Table S1: Levels of seafood-relevant toxic elements (and their elemental species of highest toxicological concern) in fish and seafood
Contaminant Matrix Wild/farmed/
processed Origin Levels Min-max/mean/median
MethodLOD/LOQ Reference
arsenicinorganic arsenic aquaculture fish farmed Aquaculture/Taiwan 0-0,5 mg/kg min-max HPLC-HGAAS
LOD/LOQ: nmHuang et al., 2003
inorganic arsenic
aquaculture molluscs farmed Aquaculture/Taiwan 1,13±0,79 mg/kg dw mean HPLC-HGAAS
LOD/LOQ: nm Liu et al., 2007
inorganic arsenic
marine/anadromous fish wild/farmed
Atlantic, Northeast; Europe - Inland waters <0,003-0,008 mg/kg ww min-max
HPLC-ICPMSLOD: 0,003 mg/kg
Larsen et al., 2005
inorganic arsenic
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild/farmed/processed
All the seafood composite samples from the second FrenchTotal Diet Study (TDS)
<0,04-1,3 mg/kg dw mean
HPLC-ICPMSLOQ: 0,04 mg/kg
Leufroy et al., 2011
inorganic arsenic fish, mollusc farmed
Aquaculture/Denmark<0,08-0,14 mg/kg ww min-max
SPE HG-AASLOQ: 0,08 mg/kg
Rasmussen et al., 2012
inorganic arsenic
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean wild/processed
A local sampling was performed, according to the standardized totaldiet study (TDS) methodology recommended by internationalCommittees and developed in the first French total diet study (Leblanc et al., 2005).
0,002-0,253 mg/kg ww mean
HPLC-ICP-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Sirot et al., 2008
inorganic arsenic
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean
nm seafood samplesfrom the Norwegian surveillance program on
<0,0006-0,060 mg/kg ww mean HPLC-ICP-MSLOD: 0,0006 mg/kg
Sloth et al., 2005
contaminants
inorganic arsenic marine mollusc wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,001-5,8 mg/kg ww / 0,011 mg/kg ww
min-max / median
HPLC-ICP-MSLOQ: 0,002 mg/kg ww
Sloth and Julshamn, 2008
inorganic arsenic marine fish wild
Atlantic, Northeast
<0,002-0,015 mg/kg ww min-max
HPLC-ICP-MSLOD: 0,003 mg/kg dwLOQ: 0,01 mg/kg dw
Julshamn et al., 2012
inorganic arsenic
freshwater/marine fish, crustacean wild/processed
Large supermarkets in two towns (Texas, USA) <0,001-0,003 mg/kg ww / 0,0005-
0,0019 mg/kg wwmin-max / mean
HGAASLOD: 1-2 ng/g ww
Schoof et al., 1999
total arsenic marine crustacean wild
Atlantic, Northeast 16-43 ww mg/kg ww meat; 14-49 mg/kg ww hepatopancreas; 8,6-47 mg/kg ww gonads
meanEDXRFLOD: 1 mg/kg dw
Barrento et al., 2009a
total arsenic marine crustacean wild
Atlantic, Northeast 11-17 mg/kg ww muscle; 20-24 mg/kg ww hepatopancreas; 12-17 mg/kg ww gonads
meanEDXRFLOD: 0,7 mg/kg dw
Barrento et al., 2008
total arsenic
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean nm
Local markets, large supermarkets, and grocerystores from six important cities(Catalonia, Spain)
0,99-17,77 mg/kg ww min-max
ICP-MSLOD: 0,05 μg/g ww Falcó et al.,
2006
total arsenic marine fish wild/processed
Atlantic, Northeast2,9-4,9 mg/kg mean
EDXRFLOD: 0,7 mg/kg dw
Maulvault et al, 2012a
total arsenic marine fish wild/processed
Supermarkets from Novi Sad (Serbia)
<0,03 mg/kg ww; 0,43 mg/kg ww mean
GFAASLOD: 0,03 mg/kgLOQ: 0,07 mg/kg ww
Škrbić et al., 2013
total arsenic
marine fish (muscle, liver)
wild Atlantic, Northeast 1,7-44 mg/kg ww fillet; 3,9-50 mg/kg ww muscle
min-max ICP-MSLOQ: 0,02
Julshamn et al., 2013
mg/kg wwtotal arsenic marine fish (liver) wild Atlantic, Northwest 8-110 mg/kg ww liver min-max ICP-MS
LOD/LOQ: nmSonne et al., 2014
total arsenic fish processed
Local markets, big supermarkets, and grocery stores ofReus (Catalonia, Spain)
0,939-3,281 mg/kg ww min-max
ICP-MSLOD: 0,100 µg/g ww
Perelló et al., 2008
total arsenic
seafood: fish and mollusc wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea 1,30-16,35 mg/kg ww/ 1,93-9,12
mg/kg wwmin-max / mean
ICP-MSLOD: 10 µg/g ww
Nadal et al., 2008
total arsenic marine fish wild
Atlantic, Northeast1,2-46 mg/kg dw / 2,4-31 mg/kg dw min-max /
mean
EDXRFLOD: 0,7 mg/kg dw
Afonso et al., 2013
total arsenic marine mollusc wild Mediterranean and Black
Sea 20,7-46,3 mg/kg dw mean GFAASLOD/LOQ: nm
Gavriil et al., 2007
total arsenic
marine mollusc, crustacean wild Asia -Inland waters 3,88±0,39 - 49,2±8,73 mg/kg dw mean ICP-MS
LOD/LOQ: nmZhang et al., 2013b
total arsenic aquaculture fish farmed Aquaculture/Taiwan 0,1-4,4 mg/kg min-max HGAAS
LOD: 0,2 µg/LHuang et al., 2003
total arsenic
aquaculture molluscs farmed Aquaculture/Taiwan 8,48±4,87 mg/kg dw mean HGAAS
LOD: 0,2 µg/L Liu et al., 2007
total arsenic
fish,mollusc, crustacean farmed Mediterranean and Black
Sea <5-200 mg/kg dw min-max GFAASLOD: nm
Fattorini et al., 2006
total arsenic
marine crustacean ( meat, hepatopancreas, gonads)
wild
Atlantic, Northeast 23,8 ± 2,6mg/kg meat; 34,4 ± 10,6 mg/kg hepatopancreas; 50,2 ± 6,7mg/kg gonads
mean
EDXRFLOD: 0,7 mg/kg dw
Marques et al., 2010
total arsenic
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild, farmed, processed
Central market and major supermarkets in the cityof Granada(Spain)
0,004-0,739 mg/kg ww median FIAS_AASLOD: 1,59 × 10−4 mg/kg wwLOQ: 5,31 ×
Olmedo et al., 2013
10−4 mg/kg ww
total arsenic
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean wild/processed
A local sampling was performed, according to the standardized totaldiet study (TDS) methodology recommended by internationalCommittees and developed in the first French total diet study (Leblanc et al., 2005).
0,70-42,3 mg/kg ww mean
ICP-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Sirot et al., 2008
total arsenic marine fish wild/farmed
Indian Ocean, Eastern 0,16-1,8 mg/kg ww / 0,57-0,71 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
ICP-MSLOQ: 0,02 mg/kg
Padula et al., 2008
total arsenic
marine fish (fillet, liver) wild
Atlantic, Northeast <0,02-26,49 mg/kg ww fillet; <0,05 - 35,79 mg/kg ww liver / 1,25-8,63 mg/kg ww fillet; 3,04-5,72 mg/kg ww liver
min-max/ median
GFAASLOD/LOQ: nm Mormede and
Davies, 2001
total arsenic marine fish, mollusc wild Mediterranean and Black
Sea 0,58±0,01 - 6,55±0,06 mg/kg mean ICP-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Das et al., 2009
total arsenic marine fish, mollusc wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea 1,528±0,08-11,024±3,957 mg/kg
ww mean
ICP-MSLOD: 0,013 mg/kg wwLOQ: 0,13 mg/kg ww
Copat et al., 2013
total arsenic marine fish processed from market in Gwangju,
Korea1,23±0,20 - 44,54±5,69 mg/kg dw; 0,42±0,07 - 7,14±0,91 mg/kg ww mean ICP-MS
LOD/LOQ: nmIslam et al., 2010
total arsenic
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean wild, processed
Local markets, small stores, supermarkets, and big grocery stores (Catalonia, Spain)
0,776-11,614 mg/kg ww / 5,483 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
ICP-MSLOD: 0,100 µg/g ww
Martorell et al., 2011
total marine crustacean wild Atlantic, Northeast 18-43 mg/kg ww meat; 20-49 mean EDXRF Barrento et
arsenic(meat, hepatopancreas, gonads)
mg/kg hepatopancreas; 11-47 mg/kg gonads
LOD: 0,7 mg/kg dw al., 2009b
total arsenic marine fish wild
Atlantic, Northeast4,1-5,2 mg/kg ww mean
GFAASLOQ: 0,04 mg/kg
Staveland et al., 1993
total arsenic
marine crustacean (meat, hepatopancreas, gonads)
wild
Atlantic, Northeast 47-75 mg/kg dw meat; 43-142 mg/kg dw hepatopancreas; 17-82 mg/kg dw gonads
mean
EDXRFLOD: 0,7 mg/kg dw
Teixeira et al., 2008
total arsenic marine fish wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea 0,01-70,9 mg/kg ww / 0,43-5,91
mg/kg wwmin-max / mean
GFAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg dw
Bilandžić et al., 2011
total arsenic
marine fish, crustacean wild Atlantic, Northeast 4,948-10,16 mg/kg ww min-max GFAAS
LOD/LOQ: nm Internal data
total arsenic
marine fish (fillet, liver) wild
Atlantic, Northeast 1,1-190 mg/kg dw; 1,1-95 mg/kg dw / 3,3-134 mg/kg dw; 3,0-41 mg/kg dw
min-max/ mean
ICP-MSLOD/LOQ: nm Raimundo et
al., 2013
total arsenic
marine crustacean muscle ; brown meat
wild, processedAtlantic, Northeast
21-33 mg/kg ww; 15-21 mg/kg ww meanEDXRFLOD: 0,7 mg/kg dw
Maulvault et al, 2012b
total arsenic
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean nm
seafood samplesfrom the Norwegian surveillance program on contaminants
0,22±0,03 - 67±8 mg/kg ww mean
ICP-MSLOD: 0,0006 mg/kg
Sloth et al., 2005
total arsenic marine mollusc wild
Atlantic, Northeast1,2-13,8 mg/kg ww / 1,7 mg/kg ww min-max /
median
ICP-MSLOQ: 0,07 mg/kg
Sloth and Julshamn, 2008
total arsenic marine fish wild
Atlantic, Northeast
0,3-110 mg/kg ww min-max
ICP-MSLOD: 0,003 mg/kg dwLOQ: 0,01 mg/kg dw
Julshamn et al., 2012
total arsenic
marine mollusc, crustacean wild Local market 6,9±0,3 - 7,4±0,2 mg/kg mean ICP-MS
LOD/LOQ: nmYang et al., 2009
total arsenic aquaculture fish farmed,
processed
Atlantic, Northeast0,52±0,05 - 0,80± 0,11 mg/kg ww mean
ICP-MSLOD: 0,01 mg/kg
Costa et al., 2013
total arsenic
marine fish, mollusc, crustacean wild
Atlantic, Northeast<1-65,8 mg/kg ww min-max
ICP-MS HG-AFS LOD: 0,03 mg/kg
De Gieter et al., 2002
total arsenic
marine, aquaculture seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild, farmedAtlantic, Northeast 1,7-51,2 mg/kg ww / 2,9-32,2
mg/kg wwmin-max/ mean
EDXRFLOD: 0,7 mg/kg dw
Anacleto et al., 2009
total arsenic
marine fish, mollusc, crustacean wild Atlantic, Western central 2-53,9 mg/kg dw / 2,09-36,2 mg/kg
dwmin-max / mean
EDXRFLOD: nm
Hernández et al., 2011
total arsenic marine fish wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea 0,11-0,32 mg/kg ww mean
GFAASLOD: 0,17 µg/L
Tuzen, 2009
total arsenic
freshwater/marine fish, crustacean wild/processed Large supermarkets in two
towns (Texas, USA)0,025-6,1 mg/kg ww / 0,16-2,36 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
ICP-MSLOD: 3,6 ng/g
Schoof et al., 1999
total arsenic
marine/anadromous fish wild/farmed
Europe - Inland waters0,35-11,9 mg/kg ww min-max
ICPMSLOD: 0,003 mg/kg
Larsen et al., 2005
cadmium
total cadmium
marine crustacean (meat, hepatopancreas, gonads)
wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,01-0,02 mg/kg ww meat; 12-30 mg/kg hepatopancreas; 0,18-0,30 mg/kg gonads
mean
FAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Barrento et al., 2009a
total cadmium
marine crustacean (meat, hepatopancreas)
wildAtlantic, Northeast 0,02 mg/kg ww muscle; 11 mg/kg
ww hepatopancreas meanFAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Barrento et al., 2008
total cadmium
marine crustacean (meat, hepatopancreas,
wild Atlantic, Northeast <0,01-0,03 mg/kg ww meat; 6-28 mg/kg ww hepatopancreas; 0,04-4,3 mg/kg ww gonads
mean FAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Barrento et al., 2009b
gonads)
total cadmium
seafood: fish, mollusc processed
Atlantic, Northeast 0,01-1,10 mg/kg ww / 0,01-0,29 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
FAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Lourenço et al., 2004
total cadmium marine bivalve wild
Atlantic, Northeast <0,01-1,09 mg/kg ww / 0,02-0,37 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
FAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Lourenço et al., 2005
total cadmium marine crustacean wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,03-0,15 mg/kg ww / 0,09-0,11 mg/kg ww
min-max/ mean
FAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Lourenço et al., 2009a
total cadmium marine mollusc wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,01-1,3 mg/kg ww / 0,04-0,38 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
FAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Lourenço et al., 2009b
total cadmium farmed fish farmed
