
’To Ferdana,
’To Purba (and’To
Shahbandar ) are pésaka o f the Biduanda Waris o f Ulu Muar .The Penghulu was elected originally by the Four and
later also by the ‘ Eight Lembagas . The rule that theo ffi ces of Penghulu
,
’
To Perdana and ’
To Purba shall be eachof a different péru t , so that one o ffi ce shall always be held byeach of the
‘
péru t , dates from the time of Penghulu Talun .
A later rule has laid down that o n the death of a Penghulu,
the Ferdana succeeds and the Purba becomes Fe rdana , whilea new Purba is elected from the pew of the deceasedPenghulu . (This rule has in effect taken away the electionof a Penghulu from the council o f Lémbagas and , reasonablyperhaps
,they now claim that they shall elect the Perdana
and the Purba when there are vacancies ') In order to
1 This c la im wa s adm it t ed a t the la st e le c t ion o f a Pe rdana in.
19 18 ,o r
ra ther the Lembaga yang ampa t were g iven a vo i ce in the e le c t i o n .
32 Papers on M a lay Subj ects .
preserve t he co rrect ro t ation,it is clear that
,when one o f the
two m inor o ffices become vacant, the successor must becho sen from the péru t o f the late ho l der , and the rule hasalways been that a near relation of the late holder is chosen .
Thus during the penghu lu ship o f Sidin,no less than fo ur
Ferdanas died . First Amin died and was succeeded by hissister’s son
,Ali . On Ali’s death his full bro ther
,Aba
,became
Perdana,and dying in turn was succeeded by his sister
’sson
,Laboh ; Finally on Laboh
’
s death,Hashim
,his sister ’s
daughter’s son,became Ferdana ; and eventually, on the death
of Sidin,Penghulu . The following table shows the holders
o f the three offices Rej ab , the seco nd Perdana, i s mentio nedby Newbold as ho lding office in 1839 . Newbold also g ives thename o f the Penghulu as at that date as Talib . None of thenative lists show a Penghulu of that
,name and it appears
t o be a mistake fo r Malik,whom the native l ist s
'
show asfollowing Ta lun .
The first names are
P enghulu Ferdana Purba1 . Naam2 . Mindek
3 . Mopeng
4 . Ajong 1 . Isang
5 . J aalam
Then we get the divis ion into jbéru t a s fo ll ows
Penghulu Peru t Perdana Peru t Peru t
6 . Talun Pasir 2 . Re j ab Gemé t ir 4 . Bo do t K . AraPanj ang
7 . Abdul Gemé t ir 3 . Bodo t Kayu ara 5 . Amin P . Panj ang
0
Kayu Ara P . Panj ang G‘
émé t ir
9 . Hashim P . Panj ang Gemet ir 8 . Meon K . Ara .
There are two bua jba ,Raj a Indra and Jengkaya .
Newbo ld writes,
Sri Menanti ” (i .e . Ulu Muar )“fo r
merly considered as subordinate t o Johol asserts her indep endence and has tacitly assumed a place among the fo ur electiv e
] OhOZ . 3 3
states,though her claims are not distinctly recognized ; the
Penghulu,not being descended from the nine to whom titles
were given by'
the Sultan o f Johore,assumed with the
sanction o f Johol that of Stia Lela Maharaj a .
” The seal,it
may be remarked,bears the inscr iption Ku rnia ha -
jbada Da to
Penghu lu Mu ar Setia M aha ra j a Lela Pahlawan ,1293 A .H .
!
1876 A.D . Under British protection it ha s been ruled thatthe Penghulu does not rank among the four el ective states
,
”
and falls under the influence of J ohol . The ’
TO Fe rdana,
’To Purba,the Dato B ag inda Maharaj a and all Muar lérnbaga
have to pay a ce remoni al vis it t o the Dato J ohol afterelection to o ffice ; and in the case o f disputed elections
,
appeal may be made to the Dato Johol .When Penghulu N aam was yet a child
,his father
,Khatib
Akhir,would dandle him
,when the four Minangkabau
patri archs came t o v is it , and would utter the sabcla his infantson could not yet ej aculate .
‘N hen Naam grew up,he
bestowed on his father the title of Baginda Maharaj a . So ,Khatib Akhir handed down a s pésaha or hereditary right theoffi ce of B aginda Maharaj a with it s prerogative o f acting forthe Penghulu of Muar (pen/t angku Penghu lu M u a r) and ofbeing the channel (ha lu an seru bah) through which the fourléinbaga , successors of those early Minangkabau patri archs
,
may approach the Penghulu .
H is descendants became kepa la wari s owing t o theirdescent from Banun . And so along with the ’To Perdana
,
and the ’To Purba,the Baginda Maharaj a takes part in wari s ‘
councils and submits wa ri s affairs to the Penghulu .
When any question of succession arises (tumboh bagi
a tu ra n pésaka ) among the lémbaga (or tribal chiefs ) , then thelémbaga have to invite Baginda Maharaj a to see if thecandidate submitt ed to them by the tribal elders (bu a jba ) is inaccord with the constituted rotation (gi liran) and only ifthe candidate fulfils that condition
,will the Baginda Maharaj a
submit him to the Penghulu zw baharu -lah sah lembaga-nya .
Needless t o say , the unanimity necessary for the conduct o fthis ideal procedure is the fiction of a golden age .
The proceedings on the i nsta lla ti on of a Da to Mu a r
The ceremony began by the Dato Muar going to a placeoutside the ham/Dong in front of the house to bérsi ranz .
Before they le ft the house,the Dato Perdana called out that
no one was to cross the path of the Penghu lu ,to u se an
umbrella or to rnéngunda ng ka in .
Twelve men with spears and swords lined the path to thekamp ong gate . The Dato Baginda walked first
,then the
Dato Muar,then his mother and wife ; then the Dato
Perdana . The Dato Purba should walk next . On reachingthe p lace they sat down . The Dato Baginda firs t placed t he
P apers on Ma lay Subjects .
béclak la ngi r , tepong tawa r on the -face and hands of theDato Muar . Then the mother of the Dato
,the Dato
Ferdana and ’To Purba d id the same . Afterwards theyreturned t o the house . On the dais sat the Dato Muar
,the
Dato Baginda,the Dato Ferdana and Purba and the wife and
mother o f the Penghulu . The Orang Kaya Bongsu presentedthe Penghulu with a pair of silk trousers , the Sri Maharaj awith a ba ju and the Paduka Besar with a destar . ThePenghul u having donned them sat on a cushion in themiddle of the dais
,and the Dato B aginda sitting behind
called on the Lémbagas to méngadap.
Then the B aginda Maharaj a said,The Penghulu lays
it downMa taha ri sudah chélek
Bu lan sua’
ah térangBintang sudah bérchahaya
] angan bera leh, j angan bérubah,
] ika la u béru bah , {Ja cl i sambang ,Béranak tidah bérpahaD i—timpa ’
nika dengan pesaka .
The Lémbagas rep l i ed Sabda cl i -junj ong . The ceremonywas over and a feast took pl ace .
MUAR.
BAG I N DA MAHARAJA .
!
MINOR CHIEF .
Tr ibe SR I LEMAK PAHAN G
Peru t Merua l Mua r Pelanga i P i lah
6 . Ha san
7 . Amin8 . D ina r
9 . N a a t
10 . Kaha r1 1 . J a a lam
Mahara ja Amar Duk a Duka Duka DukaBuape
Kanda Pah lawan S’i R a j a Maha ra ja S
’
i R ama S’i Maha ra ja
t i oho t 3 5
Intermarriage is allowed with Sri Lemak tribe of whichBangsa Balang i s the head .
The names and peru t of holders prior t o Hasan are notreli able .
The Pilah perm is a branch from Kampong Tengah,
Pelangai from Muar and Kuala Parit from Merual.
SHAHBANDAR .
!
Tribe Biduanda Waris
Bu apa Raj a Indra and ’J ong Kaya
Ret ut Pasi r P anj ang Kayu Ara
Holders in ch ro
no log ic a l order
4 . Pais
5 . Osman
The office is confined t o péru t Pasir Panj ang . Pais t h e
fourth holder though not eli gible obtained the post with theconnivance of the then Penghulu in the confusion whichfollowed the murder of Simat the third Shahbandar aboutthe year 1870 . At the election of Osman in 18 16 it was heldthat the office does not bérgi l i r .
3 6 Papers on Ma lay Su bj ects .
THE LEMBAGA YAN G AM PAT .
A .
—TANAH DATAR .
PADUKA BESAR
Kampong Sabrang Muar Kampong IbulPeru t Tengah or or or
Banun Isom Kanda
Holders in 1 . Agomchrono log i
cal order
8 . J aman
1 1 . H a j i La sim12 . Si lin
13 . J aalam14 . Siuntong
Bu ap a Kanda Seti a Raj a
Origina l members of this tribe came from Johol .
B .
—MUNGKAL .
SR I MAHARAJA
Perut Kayu Ara Sab rang Muar Kuala Pilah
Holders inchro no logi
cal order
8 . Musa9 . Husin
Bu ap a Senara Sati Setia Raj a
3 8 P a pers on M a lay Su bj ects .
D .
—SR I MELENGGANG .
ORANG KAYA BONGSU
Peru t Sri Menanti Tera chi
Holders in 1 . To ’ Sehchrono log i 2 . Panj angcal order Rambut
3 . R iar
4 . Makar
5 . Lateh6. Asin
8 . Laj in
9 . R asip
Indra Sutan Raj a AmarRaj a LelaSekara Lela Sekara
Lateh is mentioned by Newbo ld as holding offi ce in 183 9 .
The above 4 Lembaga are
Ti ang kera j aan a stana
Ti ang ba la i D ato Mu a r
Anak pada Da to j oho l .
LEMBAGA YAN G D I LAPAN .
A .
—TIGA BATU .
PADA MAHARAJA
Peru t Kuala Pilah Ulu Pilah Kampong Ibul
Ho lders in 1 . Pendekchrono log i 2 . Mirancal o rder 3 . Aris
4 . Achun
5 . Pinta l6. Badat
7 . Sulaiman
Senara Garang Palembang P aduka Dia
Aris is mentioned by Newbo ld as holding o ffice in 1839 .
