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t13 Consideracoes Sobre Harmonicas Em Sistemas Com Inversores de Frequencia

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HARMONICAS

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  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC - 5058-CO900H

    Consideraes sobre Harmnicas

    Raymond Schmitz

    SP Maio 2015

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 2Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Sistema com inversor

    Transformador Inversor Motor

    M

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 3Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Transformador Inversor Motor

    Corrente harmnicas de rede

    M

    Sistema com Inversor

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC

    Harmnicas -Tpicos

    4

    Definio.

    Efeitos das correntes harmnicas

    Medindo as harmnicas (onde ?)

    Porque os inversores produzem harmnicas ?

    Entendendo a IEEE-519

    Variao das harmnicas em funo da carga

    Efeito das harmnicas sobre o fator de potncia

    Como minimizar as harmnicas

    Ferramenta para estimar as harmnicas

    Concluso

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC - 5058-CO900HCopyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. 5

    Definio

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 6

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    De maneira facil e didtica podemos dizer que...

    A RSS da FFT

    deve atender

    a THD e a TDD

    Recomendado pela IEEE no PCC

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC

    O que so Harmnicas ?

    7

    Harmnicas so correntes parasitarias que vo se somar na correntefundamental.

    Harmnicas causam a distoro de uma forma de onda puramente senoidal.

    Harmnicas so multiplos inteiros da frequncia fundamental de um sistema.

    para um sistema em 50Hz , 5a. 250Hz, 7a. 350 Hz

    para um sistema em 60Hz, 5a. 300Hz, 7a. 420 Hz

    Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) a maneira de quantificar a distoro total de uma forma de onda.

    Todos os retificadores (cargas no lineares) produzem correntes harmnicas querealimentam o sistema de potncia.

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 8Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Quem causa Harmnica ?

    Qualquer carga no-linear.

    Numa carga no-linear, a corrente no proporcional natenso aplicada.

    Carga Linear: Corrente e Tenso

    so proporcionais.

    VAN

    IA

    Carga no Linear: Corrente e Tenso

    no so proporcionais.

    VANIA

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 9Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Exemplos de Cargas lineares

    Motores

    Resistores de aquecimento

    Transformadores ( apos energizao )

    Lampadas encandescentes, etc.

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 10Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Exemplos de Cargas no-lineares

    Lmpadas Fluorecentes

    Fontes Chaveadas

    Fornos a Arco

    Retificadores, etc.

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 11

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Harmnicas em um Retificador Tpico( 6 Pulsos )

    1a., 5a., 7a.

    1a. + 5a. (-20%) + 7a. (-13%) + 11a. (9%) + 13a. (7%)

    1a. + 5a. (-20%) + 7a. (-13%)

    1a. + 5a. (-20%)

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC - 5058-CO900HCopyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. 12

    Efeitos das Correntes Harmnicas

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC

    Efeitos das Correntes Harmnicas

    13

    Correntes harmnicas fluindo em um sistema eltrico iro produzirdistores de tenso em vrios pontos de interligao com outras cargas.

    A distoro depende da:

    impedncia do sistema ;

    amplitude das harmnicas injetadas no sistema ;

    relao entre cargas lineares e cargas no-lineares ;

    tipo de retificador utilizado (Ex : 6 Pulsos, 12 Pulsos, etc...)

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC

    Causa raiz com outros equipamentos

    14Copyright 2011 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Harmnicas de

    Corrente

    causam

    Distoro de Tenso

    HARMONIC SOURCE

    PLC

    EQUIPMENT

    TELEPHONE

    EQUIPMENT

    DATA

    PROCESSING

    CENTER

    PCC

    IH

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC

    Efeito das correntes harmnicas

    15

    Problemas com harmnicas podem incluir :

    Sobreaquecimento de componentes (motores, capacitores, transformadores, etc) ;

    Aumento da corrente total limitando futuras ampliaes do sistema eltrico

    Mau funcionamento de equipamentos ;

    Interferncias no sistema telefnico ;

    Medies incorretas, mau funcionamento dos rels de proteo de sobrecarga ;

    Harmnicas causam correntes adicionais que no produzem trabalho ;

    Distoro da tenso de alimentao ;

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC - 5058-CO900HCopyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. 16

    Medindo as Harmnicas (Onde ?)

