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KEY FIGURES IN ENLIGHTENMENTTHOUGHT Thomas Hobbes
Nationality: English Major Work: Leviathan Contribution: the
nature of society (all men are brutish). Idea that men must forfeit some personal freedoms for the benefit of having a strong ruler who maintains a peaceful and orderly society.
KEY FIGURES IN ENLIGHTENMENTTHOUGHT
John Locke Nationality: English Major Work: An
Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690
Contribution: Blank slate theory, natural rights and the idea that man has the right to overthrow a ruler who does not protect those rights.
KEY FIGURES IN ENLIGHTENMENTTHOUGHT
Voltaire Nationality:
French Major Work: Contribution:
tolerance; freedom of speech and religion.
KEY FIGURES IN ENLIGHTENMENTTHOUGHT
Montesquieu Nationality:
French Major Work: The
Spirit of the Laws 1748
Contribution: separation of government, checks and balances.
KEY FIGURES IN ENLIGHTENMENTTHOUGHT
Rousseau Nationality:
French Major Work: Emile
or On Education 1762
Contribution: Noble Savage, ideas on education, social contract, the General Will.
KEY FIGURES IN ENLIGHTENMENTTHOUGHT
Adam Smith Nationality:
Scottish Major Work:
Wealth of Nations 1776
Contribution: capitalism, the invisible hand
KEY FIGURES IN ENLIGHTENMENTTHOUGHT
Mary Wollstonecraft
Nationality: English
Major Work: A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792
Contribution: women’s rights
KEY FIGURES IN ENLIGHTENMENTTHOUGHT
Cesare Becarria Nationality:
Italian Major Work: Of
Crime and Punishment 1764
Contribution: opposed the use of torture
ANSWER The Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason or the
Age of Rationalism, was a period during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when European philosophers stressed the use of reason as the best method for learning the truth. Such philosophers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and Voltaire (1694–1778) in France and John Locke (1632–1704) in England pondered aspects of education, law, social theory, superstition, and ignorance. Hallmarks of the Enlightenment include the idea that the universe is systematic though vast and complex; the belief that men and women are capable of understanding the universe; and the philosophy of Deism. According to Deism, God created the world and natural laws, then withdrew from involvement in the workings of the universe. During the Enlightenment extensive intellectual activity took place, including the publication of several encyclopedias