Aquaculture/Portugal 0,005-0,020 mg/kg ww / <MDL-0,013 Mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
FAASLOQ: 0,010 mg/kg ww
Lourenço et al., 2012
total cadmium
marine crustacean ( meat, hepatopancreas, gonads)
wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,0±0,0mg/kg meat; 2,1±0,6 mg/kg hepatopancreas; 0,0±0,0 mg/kg gonads
mean
FAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Marques et al., 2010
total cadmium marine fish wild Atlantic, Northeast 0,005-0,011 mg/kg mean ICP-MS
LOD/LOQ: nmPrego et al., 2012
total cadmium
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean nm
Local markets, large supermarkets, and grocerystores from six important cities(Catalonia, Spain)
0,0004-0,22 mg/kg ww min-max
ICP-MSLOD: 0,02 μg/g ww Falcó et al.,
2006
total cadmium marine fish wild/processed
Atlantic, Northeast<0,01-0,04 mg/kg mean
FAASLOQ: 0,010 mg/kg ww
Maulvault et al., 2012a
total cadmium
fish processed Local markets, big supermarkets, and grocery stores of
ND-0,003 mg/kg ww min-max ICP-MSLOD: 0,002 µg/g ww
Perelló et al., 2008
Reus (Catalonia, Spain)
total cadmium
marine fish (muscle, liver) wild/processed
Supermarkets from Novi Sad (Serbia) 0,003 mg/kg ww muscle; 0,029
mg/kg ww liver mean
GFAASLOD: 0,003mg/kgLOQ: 0,003 mg/kg ww
Škrbić et al., 2013
total cadmium
marine fish (muscle, liver) wild
Atlantic, Northeast <0,002 mg/kg ww muscle; 0,11-0,39 mg/kg ww liver min-max
ICP-MSLOQ: 0,002 mg/kg ww
Julshamn et al., 2013
total cadmium marine fish (liver) wild Atlantic, Northwest 0,49-2,56 mg/kg ww liver min-max ICP-MS
LOD/LOQ: nmSonne et al., 2014
total cadmium
seafood: fish and mollusc wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea ND-0,34 mg/kg ww / ND-0,16
mg/kg wwmin-max/ mean
ICP-MSLOD: 0,03 µg/g ww
Nadal et al., 2008
total cadmium marine fish wild
Atlantic, Northeast
0,001-0,018 mg/kg dw / 0,003-0,011 mg/kg dw
min-max/ mean
GFAASLOD: 0,04 µg/kg wwLOQ: 0,12 µg/kg ww
Afonso et al., 2013
total cadmium marine fish, mollusc wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea 0,0004±0,0002 - 0,0053±0,0011
mg/kg ww mean
ICP-MSLOD: 0,0003 mg/kg wwLOQ: 0,003 mg/kg ww
Copat et al., 2013
total cadmium
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean wild, processed
Local markets, small stores, supermarkets, and big grocery stores (Catalonia, Spain)
0,007-0,354 mg/kg ww / 0,103 mg/kg ww
min-max/ mean
ICP-MSLOD: 0,025 µg/g ww
Martorell et al., 2011
total cadmium
marine crustacean (meat, hepatopancreas)
wildAtlantic, Northeast <0,05 -0,06 mg/kg dw meat; 1,0 -
1,9 mg/kg dw hepatopancreas meanFAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Teixeira et al., 2008
total cadmium
marine fish (muscle, liver, gonad)
wild Atlantic, Northeast <0,02-0,08 mg/kg ww muscle; 0,58-30,24 mg/kg ww liver; 0,03-
min-max / mean
FAASLOD: 0,02
Costa et al., 2009
1,30 mg/kg ww gonad / <0,02-0,02 mg/kg ww muscle; 3,15-9,2 mg/kg ww liver; 0,1-0,26 mg/kg ww
mg/kg ww
total cadmium
marine fish, crustacean wild Atlantic, Northeast <0,005-0,399 mg/kg ww min-max GFAAS
LOD/LOQ: nm Internal data
total cadmium
marine fish (muscle, liver) wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,002-1,2mg/kg dw muscle, 0,14-90 mg/kg dw liver/ 0,002-0,022 mg/kg dw muscle, 0,31-53 mg/kg dw liver
min-max/ mean
ICP-MSLOD/LOQ: nm Raimundo et
al., 2013
total cadmium
marine crustacean muscle; brown meat wild, processed
Atlantic, Northeast 0,01-0,24 mg/kg ww muscle; 5,0-11 mg/kg ww brown meat mean
FAASLOQ: 0,010 mg/kg ww
Maulvault et al., 2012b
total cadmium aquaculture fish farmed,
processed
Aquaculture/Portugal 0,002±0,000 - 0,003±0,001 mg/kg ww mean
GFAASLOD: 0,04 ug/kg
Costa et al., 2013
total cadmium marine fish (liver) wild Mediterranean and Black
Sea0,61-1,43 mg/kg dw muscle, 0,84-5,93 mg/kg dw liver mean FAAS
LOD/LOQ: nmKalay et al., 1999
total cadmium
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild, farmed, processed
Central market and major supermarkets in the city of Granada(Spain) 0,000-0,244 mg/kg ww median
AASLOD: 1,58 × 10−4mg/kg wwLOQ: 5,28 × 10−4 mg/kg ww
Olmedo et al., 2013
Lead
leadmarine crustacean (muscle, hepatopancreas)
wildAtlantic, Northeast 0,10 mg/kg ww muscle, 0,11 mg/kg
ww hepatopancreas meanFAASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg ww
Barrento et al., 2008
lead
marine crustacean (meat, hepatopancreas, gonads)
wild
Atlantic, Northeast <MDL-0,03 mg/kg ww meat; 0,02-0,10 mg/kg ww hepatopancreas, <mdl-0,04 mg/kg ww gonads
mean
FAASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg ww
Barrento et al., 2009b
lead seafood: fish, nm Local markets, large 0,002-0,25 mg/kg ww min-max ICP-MS Falcó et al.,
mollusc, crustacean
supermarkets, and grocerystores from six important cities(Catalonia, Spain)
LOD: 0,02 µg/g ww 2006
lead
marine crustacean ( meat, hepatopancreas, gonads)
wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,0±0,0mg/kg meat, 0,1±0,0 mg/kg hepatopancreas, 0,0±0,0 mg/kg gonads
mean
FAASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg ww
Marques et al., 2010
lead marine fish (muscle, liver)
wild/processed Supermarkets from Novi Sad (Serbia) <0,003 mg/kg ww muscle; 0,011
mg/kg ww liver
mean GFAASLOD: 0,003mg/kgLOQ: 0,003 mg/kg ww
Škrbić et al., 2013
lead marine fish (muscle, liver) wild
Atlantic, Northeast <0,01 mg/kg ww muscle; < 0,01 mg/kg ww liver min-max
ICP-MSLOQ: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Julshamn et al., 2013
lead marine fish (liver) wild Atlantic, Northwest 0,06-1,71 mg/kg ww liver min-max ICP-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Sonne et al., 2014
lead fish processed
Local markets, big supermarkets, and grocery stores ofReus (Catalonia, Spain)
0,014-0,060 mg/kg ww min-max
ICP-MSLOD: 0,017 µg/g ww
Perelló et al., 2008
lead marine fish wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,01-0,08 mg/kg dw / 0,02-0,06 mg/kg dw
min-max/ mean
GFAASLOD: 0,6µg/kg wwLOQ: 1,8 µg/kg ww
Afonso et al., 2013
lead seafood: fish and mollusc wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea ND-0,34 mg/kg ww / 0,05-0,23
mg/kg wwmin-max/ mean
ICP-MSLOD: 0,03 µg/g ww
Nadal et al., 2008
lead marine fish, mollusc wild Mediterranean and Black Sea
0,003±0,001 - 0,071±0,006 mg/kg ww
mean ICP-MSLOD: 0,0001
Copat et al., 2013
mg/kg wwLOQ: 0,001 mg/kg ww
lead seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean wild, processed
Local markets, small stores, supermarkets, and big grocery stores(Catalonia, Spain)
0,017-0,499 mg/kg ww / 0,160 mg/kg ww
min-max/ mean
ICP-MSLOD: 0,025 µg/g ww
Martorell et al., 2011
leadmarine crustacean (meat, hepatopancreas)
wildAtlantic, Northeast <0,10-0,14 mg/kg dw meat, <0,10-
0,40 mg/kg dw hepatopancreas meanFAASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg ww
Teixeira et al., 2008
lead marine fish (muscle, liver) wild Mediterranean and Black
Sea4,43-9,11 mg/kg dw muscle, 4,73-11,21 mg/kg dw liver mean FAAS
LOD/LOQ: nmKalay et al., 1999
lead marine fish, crustacean wild Atlantic, Northeast <0,005-0,11 mg/kg ww min-max GFAAS
LOD/LOQ: nm Internal data
lead marine fish (muscle, liver) wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,004-1,2mg/kg dw muscle; 0,004-5,3 mg/kg dw liver / 0,022-0,052 mg/kg dw muscle, 0,004-0,082 mg/kg dw liver
min-max/ mean
ICP-MSLOD/LOQ: nm Raimundo et
al., 2013
leadmarine crustacean (muscle, brown meat)
wild, processedAtlantic, Northeast <MDL-0,02 mg/kg ww muscle;
<MDL-0,02 mg/kg ww brown meat meanFAASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg
Maulvault et al., 2012b
lead seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild, farmed, processed
Central market and major supermarkets in the city of Granada(Spain) 0,004-0,548 mg/kg ww median
AASLOD:4,35 × 10−3 mg/kg wwLOQ: 1,45 × 10−2 mg/kg ww
Olmedo et al., 2013
Mercurymethylmercury
marine fish wild Atlantic, Northeast 0,18-0,46 mg/kg dw mean TDA-AASLOD: 0,5 µg/kg ww
Afonso et al., 2013
LOQ: 1,0 µg/kg ww
methylmercury aquaculture fish farmed,
processed
Atlantic, Northeast0,16±0,01 - 0,20±0,01 mg/kg ww mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg
Costa et al., 2013
methylmercury marine fish wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,010-19,37 mg/kg ww / 0,036-2,913 mg/kg ww
min-max/ mean
CVAASLOD: 0,12 ng
Andersen and Depledge, 1997
methylmercury marine fish wild Atlantic, Northeast 0,05-8,98 mg/kg dw / 0,52-2,96
mg/kg dwmin-max/ mean
CVAASLOD: 10 ng
Magalhães et al., 2007
methylmercury marine fish wild, processed
The swordfish muscle samples were provided in 2005by companies that market this product in Spain.
0,16-1,53 mg/kg ww/ 0,49±0,32 mg/kg ww
min-max/ mean
HPLC/CV-AFSLOD: 0,11 mg/kgLOQ: 0,00 mg/kg
Torres-Escribano et al., 2010
methylmercury marine fish, mollusc wild Mediterranean and Black
Sea ND-1,321 mg/kg dw mean GC-ECDLOD: 0,4 ng/g
Spada et al., 2012
methylmercury marine fish wild
Atlantic, Northeast0,017-0,078 mg/kg ww min-max
GC-ICP-MSLOQ: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Julshamn et al., 2013
methylmercury marine fish wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea
0,006-2,267 mg/kg ww min-max
ICP-MS or AAS or TDA-AASLOQ: 0,001-0,010 mg/kg ww
Brambilla et al., 2013
methylmercury
marine mollusc (digestive gland and mantle)
wildAtlantic, Northeast 0,30-0,98 mg/kg dw digestive
gland; 0,26-1,6 mg/kg dw mantle min-maxGC-AFSLOD/LOQ: nm Raimundo et
al., 2014
methylmercury
marine fish, molluscs, crustacean
wild MAPA (BRASIL); ASPB/Barcelona (Spain)Local supermarkets in Barcelona (Spain)
<0,0003-2,23 mg/kg ww min-max LC-UV-CV-AFSLOD: 0,0003 mg/kg dwLOQ: 0,0010
Zmozinski et al., 2014
mg/kg dwmethylmercury marine fish wild Mediterranean and Black
Sea 0,214-2,35 mg/kg ww min-max GC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Miniero et al., 2013
methylmercury
freshwater, marine fish, mollusc wild, processed
Slovenian market0,002-1,080 mg/kg ww mean
GC-ECDLOD: 0,2 ng/gLOQ: 2 ng/g
Miklavčič et al., 2011
methylmercury
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean nm
Atlantic, Northeast
0,005-1,352 mg/kg ww/ 0,012-0,197 mg/kg ww
min-max/ mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,005 mg/kg wwLOQ: 0,010 mg/kg ww
Cardoso et al., 2010
methylmercury marine mollusc wild
Atlantic, Northeast
0,035-0,106 mg/kg ww mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,005 mg/kg wwLOQ: 0,010 mg/kg ww
Cardoso et al., 2012
methylmercury
freshwater fish, seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild, processed
taken by the governmentalfood inspectors at retail trade in the German Federal StateBaden-Württemberg
ND-0,576 mg/kg / 0,022 mg/kg min-max/ mean
GC-AEDLOD: 6 ng/g Kuballa et al.,
2011
methylmercury
marine/ freshwater fish wild
Local market in Santa Maria City (Brazil) 0,016-1,05 mg/kg dw min-max
LC-CVG-ICP-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Schmidt et al., 2013
methylmercury marine fish wild/farmed/
processed
Local market in Valencia (Spain) 0,042-1,24 mg/kg ww min-max
TDA-AASLOD: 0,018 μg/g dw
Ruiz-de-Cenzano et al, 2014
methylmercury marine fish wild Mediterranean and Black
SeaND-1,74 mg/kg ww / 0,06-0,71 mg/kg ww
min-max/ mean
GCLOD/LOQ: nm
Storelli et al., 2003
total mercury marine fish wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,015-24,61 mg/kg ww / 0,043-3,409 mg/kg ww
min-max/ mean
CVAASLOD: 0,25 ng
Andersen and Depledge, 1997
total mercury marine fish wild Atlantic, Northeast 0,05-11,74 mg/kg dw / 0,59-3,70
mg/kg dwmin-max / mean
CVAASLOD: 12 ng
Magalhães et al., 2007
total mercury marine fish wild, processed
The swordfish muscle samples were provided in 2005by companies that market this product in Spain.