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 17Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Medindo as Harmnicas

    Ponto de acoplamento comum (PCC) Geralmente onde o usurio se conecta com a concessionria

    DIAGRAMA UNIFILAR

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC - 5058-CO900HCopyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. 18

    Porque os inversores produzem harmnicas ?

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 19

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Topologia de um inversor de frequncia

    Converter

    AC to DC

    Inverter

    DC to AC

    DC

    Bus

    Filter

    AC DriveA

    C M

    oto

    r Outp

    utA

    C L

    ine I

    nput

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 20

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Retificador de entrada

    Cbusbus_cap

    V0 := Vstart

    D1 D2 D3

    D5 D6D4

    Lar

    Lreactor

    Lbr

    Lreactor

    Lcr

    Lreactor

    Load

    I0 := -(load_cur)

    I0 := load_cur

    load_cur

    Llink

    Ldclink

    75hp, 480V Converter+

    V

    +

    V

    La

    LsourceI0 := 0

    Lb

    I0 := -(load_cur)Lsource

    Lc

    I0 := load_curLsource

    ET1

    Va

    ET2

    Vb

    ET3

    Vc

    VMan2

    VMab

    FML_INIT2

    +

    V VMac

    +

    V

    VMan1

    Simplorer Student Version at www.ansoft.com

    Va

    Vb

    Vc

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 21

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Inversor sem reator no barramento CC

    VMab.V = f ...

    La.I = f (t, b...

    Cbus.V = f (...

    VMac.V = f ...

    VMan.V [V]...

    50.00m

    50.00m

    100.00m

    100.00m

    62.50m

    62.50m

    75.00m

    75.00m

    87.50m

    87.50m

    -800.0 -800.0

    800.0

    0 0

    -666.7 -666.7

    -333.3 -333.3

    333.3 333.3

    666.7

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 22

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Inversor sem reator no barramento CC

    VMab.V = f ...

    La.I = f (t, b...

    Cbus.V = f (...

    VMac.V = f ...

    VMan.V [V]...

    50.00m

    50.00m

    100.00m

    100.00m

    62.50m

    62.50m

    75.00m

    75.00m

    87.50m

    87.50m

    -800.0 -800.0

    800.0

    0 0

    -666.7 -666.7

    -333.3 -333.3

    333.3 333.3

    666.7

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 24

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Inversor sem reator no barramento CC

    VMab.V = f ...

    La.I = f (t, b...

    Cbus.V = f (...

    VMac.V = f ...

    VMan.V [V]...

    81.50m

    81.50m

    93.50m

    93.50m

    82.50m

    82.50m

    85.00m

    85.00m

    87.50m

    87.50m

    90.00m

    90.00m

    92.50m

    92.50m

    -100.0 -100.0

    800.0

    0 0

    200.0 200.0

    400.0 400.0

    600.0 600.0

    Vab Vac

    Van

    Vbus

    Ia

    400A/ms

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 25

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Retificador de Entrada

    Cbusbus_cap

    V0 := Vstart

    D1 D2 D3

    D5 D6D4

    Lar

    Lreactor

    Lbr

    Lreactor

    Lcr

    Lreactor

    Load

    I0 := -(load_cur)

    I0 := load_cur

    load_cur

    Llink

    Ldclink

    75hp, 480V Converter+

    V

    +

    V

    La

    LsourceI0 := 0

    Lb

    I0 := -(load_cur)Lsource

    Lc

    I0 := load_curLsource

    ET1

    Va

    ET2

    Vb

    ET3

    Vc

    VMan2

    VMab

    FML_INIT2

    +

    V VMac

    +

    V

    VMan1

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 26

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Inversor com reator no barramento CC

    VMab.V = f ...

    La.I = f (t, b...

    Cbus.V = f (...

    VMac.V = f ...

    VMan.V [V]...

    150.0m

    150.0m

    200.0m

    200.0m

    162.5m

    162.5m

    175.0m

    175.0m

    187.5m

    187.5m

    -800.0 -800.0

    800.0

    0 0

    -666.7 -666.7

    -333.3 -333.3

    333.3 333.3

    666.7

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 27

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Inversor com reator no barramento CC

    VMab.V = f ...

    La.I = f (t, b...

    Cbus.V = f (...

    VMac.V = f ...

    VMan.V [V]...