] OhOZ . 3 9
B .
— PAYA KUMBOH.
!
SENARA KAYA
c U Masj idBemban Senahng T‘
erbakarUlu P rlah
1 . Samsura
2 . Lisa
3 . Budu
5 Jaudin
7 . Kedah
Pang a lima Raj aBuapaPé rang Balang Laksamana Mangku J aya
This tribe came from Rembau early in the 19th century .
These bu apa were originally Besa r a’
a la rn Suku and there wasone buapa o nly
,B aginda Tan Amas . The five Bésa rs have
now entirely usurped his functions .
Lisa i s mentioned by Newbo ld a s holding offi ce in 1839 .
C .
~ —BATU BELANG .
!
SENARA ANGSA
Peru t
1 . Sobek2 . Bandin
3 . Say i t
4 . Suj an
5 . Sindit
6. Si amat
7 . Ramat8 . Taat
Bu apa Paduka Manti
4 0 Papers on Ma lay Su bj ects .
This tribe is said(
t o have come from Pasir Besar . Thereis a fourth permat Pilah Tengah
,which came from Rembau
,
with a baapa Raj a Dia . At the 1909 election it appears tohave been agreed that at the next vacancy but one theoffice should go to this peru t .
Bandin is mentioned by Newbold as holding office in
D . AN AK ACHEH .
!
Title of Lembaga ORANG KAYA KECH IL
Peru t Serdang Tebing Tinggi
Holders in chrono lo g i I . Sulahcal order 2 . Badak
3 . Tiha
4 . Omar
5 . Dris
Ja udin
7 . Haj i J apar8 . Uj ang
9 . Saleh1 10 . Siani
Bu apa Kanda
The original settlers came from Rembau .
Péru t Serdang is subdivided into Serdang and Tanj ongIpoh and Peru t Tebing Tinggi , Kayu Ara and Simpang , butthe rotation is between the two main divisio ns only .
] 0ho l . 4 1
E .
—BATU HAMPAR .
Title of Lembaga MAHARAJA
Peru t
H olders in chrono 1 . Tént u
l ogical order 2 . Pet a
3 . Kandek
4 . Abul
5 . Mulai6 . Liun
8 . VVahab
Bu apa Raj a Lela
The orig inal settlers came from Rembau .
Mulai is mentioned by Newbo ld as holding o ffic e in 183 9 .
To ’ Maharaj a in the time o f Yarn Tuan Imam was givencertain duties at the Astana Ampang Tinggi similar t o thoseo f the Raj a ’
diwangsa at Sri Menanti . He is bérta li kapadara ja ,
bukan kapaau ] 0hol .
F .
—SR I LEMAK PAHANG .
BANGSA BALANG
Peru t Pilah Parit or Muar
Ho lders in 1 . Panauchronological 2 . Sudi t
order 3 . Tain
4 . Kamaru ’dDin
5 . Ngah6 . R a hi in
7 . Sahak
Buapa Jingkaya Amar Sekara
42 P apers on Ma lay Subj ects .
G .
—TIGA NENEK .
!
Title of Lembaga MAHARAJA LELA
Peru t Sri Menanti Talang
Holders in chrono lo g i 1 . Sabtucal order 2 . Ismail
3 . Sitam
4 . Jampok
5 . B adur
Bu ap a Setia Raj a
H .
—BIDUANDA SUNGAI UJONG .
BAGINDA Ra j a
Kampong Mérilang or PilahPe ru t Ulu P l lah Terap Pulau Pinang Tengah
Holders in 1 . Marahchrono lo g i 2 . Dua t a i
cal order 3 . Talok
f7 . Ma
’
a ris
Bu ap a’Ginda Molana
This tribe came from Rembau . Intermarriage with theBiduanda J awa is allowed, but not with the Biduanda Waris .
] 0ho l . 43
ADD I TI ON AL LEMBAGAS .
A.-BIDUANDA ]AWA.
!
Title of Lembaga PENGHULU DAGAN G
P‘
eru t To’
Bé rémbun To ’ Gaung
Ho lders in chro I . Tabauno logica l order 2 . Aba
3 . Sarak
4 . Suka l5 . Sa leh
8 . Siunt o ng
Ba apa
This tribe came from Rembau,the { fin d being named
after the three orig inal settlers . They are a branch of theMuar Wan/2
'
s Wa ri s Mua r tiga chabcmg , ampa t déngan ] awaand cannot intermarry with them ; but they cannot succeedto the offices o f Penghulu
,Perdana or Purba . They may
intermarry with the B iduanda Sungai Uj ong .
The Penghulu Dagang is di—bawah To’
Pérdana and it isthe latter
’
s duty to carry out the e lec t ion'
o f a PenghuluDagang and present the chosen candidate to the Penghulu foracceptance .
B .
-SR I LEMAK MINANGKABAU .
!
ORANG KAYA MUDA
Peru t Tanj ongi
zmpang Pulau Pariterong
Holders in I . Haj i Mauminchrono log i 2 . Pengka r
cal order 3 . B agan
4 . Idin
5 . Bagul6. Karal
7 . LasinS. Judn1
9 . IpaiI o . Tocham
B a apa Maharaj a Kaya
4 4 P apers on Ma lay Subj ects .
This tribe represents the descendants of settlers subse
quent t o tho se whose Zémbaga is Senara Muda . The two sec
ti ons of the Sri Lemak Minangkabau tribe may intermarry .
The o ffice o f Orang Kaya Muda was created i n the time o f
Senara Muda Olek (circa
C .
-TANAH DATAR .
FERDAN A
Peru t
H olders in I . Apachrono log i 2 . Aluncal order 3 . I j ok
4 . Bagai
5 I apa r
6. Salam
Bu ap a Maharaj a Senara and Raj a Sekara
This tribe is a branch from the Tanah Datar tribe o f
Gunong Pasir and the office o f Perdana was created byPenghulu Abdul Mal ik (circa
D .
—MUNGKAL .
Title of Lembaga SR I MAHARAJA
Peru tKiri Ma dek Sungai Kanan Ma dek
Pilah Sungai P ilah
Holders in chrono I . Akin Samanlog ical order 2 . Haj i Mat Taib
3 . Samat
4 . Haj i Daud
Buap a Setia Raj a Perdana
JE M P U L
Originally four diff erent families belonging t o four differen t tribes came to Malacca t o Batang Tiga from Minangkabau . They were :
I . ] uara Megat Sri Melenggang .
2 . Susu Laboh Tiga B atu
3 . Tanah Datar
4 . Mungkal .
The Sm’
Méleuggaug settlers went first to Tanah Bisa ,which was the name of the country later called Naning .
Thence one Siti Awan by name migrated t o Anak AyerSongsang in J empul .
The Tiga Ba tu settlers went to Lubok Kepong thencethe daughter o f Susu Laboh settled at Pulau Sabang
,and
her daughter migrated from Pu lau Sabang to Kuala SungaiSialang in J empul .
The Tanah Da ta r settlers migrated to ] umbang in SriMenanti ; thence the grand-daughters o f the original settlerwent to Sungai Petaling in J empul .
The Mungka l settlers first settled at Tanj ong B idarathence at a latter date some of them went and settled a t
Maj au in J empul . When these tribes settled in J empul,i t
was not yet called J empul ; Downstream from Titian Teraswas called Su nga i Kédoudoug : upstream wa s called Lébau
Chondoug Tupa i Ba tok. The Zéba u tree in question was atKuala Tapak .
Tradition avers it wa s only in the t ime of Hassan thePenghulu in Newbo l d
’s day that J empul territory came toextend up to the extreme u lu . Before that
,the Ulu was
under the D ato J elebu ; and each Penghulu Jelebu, afterbeing installed in Jelebu , came to Ulu J empul and wa sinstalled again at Kampong Bukit . I n the time of PenghuluHassan both claimed Ulu J empul and a war was imminent .
The Penghulu ] elebu made a fort across the sawah from thepoint where the present Terentang road meets the bridlepath from Batu Kikir . This is now called Kubor J elebu ”
:
it was formerly and should be Kubu J elebu .
Blows were not s truck,the Dato Jelebu finally giving
away and admitting the rights of the Dato J empul from theUlu t o the Kuala . One story says that Tunku Me lewa r gavethe early tribesmen their l and , part of it belonging t o Jo holand part to J elebu . The other tradition records that thethen chief o f J ohol
,Rambutan J antan , was their suzerain and
at the request of Peng iran,the head of the Tiga Batu tribes
men and of Panglima Sutan Kebesaran the head of the TanahDatar tribesmen
,gave them a Penghulu of their own .
In any case,the first Penghulu of J empul must have
been created at the very end of the eighteenth or a t thebeg inning of the nineteenth century . Raj a Melewar died in1795 . The niece of the first Penghulu married Tengku AlangHussain
,who was an adu lt before Newbold published his book
in 18 39 . The genealogy runs :
P erdana Mant eri o f Pa sir B esa r m .
Pe t am
JGandum f Da imI st Penghulu o f J empu l
Ta rum Nya i Uban Mayang , ancest ress o f
ance st ress o f a m . Tengku A lang Hussa in a pawno f the wa r t s
p‘
a’
yu t o f the wa rts pé’
rémpu an J empu lpéré
’
mpu a u J empu l
T engku Muda Oma r ,
o f Seret ing
Tengku Muda Muhamma do f Se re t ing , d . 19 12 .
As we have seen in our account of J ohol,the Dato o f
J oho l gave the immigrants Daim,becaus e he was one of his
own wa rts : and he was also a descendant of those wa rts o f
Bendahara Sekudai,who had made a settlement at Pasir
Besar . Penghu lu Daim did obeisance to the Dato o f ] oholand was installed at Sungai Kandong or Terentang . TheDato of J ohol gave him a spear (tombak) a s the ins ignia o fhis office . The title is Dato Lel a Putera Setiawan .
The successor to the offic e of Penghulu runs in one
péru t and there is no syst em o f rotation . The {oéru t provides also one other officer
,the
’To Paduka Tuan,head of
the warts Jempul . The list o f holders of the office of Penghuluincludes eight names : Daim
,Chap
,R ia l
,
'
Ma t ik,Hassan (fl .