0,41-2,11 mg/kg ww / 0,96±0,47mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
HPLC-CV-AFSLOD: 0,02 ng/g
Torres-Escribano et al., 2010
total mercury marine fish, mollusc wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea ND-1,867 mg/kg dw mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,2 ng/g dw
Spada et al., 2012
total mercury
freshwater, marine fish, mollusc wild, processed
Slovenian market0,002-1,160 mg/kg ww mean
CVAASLOD: 0,1 ng/gLOQ: 1 ng/g
Miklavčič et al., 2011
total mercury marine fish wild Mediterranean and Black
SeaND-1,87 mg/kg ww / 0,06-0,76 mg/kg ww
min-max/ mean
GCLOD/LOQ: nm
Storelli et al., 2003
total mercury
marine crustacean (meat, hepatopancreas, gonads)
wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,05-0,16 mg/kg ww meat; 0,10-0,23 mg/kg ww hepatopancreas; 0,01-0,07 mg/kg ww gonads
mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg ww
Barrento et al., 2009a
total mercury
marine crustacean (meat, hepatopancreas, gonads)
wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,10-0,15 mg/kg ww meat; 0,09-0,13 mg/kg ww hepatopancreas; 0,01mg/kg ww gonads
mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg ww
Barrento et al., 2008
total mercury
marine crustacean (meat, hepatopancreas, gonads)
wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,16- 0,61 mg/kg ww meat, 0,15-0,51 mg/kg ww hepatopancreas, 0,06-0,17 mg/kg ww
mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg ww
Barrento et al., 2009b
total mercury
seafood: fish, mollusc processed
Atlantic, Northeast 0,01-1,0 mg/kg ww/ 0,02-0,34 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
CVAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Lourenço et al., 2004
total mercury marine bivalve wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,01-0,08 mg/kg ww/0,02-0,04 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
CVAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Lourenço et al., 2006
total mercury marine crustacean wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,21-0,73 mg/kg ww/ 0,37-0,43 mg/kg ww
min-max/ mean
CVAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Lourenço et al., 2009a
total mercury marine mollusc wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,02-0,37 mg/kg ww/ 0,05-0,15 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
CVAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Lourenço et al., 2009b
total mercury farmed fish farmed
Aquaculture (Portugal) 0,03-0,21 mg/kg ww/ 0,06-0,14 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
CVAASLOD: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Lourenço et al., 2012
total mercury
marine crustacean ( meat, hepatopancreas, gonads)
wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,1±0,1 mg/kg meat; 0,1±0,0 mg/kg hepatopancreas; 0,0±0,0 mg/kg gonads
mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg ww
Marques et al., 2010
total mercury
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean nm
Local markets, large supermarkets, and grocerystores from six important cities(Catalonia, Spain).
0,01-2,22 mg/kg ww min-max
ICP-MSLOD: 0,05 µg/g ww Falcó et al.,
2006
total mercury marine fish wild/processed
Atlantic, Northeast0,67-1,2 mg/kg mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg ww
Maulvault et al., 2012a
total mercury
marine fish (muscle, liver) wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,019-0,075 mg/kg ww muscle; <0,01-0,12 mg/kg ww liver min-max
ICP-MSLOQ: 0,01 mg/kg ww
Julshamn et al., 2013
total mercury marine fish wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea
0,015-2,406 mg/kg ww min-max
ICP-MS or AAS or TDA-AASLOQ: 0,001-0,010 mg/kg ww
Brambilla et al., 2013
total mercury
marine mollusc (digestive gland and mantle)
wildAtlantic, Northeast 0,53-2,4 mg/kg dw digestive gland;
0,30-1,8 mg/kg dw mantle min-maxTDA-AASLOD/LOQ: nm Raimundo et
al., 2014
total mercury
marine fish and crustacean wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea
0,21-2,43 mg/kg ww min-max
TDA-AASLOD: 0,2 ng/g wwLOQ: 0,7 ng/g ww
Koenig et al., 2013
total mercury
marine fish, molluscs, crustacean
wild
MAPA (BRASIL); ASPB/Barcelona(Spain)Local supermarkets in Barcelona (Spain)
<0,003-2,33 mg/kg ww min-max
ICP-MSLOD: 0,001 mg/kg dwLOQ: 0,003 mg/kg dw
Zmozinski et al., 2014
total mercury marine fish (liver) wild Atlantic, Northwest 0,01-0,29 mg/kg ww liver min-max ICP-MS
LOD/LOQ: nmSonne et al., 2014
total mercury marine fish wild Mediterranean and Black
Sea 0,284-2,54 mg/kg ww min-max TDA-AASLOD/LOQ: nm
Miniero et al., 2013
total mercury fish processed
Local markets, big supermarkets, and grocery stores ofReus (Catalonia, Spain).
0,028-0,421 mg/kg ww min-max
ICP-MSLOD: 0,007 µg/g ww
Perelló et al., 2008
total mercury
seafood: fish and mollusc wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea ND-0,43 mg/kg /0,00-0,20 mg/kg
wwmin-max/ mean
ICP-MSLOD: 10 µg/g ww
Nadal et al., 2008
total mercury marine fish wild
Atlantic, Northeast
0,03-1,13 mg/kg dw / 0,21-0,54 mg/kg dw
min-max/ mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,5 µg/kg wwLOQ: 1,0 µg/kg ww
Afonso et al., 2013
total mercury
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean wild, processed
Local markets, small stores, supermarkets, and big grocery stores(Catalonia, Spain)
0,006-0,869 mg/g ww / 0,156 mg/kg ww
min-max/ mean
ICP-MSLOD: 0,100 µg/g ww
Martorell et al., 2011
total mercury
marine crustacean (meat, hepatopancreas)
wildAtlantic, Northeast 0,17-0,27 mg/kg dw meat; 0,12-
0,35 mg/kg dw hepatopancreas meanTDA-AASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg ww
Teixeira et al., 2008
total mercury
marine fish (muscle, liver, gonad) wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,27-2,76 mg/kg ww muscle; 0,42-50,23 mg/kg ww liver; 0,03-2,74 mg/kg ww gonad / 0,69-1,45 mg/kg ww muscle; 1,56-5,83 mg/kg ww liver; 0,18-0,41 mg/kg ww gonad
min-max / mean
CVAASLOD: 0,012 mg/kg ww Costa et al.,
2009
total mercury
marine fish, crustacean wild Atlantic, Northeast 0,021-0,160 mg/kg ww min-max CVAAS
LOD/LOQ: nm Internal data
total mercury
marine crustacean muscle ; brown meat
wild, processedAtlantic, Northeast 0,10-0,23 mg/kg ww; 0,03-0,17
mg/kg ww meanTDA-AASLOD: 0,02 mg/kg ww
Maulvault et al., 2012b
total mercury
seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild, farmed, processed
Central market and major supermarkets in the cityof Granada(Spain) 0,000-0,698 mg/kg ww median
AASLOD: 1,07 × 10−5 mg/kg wwLOQ: 3,56 × 10−5 mg/kg ww
Olmedo et al., 2013
total mercury
freshwater fish and seafood: fish, mollusc, crustacean
nm
Mediterranean and Black Sea 0,023-0,579 mg/kg ww mean
CVAAS/HGAASLOQ: 0,051 mgkg dw
Plessi et al., 2001
total mercury
marine fish, mollusc, crustacean wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea 0,001-0,9025 mg/kg ww mean
CVAASLOD: 1 μg/kg wet weight
Schuhmacher et al., 1994
total mercury marine fish processed
Retail outlets in Montgomery and Atlanta (USA)
0,0154-0,7396 mg/kg ww/ 0,0328-0,2848 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,02 ng
Ikema and Egieborb, 2005
total mercury
marine fish (fillet, liver) wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,06-1,75 mg/kg ww fillet, 0,04-3,96 mg/kg ww liver / 0,33-0,66 mg/kg ww fillet, 0,21-0,31 mg/kg ww
min-max / mean
TDA-AASLOD: 0,005 mg/kgLOQ: 0,01 mg/kg
Afonso et al., 2008
total marine fish wild Atlantic, Northeast 0,08-0,15 mg/kg ww mean HGAAS Staveland et
mercury LOQ:0,02 mg/kg al., 1993
total mercury
marine fish (muscle and liver) wild
Atlantic, Northeast 0,017-0,071 mg/kg ww; 0,018-0,064 mg/kg ww min-max
TDA-AASLOD: 0,001 mg/kg ww
Polak-Juszczak, 2015
AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, AED: Atomic Emision Detection, AFS: Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy, CV : Cold Vapour, CVG: Chemical Vapor Generation, ECD: Electron Capture Detector, EDXRF: Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence, FAAS: Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, FIAS: Flow Injection Hydride Generation System, GC: Gas Chromatography, GF: Graphite Furnace, HG: Hydride Generation, HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography, ICP: Inductively Coupled Plasma, MS: Mass Spectrometry, nm: not mentioned, SPE: Solid Phase Extraction, TDA: Thermal Degradation Amalgamation, UV: UV irradiation
Table S2: Levels of endocrine disruptors in marine biota and seafood
Contaminant Matrix Processed/wild/farmed Origin Levels Min-max/
mean/medianMethod
LOD/LOQ Reference
bisphenols
bisphenol A canned seafood processed
purchased in differentlocal markets in North Portugal
1,0-99,9 ng/g min-max
DLLME-GC-MSLOD: 0,2 ug/kgLOQ: 1,0 ug/kg Cunha et al.,
2012
bisphenol A canned fish processed
Austrian supermarkets
2-67 ng/g mean
Extraction with ACN shaking, clean up by sol-gel immunoaffinity chromatography,HPLC-FLLOD: tuna 0,4 ng/g, sardines 0,2 ng/g, mackerel 0,2 ng/gLOQ: tuna 0,8 ng/g, sardines 0,4 ng/g, mackerel 0,4 ng/g
Podlipna and Cichna-Markl, 2007
bisphenol A marine fish (fillet, liver) wild Europe - Inland waters
5-11 ng/g dw muscle; 2-75 ng/g dw liver
min-max HPLC-GC-MS/MSLOD: 2.6ng/sampleLOQ: 7.8ng/sample
Belfroid et al., 2002
bisphenol A marine fish (muscle, liver) wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea
0-5 ng/g ww muscle; 0-6 ng/g ww liver
meanHPLCLOD:nm Mita et al., 2011
bisphenol A marine bivalves wildMediterranean and Black Sea 11 ng/g dw mean
Sonication extraction/Florisil clean up/HPLC-ESI-MSLOD: 0,3 to 5,0 ng/g dw
Pojana et al., 2007
bisphenol A seafood (fish, mollusc, crustacean) nm
Supermarket Singapore
13,3±8,4 ng/g ww - 213,1±20,2 ng/g ww
meanMASE-GC-MSLOD: 1,36 ng/g Basheer et al.,
2004
alkylphenolsNP, NP1EO,NP2EO marine mollusc wild Pacific, Eastern
Central ND-192 ng/g ww min-max ESI LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,2-11,9 ng/g ww
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
NP, NP1EO, NP2EO marine mollusc wild Pacific, Eastern
central 25-470 ng/g dw mean ESI LC-MS/MSLOD: 1, 9-6,4 ng/g dw
Dodder et al., 2014
NP, NP1EO marine mollusc wildMediterranean and Black Sea <0,2-240 ng/g dw min-max
Sonication extraction/Florisil clean up/HPLC-ESI-MS0,3 - 5,0 ng/g dw
Pojana et al., 2007
4-NP,4-nOP, 4-tOP
seafood (fish, mollusc, crustacean) nm
Supermarket Singapore
3,3±1,0 - 197,0±13,1 ng/g ww
meanMASE-GC-MSLOD: 0,15-0,21 ng/g Basheer et al.,
2004
OPs, NPs, AP ethoxylates
marine fish fillet and crustacean wild Mediterranean
and Black Sea 0,2-1431 ng/g ww mean GC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Ferrara et al., 2005
OPs, NPs, AP ethoxylates
seafood (fish, mollusc, crustacean) wild Mediterranean
and Black Sea0,2-1220 ng/g ww; 6,3-147 ng/g ww
min-max; mean
GC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Ferrara et al., 2008
OPs, NPs, AP ethoxylates marine mollusc wild Mediterranean
and Black Sea nd-696 ng/g ww mean GC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Ferrara et al., 2001
4-NP marine fish liver wild Pacific, Eastern central 102 ng/g dw mean GC-MS
LOD: 50 ng/gMaruya et al., 2012
perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in marine biotaPFBS, PFHxA, PFHS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFOSA, PFOS, PFNA
marine molluscs wild
Pacific, Northwest 0,0093-2,9570
ng/g ww; 0,0631-19,2013 ng/g dw
mean
HPLC-HR-ES-MSLOQ: 10 pg/g dw So et al., 2005
PFHxS, PFOS marine molluscs wild Atlantic, Northeast 0-5 ng/g dw min-max LC-ToF-MS
LOQ: 0,1 ng/g Wille et al., 2011
PFBS, PFHxA,PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFOS, PFDS, PFDcA, PFUnDA,
marine fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild Mediterranean and Black Sea
<0,030-8,32 ng/g ww/ nd-2,70 ng/g ww
min-max/ mean
UPLC-ES-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Domingo et al., 2012
PFDoDA, PFTrDA, PFTDA
PFPA, PFBS, PFOA, PFNA, PFOS, PFDA, PFDS
marine fish nm
purchased in retail fish marketsand supermarkets
<LOQ-42,03 ng/g mean
LC–QqLIT–MSLOQ: 0,005-0,15 ug/kg Llorca et al.,
2009
PFBS, PFOS, PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA
marine/aquaculture fish wild/farmed
Atlantic, Northeast <0,0013-0,29 ng/g
ww min-max
UPLC-ES-MS/MSLOD: 1,4-100 pg/g Eriksson et al.,
2013
PFOS crustacean wild Atlantic, Northeast 19-877 ng/g ww min-max HPLC-ES-MS/MS
LOD: nmVan de Vijver et al., 2003
PFOS marine molluscs wild
Atlantic, Northeast and Mediterranean and Black Sea
0,005-0,9 ng/g ww/ 0,04-0,2 ng/g ww
min-max/ mean
LC- MS/MSLOQ: 0,02-0,2 ng/g Munschy et al.,
2013
PFOS, PFHS, PFUnDA, PFDA, PFNA, PFOA, PFHpA, PFHxA
seafood (fish, mollusc, crustacean) nm
from local markets in China
< 0,25-13,9 ng/g ww mean
HPLC-MS/MSLOQ: 0,25 ng/g ww Gulkowska et al.,
2006
PFOS, PFOA marine fish, mollusc (muscle, liver) nm
Mediterranean and Black Sea
<1,5-43 ng/g muscle; <1,5-83 ng/g liver / <1,5-15 ng/g muscle; 6-53 ng/g liver)
min-max/ mean
LC-MS/MSLOD: 1,5 -2 µg/kg Nania et al.,
2009
PFOS marine mollusc wildAtlantic, Western central
42-1225 ng/g dw min-maxHPLC-MS/MSLOQ: 10 ng/g ww Kannan et al.,
2002
PFOA, PFO, PFOSA
seafood (fish, mollusc, crustacean) processed
Czech retail market <0,2-12,8 ng/g min-max
LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,05-0,1 µg/kgLOQ: 0,2-0,3 µg/kg
Hrádková et al., 2010
PFOS, PFOA, marine fish wild food samples ND-2,6 ng/g min-max LC-MS/MS de Voogt et al.,
PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoA, PFTrDA
from the Netherlands
LOD/LOQ: nm2008
PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFOS, PFDA, PFUA, PFDoDA, PFTeDA
marine fish, crustacean wild, processed
Canadian market
<MDL-2,6 ng/g ww min-max
LC-MS/MSLODs: in the 0,5-1ng/g range, Two analytes (PFDA and PFTeDA) had LODs that rangedfrom 2 to 6 ng/g
Tittlemier et al., 2007
PFHxS, PFOS, PFHxA, PFOA marine fish processed
local markets, largesupermarkets and grocery stores from two different areas of Tarragona Province,Catalonia, Spain
<0,003-0,179 ng/g ww mean
UPLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,001- 0,063 ng/g
Jogsten et al., 2009
estrogens
17 α-ethinylestradiol marine bivalves wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea <3-38 ng/g dw min-max
Sonication extraction/Florisil clean up/HPLC-ESI-MSLOD: 0,3 to 5,0 ng/g dw
Pojana et al., 2007
17 α-ethinylestradiol marine fish farmed
purchased at a local supermarket ND ng/g mean
Precipitation/centrifugation/filtration; SPE; Derivatization BSTFA-TMCS 99:1; GC-MSLOD: 2,4 ng/Kg
Azzouz et al., 2011
17 β-estradiol marine bivalves wildMediterranean and Black Sea <1,5 ng/g dw min-max
Sonication extraction/Florisil clean up/HPLC-ESI-MSLOD: 0,3 to 5,0 ng/g dw
Pojana et al., 2007
17 β-estradiol marine fish farmed purchased at a local
0,52-1,3 ng/g mean Precipitation/centrifugation/filtration; SPE; Derivatization
Azzouz et al., 2011
supermarket BSTFA-TMCS 99:1; GC-MSLOD: 2,6 ng/Kg
estrone marine bivalves wildMediterranean and Black Sea <1,5 ng/g dw min-max
Sonication extraction/Florisil clean up/HPLC-ESI-MSLOD: 0,3 to 5,0 ng/g dw
Pojana et al., 2007
estrone marine fish farmed
purchased at a local supermarket 0,52-1,3 ng/g mean
Precipitation/centrifugation/filtration; SPE; Derivatization BSTFA-TMCS 99:1; GC-MSLOD: 2,4 ng/Kg
Azzouz et al., 2011
hexachlorobenzene
hexachlorobenzene marine fish wild/processed
local markets,big supermarkets, and grocery stores of Reus (Catalonia, Spain)
0,009-0,345 ng/g ww min-max
US EPA method 1625 and CARB method 429LOD: 0,01 ng/g fresh weight Perelló et al.,
2009
hexachlorobenzene
seafood (fish, mollusc, crustacean) nm
local markets, small stores, supermarkets, and largegrocery stores from 12 representative cities from Catalonia, Spain
0,003-0,585 ng/g ww/ 0,170 ng/g ww
min-max/ mean
US EPA method1625 and CARB method 429LOD: 0,1 ng/kg
Perelló et al., 2012
hexachlorobenzene
marine fish, mollusc wild/ processed randomly obtained in local markets, bigsupermarkets,
0,025-0,781 ng/g ww
mean HR-GC-MSLOD: 5 ng/kg wet weight
Falcó et al., 2004
and grocery stores from seven cities in Catalonia, Spain
hexachlorobenzene
seafood (fish, mollusc, crustacean) nm
randomly acquired in local fish markets, bigsupermarkets and grocery stores from six important cities ofCatalonia.