    181.5m

    181.5m

    193.5m

    193.5m

    182.5m

    182.5m

    185.0m

    185.0m

    187.5m

    187.5m

    190.0m

    190.0m

    192.5m

    192.5m

    -100.0 -100.0

    800.0

    0 0

    200.0 200.0

    400.0 400.0

    600.0 600.0

    Vab Vac

    Van

    Vbus

    Ia

    80A/ms

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 28Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Importante

    Harmnicas de corrente

    criam

    Distoro de tenso

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC - 5058-CO900HCopyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. 29

    Entendendo a IEEE-519

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 31

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    O que devemos fazer com as harmnicas?

    No nem econmico nem desejvel eliminar todas as harmnicas.

    Guias prticos e anlises so utilizados e/ou necessrios para determinar se ocorrero problemas criados pela introduo de

    harmnicas em um sistema.

    Normas e Recomendaes :

    IEEE-519 (nos EUA e Amrica do Sul)

    IEC-555 (Europa e algumas reas na Amrica do Sul)

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 32Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Quais so os limites da IEEE 519-1992 ?

    Application Maximum THD (%)

    Special Applications - hospitals and airports 3.0%

    General System 5.0%

    Dedicated System - exclusively converter load 10.0%

    Harmonic Voltage LimitsLow-Voltage Systems

    Table 10.2

    Table 10.3

    Current distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems (120V through 69,000V)

    Isc/Iload

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 33

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    O objetivo da IEEE 519(Primeiro Mandamento)

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 34

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Quem seu vizinho ?

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 35

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Quem seu vizinho ?

    transformertransformer

    PCC1

    2500kVA

    5.75%Z

    480Vsec

    utility

    2500kVA

    5.75%Z

    480Vsec

    utility

    Other

    Customer

    Customer

    A

    Other

    Customer

    Customer

    B

    Other

    Customer

    Customer

    C

    Iharm A

    Iharm B

    Iharm C

    Ifund A

    Ifund B

    Ifund C

    Iharm

    Ifund

    I(TDD) is measured at each metering point

    Goal is to

    keep the V(THD) at

    PCC1

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 37Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Olhando internamente o cliente A

    Atende a IEEE-519 no PCC1

    PCC1

    Isc/Iload = 53.3V(THD) = 2.0%I(TDD) = 11.5%

    113Arms

    981Arms

    V(THD)

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 38

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Atender a IEEE-519 no Inversor ???

    bom lembrar que a IEEE 519 uma recomendaopara sistemas de distribuioe nopara equipamentos

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC - 5058-CO900HCopyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. 39

    Variao das Harmnicas em funo da carga

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 40

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Efeito da corrente motor sobre I(THD) ?

    I(THD) aumenta a medida que a carga diminue ;I(fund) diminue a medida que a carga diminue ;I(harm) diminue a medida que a carga diminue.

    NOTA :I(THD) = Iharm / Ifund

    6-Pulse Buffered Drive Currents

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    80

    90

    100

    0 20 40 60 80 100% Load

    % o

    f Full

    Load F

    und. C

    urr

    ent

    Iharm

    Ifund

    I(THD)

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC - 5058-CO900HCopyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. 41

    Efeito das Harmnicas no fator de potncia

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 42

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    P.F. Total = Fator de Deslocamento (Displacement P.F.) xFator de Distoro (Distortion P.F.)

    As concessionrias medem o Fator de Potncia Total.

    A maioria dos fabricantes de inversores falam somente dofator de deslocamento (Displacement Power Factor).

    E o Fator de Distoro, e o Fator de Deslocamento, so importantes ?

    Fator de Potncia

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 43

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Distortion Power Factor o no alinhamento da Tenso e Corrente devido a distoro das formas de Onda.

    Displacement Power Factor Defasagem entre Tenso e Corrente na passagem por zero.

    Ambos so importantes e igualmente afetam

    o fator de potncia total !

    2

    1

    1

    1

    THDI

    IDF

    rms

    1cosIDF

    O que so Fatores de Distoro e Deslocamento

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC - 5058-CO900HCopyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. 44

    Como minimizar as harmnicas

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 45

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Relao entre Nmero de Pulsos dos

    Retificadores e as Harmnicas

    As Harmnicas caractersticas (h) em relao ao nmero de pulsos (n) de um retificador dado por :

    h= k n 1

    k = mltiplo do nmero de pulsos

    Ex : 6 pulsos injeta 61= 5a. e 7a., 121 = 11a. e 13a.

