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SCIENTISTS OF CELLS
Hooke viewed cork; coined the term “cells”
van Leeuwenhoek first to view cells under the microscope
Schleiden plants made of cells Schwann animals made of cells Virchow new cells only come from
division of other cells
ALL THESE SCIENTISTS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELL THEORY!
CELL THEORYCELL THEORYAll living things are composed of
cellsCells are the basic units of
structure and function in living things
New cells are produced from existing cells
CELL CATEGORIESCELL CATEGORIESProkaryotes
no membrane bound organelles
genetic material not in the nucleus
Cell membrane Small
Eukaryotes (YOU!) Have organelles Genetic material contained
in nucleus Cell membrane Large
BacteriaBacteria
CATEGORIES OF CELLS
animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
CELLS AND THE WORK OF LIFEgas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out take in & digest foodmake energymake energy
ATPbuild moleculesbuild molecules
proteins, carbs, fats, nucleic acidsremove wastes control internal conditionsrespond to external environment
What are they responding to?build more cellsbuild more cells
growth, repair, reproduction & development
ATP
CELL ORGANELLES Carry out specialized
functions within the cell
Lots of different ones found in eukaryotic cells
Cytoplasm is a thick, liquid residing between the cell membrane holding all living material inside the cell doesn't contain the
nucleus.
CYTOSKELETONActs as skeleton
and muscle
Provides shape and structure
Helps the cell with movementMicrotubulesMicrofilaments
CELL WALL Found in plant and bacterial
cells Rigid, protective and
supportive barrier Located outside of the cell
membrane Porous Made from fibers of carbs and
proteins Plant Cell Walls are made from
Cellulose Plasmodesmata: holes or
channels in the cell wall that allow for transport/communication
11STST MAJOR FUNCTION: MAJOR FUNCTION:CELLS NEED TO MAKE ENERGY!CELLS NEED TO MAKE ENERGY!
To fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…
take in food & digest ittake in oxygen (O2)make ATP (energy)remove waste
Organelles that do this work…cell membrane vacuoleslysosomesmitochondria
ATP
CELL MEMBRANE (CTD.)
FunctionFunctionseparates cell from outside
environmentcontrols what enters or leaves cell
O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, wasterecognizes signals from other cells
allows communication between cells StructureStructure
Double layer of fatphospholipid bilayer
Protein molecules (50%)Receptor proteinsStructural proteinsProtein channels
carb chainsID cards
lipid “tail”
phosphate“head”
LYSOSOMES Garbage disposal
of the cell THEY GET RID OF THE CELL JUNK
Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes and food Food needs to be
broken down into useable forms
Breakdown organelles that aren’t functioning properly
VACUOLES Large central
vacuole usually in plant cells
Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc.
FOOD & WATER STORAGE
plant cellsplant cells
contractilevacuole contractilevacuole
animal cellsanimal cellscentral vacuole central vacuole
food vacuole food vacuole
MITOCHONDRIA Nickname:
“Powerhouse of the cell” Function: Convert
chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are usable by the cell Cellular respiration
occurs here Bound by a double
membrane Has its own DNA,
ribosomes, and can make its own protein!
MITOCHONDRIA ARE IN BOTH CELLS!!
animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
mitochondriamitochondria
CHLOROPLAST Found only in plant
cells Contains the green
pigment chlorophyll Site of food
(glucose) production
Bound by a double membrane
SECOND IMPORTANT SECOND IMPORTANT FUNCTIONFUNCTIONCELLS NEED TO MAKE CELLS NEED TO MAKE PROTEINS!PROTEINS!
Making proteins to run daily life & growth, the cell must…
read genes (DNA) build proteins
structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors
organelles that do this work nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus
NUCLEUSFunction: Control
center of the cellContains DNAContains instructions
for making protein Surrounded by a
double membrane Usually only one per
cell
RIBOSOME Small particles of
RNA and proteinFunction: Site of
protein synthesis Found attached to
rough ER or floating free in cytoplasm
Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Nickname: “ER” Connected to
nuclear membrane “Highway of the
cell” Rough ER: studded
with ribosomes; it makes proteins
Smooth ER: no ribosomes; functions in detoxification; it makes lipids!
GOLGI APPARATUSFunction: Stores,
modifies and packages proteins
Nickname: Post office of the cell
Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles
THIRD IMPORTANT JOB!THIRD IMPORTANT JOB!CELLS NEED TO MAKE MORE CELLS!CELLS NEED TO MAKE MORE CELLS!
To replace, repair & grow, the cell must…
copy their DNAmake extra organellesdivide the new DNA & new
organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells
Organelles that do this work NucleusNucleus Microtubules Microtubules CentriolesCentrioles
MICROTUBULESMICROTUBULESMade up of proteins known as tubulins
Important in cell divisionmitotic spindle separates chromosomes