0,02-1,68 ng/g ww mean
US EPA method 1625 and CARB method 429LOD: 5 ng/kg
Falcó et al., 2008
hexachlorobenzene marine fish, crustacean wild
Atlantic, Northeast <0,006-1,3 ng/g
ww min-maxUS EPA method 1625 and CARB method 429LOD/LOQ: nm
Internal data
PFBS: perfluorobutanesulfonate, PFHxA: perfluorohexanoic acid, PFHS: perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, PFHpA: perfluoroheptanoic acid, PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOSA: perfluorooctane sulfonamide, PFOS: perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFNA: perfluorononanoic acid, PFDcA: Perfluorodecanoate, PFUnA: Perfluoroundecanoate, PFDoA: Perfluorododecanoate, PFTriA: Perfluorotridecanoate, PFTeA: Perfluorotetradecanoate, PFPeDA: Perfluoropentadecanoate, NP: nonylphenol, NPE: nonylphenol ethoxylates, NPEC: nonylphenol ether carboxylates, NP1EO: nonylphenol monoethoxylates, NP2EO: nonylphenol diethoxylates
BSTFA-TMCS: N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide and trimethylchlorosilane, DLLME: Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction, ES(I): Electrospray (ionization), FL: fluorescence detection, GC: Gas Chromatography, HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HR: High-Resolution, LC: Liquid Chromatography, MASE: Membrane-Assisted Solvent Extraction, MS/MS: tandem Mass Spectrometry, nm: not mentioned, QqLIT: Quadrupole-Linear Ion Trap, SPE: Solid phase extraction, ToF: Time-of-Flight, UPLC: Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography
Table S3: Levels of endocrine disruptors in freshwater biota
Contaminant Matrix Processed/wild/farmed Origin Levels Min-max/
mean/medianMethod
LOD/LOQ Reference
bisphenolsbisphenol A freshwater fish (fillet,
liver)wild Asia -Inland
waters10,1-83,5 ng/g dw muscle; ND-106,7 ng/g dw liver
min-max MAE with cyclohexaene:EtAc (1:1), GPC, derivatisation and GC/MSLOD: 0,3-0,7 ng/g
Liu et al., 2011a
bisphenol A freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
1-5 ng/g dw min-max HPLC-GC-MS/MSLOD: 2.6ng/sampleLOQ: 7.8ng/sample
Belfroid et al., 2002
bisphenol A freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
<20-79 ng/g dw/ 13,7 ng/g dw
min-max/ mean
FMAE with DCM, SPE, LC-MS/MSLOQ: 10-15 ng/g
Miège et al., 2012
bisphenol A freshwater fish wild Asia -Inland waters
30,8±21,4 ng/g ww
mean UHPLC-MS/MSLOD: 0.37 ng/gLOQ: 0.99 ng/g
Chen et al., 2012b
bisphenol A freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
<MDL-223,91 ng/g dw
min-max QuEChERS-UHPLC–MS/MSLOD: 0,003-0,01 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,008-0,04 ng/g dw
Jakimska et al., 2013
alkylphenols4-NP,4-CP, 4-tOP
freshwater fish (fillet, liver-
wild Asia -Inland waters
ND-18,9 ng/g dw muscle, ND-67,5 ng/g dw liver
min-max MAE-SPE-GC-MSLOD: 0.3-0.7 ng/g
Liu et al., 2011a
NP, NPE, NPEC brackish crustacean wild Atlantic, Northeast
<45,5-1119 ng/g dw
min-max MSPD-LC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Verslycke et al., 2005
NP, NP1EO, OP brackish fish/liver wild Europe -Inland waters / Atlantic, Northeast
ND-180 ng/g ww min-max GC-FID and GC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Lye et al., 1999
NP, OP, NPEC, freshwater fish wild Asia -Inland ND-238 ng/g ww mean UHPLC-MS/MS Chen et al.,
NP1EO, NP2EO waters LOD: 0,12-6,89 ng/gLOQ: 0,17-11,5 ng/g
2012b
4-tOP, 4-NP freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
<20-343 ng/g dw min-max FMAE with DCM, SPE, LC-MS/MSLQ ranged from 10 to 15 ng/g dw.
Miège et al., 2012
perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)PFHxS, PFOS, PFOSA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDcA, PFUnA, PFDoA, PFTriA, PFTeA, PFPeDA
freshwater/ anadromous fish
wild Atlantic, Northeast and Europe - Inland waters
<0,02-23,1 ng/g ww
min-max HPLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,02-0,30 ng/g ww
Berger et al., 2009
PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoA, PFOS, PFDS
freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
<0,2-865,6 ng/g dw
min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0.01-1 ng/g dwLOQ: around 0.1 ng/g dw except for PFOA and PFOS with LOQof 0.2 and 1 ng/g dw, respectively
Miège et al., 2012
estrogens17 α-ethinylestradiol
freshwater fish fillet/liver
wild Asia -Inland waters
ND-11,3 ng/g dw fillet; ND-18,7 ng/g dw liver
min-max MAE with cyclohexaene:EtAc (1:1), GPC, derivatisation and GC/MSLOD: 0,3-0,7 ng/g
Liu et al., 2011a
17 α-ethinylestradiol
freshwater fish wild Asia -Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww mean UHPLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,22 ng/gLOQ: 0,40 ng/g
Chen et al., 2012b
17 β-estradiol freshwater fish wild Asia -Inland waters
1,40±0,40 ng/g ww
mean UHPLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,05 ng/gLOQ: 0,12 ng/g
Chen et al., 2012b
17 β-estradiol freshwater fish (fillet, wild Asia -Inland <MDL-4,8 ng/g min-max MAE with cyclohexaene:EtAc Liu et al., 2011a
liver) waters dw muscle; 11,5 ng/g dw liver
(1:1), GPC, derivatisation and GC/MSLOD: 0,3-0,7 ng/g
estriol freshwater fish wild Asia -Inland waters
0,45±0,30 ng/g ww
mean UHPLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,1 ng/gLOQ: 0,42 ng/g
Chen et al., 2012b
estriol freshwater fish (fillet, liver)
wild Asia -Inland waters
<MDL dw fillet, <MDL-3,4 ng/g dw liver
min-max MAE with cyclohexaene:EtAc (1:1), GPC, derivatisation and GC/MSLOD: 0,3-0,7 ng/g
Liu et al., 2011a
estrone freshwater fish wild Asia -Inland waters
0,80±0,91 ng/g ww
mean UHPLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,08 ng/gLOQ: 0,17 ng/g
Chen et al., 2012b
estrone freshwater fish (fillet, liver)
wild Asia -Inland waters
<MDL-3,6 ng/g dw fillet, <MDL-10,7 ng/g dw liver
min-max MAE with cyclohexaene:EtAc (1:1), GPC, derivatisation and GC/MSLOD: 0,3-0,7 ng/g
Liu et al., 2011a
hexachlorobenzenehexachlorobenzene
freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
<1,0-19,7 ng/g dw; 3,8 ng/g dw
min-max FMAE with DCM, SPE, LC-MS/MSLOQ: 10-15 ng/g
Miège et al., 2012
hexachlorobenzene
anadromous fish (liver) wild Asia -Inland waters
10,3 ng/g ww, 98,0 ng/g ww liver
mean GC-MSLOD: 0.07 ng/g
Wan et al., 2007
triazolestolyltriazole freshwater fish wild Europe -
Inland waters<MDL-10,18 ng/g dw
min-max QuEChERS-UHPLC–MS/MSLOD: 0,09-0,12 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,28-0,45 ng/g dw
Jakimska et al., 2013
PFBS: perfluorobutanesulfonate, PFHxA: perfluorohexanoic acid, PFHS: perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, PFHpA: perfluoroheptanoic acid, PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOSA: perfluorooctane sulfonamide, PFOS: perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFNA: perfluorononanoic acid, PFDcA: Perfluorodecanoate, PFUnA: Perfluoroundecanoate, PFDoA: Perfluorododecanoate, PFTriA: Perfluorotridecanoate, PFTeA: Perfluorotetradecanoate, PFPeDA: Perfluoropentadecanoate, NP: nonylphenol, NPE: nonylphenol ethoxylates, NPEC: nonylphenol ether carboxylates, NP1EO: nonylphenol monoethoxylates, NP2EO: nonylphenol diethoxylates
AED: Atomic Emission Detector, FMAE: Focussed Microwave Assisted Extraction, FID: Flame Ionization Detector, GC: Gas Chromatography, GPC: Gel Permeation Chromatography, HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HR: High-Resolution, LC: Liquid Chromatography, MAE: Microwave Assited Extraction, MS: Mass Spectrometry, MSPD: matrix solid phase dispersion, MS/MS: tandem Mass Spectrometry, nm: not mentioned, SPE: Solid phase extraction, UHPLC: Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography, QuEChERS: Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe
Table S4: Levels of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in marine biota and seafood
Contaminant Matrix Processed/wild/farmed Origin Levels Min-max/
mean/medianMethod
LOD/LOQ Reference
analgesics/anti-inflammatoriesacetminophen / paracetamol marine mollusc wild Atlantic,
Northeast 0-115 ng/g dw min-max UHPLC-MS/MSLOQ: 2,5 ng/g Wille et al., 2011
diclofenac marine mollusc wild Atlantic, Northeast ND ng/g dw mean SPE-LC-MS/MS
LOQ: 29 ng/gMcEneff et al., 2014
ibuprofen marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 3,75 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
naproxen marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,75 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
mefenamic acid marine mollusc wild Atlantic, Northeast ND-< 23 ng/g dw mean SPE-LC-MS/MS
LOQ: 23ng/gMcEneff et al., 2014
salicylic acid marine mollusc wild Atlantic, Northeast 0-490 ng/g dw min-max U-HPLC-MS/MS
LOQ: 10 ng/g Wille et al., 2011
lipid regulators and cholesterol lowering statin drugsgemfibrozil marine mollusc wild Pacific, Eastern
Central<RL ng/g ww min-max Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-
MS/MSKlosterhaus et al., 2013
Lowest calibration point: 0,375 ng/ml
gemfibrozil marine mollusc wild Atlantic, Northeast ND ng/g dw mean SPE-LC-MS/MS
LOQ: 18 ng/gMcEneff et al., 2014
psychiatric drugs
alprazolam marine mollusc wildMediterranean and Black Sea <MDL-0,8 ng/g dw min-max
PLE-SPE-UHPLC-MSLOD: 0,01-0,02 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,03-0,08 ng/g dw
Alvarez-Muñoz et. al. 2015
carbamazepine marine mollusc wild Atlantic, Northeast 0-11 ng/g dw min-max U-HPLC-MS/MS
LOQ: 1 ng/g Wille et al., 2011
carbamazepine marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 1,3-5,3 ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,375 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
carbamazepine marine mollusc wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea / local markets in the Montpellierarea
<MDL-3,5 ng/g dw min-max
QuEChERS/centrifugation/HR-MSLOD:0,1ng/gLOQ:0,03 ng/g
Martínez Bueno et al., 2013
carbamazepine marine mollusc wild Atlantic, Northeast ND-<6 ng/g dw mean SPE-LC-MS/MS
LOQ: 6 ng/gMcEneff et al., 2014
carbamazepine marine mollusc wildMediterranean and Black Sea <MDL-2,1 ng/g dw min-max
PLE-SPE-UHPLC-MSLOD: 0,01-0,02 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,03-0,08 ng/g dw
Alvarez-Muñoz et. al. 2015
citalopram marine mollusc wildMediterranean and Black Sea <MDL-1,9 ng/g dw min-max
PLE/SPE/UHPLC-MSLOD: 0,01-0,06 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,02-0,14 ng/g dw
Alvarez-Muñoz et. al. 2015
diazepam marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,075 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
diazepam marine fish liver wild America, North 23-110 ng/g ww/ min-max/ SPE-LC-MS/MS Maruya et al.,
- Inland waters 56 ng/g ww mean LOD: 4-10 ug/kg 2012
epoxycarbamazepine marine mollusc wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea <MDL-1,3 ng/g dw min-max
PLE-SPE-UHPLC-MSLOD: 0,01 -0,02 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,03-0,05 ng/g dw
Alvarez-Muñoz et. al. 2015
hydroxycarbamazepine marine mollusc wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea <MDL-1,3 ng/g dw min-max
PLE-SPE-UHPLC-MSLOD: 0,01 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,02-0,03 ng/g dw
Alvarez-Muñoz et. al. 2015
O-demethylvenlafaxine
marine mollusc wildMediterranean and Black Sea <MQL-1,4 ng/g dw min-max
PLE-SPE-UHPLC-MSLOD: 0,02-0,06 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,07-0,18 ng/g dw
Alvarez-Muñoz et al., 2015
sertraline marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 1,4 ng/g dw mean
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 0,23 ng/g ww
Dodder et al., 2014
sertraline marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 0,1-1,4 ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,1 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
venlafaxine marine mollusc wild
Mediterranean and Black Sea / local markets in the Montpellierarea
<MQL-2,7 ng/g dw min-max
QuEChERS/centrifugation/HRMSLOD:0,1ng/gLOQ:0,5 ng/g
Martínez Bueno et al., 2014
venlafaxine marine mollusc wildMediterranean and Black Sea 2,1-2,7 ng/g dw min-max
PLE-SPE-UHPLC-MSLOD: 0,01 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,03-0,04 ng/g dw
Alvarez-Muñoz et. al. 2015
histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists
diphenhydramine marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 0,87 ng/g dw mean
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 0,238 ng/g ww
Dodder et al., 2014
β-blocking agents
atenolol marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 0,45 ng/g dw mean
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 0,741 ng/g ww
Dodder et al., 2014
atenolol marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL-0,3 ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,15 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
metoprolol marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,375 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
propanolol marine mollusc wild Atlantic, Northeast 0-63 ng/g dw min-max U-HPLC-MS/MS
LOQ: 1 ng/g Wille et al., 2011
antihypertensives
valsartan marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 1 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
antihelmintics
thiabendazole marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,375 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
tranquilizer
azaperone marine mollusc wildMediterranean and Black Sea <MDL-1.6 ng/g dw min-max
PLE-SPE-UHPLC-MSLOD: 0,05-0,34 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,16-0,18 ng/g dw
Alvarez-Muñoz et. al. 2015
stimulant drugsamphetamine marine mollusc wild Pacific, Eastern 2,3 ng/g dw mean Solvent extraction-SPE-LC- Dodder et al.,
Central MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 2,69 ng/g ww
2014
caffeine marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 3,75 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
caffeine marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 14 ng/g dw mean
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 5,95 ng/g ww
Dodder et al., 2014
cocaine marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 0,28 ng/g dw mean
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 0,0639 ng/g ww
Dodder et al., 2014
