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THE MUSLIM EMPIRES OF ASIA & NORTHERN EURASIA; 1500-1750Mr. Ermer
AP World History
Miami Beach Senior High School
RISE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Strongest post-Mongol Muslim empire Osman’s dynasty’s adept rule Control of trade routes Hybrid military blending traditional skill with new
tech Defeat Mamluks in Syria and Egypt (Selim I) 1453: Conquer Constantinople/Istanbul (Mehmet
II) Defeat Serbians at Battle of Kosovo Stopped Safavid expansion Suleiman the Magnificent & the Balkans
OTTOMAN INSTITUTIONS
Turkish horsemen, European slaves= military Christian military slaves were called janissaries Devshirme, practice of using European children
taken from home, taught Turkish and Islam, as janissaries
Social Structure: askeri “military class”/raya “flock”
Highly centralized, powerful empire Urban centers are heavily Muslim, sha’riah law Non-Muslims, rural people look to own religious
leaders for guidance
CRISIS OF THE MILITARY STATE, 1585-1650
Military technology and firearms improve Janissary corps grows, cavalry shrinks Cavalrymen restive in rural Anatolia
Inflation caused by cheap silver from New World
Religious law prohibits tax reform Wars and revolts/rebellions Janissaries gain in influence/power
Lifting of lifestyle prohibitions like marriage Janissaries decrease in number over time
THE NEW OTTOMAN MODEL 1650-1750
Slow period of declining international power Sultan no longer military leader, secluded in
palace Sultan’s mother & chief eunuch run palace/royalty Grand Vizier runs government
Janissaries become hereditary Less military, more interested in business and politics
Central control of gov’t declines, provinces grow rich
Adoption of European ways causes religiously charged rebellions Muhamad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (Sunni), Patrona Halil
Some multiethnic port cities prosper
THE SAFAVIDS
Ottoman Similarities: Land grants for cavalry Land rather than sea power Similar social structure/interactions
Ismail=Safavid Shah Shi’ite Islam
Set Iran apart from neighbors Builds strong ties to Muslims in India Hidden Imam: all shahs are stand ins for 12th
descendent of Ali Economy based on silk and Persian rugs No navy to speak of, Gulf trade diminished Similar economic decline to that of Ottomans
THE MOGHAL EMPIRE 1526-1761
Muslims ruling over India’s Hindu majority Descends from the Mongols, Timur, Babur conquers Akbar’s dynasty rules most of India
Social classes ranked as mansabs Cotton trade booms, exchanged for (inflated) silver Rajputs: Hindu soldiers from the north (15% of
army) Akbar fosters good Muslim-Hindu relations
Marries Rajput princess, fathers half breed heir Lifts non-Muslim head-tax Sikhism stages strong opposition to Moghals
Central government decays and collapses, enter British
JAPANESE REUNIFICATION Japanese emperor in Kyoto has little power Daimyo: Feudal lords with power, armies, land
Samurai: feudal knight-vassals of lords Shogun: hereditary commander of armies with loose
command of daimyo and armies Warlord Hideyoshi unites Japan, invades Korea
Korean invasion fails, but weakens Chinese force in Manchuria
1603: Tokugawa Shogunate, defused military state Move capital to Edo (Tokyo) Samurai adapt to bureaucratic role (educate, conspicuous
consumption, etiquette) Merchants become important players in modernization
Forge close ties to daimyo and shogun
JAPAN & EUROPEANS
Government closely regulates trade with Europe Fr. Francis Xavier (Catholic missionary)
Poor impressed with faith, elite inclined to oppose upsetting order
Shogun outlaws Christianity, Europeans Only the Dutch can trade, restricted to small island off
Nag. Economic growth outpaces population growth
Decentralized government limited regulatory oversight Merchant class grows despite lack of gov’t support
Kabuki theater, printed clothing/wookblock, restaurants
“Forty-Seven Ronin” values vs. order Ronin outlawed, made to commit seppuku
Tokugawa gov’t=traditional, society=moderizing
CHINA: THE MING EMPIRE Early Ming success: int’l demand for Chinese
goods, expanded trade, bureaucratic efficiency, rural wealth Sharp decline in mid to late Ming Dynasty
Climate change causes rural uprisings Inflation caused by too much silver Weak government caused economic problems Fighting Mongols, Manchu, & Japan weakens
state Manchus defeat Ming Dynasty—est. Qing
Empire Europeans traded with China via island bases
Portuguese/Macao, Spain/Manila, Dutch/Taiwan Catholic missionaries have greater success than
in Japan, poor and elites convert, Jesuits in gov’t office
QING CHINA Qing Emperors Kangxi & Qianlong restore greatness
Built economic infrastructure Reestablish overland trade/communication Conquer new lands from Mongols & Russians Southeast Asian tribute states contribute to economy Qing emperors sour on Christian missionaries, expel
Qing influences on Europe use “variolation” as smallpox vaccine Wallpaper Market for Chinese products Admiration for Qing imperial “wisdom” and culture
Europeans traders allowed only at Canton/“Can. System” British E. India Co. traded silver for tea Macartney Mission fails, China remains closed to Europe