183 9, wide Newbold ) , Johan , Suku l (d . Haj i Abdu’lWahab .
The head of the wa rts pérémpu a u bears the tit le ofShahbandar . The o ffice go es not by birth but by marriagehe must be the husband of a wa rts pérémpua u . Three fami~
l ies are eligible t o confer this digni ty on the husbands oftheir women the desc endants of Tarum and Mayang
,nieces
of t he first Penghulu,and a péru t Bidai , whose orig in is
obscure,but whose claim is admitted without dispute . The
wa rts pérémpu a u are the sole electo rs . There is no fixedrotation
,all the branches being equally elig ible a t every
election . There have been eight Shahbanda rs . Though the
present holder of the office is himsel f by birth of the péru tM ayang , he was elected by vi rtue of his marriage t o a womanof péru t Bida i , the matriarchal prescription against int erm arri age within the tribe no t obtain ing in Jempul .
48 P apers on M a lay Subjects .
The two Minangkabau settlers , who got a Penghulufrom Johol
,also were given titles evidently by the ruler of
J ohol,as their titles t o this day are bérpésaka to Johol ; on
election holders have t o pay homage to the Dato o f J ohol,
and in case o f dispute the Dato of Joho l can decide the election and is the final court of appeal . The ten o ther triba llémbaga of J empul have no voice in the election o f these twooffi cers for the two antedate the creation of the ten nor arethe latter bérta lz
’
t o ] 0hol . Penger an was given the title ofLela Raj a ; and holders o f the titl e ar e lémbaga of the TigaBatu tribe . Panglima Sutan Kebesar an was created SriAmar Mant eri he is lémbaga of the Tanah Datar tribe .
Lei a Raj a is styled au ak Dato J ohol . He acts as Penghulu of J empul
,whenever the offi ce is vacant . He is head
of the twelve tribal lembaga of J empul . He is ha lu a u sembahi n the audience-hall of the ruler of Johol ; the channel ofcommunication between J empul and ] 0hol .
Sri Amar Mantri is styled a uak Dato J empul he is theha lu au se
'
mbah in the audience-hall of the chief of J empul .Through him the ten tribal lémba ga approach the Penghuluof J empul .
Newbold records,
the Penghulu and four suku exercisealmo st independent sway : the tribes are those o f Biduanda
,
Sri Melenggang,Anak Melaka
,and Tiga Batu .
”He must
have been misinformed fo r he omit s two offices,which have
been shown to be coeval with the creation of the Penghu lu ,
and he omits,t o take one more instance
,the Batu Hampar
tribe,whose present lembaga is now eighth on the list of
ho lders of the title of Dato Besar .
JEMPUL
I . SHAHBANDAR .
!
MINOR CHIEF
Holders in chronolog ical or der
Bu apa Maharaj a Garang
] 0ho l . 49
KEPALA WABIS PADUKA TUA N
Tribe B I BUAN DA
Holders in chronological o rder
Bu ap a Maharaj a Garang
LEMBAGA5 .
I .
—TIGA BATU .
LELA R AJA
Peru t Kuala Sialang
Holders in chrono log i
cal order
6. Sadik
7 . Ij au
Bu ap a Senara Garang
Lela Raj a. is the chief of the J empul Lembag as and ac t s
as Penghulu between the death of a Penghulu and the elect iono f a successo r .
50 Papers on M a lay Subjects .
11.
—TANAH DATAR .
Title of Lembaga SR I AMAR MANTRI
Peru t Terentang Lonik
Holders in chrono I . Panglima Sutan Kebesaranlogical order 2 . Langg i
3 . Laj ong4 . Bahai
5 . J amil
Bu apa Mé lana L'
ebai
Si Amar Mantri is the ha luan sémbah o f the PenghuluJ empul . Lela Raj a and he are the two chief lembagas andrank above the other ten .
III .
— TIGA BATU .
Title of Lembaga MAHARAJA'
SETIA
Peru t K ‘
eru
Holders in chronological order
3 . Susun
4 . Sulun
5 . Kamat6. Samah
7 . Yatim
Bu ap a Orang Kaya Muda and Baginda Muda
Peru t
Holders in chrono log ic al order
Bu ap a
Berut
Holders in chro
no logica l order
Bu apa
IV .—TIGA BATU .
SETI A R A]A
Pulau
Senara Muda
V .
— TIGA NENEK .
SETIA PEN
Maj au Jere j ak
6. Badul
Paduka Mantri
Lon ik
3 . Ku lup Yusuf
4 . Kenok
’
] ing Kaya
GHULU
Sunga i Pe t ahng
4 . Haj i Sukor
5 . Haj i Draman
Papers on Ma lay Subj ects .
V I .
—SR I LEMAK PAHANG .
Title of Lembaga SBTI A PAHLAWAN
Perut Terentang ] éré j ak Madin
Ho lder s in chronological I . Akobo rder 2 . Talap
3 . Embap
4 . ] adat
5 . Tangkar
6. Limun
7 . Sianit
8 . Tahar
9 . KasimI O . Tedoh
I I . Udang
Maharaj a B aginda Sri AmarBu apa Kaya Kari Raja
This tribe was founded by three brothers who came fromBukit Sa-Gumpa l on the Pahan g river .
V I I — B IDUANDA WARIS .
OMBI OR ’
Dro MAHARAJA OR BENTARA
B iduanda.Peru t J awa or Chinchang
Priaduka
Mantriuan
Kata
I . Kiamar2 . Sialat
3 . Rantau
5 . Datin
54 Papers on M a lay Subjects .
I X.
—MUNGKAL .
Title o f Lembaga T0 ’ KOMO
Peru t Ké ruKampong BintonganPauh
Ho lders in chronological order
3 . N o lah
4 . Muj i
5 . Aman
Buap a
X .
—~BATU HAMPAR .
!
To’ BESAR
u. Anak ayer
Perut Jere j akPenghulu Kuala Jempul
Holders in I . Nesahchrono logi 2 . R apek
cal o rder 3 . Wan
4 . Asum
5 . Datin6 . Tachik
7 . Nati8 . Satin
9 . Pakeh Saman
Buapa Kaya Maharaj a Raj a Bilang
The péru t of Kuala Jempul was added by a tribal ag ree~
ment made befo re the D istrict Officer in 19 16 and will supplythe lembaga o n the next vacancy .
t55
XI .
—PAYA KUMBOH .
Title o f Lembaga To ’ SUROH
Ho lders in chronological I . Alio rder 2 . Amin
3 . Uj ang
4 . ] anal
5 . ] afar6. Tal ik
Buap a Baginda Raj a
About six famil ies o f Paya Kumboh from Ulu Muaropened up a new sawab at Bayai on the Serting in 1916.
They have a buapa o f their own , ] ing kaya , and it is pro po sedt o make a tribal mua faka t establishing a gi lirau in futurebetween Paj ak and thi s new settlement .
XI I .
—ANAK ACHEH .
Title o f Lembaga SR I PAHLAWAN
Peru t Padang Leb ar Jerej ak
Ho lders in chro I . Sangkapno lo g ica l o rder 2 . Kurap
5 . Sebu s
6 . Abas
Bu ap a Paduka Sinda
G U N O N G P A S I R .
Mantra traditions record that the small state o f Guno ngP asir
,o r Pondong Pasir as it was formerly called, was found
e d by the Dato of ] 0hol . In 1883 Harvey wrote, GunongPasir
,which is now under Sri Menant i
,is claimed as properly
belong ing to Rembau , though in Newbold’s time (1839) it
was said t o have belonged‘
o riginally to Joho l and the last isconfirmed by the aborigines
,who are the best authorities .
Its geographical position supports the Mantra v iew andalso explains how Rembau may have raided it at some time .
The Penghu lus of Gunong Pasir are o f the Tanah Datartribe . The first Penghulu was a Dato Wan who is said t o
h ave got his dignity from a Sultan o f Joho re,who cannot be
ident ified.
1
He was succeeded by his son'
To’ Mesj it . The founder
o f the three famil ies between which the offi ce now rotateswas To ’ Gambi a sauda ra of To
’ Wan . So the pedigree ini t s earl ier stages runs :
To ’Wan (I ) To’ Gambi
To’ Mesj it (2)Baki Semut Diat .
‘
After that comes the fo llowing l isti
z— the correct rotat ion is quite unusual and rather doubtful but the l ist o f
names i s well authenticated .
PERUT ULU GUN O N G PASI R BUKI T S I KA I
Founder Simu t
Ho lders 3 . Tu aka l
4 . Mant ik5 . Budin
6. H a j i Ma lek7 . Ut eh
8 . Alam9 . Kandak
I O . Pa choh o r Mént adoh] I . Lahu
12 . H aJl Mo hd . AminI 3 . B a s ir
Bu ap a R a ja Ment r i
1 The name given is Su l t an Shar in Maha ra j a ] a l i ibn i Al-m a rhum Sul t anAbdu’l J a l i l .
] 0hol . 5 7
The method of election is a s follows . On the death ofa Penghulu
,Paduka Sri Maharaj a
,the lbmbaga o f the
Tiga Batu tribe , acts a s penghu lu till a successor is elect ed .
To ’ Manti Maharaj a,the képa la wa rts
,decides t o which
péru t the gi li rau falls and informs Setia Raj a,Set ia Lela
B aduka Sri Maharaj a and To ’ Johan . The lat t er . oneof the oraug (mam a stana
,1s chosen from the Tanah D at ar
t ribe of Gunong Pasi r and has many a nak bua h among thewa rts o f Gunong Pasir . His participation in the choice of a
péughu lu is unusual , but is admitted by all the lémbaga andthe képa la warts to be correct and in order . If these fourand To ’ Manti agree
,the approval of the minor three léutbaga
is not essential . In practice they would never oppose theu nanimous choice o f the other five
,nor would a candidate
unanimously chosen fail to be supported by the warts,whose
consent is in theo ry necessary .
On election a péugku lu does obeisance t o H is Highnessthe Yamt u an .
A . TANAH DATAR .
Ti t le o fK
‘
epala Waris MANTI MAHARAJA
Buapa Raj a Mantr i
Ulu GunongPe ru t
PasirBuki t
I
H olders in chro 1 . Ku lup Ulu'no logic al order
l
6. Siak Bat al
8 P apers on M a lay Subjects .U1
B —TIGA BATU .