methylprednisolone marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 18 ng/g dw mean
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 2,74 ng/g ww
Dodder et al., 2014
calcium channel blockers
diltiazem marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL-0,1 ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,075 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
diltiazem marine mollusc wildMediterranean and Black Sea <MDL-1,5 ng/g dw min-max
PLE-SPE-UHPLC-MSLOD: 0,02-0,03 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,06-0,10 ng/g dw
Alvarez-Muñoz et. al. 2015
antibacterial/antifungal
azithromycin marine mollusc wildMediterranean and Black Sea 1,2-3,0 ng/g dw min-max
PLE-SPE-UHPLC-MSLOD: 0,01 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,02-0,03 ng/g dw
Alvarez-Muñoz et. al. 2015
amitriptyline marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 0,4 ng/g dw mean
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 0,144 ng/g ww
Dodder et al., 2014
ciprofloxacin marine mollusc wildPacific, Northwest 0-208 ng/g dw /
14,54 ng/g dwmin-max/ mean
LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,1 μg/kgLOQ: 0,3 μg/kg
Li et al., 2012
clarithromycin marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,375 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
enrofloxacin marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 1,3 ng/g dw mean
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 1,19 ng/g ww
Dodder et al., 2014
erythromycin marine mollusc wildPacific, Northwest 0-31,3 ng/g dw /
14,54 ng/g dwmin-max/ mean
LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,04 μg/kgLOQ: 0,1 μg/kg
Li et al., 2012
erythromycin marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL-0,1 ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,075 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
erythromycin marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 0,14 ng/g dw mean
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 0,119 ng/g ww
Dodder et al., 2014
florfenicol marine fish nm
local supermarket 0,6-3,4 ng/g mean
Precipitation/centrifugation/filtration; SPE; derivatization, BSTFA-TMCS 99:1; GC-MSLOD: 0,5 ng/Kg
Azzouz et al., 2011
lomefloxacin marine mollusc wild Pacific, Eastern Central
29 ng/g dw mean Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 1,42
Dodder et al., 2014
ng/g ww
ofloxacin marine mollusc wildPacific, Northwest 0-242 ng/g dw /
14,65 ng/g dwmin-max/ mean
LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,1 μg/kgLOQ: 0,3 μg/kg
Li et al., 2012
ofloxacin marine mollusc wild Atlantic, Northeast 0-65 ng/g dw min-max U-HPLC-MS/MS
LOQ: 5 ng/g Wille et al., 2011
ofloxacin marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 1,2 ng/g dw mean
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 0,596 ng/g ww
Dodder et al., 2014
ronidazole marine molusk wildMediterranean and Black Sea <MDL-1,8 ng/g dw min-max
PLE-SPE-UHPLC-MSLOD: 0,01-0,10 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,03-0,20 ng/g dw
Alvarez-Muñoz et. al. 2015
sulfamethazine marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central 24 ng/g dw mean
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSReporting Limit (RL): 1,12 ng/g ww
Dodder et al., 2014
sulfamethoxazole marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Northwest 0,0-20,10 ng/g
dw / 1,01 ng/g dwmin-max/ mean
LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,05 μg/kgLOQ: 0,2 μg/kg
Li et al., 2012
sulfamethoxazole marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE-LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,15 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
total macrolides marine mollusc wild
Asia -Inland waters 1-36,21 ng/g dw min-max
PLE-SPE-LC-MS/MS (HPLC) + Q Trap (ESI)LOD: 0,04-0,6 ug/kgLOQ: 0,06-0,6 ug/kg
Li et al., 2012
total quinolones marine mollusc wild
Asia -Inland waters 0,71-1575 ng/g dw min-max
PLE, SPE, LC-MS/MS (HPLC) + Q Trap (ESI)LOD: 0,1-0,3 ug/kgLOQ: 0,3-0,6 ug/kg
Li et al., 2012
total sulfonamides marine mollusc wild
Asia -Inland waters 1-76,75 ng/g dw min-max
PLE, SPE, LC-MS/MS (HPLC) + Q Trap (ESI)LOD: 0,02-0,05 ug/kgLOQ: 0,06-0,6 ug/kg
Li et al., 2012
triclocarban marine fish wild
Pacific, Western Central 0,004-157 ng/g lw min-max
High Speed Solvent Ectraction (HSSE), silica gel clean up, UFLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,001-0,015 ng/gLOQ: 0,003-0,049 ng/g
Ramaswamy et al., 2011
triclocarban marine fish wildPacific, Western Central
27-39,9 ng/g lw min-maxHSSE, silica gel clean up, UFLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,001-0,006 ng/glw
Kim et al., 2011
triclocarban marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL-1,5 ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE/ LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,75 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
triclosan marine fish wild
Pacific, Western Central 0,021-507 ng/g lw min-max
HSSE, silica gel clean up, UFLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,001-0,015 ng/gLOQ: 0,003-0,049 ng/g
Ramaswamy et al., 2011
triclosan marine fish wildPacific, Western Central
39,9-278 ng/g lw min-maxHSSE-UFLC–MS/MSLOD: 6 pg/g lwLOQ: 21 pg/g lw
Kim et al., 2011
trimethoprim marine mollusc wild Atlantic, Northeast
<4-9,22±1,54 ng/g dw mean SPE-LC-MS/MS
LOQ: 4 ng/gMcEneff et al., 2014
trimethoprim marine mollusc wild
Pacific, Eastern Central <RL ng/g ww min-max
Solvent extraction-SPE/ LC-MS/MSLowest calibration point: 0,375 ng/ml
Klosterhaus et al., 2013
polycyclic musks
galaxolide (HHCB) marine fish farmed, wild
America, North - Inland waters; aquaculture
<1-3,2 ng/g ww min-maxGC-MSLOD: 1 ng/g wet weight Kannan et al.,
2005
galaxolide (HHCB) marine crustacean wild, farmed
Seafood market survey USA and other countries (Mexico, India, Equador, Thailand, China and others).
48-762 ng/g lw min-max
GC-MS-EILOD/LOQ: nm
Sapozhnikova et al., 2010
tonalide (AHTN) marine fish farmed, wild America, North - Inland waters <1-1,6 ng/g ww min-max CG-MS
LOD: 1 ng/g wet weightKannan et al., 2005
tonalide (AHTN) marine crustacean wild, farmed
Seafood market survey USA and other countries (Mexico, India, Equador, Thailand, China and others).
ND-384 ng/g lw min-max
GC-MS-EILOD/LOQ: nm
Sapozhnikova et al., 2010
musk ketone marine mollusc, crustacean
wild Aquaculture, Europe – Inland waters, Atlantic, Northeast
10-50 ng/g lw / 30-40 ng/g lw
min-max / mean
GC-ECDLOD: 0,01 mg/kg lipid
Rimkus et al., 1995
musk xylene marine mollusc, crustacean
wild Aquaculture, Europe – Inland waters, Atlantic, Northeast
10-40 ng/g lw / 10-20 ng/g lw
min-max / mean
GC-ECDLOD: 0,01 mg/kg lipid
Rimkus et al., 1995
preservatives
butylparaben marine fish wild
Pacific, Western Central <0,003-70 ng/g lw min-max
HSSE, silica gel clean up, UFLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,001-0,015 ng/gLOQ: 0,003-0,049 ng/g
Ramaswamy et al., 2011
butylparaben marine fish wildPacific, Western Central
6,61-37,3 ng/g lw min-maxHSSE, silica gel clean up, UFLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,001-0,006 ng/glw
Kim et al., 2011
butylparaben fish, mollusc, crustacean nm
several local grocery stores in Albany, New York, UnitedStates
ND−0,068 ng/g ww / 0,009 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
HPLC-MS/MSLOQ: 0,01 ng/g
Liao et al., 2013
ethylparaben marine fish wild
Pacific, Western Central
<0,011-840 ng/g lw min-max
HSSE, silica gel clean up, UFLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,001-0,015 ng/gLOQ: 0,003-0,049 ng/g
Ramaswamy et al., 2011
ethylparaben marine fish wildPacific, Western Central
46,6-195 ng/g lw min-maxHSSE-UFLC–MS/MSLOD: 3 pg/gLOQ: 11 pg/g
Kim et al., 2011
ethylparaben fish, mollusc, crustacean nm
several local grocery stores in Albany, New York, UnitedStates
ND−2,27 ng/g ww / 0,11 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
HPLC-MS/MSLOQ: 0,01 ng/g
Liao et al., 2013
methylparaben marine fish wild
Pacific, Western Central
<0,05-3600 ng/g lw min-max
HSSE, silica gel clean up, UFLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,001-0,015 ng/gLOQ: 0,003-0,049 ng/g
Ramaswamy et al., 2011
methylparaben marine fish wildPacific, Western Central
605-1580 ng/g lw min-maxHSSE-UFLC–MS/MSLOD: 15 pg/gLOQ: 49 pg/g
Kim et al., 2011
methylparaben fish, mollusc, crustacean nm
several local grocery stores in Albany, New York, UnitedStates
ND−12,2 ng/g ww / 1,09 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
HPLC-MS/MSLOQ: 0,01 ng/g
Liao et al., 2013
propylparaben marine fish wild Pacific, <0,024-1100 ng/g min-max HSSE-silica gel clean up, UFLC- Ramaswamy et
Western Central lw
MS/MSLOD: 0,001-0,015 ng/gLOQ: 0,003-0,049 ng/g
al., 2011
propylparaben marine fish wildPacific, Western Central
46,6-129 ng/g lw min-maxHSSE-UFLC–MS/MSLOD: 7 pg/gLOQ: 24 pg/g
Kim et al., 2011
propylparaben Fish, mollusc, crustacean nm
several local grocery stores in Albany, New York, UnitedStates
ND−0,408 ng/g ww / 0,093 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
HPLC-MS/MSLOQ: 0,01 ng/g
Liao et al., 2013
benzylparaben fish, mollusc, crustacean nm
several local grocery stores in Albany, New York, UnitedStates
ND−2,47 ng/g ww / 0,129 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
HPLC-MS/MSLOQ: 0,01 ng/g
Liao et al., 2013
UV filters
2-ethylhexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (EHMC)
marine mollusc wild
Atlantic Northeast; Mediterranean and black sea
3-256 ng/g dw min-max
GC-MSLOD: 2 ng/g dwLOQ: 5 ng/g dw
Bachelot et al., 2012
benzophenone marine bivalves WildMediterranean and black sea <3 ng/g dw min-max
Sonication extraction/Florisil clean up/HPLC-ESI-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Pojana et al., 2007
octocrylene (OCT) marine mollusc wild
Atlantic Northeast; Mediterranean and black sea
2-7112 ng/g dw min-max
GC-MSLOD: 2 ng/g dwLOQ: 5 ng/g dw
Bachelot et al., 2012
octyl dimethyl p-aminobenzoic acid (OD-PABA)
marine mollusc wild
Atlantic Northeast; Mediterranean and black sea
ND min-max
GC-MSLOD: 2 ng/g dwLOQ: 5 ng/g dw
Bachelot et al., 2012
total UV filters marine fish wild Pacific, ND-179 ng/g lw min-max HSSE, silica gel clean up, Kim et al., 2011
Western Central
UFLC-MS/MSLOD: 0,002-0,009 ng/g lw
GC: Gas Chromatography, HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HR: High-Resolution, HSSE: High Speed Solvent Ectraction, LC: Liquid Chromatography, MAE: Microwave Assited Extraction, MS: Mass Spectrometry, MS/MS: tandem Mass Spectrometry, nm: not mentioned, PLE: Pressured Liquid Extraction, Quenchers: Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective,Rugged and Safe, SPE: Solid phase extraction, Q trap: Triple quadrupole/linear ion trap, UFLC : Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatography, UHPLC: Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HR: High-Resolution, LC: Liquid Chromatography
Table S5: Levels of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in freshwater biota
Contaminant Matrix Processed/wild/farmed Origin Levels Min-max/
mean/medianMethod
LOD/LOQ Reference
analgesics/anti-inflammatories
acetminophen / paracetamol
freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,30 ng/gLOQ: 0,99 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
celecobix freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL-430 ng/g ww
min-max Isotope dilution-LC-MSLOD: nm
Du et al., 2014
celecobix freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND min-max Isotope dilution-LC-MSLOD: nm
Du et al., 2014
codeïne freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 1,07ng/gLOQ: 3,55 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
diclofenac freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
4,1-8,8 ng/g dw mean PLE –GPC-UPLC-Q-Trap analysisMDL: 0,50 ng/g dwMQL: 1,66 ng/g dw
Huerta et al., 2012a
diclofenac freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL-33 ng/g ww
min-max Isotope dilution-LC-MSLOD: nm
Du et al., 2014
diclofenac freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland waters
<MDL-0,54 ng/g ww
mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,048 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,32 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
ethenzamide freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland waters
<MDL mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,025 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,086 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
ibuprofen freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland waters
<MDL-2,9 ng/g ww
mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,28 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 1,5 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
indomethacin freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland waters
1,2-3,3 ng/g ww mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,029 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,19 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
mefenamic acid freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland waters
<MDL-8,2 ng/g ww
mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,023 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,21 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
bezafibrate freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland waters
<MDL mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,022 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,10
Tanoue et al., 2014
ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
clofibric acid freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland waters
<MDL mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,045 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,13 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
feniofibric acid freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland waters
<MDL mean Isotope dilution-SGC- SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,031 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,26 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