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 46

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    A amplitude (A) de uma dada harmnica relacionada com o nmero de pulsos por :

    A = 1/h

    quanto maior a ordem da harmnica, menor ser sua

    amplitude.

    Ex : 5a. harmnica 1/5 = 20%, 7a. harmnica 1/7 = 13%.

    Relao entre Nmero de Pulsos dos Retificadores e as Harmnicas

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 47

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Retificador de 6 pulsos5a e 7a Harmnicas

    Retificador

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 48

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Atravs de um transformador alimentador com multiplos secundrios.

    O deslocamento de fase dos secundrios obtido por :

    para um retificador de 12 pulsos, o deslocamento de fase deve ser 60/2=30 (Ex : enrolamentos em

    no secundrio e Y no tercirio).

    para um retificador de 18 pulsos, o deslocamento de fase entre enrolamentos do secundrio sero de

    20, 0 e -20 (Ex : configurao dos enrolamentos em delta ou estrela).

    windingsondaryofnumbershiftphase

    _sec__

    60_

    Como atingir um maior nmero de pulsos ?

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 49

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Retificador de 12 pulsos11a e 13a Harmnicas

    Rectificador de

    12 Pulsos

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 50

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Retificador de 18 pulsos17a e 19a Harmnicas

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 51

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Retificador AFE (Active Front End)A

    C L

    ine I

    nput

    Converter

    AC to DC

    Inverter

    DC to AC

    DC

    Bus

    Filter

    Regenerative AC Drive

    AC

    Moto

    r Outp

    ut

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 52

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    THD tpico em funo do retificador

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 53Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Tcnicas de Reduo de Harmnicas

    Reator no Barramento CC do inversor (PowerFlex) ;

    Reator de Entrada ;

    Utilizao de Filtros Ativos ou Passivos de Harmnicas ;

    Utilizar inversores com entrada ativa (Entrada AFE/PWM) ;

    Aumentar o nmero de pulsos do retificador. Ex : 12 ou 18 pulsos ;

    No caso de ter um nmero par de inversores de mesma potncia e commesmo perfil de carga adotar um arranjo pseudo 12 pulsos colocandometade da carga num secundario em estrela e outra metade num

    secundario em triangulo ;

    Aumentar as cargas lineares em relao s no-lineares, etc.

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 54

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Reator no barramento CC e/ou Reator de entrada

    Cbusbus_cap

    V0 := Vstart

    D1 D2 D3

    D5 D6D4

    Lar

    Lreactor

    Lbr

    Lreactor

    Lcr

    Lreactor

    Load

    I0 := -(load_cur)

    I0 := load_cur

    load_cur

    Llink

    Ldclink

    75hp, 480V Converter+

    V

    +

    V

    La

    LsourceI0 := 0

    Lb

    I0 := -(load_cur)Lsource

    Lc

    I0 := load_curLsource

    ET1

    Va

    ET2

    Vb

    ET3

    Vc

    VMan2

    VMab

    FML_INIT2

    +

    V VMac

    +

    V

    VMan1

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 55Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Filtros Passivos

    M

    hp

    Motor

    Load

    Transformer

    xfmr

    % Z

    Passive Filter

    Drive

    DC

    AC

    AC

    DC

    DC Link

    Choke

    Ia = f( S,...

    -25.00m

    -25.00m

    24.90m

    24.90m

    0

    0

    -20.00m

    -20.00m

    -10.00m

    -10.00m

    10.00m

    10.00m

    20.00m

    20.00m

    -150.0 -150.0

    150.0

    0 0

    -100.0 -100.0

    -50.0 -50.0

    50.0 50.0

    100.0 100.0

    I(THD) de 4 at 7%

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 56Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    M

    Drive

    hp

    Motor

    Load

    Transformer

    DC

    AC

    DC Link

    Chokexfmr

    % Z

    Active Filter

    AC

    DC

    AC

    DC

    Ifund Ifund + Iharm

    Iharm

    Ia = f( S,...

    -25.00m

    -25.00m

    24.90m

    24.90m

    0

    0

    -20.00m

    -20.00m

    -10.00m

    -10.00m

    10.00m

    10.00m

    20.00m

    20.00m

    -150.0 -150.0

    150.0

    0 0

    -100.0 -100.0

    -50.0 -50.0

    50.0 50.0

    100.0 100.0

    Filtros Ativos

    I(THD) tpico de 3 6%

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 57

    Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Estrela-Tringulo (pseudo 12-Pulsos)

    Soluo para dois inversores.