PADUKA SR I MAHAR AJA
Buapa Palembang
Bukit Mé lent ang Tanj o ngPeru t Pulau Besar or Sépan or
Lubok Kepong Nisan Tinggi
Holders in 1 . Sufi
chrono lo gi 2 . Nantacal
’
order 3 . Laj in
4 . Tatan
6. Samat
This lémbaga acts as péughu lu between the death o f aPenghulu and the electi on o f his successor .
Intermarri age between the t h a t of Lubok Kepong andNisan Tinggi is permitted .
C.—PAYA KUMBOH .
!
Titleof Lembaga Sam RAJA
Bu ap a Senara
Peru t Only one péru t in this tribe .
Holders in chro no lo g i
cal order
] 0ho l . 59.
D .
— SR I LEMAK MINANGKABAU.
!
SETIA LELA
Bu ap a ] ikaya
Perut Tanj ong Limau Masj id
Holders inchro no log i
cal order
8 . Kulup Elar
9 . ] abir10 . Ludin
I I . ] adun12 . Babali
E .—ANAK ACHEH .
Title of Lembaga ANDIKA
Buap a S-etia Muda
Perut
Holders in chrono lo g i
cal order
"60 Papers on Ma lay Subj ects .
F .
—TIGA BATU .
!
Title of Lembaga LELA R AJA
Bu ap a Orang Kaya Muda
Peru t One péru t only in this tribe
Holders in chrono log i
cal order
This o ffice was created recently owing to a dispute att he election o f the 4th holder o f the offi ce o f Paduka SriMaharaj a (above ) .
G .
—TIGA NENEK .
BANGSA BALANG
Bu ap a Singa Balang
Perut One perm only in this tribe
Holders in chrono lo gi
cal order
‘62 Papers on M a lay Subjects .
h ow a woman of the tribe of Sir Lemak Pahang,Nyai Tanj ong
by name, migrated f rom near Mengkarak in Pah ang andsettled at Kampong ] uak near Sri Menanti . She h ad one sonand two daughters
,one marri ed to a husband of the B iduanda
tribe and one t o a Tiga N enek tribesman . These threefamilies settled in the Terachi va lley .
After a time the heads of the three families j ourneyed t oJoho re to do obeisance to the Sultan and beg him t o appointa Penghulu . When they arrived at Johore
,the B iduanda
man was suffering from beriberi (sakz’
t lump'
oh) and could notleave the boat . In his absence
,the Sultan enacted that the
Sri Lemak Pahang tribe should provide the Penghulu and th eTiga N enek tribesman be appointed Péma ugku Penghu lu andHa lu au Sémbak with the title of M antrz
’
M a lta ra ja . The unfortunate Biduanda
,who
,as the representative of the ah
orig inal owners o f the soil,had the best right to the office of
Penghulu,was app ointed a mere lémbaga of the Biduanda
t ribe with the titl e of Raj a ’di Muda .
On their return to Tera chi,the son of Mantri Maha ra j a
and his Sri Lemak Pahang wife , Ahmat by name, becamethe first Penghulu . After some time and the influx of othersettlers
,Mantri Maharaj a and Raj a’di Muda quarrelled as to
which trib e should provide Ahma t’
s wife,each wishing his
own tribe t o have the honour . Finally the matter wassettled by Ahmat marrying a B iduanda woman from SungaiUj ong and settling with her at Kampong Kundang .
Such is the Malay story,which as usual is f ull o f im
po ssibil ities . A settlement of three famil ies , all closely rel ated ,would no t require a Penghulu t o govern them . There is nota j o t o f evidence that Tera chi ever obtained recognition from
Joho re . Ulu Muar never did so and it is impossible that astate which was subordinate to Ulu Muar should have doneso . The story is clea rly framed t o
,expla in certain facts in the
constitution of Tera chi . The Wa ri s N egeri of Tera chi arenot B iduanda as in nearly all the other states
,but of the tribe
of Sri Lemak Pahang . To explain this we get the story ofRaj a’di Muda ’s illness and the trick played on him in hisab sence by the other two .
Again no member of the Sri Lemak tribe is eligibleunless married . to a woman of the Kampong Kundangsettlement of Bidu anda .
l Kampong Kundang was settled byimmigrants from Sungai Uj ong , and thi s qualification requiredfo r the o ffice of Penghulu is cl early a relic of Sungai Uj ongi nfluence . But the sto ry explains it by a quarrel betweenMantri Maharaj a a
'
nd Raj a’di Muda regarding the bride ofthe first Penghulu .
Terachi in fact has no history .
1 Acco rding t o the pre sen t Penghulu this rule ha s fa l len int o abeyanceand ma rriage with any B iduanda woman suffi ces .
] o lzol . 63
There may stil l be found Te ra chi settlement s in UluMuar and Ulu Muar settlements in Tera chi
,obeying the
o rders o f their own lembag a s . The boundary between thetwo states is not a natura l but a purely artificial one
,viz . a
small island in the Sungai Te ra chi,which i s itsel f nowhere
more than twelve yards wide . Tera chi has always beenc losely associated with and overshadowed by i t s more powerful neighbour .
PEN GHULU TERACH I .
KBPALA WAR I S,SR I AMAR RAJA ; KEPALA WARISAMAR PENGHULU .
There are three divisions of the Sri Lemak Pahang tribein Terachi . The head of the first is Sri Amar Raj a and hisa u ak bu ah claim descent from the first Mantri Maharaj a andhis Sri Lemak Pahang wife . The head of the second is AmarPenghulu who claims descent from the wife of the first Raj a’di Muda . The head of the third is Raj a Sekara whose a u akbuah
,unlike those of Sri Amar Raj a and Amar Penghulu
,are
no t wa rts u egérz’
and are ineligible for the office of Penghulu.
1
All the recognized Penghulus up to the present time havebeen au ak buab o f Sri Amar Raj a
,but since the middle o f
the 19th century Amar Penghu lu’
s peru t Has also claimed theright t o provide a Penghulu in turn .
Martin Lister wrote in‘
1888 2 ' In Tera ch i in 1887there were two P enghulus one of them
,and the right one
,wa s
recognized by the Raj a and by the Dato ] 0hol . The othero ne had hal f the state on his side
,but he was really wrong
though he had a grievance . Orig inally there were twofamilies in Terachi who rul ed . A former Penghulu had re
no unced the office for his family . He was a very strict Mahomedan and did not co nsider that such wo rldly things as offi ceshould be entertained in his f amily . The descendants o f thisdevout Mussulman did not view the matter in the samelight .
”
The rightful Penghulu referred to by Martin Lister wa sHaj i ] aal who still held the office in 19 19, and the othercl aimant was Haj i Lahap of the ibéru t of Amar Penghulu andsuppo rted by him . But the split in Tera chi began long before1887 . When H aj i Said was Penghulu and he succeededSulo ng , whom N ewbold mentions as holding offi ce i n 1839 ,
1 The pre sent R a j a Seka ra denies t h is and cla ims t ha t Ma r t in L is t e rwa s de ce ived when the Te rachi agreement , quo t ed be lo w, wa s ma de . H I S
cla ims a re sh adowy and there seems no re a son t o do ubt the fa irne ss o f t he
agreement .
5 Ma lay Law in Negri Sembi l an N o . XXII,pages 309 and
64 Papers on Ma lay Subj ects .
Haj i Bakar was set up by the then Amar Penghulu as a rivalcl aiman t . Similarly Musib o f Amar Penghu lu
’
s {Jérut dis
pu t ed the office with Adil , Haj i Said’s successor .
In 1887 Martin Lister wrote, acco rding t o the constit u t ion of the state
,there are two képa la wa rts , Sri Amar
Raj a and Amar Penghu lu . Amar Penghulu has now recogniz ed the folly o f suppo rting Haj i Lahap , who i s therefore leftwitho ut support in the s tate . He is however no t withoutclaims and it will be my duty t o arrange later that he shallhold some recognized office in the state .
”
In the same year Martin Lister was able to effect asettlement between the rival parties and the following agreements was made I the Penghulu of Terachi togetherwith the wa rts Sri Amar Raj a the wa rts Amar Penghulu andthe six lemba ga ,
t o wit To’ Mantri,To
’ Raj a Muda,To
’ Raj aSekara
,To’ Amar Pahlawan
,To’ Duka Mantri and To ’ Raj a
Senara,make the fo llowing agreement t o which I have affixed
my seal and the rest their signatures . ‘ From t his day fo rward we agree that the offi ce o i Penghulu of Terachi shallbe held alternately by the péru t o f Sri Ama r Raj a and the
péru t of. Amar Penghulu , subj ect t o the ancient rule that thenew Penghulu must be married t o a member of the tribe ofwhich Raj a Muda is the head .
Moreover if the Penghulu is o f the gbéru t of Sri AmarR aj a the offi ce o f To ’ Datar must be held by the péru t o f
Amar Penghulu,and if the Penghulu is o f the pew of Amar
Penghulu the office of To’ Datar must be held by the fi rm! ofSri Amar R aj a .
To’ Datar
,o r more correctly Anda t ar
,is the title of an
office o f the Yang di—pert u an ,one o f the Orang Anam Asta
na . In 1887 the holder , Haj i B aki, was living in Mecca , andMartin Lister conferred the title on Haj i Soho r
,the then
Amar Penghulu . The Yang di-pertu an howe ver refused t oaccept Haj i Soho r as an Orang Anam Astana
” and appointed another . From 1887 therefo re t here have been twoAnda t a r
,one an o fficer o f the Yam Tuan and the other a
minor chi ef o f Terachi,the present holder Haj i Soho r being
the first t o fill the latter office . In 1919 Haj i Sohor was electedPenghulu
,it being laid down that the To’ Datar aut omat i
cally succ eeds .
The following table gives a l ist o f the Penghu lus
l The agre ement (N .S. Sec . is no t s i gned by the last t hre el
‘
e‘
mbaga . They a re o f mo re re cent o rigin than and are subo rdina t e t o thefirst t hre e .