lipid regulators and cholesterol lowering statin drugsgemfibrozil freshwater fish wild America,
North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,25 ng/gLOQ: 0,85 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
gemfibrozil freshwater fish (fillet, liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL- 90 ng/g liver
min-max Rotatory extraction-centrifuge-LC-MS/MS+ Q Trap (ESI)LOD: 25 ng/g liver
Ramirez et al., 2009
gemfibrozil freshwater fish (fillet, liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
ND ww fillet , 11-34 ng/g ww liver
min-max LC-MS/MS (ESI)LOD: 7,5 ng/g (10μl), fillet 1,3 ng/g (100μl) fillet 7,3 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2012
atorvastatin freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<0,25 ng/g ww mean SPME-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,08-0,21LOQ: 0,09-0,64 ng/g
Togunde et al., 2012
atorvastatin brackish water fish (plasma)
wild America, North - Inland waters
ND mean Extraction with n-butyl chloride by vortex-mixer-cetrifuged-LC-MS/MS
Gelsleichter et al., 2013
LOD: 0,3 ng/mlLOQ: 1,25 ng/ml
psychiatric drugscarbamazepine freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland
waters<MDL- 0,068 ng/g ww
mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LCMSLOD: 0,0092 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,19 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
carbamazepine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<40 ng/g ww mean SPME-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,08-0,21LOQ: 0,09-0,64 ng/g
Togunde et al., 2012
carbamazepine freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL-1,9 ng/g ww
min-max Isotope dilution-LC-MSLOD: 0,55 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,19 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 0,94 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2014
carbamazepine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
0,83-1,44 ng/g ww / 1,16 ng/g ww
min-max/ mean
LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,03ng/gLOQ: 0,12 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
carbamazepine freshwater fish (fillet, liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL-3,1 ng/g fillet; <MDL-8 ng/g liver
min-max Rotatory extraction-centrifuge-LC-MS/MS+ Q Trap (ESI)LOD: 0,54 ng/g muscle, 1,9 ng/g liver
Ramirez et al., 2009
carbamazepine freshwater fish (fillet, liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL-0,60 ng/g ww fillet; <MDL-1,1 ng/g ww liver
min-max LC-MS/MS (ESI)LOD: 0,55 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,19 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 0,19 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2012
carbamazepine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-0,60 ng/g ww/0,20 ng/g dw
min-max/ mean
PLE with methyl chloride, mix-mode cation exchange-SPE-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,10 ng/g
Wang and Gardinali, 2012
carbamazepine freshwater fish, liver wild Europe - Inland waters
1,03 ng/g ww muscle/ 0,77 ng/g ww liver
mean Extraction solvent-LC-MS/MS (ESI)LOD: 1 ng/g
Garcia et al., 2012
citalopram freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
0,8 ng/g dw mean PLE extraction-GPC clean-up-UPLC-Q-Trap analysisMDL: 0,12 ng/g dwMQL: 0,41 ng/g dw
Huerta et al., 2012a
citalopram freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<LOQ-2,9 ng/g ww
mean PLE cleaned up MCX cartridge SPE-LC-MS/MS Q Trap chemical ionization (APCI)LOQ: 0,5 ug/kg
Metcalfe et al., 2010
citalopram brackish water fish (plasma)
wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-0,40 ng/ml plasma
mean Extraction with n-butyl chloride by vortex-mixer- centrifuged-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,10 ng/mlLOQ: 0,25 ng/ml
Gelsleichter et al., 2013
desmethylcitalopram
freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-2,84 ng/g ww mean PLE cleaned up MCX cartridge SPE-LC-MS/MS Q Trap chemical ionization (APCI)LOQ: 0,5 ug/kg
Metcalfe et al., 2010
Desmethyl sertraline
freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-1,5 ng/g ww mean PLE cleaned up MCX cartridge SPE-LC-MS/MS Q Trap chemical ionization (APCI)LOQ: 0,5 ug/kg
Metcalfe et al., 2010
desmethylcital freshwater fish (fillet, wild America, 8,5-12 ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MS (ESI) Du et al., 2012
opram liver) North - Inland waters
fillet; 140-600 ng/g ww liver
LOD: 3,7 ng/g (10μl), fillet 1,2 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 8,1 ng/g liver
desmethylsertraline
freshwater fish wild Europe – Inland waters
1,65-4,72 ng/g ww
min-max PLE-GPC-LC-MS/MSLOD:0,2 ng/g ww
Subedi et al., 2012
desmethylcitalopram
freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
nd-97 ng/g ww min-max Isotope dilution-LC-MSLOD: nm
Du et al., 2014
diazepam freshwater fish (fillet, liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL fillet ww, <MDL-10 ng/g ww liver
min-max LC-MS/MS (ESI)LOD: 4 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,78 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 8,6 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2012
fluoxetine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<0,64-4,0 ng/g ww
mean SPME-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,08-0,21LOQ: 0,09-0,64 ng/g
Togunde et al., 2012
fluoxetine freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-22 ng/g ww min-max Isotope dilution-LC-MSLOD: 5,3 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,78 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 5,7 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2014
fluoxetine brackish water fish (plasma)
wild America, North - Inland waters
ND- <MQL ng/ml plasma
mean Extraction with n-butyl chloride by vortex-mixer-cetrifuged-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,15 ng/mlLOQ: 0,25 ng/ml
Gelsleichter et al., 2013
fluoxetine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,76 ng/gLOQ: 2,54 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
fluoxetine freshwater fish (liver) wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL- 80 ng/g liver
min-max Rotatory extraction-centrifuge-LC-MS/MS+ Q Trap (ESI)LOD: 12 ng/g liver
Ramirez et al., 2009
fluoxetine freshwater fish (fillet; wild America, ND ng/g ww fillet; min-max LC-MS/MS (ESI) Du et al., 2012
liver) North - Inland waters
18-86 ng/g ww liver
LOD: 5,3 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,78 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 5,7 ng/g liver
fluoxetine freshwater fish (fillet; liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
0,11±0,03 ng/g ww fillet, 1,34±0,65 ng/g ww liver
mean GC-MS in the negative chemical ionization modeLOD: 0,01 ng/gLOQ: 0,05 ng/g
Brooks et al., 2005
fluoxetine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-1,02 ng/g ww min-max PLE –SPE- LC–APCI-MS/MSLOD: 0,02 ug/kgLOQ: 0,07 ug/kg
Chu and Metcalfe, 2007
fluoxetine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-< lod ng/g ww mean PLE cleaned up MCX cartridge SPE-LC-MS/MS Q Trap chemical ionization (APCI)LOQ: 0,5 ug/kg
Metcalfe et al., 2010
fluvoxamine brackish water fish (plasma)
wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-0,83 ng/ml plasma
min-max Extraction with n-butyl chloride by vortex-mixer- centrifuged-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,10 ng/mlLOQ: 1,00 ng/ml
Gelsleichter et al., 2013
N-desmethylvenlafaxine
freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-2,9 ng/g ww mean PLE cleaned up MCX cartridge SPE-LC-MS/MS Q Trap chemical ionization (APCI)LOQ: 0,5 ug/kg
Metcalfe et al., 2010
norfluoxetine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
3,49-5,14 ng/g ww; 4,37 ng/g ww
min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,32 ng/gLOQ: 1,08 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
norfluoxetine freshwater fish (fillet, liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL-5 ng/g ww fillet,<33-130 ng/g liver
min-max Rotatory extraction-centrifuge-LC-MS/MS+ Q Trap (ESI)LOD: 2,9 ng/g muscle, 15 ng/g liver
Ramirez et al., 2009
norfluoxetine freshwater fish (fillet, liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
ND ww fillet, 15-110 ww ng/g liver
min-max LC-MS/MS (ESI)LOD: 3,0 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,83 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 6,7 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2012
norfluoxetine freshwater fish (fillet; liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
1,07±0,41 ng/g ww fillet; 10,27±5,73 ng/g ww liver
mean GC-MS in the negative chemical ionization modeLOD: 0,01ng/gLOQ: 0,05ng/g
Brooks et al., 2005
norfluoxetine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-1,08 ng/g ww min-max PLE-SPE -LC–APCI-MS/MSLOD: 0,04 ug/kgLOQ: 0,14 ug/kg
Chu and Metcalfe, 2007
norfluoxetine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<0,64 ng/g ww mean SPME-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,08-0,21LOQ: 0,09-0,64 ng/g
Togunde et al., 2012
norfluoxetine freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL-13 ng/g ww
min-max Isotope dilution-LC-MSLOD: 3,0 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,83 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 6,7 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2014
norfluoxetine brackish water fish (plasma)
wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-4,08 ng/ml plasma
min-max Extraction with n-butyl chloride by vortex-mixer-cetrifuged-LC-MS/MSLOD: 1,5 ng/mlLOQ: 2,5 ng/ml
Gelsleichter et al., 2013
paroxetine brackish water fish (plasma)
wild America, North - Inland
ND-0,55 ng/ml plasma
min-max Extraction with n-butyl chloride by vortex-
Gelsleichter et al., 2013
waters mixer-cetrifuged-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,5 ng/mlLOQ: 1,25 ng/ml
paroxetine freshwater fish (fillet, liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
< mdl ww fillet; 6,4-13 ng/g ww liver
min-max LC-MS/MS (ESI)LOD: 2,6 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,52 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 4,9 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2012
paroxetine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-0,58 ug/kg ww
min-max PLE-SPE-LC–APCI-MS/MSLOD: 0,07 ug/kgLOQ: 0,24 ug/kg
Chu and Metcalfe, 2007
paroxetine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<0,14-0,40 ng/g ww
mean SPME-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,08-0,21LOQ: 0,09-0,64 ng/g
Togunde et al., 2012
sertraline freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<0,24-2,09 ng/g ww
mean SPME-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,08-0,21LOQ: 0,09-0,64 ng/g
Togunde et al., 2012
sertraline freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
nd-370 ng/g ww min-max Isotope dilution-LC-MSLOD: 2,1 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,53 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 9,6 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2014
sertraline freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland waters
0,31-1,7 ng/g ww mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,075 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,19 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
sertraline brackish water fish (plasma)
wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-0,48 ng/ml plasma
min-max Extraction with n-butyl chloride by vortex-mixer- centrifuged-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,10 ng/ml
Gelsleichter et al., 2013
LOQ: 0,25 ng/mlsertraline freshwater fish wild America,
North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,21 ng/gLOQ: 0,71 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
sertraline freshwater fish (fillet, liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL- 19 ng/g ww fillet, < 21 - 545 ng/g liver
min-max Rotatory extraction-centrifuge-LC-MS/MS+ Q Trap (ESI)LOD: 3,6 ng/g muscle, 17 ng/g liver
Ramirez et al., 2009
sertraline freshwater fish (fillet; liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
ND fillet; 75-110 ng/g ww liver
min-max LC-MS/MS (ESI)LOD: 2,1 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,53 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 9,6 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2012
sertraline freshwater fish (fillet; liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
0,34±0,09 ng/g ww fillet, 3,59±1,67 ng/g ww liver
mean GC-MS in the negative chemical ionization modeLOD: 0,01 ng/gLOQ: 0,05 ng/g
Brooks et al., 2005
sertraline freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<LOQ-3,83 ng/g ww
mean PLE cleaned up MCX cartridge SPE-LC-MS/MS Q Trap chemical ionization (APCI)LOQ: 0,5 ug/kg
Metcalfe et al., 2010
venlafaxine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<0,09-17 ng/g ww mean SPME-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,08-0,21LOQ: 0,09-0,64 ng/g
Togunde et al., 2012
venlafaxine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-1,20 ng/g ww mean PLE cleaned up MCX cartridge SPE-LC-MS/MS Q Trap chemical ionization (APCI)LOQ: 0,5 ug/kg
Metcalfe et al., 2010
venlafaxine freshwater fish wild Europe – Inland waters
0,6 ng/g dw mean PLE –GPC-UPLC-Q-Trap analysisMDL: 0,04 ng/g dwMQL: 0,15 ng/g dw
Huerta et al., 2012a
venlafaxine brackish water fish (plasma)
wild America, North - Inland waters
<MQL-0,53 ng/ml plasma
min-max Extraction with n-butyl chloride by vortex-mixer-cetrifuged-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,10 ng/mlLOQ: 0,25 ng/ml
Gelsleichter et al., 2013
histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonistscimetidine freshwater fish wild America,
North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,24 ng/gLOQ: 0,81 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
crotamiton freshwater fish wild Asia – Inland waters
<MDL mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,85 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 1,7 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