    Proporciona uma boa diminuiodo contedo harmnico.

    I(THD) de 30% para 15%.

    Drive

    DC

    AC

    DC Link

    Choke

    AC

    DCM

    Drive

    DC

    AC

    DC Link

    Choke

    AC

    DCM

    Transformer

    xfmr

    % Z

    orreactor

    Carga : 50% em cada trafo.

    (A corrente mostrada ao lado foi medida

    com 100% de carga aplicada no

    inversor superior e 25% de carga

    aplicada no inversor inferior)

    La1.I = f...

    150.0m

    150.0m

    200.0m

    200.0m

    162.5m

    162.5m

    175.0m

    175.0m

    187.5m

    187.5m

    -1000.0 -1000.0

    1000.0

    0 0

    -500.0 -500.0

    500.0 500.0

  • Copyright 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PUBLIC 58Copyright 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Custos das tcnicas de reduo de harmnicas

    0 50 100 150 200 250 300

    Basic Drive without dc link choke

    Addition of dc link choke

    Addition of 3% line reactor

    Addition of passive filter

    12 pulse auto transformer

    18 pulse auto transformer

    Active filter

    Synchronous converter

    Relative Installed Cost, %

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    Custos das tcnicas de reduo de harmnicas

    $0

    $10,000

    $20,000

    $30,000

    $40,000

    $50,000

    $60,000

    $70,000

    $80,000

    $90,000

    10

    HP

    25

    HP

    50

    HP

    75

    HP

    10

    0 H

    P

    15

    0 H

    P

    20

    0 H

    P

    25

    0 H

    P

    30

    0 H

    P

    40

    0 H

    P

    50

    0 H

    P

    80

    0 H

    P

    Active Filter

    Passive Filter

    18-Pulse

    Active Front-End

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    Custos das tcnicas de reduo de harmnicas -

    2010

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    Aumentando as Cargas Lineares

    Iharm, A 20 20 20 20

    Ifund, A 10 20 100 1000

    Itotal, A 22.4 28.3 102.0 1000.2

    I(THD) 200% 100% 20% 2%

    Lembre-se : I(THD) = Iharm/Ifund

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    Exemplo IEEE-519

    Recomendao : 5% de distoro harmnica de tenso.

    Transformador de 250KVA c/ 6% de impedncia alimentando um inversor de 150HP.

    Inversor sem reator no barramento CC : 6,55 % de distoro harmnica (Acima do recomendado pela IEEE).

    Inversor com Reator no Barramento CC : 4,87% de distoro harmnica (Abaixo do recomendado pela IEEE).

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    Tendncias do mercado

    12/18 Pulsos - muito bem aceitas no mercado

    Geralmente pr-especificados ;

    Tecnologia madura e simples ;

    Soluo mais barata acima de 150/ 200HP.

    Filtros passivos

    Soluo competitiva para Inversores

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    Ferramentas para avaliar sua THD

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    Identificar o PCC e aplicar a tcnica mais apropriada (barata) ;

    Adicionar reatores AC (ou reator CC se possvel) para inversores comretificadores de 6 pulsos ;

    Considerar o uso de filtros ativos para sistemas com mltiplosinversores ;

    No caso de existir um nmero par de inversores de mesma potncia ecom mesmo perfil de carga, adotar um arranjo pseudo 12 pulsoscolocando metade da carga no secundrio em estrela e a outrametade no secundrio em tringulo ;

    Tentar separar os sistemas de alimentao para as cargas lineares eno-lineares e ter assim limites de THD de tenso diferentes (5% e10%).

    Como atender a IEEE519

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    Internet

    Internet :

    http://www.ab.com : Drives, Get Support, Softwares (Harmonic Calculator, Energy Comparison, etc...), na mesma pgina tem tambem : Informaes Tcnicas

    (Technical Inf), Artigos Tcnicos (Technical Articles), etc...

    http://www.rockwellautomation.com

    http://www.rockwellautomation.com.br

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    Seguindo estas recomendaes, voc deveratingir um THD aceitvel para sua operao !

    Muito obrigado!


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