] 0hol . 65
Peru t Padang Lebar Beringin Tambah
Ho lders in cht o 1 . Ahmatno log ica l order 2 . Téngkis
3 . To’ Pechat'
4 . Dota
8 . Adil
9 . Haj i ] a’al
None
KEPALA WARIS SR I AMAR RAJA
Tribe SR1 LEMAK PAHANG
Peru t Padang Lebar Beringin Tambah
Holders in chro
no log ic a l o rder
3 . Sain
6. Yahya
‘
Buapa None
I ntermarriage is fo rbidden with the other divisions ofthe tribe in Tera chi and also with the ana le buah of the SriLemak Pahang Lembaga in Ulu Muar
,Bangsa Balang , but is
allowed with the aa ak bu a /t of the Muar Chief,Baginda
Maharaj a .
J The d ismiss ed o ne . H i s name i s no t known .
66 P apers on Ma lay Su bj ects .
KEPALA WARrs AMAR PEN'
GHULU
Tribe SR I LEMAK PAHANG
Berut KampongTan
'
on Limau Tan'
on LebanGedangJ g J g
Ho lders in 1 . Do sakchronological 2 . Dainorder 3 . Barn]
4 . Kulub Aman5 . H a j i Soho r
6. Kechik
Bu ap a None
Intermarriage is forbidden with the other divisions of thetribe in Te rachi and with t he ana l: bu ah of the Sri LemakPahang Lembaga in Ulu Muar , Bangsa B alang , but is allowedwith the a u ak buab of the Ulu Muar chief
,Bag inda Maharaj a .
LEMBAGAS.
I .—BIDUANDA .
RAJA ’
D 1 MUDAI
Peru t Parit
Ho lders in 1 . Sialamchrono logical 2 . B ayakorder 3 . Undok
4 . Ujud
5 . Said6. Akin
7 . Sair8 . Ismail
Ba apa Si Amar Mantri
i
] 0hol . 67
II .—TIGA NENEK .
’
MANTRI MAHARAJA
Peru t Ulu .Parit Kuala Parit
Holders in 1 . Alamchrono logical 2 . Bomiorder 3 . Toping
4 . H aj iMohamadAmin
5 ] atin6. Sialam
Bu apa S‘
etia Raj a
This Lembaga méma ugku péughu lu is the ha luau sémbah
of the p'
éughu lu . It is not certain if there is a 4th péru t atParit Tengah .
I I I .
—SR I LEMAK PAHANG .
RAJA SEKAR A
PadangLebar
Bendul
Ho lders in 1 . Chantekchrono lo 2 . Timah
gical order 3 . B atal
6. Kadir
7 . Kudom8 . Ujud
Bu ap a Raj a Pahlawan
The Offi ce is said to have been created by the third Penghulu , To
’ Pechat .
68 Papers on Ma lay Subj ects .
IV .
—ANAK ACHEH .
AMAR PAHLAWAN
Peru t Ayer Hitam Parit Tengah Ulu Parit
Holders in chro I . Lukuino lo g ica l o rder 2 . Lateh
3 . Kasah
4 . Ining5 . H aj i Ahmat
Buapa Paduka S inda
This tribe is o f the same descent as the Ulu Muar tribeo f Anak Acheh and the two may no t intermarry .
V .
—BATU BELANG .
Title o f Lembaga RAJA SENARA
Peru t Tebat
Ho lders in chro nolog ical order
3 . R o lak
4 . Rahim
Bu apa ] ik aya
V I .
—BATU’
HAMPAR .
Title o f Lembaga PADUKA MAN TRI
Peru t Mempas
Ho lders in chronological order 1 . Gumbang2 . Saing
3 . Daud
4 . Mohamad Dahan5 . Yunus
Bu ap a Panglima Sati
70 Papers on M a lay Subjects .
i s the greatest and highest mountain from Malacca to Pahang .
The road or path is very go od from the valley of Punggok upto Johol . From Johol t o Gemencheh is one day’s j ourney .
Here there is a tin mine .
sth . Left J ohol at half past 5 o’clock and cro ssed
Mount Johol : from the valley to Tampin the path is verygo odf
’
The first interesting account of a visit to J oho l is thatof the Abbe Favre
,printed in Logan
’s Journal of theIndian Archipelago
,
” in March 1849 .
By about one o’clock we had already crossed Tampin
and passed its boundaries with J oho l we continued ourj ourney through the jungle till about three o ’clock when wefound ourselves in a most pleasant place
,though in the
thickest part of the forest . The prospect is no t very extended
,but is however a beautiful one there is a small valley in
which a fine cascade,falling from the next eminence amongst
large ro cks,offers t o the travell er bo th excellent water to
quench his thirst and one of the finest accommodations tobathe . We rested there about half an hour
,and then con
tinned our j ourney until ha lf past four,when we found ou r
selves in a large valley in which lies the kingdom of J ohol .The who le o f the population of that state
,which is said
t o amount to about three thousand souls only ; inhabit thisvalley , which runs nearly in a l ine from west to east , extendo
ing six o r seven miles . Several places,where a greater
number of houses are found more clustered together , aretermed villages . There are five principal villages
,V iz . Nuri
,
Lending , Inas, Tumang and B enong . R ice is cultivatedthro ughout the valley
,which appears very fit fo r such culti
vation on bo th sides are the five villages before named,and
few o ther habitations ; the rest o f the state is covered withforest and is a lmo st uninhabited .
The village at which we arrived is called N uri, the ordinary residence o f the chief who i s termed Penghulu . Thisd ignitary, then absent , was about one mile further celebra ting the nuptials of some o f the nobility of the place .
After some difficulty,occasioned by the absence of the
chief,we were allowed to take our lodging in a common Ma
lay house where we passed the night . The next day we wereobl iged to remain where we were
,because
,not yet having
seen the chief,we could not be permitted to v isit any place .
We spent part of the day in making enquiries ; and we wereinformed that the J akuns living within the limits of thekingdom were not numerous : two o r three places only werementio ned a s being frequented by a few families of them .
The second day a fter our arrival,having previously ob
t a ined the necessary licence,we went t o meet the king at the
wedding ; but we encountered him on the road about halfway as he was returning home .
He i s a man of about
f ohol . 71
sixty years of age ; his appearance is at first sight p repo ssessing he appears respectable
,simple and collect ed in man
ner . We accompanied him to the palace,which though one
of the first buildings in the place, would scarcely be calleda bonse in Europe . In his march he was preceded by a standard similar t o that used by Mussulmans and by a greatdignitary bearing the royal sword he was followed by aboutfifteen men , a rmed with muskets of several kinds and calibers
,and more or less in order— perhaps the greatest part of
them would have been put in remoti s in our European armies .
At the inv itation of the sovereign,we entered the yard
of the palace,and we were soon after introduced into a large
verandah where the court is habitually held . After a fewminutes’ conversation
,the chief gave orders to bring ou r bag
gage into his house,and allowed us to v isit the localities
frequented by the J akuns we perceived however that suchexcursions as well as a long stay in the state would be farfrom pleasing to him . The Rev . Mr . Borie spent a part ofthe day in visit ing the J akuns, while I was detained at homeby
'
a s light indispos it ion . This circumstance gave me anotheropportunity of experiencing the unfortunate custom of thatnation
,in asking everything which falls under their sight .
The king himself ceased his repeated demands only aft er Ihad given him some miserable dried fishes and some clo theswhich he could scarcely use
,being made in the European
fashion .
During the evening I wa s witness to one of the mostremarkable instances of Malay silliness which can be metwith . At seven o’clock
,the king
,who a great part o f the
day had smoked opium,left his place
,and went to the other
extremity of the verandah,where
,as I had remarked in the
day-time,a co ck was tied with a rope . The king then with
his royal hand took the martial animal and brought him to aplace where he used to keep his court
,fo rming a miserable
throne . I was near the place preparing to sleep, when mycuriosity wa s excited by the extraordinary fact which I willnow relate . Opium having been prepared , and a pipe, acandle and all the other necessaries to smoke it having been
brought in,H is Maj esty began a bombastic discourse , in
which he first endeavoured to show the great benefit that isproduced by cock-fight ing and the remarkable pleasure en
j oyed by witnesses o f such combats after which he remarkedthat this amusement had much fallen into disuse in his s t ateduring the last few years
,and this he lamented with sorrow
and finally,opening his mind
,he declared that his intent1ou
was t o resto re it in his dominion . This was his purposein bringing up in his palace and by his own care the handsome co ck he had in his hand .
The way of preparing this royal cock , in order to makeof h im a warrior
,was one not a little curious th1s was prae
72 Papers on Ma laySubjects .
t ised befo re me in the following manner and accompanied byseveral superstitio ns . Having ended his disco urse, the kingto ok the head '
o f the co ck,passed his beak twice through the
flame o f the l amp,after which he made the animal walk six
o r seven steps,whi ch was repeated six o r seven times ; this
prel iminary ceremony being ended,he dipped his fingers in
the o il o f the lamp,and rubbed the cock under the wings
and upon the back,and then immediately commenced smok
ing opium ; having inhaled the smoke o f the drug in theo rdinary manner
,he blew it into the beak
,the ears and upo n
every part of the body of t he po o r animal,which though
accustomed t o that exercise appeared no t t o take any peenli ar pleasure ln it . This being finished
,the same ceremony
began a second and finally a third time , after which the co ckwas carried carefully t o his ordinary place
,and left there t o
pass the night under the influence . o f opium . The desire Ihad t o sleep on account o f my indispo sition made me see withsatisfaction the end o f this tedio us ceremony . We were tenpersons in the verandah all lying pell-mell ; several werealready asleep and I prepared t o do the same
,when being
placed near His Maj esty my attention wa s ag ain excited by aspectacle of a new kind.
A large vase o f earth co ntaining l ighted charcoal wasbrought by the g reat minister o f state , and was set befo re theking . In the centre o f the vase
,ano ther o f the same kind ,
containing water , was placed , and in the centre o f this was acandlestick with a lighted candle .