diphenhydramine
freshwater fish wild Asia – Inland waters
0,68-23 ng/g ww mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,011 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,066 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
diphenhydramine
freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
0,45-25 ng/g ww min-max Isotope dilution-LC-MSLOD: 0,07 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,04 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 6,0 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2014
diphenhydramine
freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
0,66-1,32 ng/g ww / 0,96 ng/g ww
min-max/mean
LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,01 ng/gLOQ: 0,03 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
diphenhydrami freshwater fish (fillet, wild America, <MDL-2,5 ng/g min-max Rotatory extraction- Ramirez et al., 2009
ne liver) North - Inland waters
ww fillet ; <MDL-11,1 ng/g liver
centrifuge-LC-MS/MS+ Qtrap (ESI)LOD: 0,05 ng/g muscle, 0,26 ng/g liver
diphenhydramine
freshwater fish (fillet; liver)
wild America, North - Inland waters
0,14-0,31 ng/g ww fillet; <MDL-8,6 ng/g ww liver
min-max LC-MS/MS (ESI)LOD: 0,07 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,04 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 6,0 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2012
diphenhydramine
freshwater fish wild Europe – inland waters
0,04-0,07 ng/g ww
min-max PLE-GPC-LC-MS/MS + Q Trap (ESI)LOD: 0,04 ng/g
Subedi et al., 2012
diphenhydramine
freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
0,08-0,97 ng/g ww / 0,55 ng/g dw
min-max/ mean
PLE with methyl chloride-mix-mode cation exchange-SPE-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,08 ng/g
Wang and Gardinali, 2012
β-blocking agentsatenolol freshwater fish wild America,
North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,48 ng/gLOQ: 1,62 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
carazolol freshwater fish wild Europe – Inland waters
3,8 ng/g dw mean PLE-GPC-UPLC-Q Trap analysisMDL: 0,12 ng/g dwMQL: 0,41 ng/g dw
Huerta et al., 2012a
metoprolol freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,04 ng/gLOQ: 0,15 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
propanolol freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,01ng/gLOQ: 0,03 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
propanolol freshwater fish wild Europe – Inland waters
4,2 ng/g dw mean PLE -GPC-UPLC-Q Trap analysisMDL: 0,09 ng/g dw
Huerta et al., 2012a
MQL: 0,29 ng/g dwantihypertensiveslorsatan freshwater fish wild Asia – Inland
waters<MDL mean Isotope dilution-SGC-
SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,021 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,053 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
sidenafil citrate brackish water fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND min-max Gelsleichter et al., 2013
to treat asthmasalbutamol freshwater fish wild Europe –
Inland waters2,6 ng/g dw mean PLE -GPC-UPLC-Q-Trap
analysisMDL: 0,07 ng/g dwMQL: 0,25 ng/g dw
Huerta et al., 2012a
anticoagulantwarfarin freshwater fish wild America,
North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,09 ng/gLOQ: 0,29 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
antihelminticsthiabendazole freshwater fish wild America,
North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,14 ng/gLOQ: 0,47 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
stimulant drugscaffeine freshwater fish wild America,
North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,34 ng/gLOQ: 1,15 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
caffeine freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
ND-4,5 ng/g ww/1,3 ng/g dw
min-max/ mean
PLE with methyl chloride-mix-mode cation exchange SPE-LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,81 ng/g
Wang and Gardinali, 2012
caffeine freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
<MDL-21,40 ng/g dw
min-max QuEChERS-UHPLC-MS/MSLOD:0,03-0,17 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,08-0,51 mg/g dw
Jakimska et al., 2013
calcium channel blockersdiltiazem freshwater fish wild America,
North - Inland waters
0,11-0,27 ng/g ww / 0,21 ng/g ww
min-max/ mean
LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,04 ng/gLOQ: 0,13 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
diltiazem freshwater fish; liver wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL-0,2 ng/g ww fillet; <MDL-0,9 ng/g liver
min-max Rotatory extraction-centrifuge-LC-MS/MS+ Q Trap (ESI)LOD: 0,12 ng/g muscle, 0,26 ng/g liver
Ramirez et al., 2009
diltiazem freshwater fish fillet; liver
wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww fillet; <MDL-0,86 ng/g ww liver
min-max LC-MS/MS (ESI)LOD: 0,08 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,04 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 0,24 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2012
diltiazem freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL-0,37 ng/g ww
min-max Isotope dilution-LC-MSLOD: 0,08 ng/g (10μl), fillet 0,04 ng/g (100μl) fillet , 0,24 ng/g liver
Du et al., 2014
antibacterial/antifungalerythromycin freshwater fish wild America,
North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,85 ng/gLOQ: 2,84 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
methyltriclosan freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
<2-365 ng/g lw; <0,01-35 ng/g ww
min-max GC-MSLOD: <1 ng/g-5 ng/g
Balmer et al., 2004
methyltriclosan freshwater fish wild Europe – Inland waters
47-1010 ng/g lw; 1,0-33 ng/g ww
mean GC-MSLOQ: 0,25 ng/g ww or 13–63 ng/g lw
Rüdel et al., 2013
sulfamethoxazo freshwater fish wild America, <MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MS Ramirez et al., 2007
le North - Inland waters
LOD: 0,23 ng/gLOQ: 0,76 ng/g
triclocarban freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland waters
0,41-2,0 ng/g ww mean Isotope dilution-SGC-SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,071 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 0,14 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
triclosan freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL ww fillet min-max GC-MS/MSLOD: 38 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2009
triclosan freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
21±4 ng/g ww mean GC–SIM–MSLOD: 5,5 ng/g
Mottaleb et al, 2008
triclosan freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
<2-69 ng/g lw; <0,2-3,4 ng/g ww
mean GC-MSLOQ: 0,20 ng/g ww or 3,0–50 ng/g lw
Rüdel et al., 2013
triclosan freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
<MDL-1,25 ng/g dw
min-max QuEChERS-UHPLC-MS/MSLOD:0,25-0,3 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,75-0,9 mg/g dw
Jakimska et al., 2013
triclosan freshwater fish wild Asia - Inland waters
19-22 ng/g ww mean Isotope dilution-Silica Gel Chromatography- SPE-LC-MSLOD: 0,57 ng/g ww (fish plasma), 1,1 ng/g ww (fish liver/brain)
Tanoue et al., 2014
trimethoprim freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<MDL ng/g ww min-max LC-MS/MSLOD: 0,79 ng/gLOQ: 2,63 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2007
polycyclic musks2-amino musk freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe – <2-100 ng/g lw; min-max GC-MS Gatermann et al.,
xylene Inland waters 0,2-1,6 ng/g ww LOD: 5 ng/g lipid 20022-amino musk ketone
freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe – Inland waters
7-180 ng/g lw; 0,04-4,7 ng/g ww
min-max GC-MSLOD: 4 ng/g lipid
Gatermann et al., 2002
4-amino musk xylene
freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe – Inland waters
55-3600 ng/g lw; 2-30 ng/g ww
min-max GC-MSLOD: 4 ng/g lipid
Gatermann et al., 2002
celestolide (ABDI)
freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe – Inland waters
<0,13-600 ng/g lw min-max GC-MS/MSLOQ: between 0,1 and 0,5 ng/g wet weight
Rüdel et al., 2006
celestolide (ABDI)
freshwater fish farmed aquaculture ND-18,3 ng/g ww / 0,41-1,14 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
GC-MSLOD: 0,03 µg/kg
Duedahl-Olesen et al., 2005
celestolide (ABDI)
freshwater fish wild Europe – Inland waters
ND min-max GC-MS-SIMLOD: 1 ng/g
Draisci et al., 1998
galaxolide (HHCB)
freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe - Inland waters
0,06-3,61 mg/kg ww; 4,8-155 mg/kg lw
min-max GC-MSnm
Franke et al., 1999
galaxolide (HHCB)
freshwater fish wild Europe – Inland waters
<4-47 ng/g min-max GC-MS-SIMLOD: 4 ng/g
Draisci et al., 1998
galaxolide (HHCB)
freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
569±256 ng/g ww mean Rotatory extraction with acetone, clean up on a silica gel column, derivatization and GC-MS (SIM)LOD: 5,0 ng/g
Mottaleb et al, 2008
galaxolide (HHCB)
freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<100-2100 ng/g ww
min-max GC-MS/MSLOD: 12 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2009
galaxolide (HHCB)
freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe – Inland waters
4600-160000 ng/g lw; 43-3600 ng/g ww
min-max GC-MSLOD: 8 ng/g lipid
Gatermann et al., 2002
galaxolide (HHCB)
freshwater fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild America, North - Inland waters
<LOQ-3000 ng/g lw; 2-29 ng/g ww
min-max GC-MSLOD: 8 ng/g lipid
Gatermann et al., 1999
galaxolide (HHCB)
freshwater fish farmed aquaculture 1,5-4,97 ng/g ww / 5,87-8,54 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
GC-MSLOD: 0,52 µg/kg
Duedahl-Olesen et al., 2005
galaxolide (HHCB)
anadromous fish (fillet, liver)
wild Asia -Inland waters
<LOQ ng/g ww fillet; 4 ng/g ww liver
mean GC-MSLOD: 1,3 ng/g
Wan et al., 2007
galaxolide (HHCB)
freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe - Inland waters
<14-13700 ng/g lw
mean GC-MS/MSLOQ: between 0,1 and 0,5 ng/g wet weight
Rüdel et al., 2006
musk ambrette freshwater fish farmed aquaculture ND-1,93 ng/g ww /0,32-0,73 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
GC-MSLOD: 0,10 µg/kg
Duedahl-Olesen et al., 2005
musk ketone freshwater fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild America, North - Inland waters
76-17700 ng/g lw; 13-140 ng/g ww
min-max GC-MSLOD: 6 ng/g lipid
Gatermann et al., 1999
musk ketone freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
< 13- 295 ng/g lw mean GC-MS/MSLOQ: between 0,1 and 0,5 ng/g wet weight
Rüdel et al., 2006
musk ketone freshwater fish farmed aquaculture ND-5,16 ng/g ww /0,65-1,02 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
GC-MSLOD: 0,13 µg/kg
Duedahl-Olesen et al., 2005
musk ketone freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
300-1800 ng/g lw; 2-65 ng/g ww
min-max GC-MSLOD: 6 ng/g lipid
Gatermann et al., 2002
musk ketone freshwater fish wild, farmed Aquaculture, Europe – Inland waters, Atlantic, Northeast
<10-380 ng/g lw / 20-140 ng/g lw
min-max / mean
GC-ECDLOD: 0,01 mg/kg lipid
Rimkus et al., 1995
musk moskene freshwater fish farmed aquaculture ND-14,6ng/g ww /1,03 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
GC-MSLOD: 0,05 µg/kg
Duedahl-Olesen et al., 2005
musk xylene freshwater, marine fish, wild, farmed Aquaculture, <10-1060 ng/g min-max / GC-ECD Rimkus et al., 1995
mollusc, crustacean Europe – Inland waters, Atlantic, Northeast
lw / 10-330 ng/g lw
mean LOD: 0,01 mg/kg lipid
musk xylene freshwater fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild America, North - Inland waters
<LOQ-110 ng/g lw; 0,3-0,8 ng/g ww
min-max GC-MSLOD: 2 ng/g lipid
Gatermann et al., 1999
musk xylene freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe – Inland waters
<3- 273 ng/g lw mean GC-MS/MSLOQ: between 0,1 and 0,5 ng/g wet weight
Rüdel et al., 2006
musk xylene freshwater fish farmed aquaculture ND-1,59 ng/g ww /0,54-0,76 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
GC-MSLOD: 0,18 µg/kg
Duedahl-Olesen et al., 2005
musk xylene freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
18-440 ng/g lw, 0,14-41 ng/g ww
min-max GC-MSLOD: 2 ng/g lipid
Gatermann et al., 2002
phantolide (AHMI)
freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe – Inland waters
<3-642 ng/g lw mean GC-MS/MSLOQ: between 0,1 and 0,5 ng/g wet weight
Rüdel et al., 2006
phantolide (AHMI)
freshwater fish farmed aquaculture ND-21,5 ng/g ww /1,16 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
GC-MSLOD: 0,07 µg/kg
Duedahl-Olesen et al., 2005
tonalide (AHTN)
freshwater fish, mollusc wild America, North - Inland waters
0,05-3,22 mg/kg ww; 2,6 - 45 mg/kg lw
min-max GC-MSLOD: 1 ng/g wet weight
Franke et al., 1999
tonalide (AHTN)
freshwater fish wild Europe – Inland waters
ND-105 ng/g min-max GC-MS-SIMLOD: 3 ng/g
Draisci et al., 1998
tonalide (AHTN)
freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
58±23 ng/g ww mean GC–SIM–MSLOD: 4,8 ng/g
Mottaleb et al, 2008
tonalide (AHTN)
anadromous fish fillet, liver)
wild Asia -Inland waters
<LOQ ng/g ww fillet; 0,22 ng/g ww liver
mean GC-MSLOD: 0,5 ng/g
Wan et al., 2007
tonalide (AHTN)
freshwater fish wild America, North - Inland waters
<21-290 ng/g ww min-max GC-MS/MSLOD: 13 ng/g
Ramirez et al., 2009
tonalide (AHTN)
freshwater fish, mollusc, crustacean
wild America, North - Inland waters
<LOQ-1100 ng/g lw; 2-9 ng/g ww
min-max GC-MSLOD: 6 ng/g lipid
Gatermann et al., 1999
tonalide (AHTN)
freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe - Inland waters
<3-2160 ng/g lw mean GC-MS/MSLOQ: between 0,1 and 0,5 ng/g wet weight
Rüdel et al., 2006
tonalide (AHTN)
freshwater fish farmed aquaculture ND-21,5 ng/g ww /2,24-2,70 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
GC-MSLOD: 0,21 µg/kg
Duedahl-Olesen et al., 2005
tonalide (AHTN)
freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe - Inland waters
2600-45000 ng/g lw, 34-1500 ng/g
min-max GC-MSLOD: 6 ng/g lipid
Gatermann et al., 2002
traseolide (ATII) freshwater fish, mollusc wild Europe - Inland waters
<13-1230 ng/g lw min-max GC-MS/MSLOQ: between 0,1 and 0,5 ng/g wet weight
Rüdel et al., 2006
traseolide (ATII) freshwater fish farmed aquaculture ND-15,4 ng/g ww /0,40-0,73 ng/g ww