“
Near this were two otherbut smaller vases
,one filled with flattened grains o f rice
,
having the form of small white flowers,the second containing
incense . The king, sitting with his legs cro ssed , began bydelivering some formu lary which I did not understand ; hethen made several salutations towards the lighted candle , tookincense and poured it upo n the fire , threw some of the flattenedpieces of rice into the water
,to ok the candle and
,turning
the fl ame towards the ground,made several drops o f wax fal l
into the water,and having moved the candle
,as if he wo u ld
form some written characters with it,he placed it again upon
the candlestick . All this ceremony was accompanied withthe recitation o f long formularies , some being delivered in ahigh voice
,some in a low vo ice . The king spent about one
hour in repeating three times over the who le o f this ceremony,
and finally he took the candle,and put its lighted end into
the water,which ended the ceremony . Then His Maj esty
began again with smoking opium until he smoked himselfasleep . The next day I asked my Malay co olies the meaningof such superstitious practices ; they answered
,that this is a
Malay physi c and that the king intended to cure his grandchild who was dangerously sick
,a - few minutes further in the
valley . They added that such remedies are much u sed byMalays against every kind o f sickness . They appeared them
] 0hol . 73
selves t o b e convinced that the worst sickness cannot withstand it
,i f the ceremony is faithfully performed . It appears
also th at the way o f bringing up cocks by smoking op ium,is
much u sed by tho se of t heMalays who are fond of cock-fighting .
The inhab itants of Joho le appear the most savage Malay sI have ever seen many of them possess a very bad appearance
,
and I think the place is not secure for Europeans ; howeverthe people o f the place are very timo rous
,and the slightest
c ircumstance frightens them . Our arrival caused a greatagitation in all th e country , and a few hours after a reporthad already spread abro ad
,that thirty armed Europeans had
arrived in o rder to take the p lace . The evening of o ur arrivaland the next day all the state was in motion
,and several
hundred persons came in order to ascertain for themselves thetruth o f the repo rt .
”
TE R O M B A D A T O K - D A T O K J O H O L .
Ini-lah peratu ran teriti (persé t ia an) kata o r ang tua-tuayang dahul u kal a, di—tanah Minangkabau turu n-nya ka—PasirBesar sampai ka ~Joho l . Ini-lah t eriti kata orang tua—tuaMula-mula t é rsébut di-dalam tali ti as ini di-dal am masa tanahMinangkabau ada empat orang
,mula pertama Séri Maharaj a
Ali,kedua Sé ri Maharaj a Seraj a-nya
,ket iga Seri Maharaj a
Depang , kéémp a t Seri Maharaj a Alam . Maka ini- lah ké tu runan Seri Al am lima orang , kata orang tua—tua, di - dalam tanahMinangkabau : mula-mula pertama Anomar nama-nya
,kedua
Tuan Gedang nama-nya ,ké t iga Mahudun nama-nya
,kéémp at
Tuan Kal i Ka limun Sékandin nama-nya maka ada-l ah yangketurunan ini di-dalam tanah Minangkab au empat orang ,mula-mula pertama-nya Datok Seri Maharaj a
,kedua Datok
Mérpat eh ,ket iga Datok Temenggong , kéemp a t Batin Meleng
kar Alam .
Maka ada-l ah Batin Mé lengkar Alam itu t a tka la turundari Bukit Guntang-Guntang Penj aringan bé rdua laki ist érinama-nya Datok Kayan dalam tanah Minangkabau lalu kaluar-lah Kuala Ayer Itam nama-nya
,kémudian sampai Kuala
Salak lalu bérhént i ; di-Kuala Salak ada anak laki-l aki satuSeri Alam nama-nya . Kémudian lagi pé rg i ka-Sekudai,anaktinggal di-Kuala Salak ; kémudian sampai ka-Sekudai lalubérhént i di-Sekudai
,ada anak satu pérémpu an bergé la r Ben
-dahara Sekudai kemudian lagi pérg i ka—Johor , anak tinggaldi-Sekudai . Kemudian sampai ka-Joho r la lu bérhént i ; adaanak empat orang , mula-mula pertama nama-nya Batin Merbansa
,kedua B atin Mé rha lang , ké t iga Batin Mergalang ,
kéémp a t Bat in Po rok p érg i ka-Jelebu .
Maka ada-lah Batin Mé lehgkar Alam dengan bini DatokKayan p é rgi ka
—Pasir Besar ; telah sampai ka -Pasir Besarlalu bé rhent i di—Pasir Besar ada anak tiga orang
,pertama
Datok Perdana Manteri : ada anak Datok Perdana Manteri,
Datok B atin Johan Pahlawan Lela Perkasa Setiawan namanya pé rémpu an,
yang bongsu,y ang ka -J ohol
,kat a orang
tua-tua,yang ménj adi penghulu di—dalam Johol . Telah di
jemp u t-lah Batin Liman Bendahara Sekudai di-bawa ka—PasirBesar
,kata orang tua-tua ; sa-t é lah di-hant a r- lah ka -mahli
gai di-dalam Johol t é t ap -lah di-mahligai J ohan Pahlawan Le laPerkasa Setiawan
,telah t é t ap
-lah di—balai panj ang Nuri,
telah berkéhéndak Bendahara Sekudai beristé ri,kata orang
tua-tua . Maka di—suroh-lah Datok Raj a Melenggang akanbert anva ka-pada warith biduanda yang turun Pasir Besar ,kata orang tua-tua , Ma
’raj a Inda nama~nya laki-laki,yang
kata o r ang tua-tua ; t élah di-j awab oleh Ma’raj a Inda,
Bo leh—lah bérkéhendak ist éri itu,Setiawan pun héndak
] 0hol . 75
bersuami . Té lah di-satukan,kata orang tua-tua
,mengada
kan anak tiga orang perempu an .
Sa-telah mati-lah Set iawan itu di-dalam Johol,tinggal
anak tiga orang , kata orang tua-tua . Maka penghulu JoholSetiawan itu di—pangku lah o leh Bendahara Sekudai . T
‘elahdi-j
‘
émpu t -lah o leh Ma’raj a Inda Datok Batin Liman ka -Joholmémbahagikan adat dengan pesaka ,
kata orang tua-tua .
Té lah di-t éntukan anak yang tiga orang it u di-namakanBiduanda tiga charak
,Ma’raj a Inda itu di-namakan warith
Biduanda J ant an , Setiawan itu warith perempu an yang menj adi penghulu di-dalam Johol
,kata orang tua-tua . Telah (l i
ganti—lah anak saudara di-j adikan Penghulu pada masa itu ,kata orang t u a-tua ; yang tet ap di- j adikan masa itu . Tet aplah Ma ’raj a Inda di-j adikan Datok B aginda warith j antan ,
kata orang tua tua . Pesaka masing-masing telah di-tet apl ah . kep
‘
échahan Biduanda tiga ch arak : Jenang Bo chon
nama-nya,kata orang tua-tua ; telah di-tet ap-lah Pawang
itu pesaka-nya nama-nya Kutir . Biduanda tiga charak , kataorang tua-tua . Telah di-t et ap—lah Cempa itu warith B iduanda
,kata orang tua-tua
,Aj ak nama-nya
,kata orang tua
tua . Té t ap-lah pesaka Manteri
,Begok nama-nya
,kata orang
tua-tua,warith Biduanda kata orang tua-tua .
Pechah B iduanda yang tiga charak : N enggarang Salehnama-nya ibu bapa
,kata orang tua-tua , kedua Sa - ibu Garang ,
Khusa nama—nya,ké t iga Paduka Bangsa p
‘
esaka—nya ibu—bapaMaadum nama-nya : bérnama B iduanda Tiga Charak , kataorang tua-tua . I tu-lah yang bernama Biduanda Tiga Charak ,yang tiga itu, kata orang tua-tua ; képechahan Biduandayang tiga charak itu, Sa 'R umpun pesaka , nama
-nya Waktu ,kata orang tua-tua ; Paduka J alila pesaka ibu-bapa Jukanama-nya
,kata o rang tua—tua ; Ginda Maulana pes aka ‘ nya
ibu bapa Hasan nama—nya kata orang tua—tua itu-lah yangbérnama ibu bapa
,yang enam itu
,Biduanda tiga charak ,
tiada-lah lain yang di—t é t apkan Biduanda it u, kata o rang
tua-tua .
Yang bérnama Lembaga itu : Datok Raj a Balang im
suku Biduanda nama—nya kata orang tua- tua ; suku SiM ‘
elenggang Datok Andika pesaka lembaga-nya Bodo t namae
nya kata o rang tua-tua ; suku Mangka r Datok Raj a Senarapesaka-ny a ,
Telek nama-nya,kata orang tua-tua dan suku
Tiga Batu Datok Baginda Raj a pesaka-nya, Tebu nama-nya ,kata o rang tu a-tua : itu yang bé rnama Lembaga yang empatdi-dalam Joho l
,tiang keraj aan lembag a y ang empat itu , ada
nya .
P apers on Ma lay Subj ects .
I tu -lah ketu runan pésaka ell-da lam j okol al t-da lam térz’
ti tu t,
ada -uya .
I m’ keturunan beneh undang wa rith-warith perempuan
1 Iuchang nama-nya
2 . Ffmbong3 . Charak4» Sendut5. R idam
I ni-l ah keturunan Undang Da t o k J o ho l1 . Da t o k R amu t an
J ant an2 . Da t ok Mant ek
3 . Dat ok Bunchi t4 . Da t o k E t a5. Da t ok Omar
I ni-lah keturunan Da t o k Baginda1 . Dat o k Ba ginda Bubur nama-nya
2 . J abar3 . Do llah4 . Omar5. Che
’Mek
6. Kama t
CUSTOMARY SPEECHES USED IN ULU MUAR.
Speech a t Weddings .
Adat berpangka l ka -bumi,
Adat berpuchok ka-l angit .
Adat Perpa t eh z
Chinchang di-beri pampas,Mati di-beri balasAnak di-pangg il makan ,Anak buah di-sorong balas .
Adat Temenggong :
Siapa membunoh,siapa . di-bunoh ;
Siapa béru t ang ,si apa membayar ;
Siapa salah,siapa bert imbang .
Raj a mem‘
érentahkan‘alam
,
Penghulu memérent ahkan luak,
Tua mémérent ahkan suku,
Waris\mémerent ahkan pesaka
,
Ibu-bapa memérent ahkan anak buah,
Témp at semanda m‘
émérent ahkan orang semanda ,Laki memerent ahkan bini ,Emak mémérent ahkan anak .
‘ alam ka -pada raj a,
luak ka-pada p‘
enghulu ,suku ka -pada tua
,
waris ka-pada pesaka,
anak buah ka-pada ibu-bapa,
orang semanda ka-pada t émpa t semanda ,bini ka -pada laki
,
anak ka-pada émak .
Kemudian dari-pada itu
Di-lengkong kampong nan bersudu t ,Di-tokok 1 tangga nan bérka t ak
,
Di-bétu lkan rasok pélancha r,Di-tahan rasok mel intang ,D i-tatang lant a i nan sa -belah
,
Di-tutup atap nan sa-layar,
Di-arak kayu p anj ang ;Terhamp ar rupa—nya kasau ,
Tersirak 2 tabir layar,
1 H ammered .
2 S t re t ched o u t .
80 Papers on Ma lay Subj ects .
Terku it bunyi pintu,
Tampak terdiri tiang t éngah
Sembah ka -pada Dato !
Kémudian dari-pada itu !
SudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudahSudah
t érdinding rupa-nya tabir ,t érbent ang langit-langittérgant ong kain s impai
,
t é rlo nggok rupa-nya pinang ,bersu sun rupa-nya sireh
,
berkachip rupa-nya pinang ,puteh rupa-nya kapo r ,kuning rupa-nya gambir,bérgump a l rupa-nya tembakau .
bé rt impoh ti lam pandak ;t é rbent ang tilam panj ang
,
bé ra t o r bantal besar,
bersu sun bantal kechil,
b‘
érgunj ong gunong bé rangka t ,’
b‘
é rsilang gunting-gunting1
memanchong rupa-nya pedang ,
ménikam rupa-nya ké ris,
t é ru ra i rupa-nya tombak,
t é rkémbang rupa-nya payong ,b
‘
é rké chipong tawak-tawak,
meningkah bunyi géndérang ,bera t o r rupa-nya mer iam
,
bérsukat ubat bédil,
terb akar rupa-nya tunam,
Sudah bé rdé run bunyi ’lamat .
Adat pun bera t o r,
Bilang pun tert‘
ént u .
Sembah ka -pada da t o l
Menga j i ka—pada ali f !Berbilang ka-pada esa !Bérchakap ka-pada pangkal !
Sa-hélai akar yang putus ,Sa-bingkah t anah t é rba lik
,
Sa-batang kayu yang tumbang .
H idup pé runt o ng an,
Mati b‘
é rhukum Allah ;H idup di—kandong adat ,Mati di—kandong bumi .‘Alam sudah beraj a
,
1 Tr iangular enve lope-l ike clo ths.
] 0ho l . 8 1
Luak sudah bé rpénghu lu ,
Keemp at suku sudah berlembag a .
Sembah ka -pada dato
Bersemanda pula di-dalam ‘ alam yangPertama ‘ alam Maharaj a AlifKedua ‘ alam ’To Khalifah
,
Ké t ig a‘alam Maharaj a ’diraj a .
Sudah pula méngadakan anak laki-lakiSa-hari ada
,sa -hari bé rnama .
Sa-hari bé ru t ang ka-pada mak bapa,
Utang di-atas‘
énam sharatPertama kerat pusat
,
Kedua upah bidan,
Ket iga sunat rasul ,Keémp a t tindek da i eng ,
l
Kel ima di-serahkan ménga j i ,Keenam nikah z
Utang adat dengan huku rn .
Yang kechil sudah bésar,
Yang belayat sudah pulang ,
Yang bingong sudah cherdek,
Teraku pula hé ndak bé rumah-tangga .
Lalu di-risekkan duai,
Dekat rumah dekat kampong,
Sa-rantau hilir sa-rantau ulu !
R isek sudah bt’
zrdasus,
2
Gamit sudah berkechap i ,Orang m
‘
émbé li kerbau dengan tali-nya ,Méng ika t kata dengan tanda ,
Di-beri chinchin sa-bént ok ,
Chinchin (P) tawai,3 chinchin tanya .
Kalau sah sa—kata,menj adi ; .
Tiada sah sa—kata,pulang balek ;
Kalau sah sa~kata,j anj i pun di-ikat .
Kalau elah perempu an ,ganda tanda ;
Kalau elah laki-laki,luncho r tanda .
Chachat chidé ra berkemba l i,
Sawan gila luar j anj i .Chachat t idak
,gila pun t idak
Datang menépat i j anj i .J anj i di-buat , di-mu liakan
Di-dalam j anj i di-gadohkan ;J anj i sampai di-t é pa t i .Tergawa
4 mati,bert anda bé ru t ang
1 Circumcise .
’ 2 Whispe re d ’
: berla su s is a va r ia nt , co nfirmedby V an der To o rn.
3 Essay ,t ry .
’ tt‘rka roug .
82 Papers on Ma lay Subj ects .
Bukan utang padi nan bersukat,
Bukan utang kain nan berha st a,
Bukan utang ringgit nan berbilang ,
Utang adat dengan pesaka .
Adat di-isi o rang nikah .
Customa ry Sp eech on the Death of a
Yang laki-laki di-serukan tuah,
Yang peremp uan di-serukam tuah .
Untong suda h melambong ,
Malang sudah ménimpa :
Kalau ka -l aut , pechah perahu ;Kalau ka-darat
,pechah periok .
Kalau chichir,hendak di-pungut ;
Yang h ilang héndak di-chari .Kalau sireh
,pulang ka—gagang ;
Kalau pinang,pul ang ka—tampok ;
Kalau kerbau,pulang ka-kandang ;
Kalau bé lu t,pulang ka -lumpor ;
Manu sia pulang ka—suku-waris-nya .
Kalau datang,nampak muka
,
Kalau perg i , nampak belakang .
Lepas utang d i—bayarTergawa mati, bé rt anda bé ru t ang ,Bukan utang padi nan bersuka t
,
Bukan utang kain nan b‘
é rhast a,
Bukan u tang ringgit nan bé rbilang ,
Utang adat dengan p‘
esaka,
Utang budi dengan bahasa .
Customa ry Saying on D ivorce .
H idup berperunt ongan,
Mati berhukum Allah,
Kaseh berpetemu an ,
Su arangl bérageh,
Chari di-bahag i ,Pémbawa kembali
,
Dapatan tinggal .Kata yang habis ché rai .Yang perg i l aki orang ;Yang tinggal bini orang .
Cu stomary Saying on a cqu iring Land at M arri age .
Ada-lah pula t érniat di 'ha t i :
Kalau kechil,hendak di—sibar,
“
1 Su a rang‘ the common pro pe rty a cquired by a man and wife ’
s jo in tlabo ur.
’ 2 Lengthened , having a pie ce added .
] 0hol . 83
Kalau pendek,hendak di-ubong .
Kechil di-beri nama,
Besar di-b‘
éri gelar .Apa-lah di-namakan tebus-menébu s 9 '
Berkebula t an pula atas du a pehak ,
Lalu- lah lant ak di-tukul,
Emas pula di-t ahilkan .
z
Sembah ka-pada Da to
Ada - lah pula adat
Tinggal waris menongka t ,
T inggal tua memba t a l ,Tinggal harta bértu an t idak menj adi ,
3
Tiada-lah tukar-ubah-nya .
Lepas salah di-timbang ,
Lepas utang di—bayar ;Takek kayu ka -pada Batin
,
Ela j angka ka-pada waris,
Putu s tebus ka-pada Undang .
4
Cu stoma ry Speech a t Processi ons , Henna ceremoniesother festiva ls a t whi ch a Bu apa i s present .
Mengkudu di-atas bukit ,Urat-nya tunggang ka-lembah .
Sabaya mohon ka-pada dato,
Ka -pada siapa haluan s‘
embah .
Enau kechil,panj ang pé lepah ;
Ta’ andoh,tolong andohkan .
Sahaya budak méha luan s‘
embahKalau ta ’ tahu
,tolong t unj okkan .
Orang menga j i ka-pada ali f ,Orang membilang ka-pada esa .
Ambil wazin dari-pada nabi,
Ambil t u ra sanIS dari-pada nan tua .
Sa -hela i akar,sa-bingkah tanah ,
Sa -kerat kayu,
sa-batang bu loh .
Sa -helai akar yang putus akan peng ika t ,
Sa-b ingkah t anah terbalek akan pematang ,Sa -kerat kayu akan turusan
,
Sa-batang buloh akan b‘
el intang .
Kémudian dari-pada itu,dato
Besi berdénching ,gagak puteh
1 Tébu s t o purcha se st a t e land o r l and be lo nging.
t o the abo rigine s .
’
9 Pa id o u t by the t a e l . ’ 3 I f en t a i led o r h e red i t a ry land ha s an
owner , i t canno t be so ld .
4 The t err i to ria l ch ie f a sse sses the p rice o f
virgin jungle .5 Tu ra sa n pre cedent s ,
’
84 Papers on Ma lay Su bj ects .
Bangau hitam,puntong berasap .
Siak bert al i ka-Minangkabau,
Masa ninek Buj ang Gadis .
K‘
émudian dari-pada itu , dato
Pandang ka-ulu nampak gaung guntong ;Pandang beridar ka-darat
,
Nampak meranti bersangg it -sanggit dahan ;Pandang beridar ka-baroh
,
Nampak gaung berandaman ;
Pandang beridar ka -hilir,
Nampak pulau b‘
é rdindingan ,
Kampong nan bersudut,
Rumah nan bé rkat ak tanggaKok halaman
,sa-perma ina n
Kok perigi,sa—permandian ;
Ayer-nya jerneh ,kampong-nya biru,
Adat sento sa .
Sénbah ka-pada dato !
Kemudian dari-pada itu pulaLuak berpénghu lu ,
‘Alam beraj a,
Keémpa t suku .
Berapa -kah suku-nya,dato ? Ia-itu dua-belas sa
belas berha luan .
l
Kemudian dari-pada itu , dato ,Dudok sa-pel ara san ,
2
Pinta-memint a seraya-mé nyeraya ;Dekat rumah , dekat kampong .
Tiba riseh yang bérda su s ,Indok dengan bapa .