min-max / mean
GC-MSLOD: 0,08 µg/kg
Duedahl-Olesen et al., 2005
preservativesmethylparaben freshwater fish wild Europe -
Inland waters<MDL-84,69 ng/g dw
min-max QuEChERS-UHPLC-MS/MSLOD:0,005-0,4 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,01-0,12 mg/g dw
Jakimska et al., 2013
propylparaben freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
<MDL-3,48 ng/g dw
min-max QuEChERS-UHPLC-MS/MSLOD:0,002-0,01 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,005-0,02 mg/g dw
Jakimska et al., 2013
benzylparaben freshwater fish wild Europe - Inland waters
<MDL-0,54 ng/g dw
min-max QuEChERS-UHPLC-MS/MSLOD:0,003-0,02 ng/g dwLOQ: 0,01-0,06 mg/g dw
Jakimska et al., 2013
UV filtersbenzophenone freshwater fish wild America,
North - Inland waters
57±18 ng/g ww mean Rotatory extraction with acetone, clean up on a silica gel column, derivatization and GC-MS (SIM)LOD: 7,5 ng/g
Mottaleb et al, 2008
APCI: Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization, ECD: Electron Capture Detector, ESI: Electrospray Ionisation, GC: Gas Chromatography, GPC: gel permeation chromatography, HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HR: High-Resolution, HSSE: High Speed Solvent Ectraction, LC: Liquid Chromatography, MAE: Microwave Assited Extraction, MS: Mass Spectrometry, MS/MS: tandem Mass Spectrometry, nm: not mentioned, PLE: Pressured Liquid Extraction, Quenchers: Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective,Rugged and Safe, SGC: Silica Gel Chromatography, SIM: selected ion monitoring, SPE: Solid phase extraction, SPME: Solid Phase Microextraction, Q Trap: Triple quadrupole/linear ion trap, UFLC : Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatography, UHPLC: Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HR: High-Resolution, LC: Liquid Chromatography
Table S6: Available publications concerning the occurrence and quantification of microplastics in fish and seafood
Contaminant MatrixProcessed/wild/
farmed Origin Levels Method Reference
microplastics marine mollusc
wild/farmed farmed: mussel farms at the Eastern Scheldt/ wild: North sea
2,6 – 5,1 total fibres / 10g ww acid destruction whole organism
De witte et al., 2014
microplastics marine mollusc
wild/farmed farmed: aquaculture site off the west coast of Newfoundland and Labrador / wild: McCormack’s Beach and Rainbow Haven Beach back lagoon, Canada
178 fibres/ farmed mussel; 126 fibres/ wild mussel
H2O2 treatment whole mussel; Saline (NaCl) solution floatation and filtration; visual inspection under microscope
Mathalon and Hill, 2014
microplastics marine fish wild North Sea 2,6 % of the examined fish contained microplastics
KOH digestion digestive tract Foekema et al., 2013
microplastics marine fish wild English Channel 36.5 % of the examined fish containedplastics; 1,90 ± 0,10 particles / fish
visual inspection digestive tract under microscope; identification of plastic type with FT-IR spectroscopy
Lusher et al., 2013
microplastics marine mollusc
farmed mussel farm in Germany/ bought in a supermarket and originated fromBrittany, France
Mytilus edulis: 0,36 ± 0,07 particles/g ww; Crassostrea gigas: 0,47 ± 0,16 particles/g ww
acid destruction whole organism; identification of plastic type with micro-Raman spectroscopy
Van Cauwenberghe and Janssen, 2014
microplastics freshwater fish
wild French rivers 12 % of collected fish are contaminated by microplastics
visual inspection digestive tract under microscope
Sanchez et al., 2014
microplastics marine fish wild North Sea and Baltic Sea 5,5 % of all analysed fishes had ingested plastic
visual inspection digestive tract under microscope; identification of plastic type with FT-IR spectroscopy
Rummel, 2014
microplastics marine crustacean
wild Clyde sea 83 % of animals contained plastics in stomach
visual inspection stomach under microscope; further analysis of ingested items with SEM and micro-Raman spectroscopy
Murray and Cowie, 2011
microplastics marine fish wild Goiana Estuary, Brazil plastic fragments were found in 7,9% of the fish
visual inspection stomach under microscope
Dantas et al., 2012
microplastics marine mollusc
wild North Sea 0.2 ± 0.3 particles/g ww acid destruction whole mussel; identification of plastic type with micro-Raman spectroscopy
Van Cauwenberghe and Janssen, 2015
Table S7: A small selection of the occurrence of the different marine toxins in fish and seafood
Contaminant Matrix Levels Origin Method LOD/LOQ Reference
azaspiracids
azaspiracids 2 mussels 6 µg/kg Mediterranean and Black Sea
LC-MS and Immunoassay kitLOD/LOQ: nm
Elgarch et al., 2008
azaspiracids oyster 2450 µg/kg Atlantic, Northeast LC-ESI-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Furey et al., 2003
azaspiracids mussels (Mytilus edulis) 314 µg/kg Atlantic, Northeast LC-ESI-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Furey et al., 2002
azaspiracids mussels (Mytilus edulis) 20-850 µg/kg Atlantic, Northeast LC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Hess et al., 2005
azaspiracids mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
39-606 µg/kg Atlantic, Northeast Q trap-MSLOD: 0,0021-0,0031 µg/gLOQ: 0,007-0,01 µg/g
Skrabáková et al., 2010
azaspiracids mussels (Mytilus edulis) 130-4200 µg/kg Atlantic, Northeast LC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
James et al., 2002
azaspiracids mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
900 µg/kg Mediterranean and Black Sea
LC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Taleb et al., 2006
azaspiracids mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
240 µg/kg Atlantic, Northeast LC-ESI- ion trap MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Magdalena et al., 2003
azaspiracids scallops (Pecten maximus)
20-320 µg/kg Atlantic, Northeast LC-ESI- ion trap MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Magdalena et al., 2003
azaspiracids 2 blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)
5-16 µg/kg Atlantic, Northeast LC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Vale, 2004
azaspiracids brown crabs (Cancer pagurus)
1,4-733 µg/kg Atlantic, Northeast LC–MSLOD: 0,0004 µg/gLOQ: 0,0012 µg/g
Torgersen et al., 2008
ciguatoxins
ciguatoxins fish 0,1-52,9 µg/kg Not specified CBA and LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Dickey et al., 2008
ciguatoxins coral cod (Cephalopholis miniata)
1,6 µg equivalents Pacific ciguatoxin-1/kg
Pacific, Eastern Central
CBA and LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Dickey et al., 2008
ciguatoxins kingfish (Scomberomorus cavalla)
0,51 µg equivalents Caribbean ciguatoxin-1/kg
Atlantic, Western Central
CBA and LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Dickey et al., 2008
ciguatoxins red bass (Lutjanus bohar) 0,07 µg/kg Pacific,Western Central
HPLC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Stewart et al., 2010
ciguatoxins sawtooth barracuda (Sphyraena putnamae)
11,4 µg/kg Pacific,Western Central
HPLC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Stewart et al., 2010
ciguatoxins fish fillet (Seriola dumerilii)
0,058-6,23 ng/g Atlantic, Eastern Central
CBALOQ: 0.0096 ng CTX1B eq/ g
Caillaud et al., 2012
ciguatoxins fish fillet (raw and cooked)
1,6 and 2,1 ng/g Atlantic, Western Central
CBA and LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Abraham et al., 2012
ciguatoxins fish fillet, mollusc, sea urchin
0,008-0,059 ng/g (fish); 2,167 ng/g (giant clam); 0,050 ng/g (sea urchin)
Pacific, Western Central
CBALOQ: 0,026 ng P-CTX-3C eq/g
Pawlowiez et al., 2013
ciguatoxins lionfish (Pterois volitans) 0,3 ng/g Atlantic, Western Central
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Robertson et al., 2013
ciguatoxins amberjack (Seriola fasciata)
25,3 µg/kg 51-hydroxy-Pacific Ciguatoxin-3C
Atlantic, Eastern Central
MBA, LC-MS/MS, CBA and RBALOD/LOQ: nm
EFSA, 2010b
ciguatoxins amberjack (Seriola dumerili)
39,4 µg/kg 51-hydroxy-Pacific Ciguatoxin-3C
Atlantic, Eastern Central
MBA, LC-MS/MS, CBA and RBALOD/LOQ: nm
EFSA, 2010b
palytoxins
palytoxins marine invertebrates 373-625 µg/kg Mediterranean and black sea
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
EFSA, 2009b
palytoxins marine invertebrates, crustaceans
1,2 x 106 mouse unit/individual
Pacific, Eastern Central
MBA and confirmation by LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Yasumoto et al., 1986
palytoxins marine invertebrates, crustaceans
350 haemolytic unit/g
Atlantic, Western Central
hemolysis test and HPLCLOD/LOQ: nm
Gleibs et al., 1995
palytoxins trigger fish (Melichtys vidua)
0,27 mouse unit/g
Pacific, Western Central
MBALOD/LOQ: nm
Fukui et al., 1987
palytoxins parrotfish (Scarus ovifrons)
0,5-2 mouse unit/g
Pacific, Northwest MBALOD/LOQ: nm
Taniyama et al., 2003
palytoxins butterfly fish (muscle) 71 µg/g Atlantic, Western Central
hemolysis test and HPLCLOD/LOQ: nm
Gleibs and Mebs, 1999
palytoxins sardine (Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus)
2-20 ng/fish Indian Ocean, Western
hemolysis test, MBA and chromatographic confirmationLOD/LOQ: nm
Onuma et al., 1999
palytoxins mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
33,3-97 µg/kg Mediterranean and Black Sea
MBA and HNALOD: 450 ng/kg
Aligizaki et al., 2008a
palytoxins mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
120-200 µg/kg Mediterranean and Black Sea
CBALOD: 0.5 ng /mlLOQ: 0.08 µg/kg
Belloci et al., 2008
palytoxins octopus 115 µg/kg p-palytoxin
Mediterranean and Black Sea
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Aligizaki et al., 2011
palytoxins octopus 971 µg/kg ovatoxin-a
Mediterranean and Black Sea
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Aligizaki et al., 2011
palytoxins sea-urchin 500 µg/kg Mediterranean and Black Sea
CBALOD: 0.5 ng /mlLOQ: 0.08 µg/kg
Belloci et al., 2008
palytoxins sea-urchin 450 µg/kg Mediterranean and Black Sea
LC-MS/MSLOD: 10 µg/kgLOQ: 25 µg/kg
Amzil et al., 2011
tetrodotoxins
tetrodotoxins trumpet shell (Charonia lampassauliae)
1510 μg/kg in meat; 255000 μg/kg in digestive glands
Spain LC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Fernández-Ortega et al., 2010
tetrodotoxins gastropod (Nassarius) 1350 μg/kg China LC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Huang et al., 2008
tetrodotoxins pufferfish (L.sceleratus)-liver
87 mg/kg Greece, Mediterranean and Black Sea
MBALOD: 1.10 µg/g
Katikou et al., 2009
tetrodotoxins pufferfish (L.sceleratus)-gonad
239 mg/kg Greece, Mediterranean and Black Sea
MBALOD: 1.10 µg/g
Katikou et al., 2009
tetrodotoxins pufferfish (L.sceleratus)-gastrointestinal tract
177 mg/kg Greece, Mediterranean and Black Sea
MBALOD: 1.10 µg/g
Katikou et al., 2009
tetrodotoxins pufferfish (L.sceleratus)-muscle
10 mg/kg Greece, Mediterranean and Black Sea
MBALOD: 1.10 µg/g.
Katikou et al., 2009
tetrodotoxins pufferfish (L.sceleratus)-skin
30 mg/kg Greece, Mediterranean and Black Sea
MBALOD: 1.10 µg/g
Katikou et al., 2009
tetrodotoxins pufferfish (L.sceleratus)-muscle
2,9 mg/ kg Greece, Mediterranean and Black Sea
UPLC–MS/MSLOD: 7.3 µg/kgLOQ: 24.5 µg/kg
Nzoughet et al., 2013
tetrodotoxins sea slug (P. maculata) 91-850 mg/kg New Zealand, Pacific, Southwest
LC-MS and Mouse bioassayLOD/LOQ: nm
McNabb et al., 2010
tetrodotoxins pufferfish (Takifugu oblongus)
1,64-356 mg/kg Thailand LC-MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Diener et al., 2007
cyclic imines
spirolid-C shellfish 4-25 µg/kg France, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
EFSA, 2010a
20-methyl spirolid-G shellfish 4-20 µg/kg France, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
EFSA, 2010a
13-desmethyl spirolid-C
shellfish 20-50 µg/kg France, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain
LC-MS/MSLOD: 0.8-20 µg/kgLOQ: 1,6-70 µg/kg
EFSA, 2010a
total equivalents of spirolides
shellfish 90 µg/kg France LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
EFSA, 2010a
total equivalents of spirolides
shellfish 105 µg/kg Italy, , Mediterranean and Black Sea
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
EFSA, 2010a
total equivalents of spirolides
shellfish 9,6 µg/kg The Netherlands, Atlantic, Northeast
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
EFSA, 2010a
13-desmethylspirolide C
blue mussels 226 mg/kg Norway, Atlantic, Northeast
LC-MS/MSLOQ: 0.5 µg/kg
Rundberget et al., 2011
acyl esters of spirolides
blue mussels N/A Norway, Atlantic, Northeast
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Aasen et al., 2006
pinnatoxin-G blue mussels 115 mg/kg Norway, Atlantic, Northeast
LC-MS/MSLOQ: 0.5 µg/kg
Rundberget et al., 2011
pinnatoxin-G blue mussels 80 μg/kg Canada LC-MS/MSLOQ: 1 µg/kg
McCarron et al., 2012
pinnatoxin-G blue mussels and clams 40 μg/kg France, Mediterranean and Black Sea
LC-MS/MSLOQ: 0.5 µg/kg
Hess et al., 2013
acyl ester metabolites of Pinnatoxins
blue mussels > 70 μg/kg Canada LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
McCarron et al., 2012
gymnodimine-A clams ND-2136 μg/kg Tunisia, Mediterranean and Black Sea
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Naila et al., 2012
gymnodimine-A clams 220 μg/kg Australia LC-MS/MS Takahashi et al., 2007
LOD: 0.05 µg/kggymnodimine-A oysters 43 μg/kg Australia LC-MS/MS
LOD: 0.05 µg/kgTakahashi et al., 2007
gymnodimine-A pacific oysters and mussels
N/A South Africa, Atlantic, Southeast
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Krock et al., 2009b
gymnodimine-A shellfish 6-41 μg/kg China LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
Liu et al., 2011b
acyl ester metabolites of gymnodimines
clams > 20000 μg/kg Tunisia, Mediterranean and Black Sea
LC-MS/MSLOD/LOQ: nm
De la Iglesia et al., 2013
CBA: cytotoxin B assay, ESI: Electrospray Ionisation, GC: Gas Chromatography, HNA: hemolysis neutralization assay, HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography, LC: Liquid Chromatography, MBA: Mouse bioassay, MS: Mass Spectrometry, MS/MS: tandem Mass Spectrometry, Q trap: Triple quadrupole/linear ion trap, RBA: Receptor Binding Assay
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