Kémudian dari-pada itu
Urat yang merangkak,
Kilat yang memanchar,
Menego r menyapa.
Chinchin sa-bént ok
Tanda mu a fakat ;
Chinchin dua bent okTanda berika t
Chinchin sa-bént ok,
’to,maka t e rt a roh-lah
Yang k‘
é t iga . Kémudian dari—pada itu ,
’
t o
J auh di-j emputkan ,
D‘
ékat di-kamp ongkan
1 E leven and one mo re the spoke sman o f the t riba l chief befo re thet err ito ria l ch ief . 2 I n one ham le t .
86 Papers on Ma lay Su bjects .
I tu—lah bawaan anak buah serta o rang semandadengan sahaya sa-kali .
Sembah ka—pada dato
CUSTOMARY SPEECHES USED AT GUNONGPASIR .
On the presenta tion of Rice a t a Festiva l .“
Ménga j l dari-pada alif;Bérbilang dari~pada
‘
ésa,
Berka t a dari-pada asal,
Usul—asal j an gan di- t inggalkan .
I a-l ah,
’
t o
Sa -helai akarSa -bingkah tanahSa-batang kayuSa -hel ai akar yang putus akan perika t ,Sa -bingkah tanah t é rba lek buat pé rrna t ang ,
Kayu sa -batang buat turusan .
P‘
ermatang sudah lurus,
Tanah sudah datar,
Tanaman sudah ménj adi ,Orang sudah nan s
‘
entosa .
Kémudian,
’
t o,bilangan sa—dikit :
Si-pasin mudik ka—uluSi -lawah mudik ka-hilir .
‘Alam nan . beraj a,
Luak nan berpénghu lu ,
Suku nan bé rlembag a
Anak buah dengan‘ huapa
Kernudian lagi ,’to
,
Adat nan datar,pesaka satu
,
Adat t idak bert uka r,
Setia t idak bérubah,
Mua faka t t idak beraleh .
Bukit sama di—daki,
Lurah sama di- turuni .Chichir sama rug i ,Dapat sama laba .
Tanah sa-kepal sabaya gunongkan ,
Ayer sa-t it ek sahaya lautkan.
Padang sa-pérma inan,
Sa -j amban , sa-perig i .] alan s a—dundun
,
l
l I n fil e .
j ohol .
Lenggang sa—ayun,
D udok sa ~j aj a r .
Kata-kata sahaya
Sa -kochong ba’ kueh
,
Sa -bungkus ba’ nasi .
Tumboh di-ulu di-ma diki,
Tumboh di-hilir di-hiliri,
Tumboh di-tengah di -himpuni .
Kemudian hari nan s a-hari ini bé rbu la t - l ah ,
’to,di
a tas d1r1 sahaya , war1s nan s aka nan bé rsaka ,hari nan
s a -har1 1111 : ada- lah sabaya sembahkan ka -pada dato
Pinang nan sa -ka chip ,Sireh nan sa-charek
,
Kapo r nan sa -palit,
Gambir nan sa - chubit,
Tembakau nan sa—urat'
.
Ayer nan sa - t égok,Nasi nan sa -kepal .
Itu-lah nan sahaya sémbahkan ka -pada dato.Habis
l ah sembah sahay a,dato .
On invi ting a Bridegroom to hi s Wedding .
H idup berunt onga n,
Mati berhukum Allah :Mati di-kandong bumi
,
Bé rup a ada tanah badan ;H idup di-kandong adat ,Berupa ada rumput yang nienj a la r .
Untong nan melambong ,
Malang nan menimp -a,
Té rsernanda sahaya ka ~-pada anak buah (s i- anu ) ;P
‘
etang tiba,pagi di-unj ok ;
Di-beri oleh t émp a t semandaKampong nan bérsudu t ,
Rumah nan b‘
é rka t ak tangga,
Anak buah sa -orangSért a beripar b
‘
é rlama i,
K‘
émudian oleh sabaya di-terini a .
Bulan t idak di~t éntukan,
Tahun t idak di—bilangkanMaka méngadakan anak ,
P‘
ertama lak i-laki,kedua perEmpuan .
Unt ong laki-l aki di-serahkan m‘
enga j i,Unt ong anak pérémpuan menj ahit .
Unt ong anak sahaya di-nanti-nant ikan,R isek nan bérlasus
,
Gamit nan berkéchap i ,Ba
’
pikat sa -ekor ,
88 P apers on M a lay Subjects .
Ba ’ angin sapui .J auh sudah sabaya j empu tkan ,
Dekat sudah sabaya kampongkan .
S aperti ada-lah kata hendak di-berikan ka -pada temp ats
‘
emanda ia—itu chinchin sa -bent ok tanda mua faka t .
Sah sa-kata,kata di-ba lekkan ;
Ta’ sah sa-kata,chinchin di-ba lekkan .
Sah sa—kata ka-pada t émp at semanda ,Ber [ ] balek ka~pada o rang semanda .
Ia-itu j anj i di- ikat ;Dalam j anj i di-gadohkanSampai j anj i di-tepa t i .
Maka saperti sahava ini menepa t i j anj 1 hari nansa-har1 1111 menj
‘
émpu t anak buah dato,
sebab karnadengan anak buah s i-anu serta dengan adat pesaka-nya .
On going to the Hou se of a Man whose Wife ha s died.
H idup berunt ongan ,
Mati bérhukum Allah .
Mati di-kandong bumi ,H idup di—kandong adat .‘Alam nan beraj a
,
Luak bé rpenghu lu ,
Suku bérlembaga .
Anak buah déngan huapaDudok bersuku -suku .
Adat t idak mengambat ,Hukum t idak mengalang ,Térsémanda sabaya pada anak buah dato .
Kalau petang tiba,pag i di-unj ok ,
Di-beri-nya pada orang s‘
emandaKampong nan bérs‘udu t
,
Rumah nan berka t ak tangga,Sawah nan berlop ak .
Kemudian unt ong di-sérukan .
Kalau nan lama beranak-pinak,
Kalau nan baharu b‘
éripa r l amai .Kemudian unt o ng di-s
‘
é rukan .
Kalau bulan,t idak di-t éntukan
,
Kalau tahun,t idak di-bilangkan .
Ada sa-hari nan dua,
Pertama untong j ahat ,K
‘
edua na tong baik ,Unt ong tumboh sa-hari nan dua ;Jika lau ka-laut
,pechah perahu ,
Jikalau ka-darat,pechah
‘
p‘
eriok .
Maka berbu lat-lah waris laki-laki dan waris bininan sa-hari ini
] 0h0l . 89
Kalau chichir,hendak di—pungut ;
Kalau hilang,hendak di-chari ‘
Kalau tert imbun,hendak di-keka s ;
Kalau pinang ,hendak pul ang ka -tampok—nya
,
Kalau sireh ,hendak pulang ka -gagang -naya
,
Kalau belut,héndak pulang ka-lumpor-nya ,
Kalau burong,héndak pulang ka-sangkar-nva .
Maka berbu l a t - l ah anak buah dengan huapa-nya sertawaris pesaka hendak menjempu t waris pesaka hari y angsa -hari ini .
ULU MUAR .
Pantuns recited o ri any occasion when betel i s o ffered ,
’
To
Tangga sudah sahay a tenggek !Lant a i sudah sahaya p ij ak !Tikar sudah sabaya dudoki !
Batang rumbia berbelah-belal i,
Yang sa—belah di-makan api .Datang sahaya tidah p
‘
ernah,
Da tang sahaya berkehéndak hati .
Kedudok di-atas tikar ,Urat-nya s ileh-ményileh .
l
Dudok-lah datok atas tikar :Sahaya héndak memberi sireh .
Kédudok di-atas tikar,
M‘
empelas atas t undis .
2
Dudok-lah ’to atas tikar,
Sabaya hendak memba las menyireh .
8
Limau purut j atoh ka-l‘
embah,
Tiba ka -lembah tumboh duri .Pinang mengadap ,
sireh ‘
menyembah ,
J ari sa-puloh menjunjo ng duli .
Makan sireh bé rp inang t idak,
Pinang ada dari Melaka .
Makan sireh mengenyang“ t idak
,
Sebab budi dengan bahasa .
Anak kambing Lindam (P) Dewi ;Makan kulit medang bulu .
Sireh sabaya sireh puteriYang mana di-ambil dabulu ?
Fergi ka-dusun berbilah,
Ménebang medang bulu .
l a re shed , a re changing .
’ 2 K ami ri nu t .
3 From s ireh.
4 Kenyang sa t ed .
’
90 P apers on Ma lay Subjects .
Kata hukum,kita ber Allah ;
Pinang di-makan dahu lu .
Telok tanj ong berbelah-belah ;Sa-belah sa -besar pinggan .
Telunj ok di-bé ri All ahAkan péncho lek kapor j intan .
Tela t ok di-belah—belahDi—belah di-atas manggis .
Telunj ok di-béri Allah,
Buat p‘
é ncho lek j a ri manis .
Kedudok di-atas tik ar,
Urat-nya dari Melaka .
Dudok kita atas tikar,
Héndak membilang adat pesaka u
Kedudok di-dalam kuali,
Urat-nya sampai Melaka .
Dudok kita dalam neger i ,Elok mémbilang adat pesaka .
Pinang sahaya pinang ju ju t an ,
Patah tampok akan bertelaga .
I lmu sahaya ilmu t untu t an,
Awan bertepok, gunong berlaga .
Chéndawan sa -besar payong,
H abis sa-belah di-makan api .Sapu-lah awan , sapu-lah gunong !Sama merendam di-dalam hati .
Kédudok di-dalam du lang,
Urat bérj a lo r—j alo ran .
Dudok kita dudok b‘
érb ilang :
Adat yang mana kit a kelu arkan .
’Mahat kisak laman Genang ,’’Mahat rumah Bilal Lata .
Makan sireh sa -kapor sa -orang '
Itu-lah mula asal kata .
Bukan lebah sa-bar ang lebah,Lebah bérsarang di-buku buloh .
Bukan sembah sa-barang sembah,Sembah bersusun j ari sa-puloh .
1 This l ine may be co rrup t .
Printed a t the B apt ist Mission Press , Ca lcu t t a .
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