1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
8th Grade 18.7 20.6 22.5 25.7 28.5 31.2 29.4 29.0 28.3 26.8 26.8 24.5 22.8 21.5 21.4 20.9 19.0 -1.9 s 10th Grade 30.6 29.8 32.8 37.4 40.9 45.4 47.3 44.9 46.2 45.6 45.6 44.6 41.4 39.8 38.2 36.1 35.6 -0.5 12th Grade 44.1 40.7 42.9 45.6 48.4 50.8 54.3 54.1 54.7 54.0 53.9 53.0 51.1 51.1 50.4 48.2 46.8 -1.4
8th Grade 14.3 15.6 16.8 17.5 18.8 19.2 17.7 16.9 16.3 15.8‡ 17.0 13.7 13.6 12.2 12.1 12.2 11.1 -1.1 10th Grade 19.1 19.2 20.9 21.7 24.3 25.5 25.0 23.6 24.0 23.1‡ 23.6 22.1 19.7 18.8 18.0 17.5 18.2 +0.7 12th Grade 26.9 25.1 26.7 27.6 28.1 28.5 30.0 29.4 29.4 29.0‡ 30.7 29.5 27.7 28.7 27.4 26.9 25.5 -1.4
Inhalantsa,c
8th Grade 28.5 29.6 32.3 35.1 38.1 39.4 38.1 37.8 37.2 35.1 34.5 31.6 30.3 30.2 30.0 29.2 27.7 -1.5 10th Grade 36.1 36.2 38.7 42.7 45.9 49.8 50.9 49.3 49.9 49.3 48.8 47.7 44.9 43.1 42.1 40.1 39.8 -0.3 12th Grade 47.6 44.4 46.6 49.1 51.5 53.5 56.3 56.1 56.3 57.0 56.0 54.6 52.8 53.0 53.5 51.2 49.1 -2.1
8th Grade 10.2 11.2 12.6 16.7 19.9 23.1 22.6 22.2 22.0 20.3 20.4 19.2 17.5 16.3 16.5 15.7 14.2 -1.5 10th Grade 23.4 21.4 24.4 30.4 34.1 39.8 42.3 39.6 40.9 40.3 40.1 38.7 36.4 35.1 34.1 31.8 31.0 -0.8 12th Grade 36.7 32.6 35.3 38.2 41.7 44.9 49.6 49.1 49.7 48.8 49.0 47.8 46.1 45.7 44.8 42.3 41.8 -0.5
8th Grade 17.6 17.4 19.4 19.9 21.6 21.2 21.0 20.5 19.7 17.9 17.1 15.2 15.8 17.3 17.1 16.1 15.6 -0.5 10th Grade 15.7 16.6 17.5 18.0 19.0 19.3 18.3 18.3 17.0 16.6 15.2 13.5 12.7 12.4 13.1 13.3 13.6 +0.3 12th Grade 17.6 16.6 17.4 17.7 17.4 16.6 16.1 15.2 15.4 14.2 13.0 11.7 11.2 10.9 11.4 11.1 10.5 -0.6
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.7 1.7 0.8 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 +0.1
8th Grade 3.2 3.8 3.9 4.3 5.2 5.9 5.4 4.9 4.8 4.6‡ 5.2 4.1 4.0 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.1 -0.3 10th Grade 6.1 6.4 6.8 8.1 9.3 10.5 10.5 9.8 9.7 8.9‡ 8.9 7.8 6.9 6.4 5.8 6.1 6.4 +0.4 12th Grade 9.6 9.2 10.9 11.4 12.7 14.0 15.1 14.1 13.7 13.0‡ 14.7 12.0 10.6 9.7 8.8 8.3 8.4 0.0
8th Grade 2.7 3.2 3.5 3.7 4.4 5.1 4.7 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.4 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 0.0 10th Grade 5.6 5.8 6.2 7.2 8.4 9.4 9.5 8.5 8.5 7.6 6.3 5.0 3.5 2.8 2.5 2.7 3.0 +0.3 12th Grade 8.8 8.6 10.3 10.5 11.7 12.6 13.6 12.6 12.2 11.1 10.9 8.4 5.9 4.6 3.5 3.3 3.4 +0.1
8th Grade 1.4 1.7 1.7 2.2 2.5 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3‡ 3.9 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.8 2.6 -0.3 10th Grade 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.8 3.9 4.7 4.8 5.0 4.7 4.8‡ 6.6 6.3 5.9 5.8 5.2 5.5 5.7 +0.2 12th Grade 3.7 3.3 3.9 4.9 5.4 6.8 7.5 7.1 6.7 6.9‡ 10.4 9.2 9.0 8.7 8.1 7.8 7.7 -0.1
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.1 2.5 1.6 2.4 2.2 2.1 -0.1
Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Graders
Lifetime 2006–
TABLE 1
LSD
2007change
Any Illicit Druga
Than Marijuanaa,b
Hallucinogensb,f
Any Illicit Drug Other
Any Illicit Drug
Marijuana/Hashish
Inhalantsc,d
Nitritese
Including
(Table continued on next page)
Hallucinogens Other Than LSDb
PCPe
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
8th Grade — — — — — 3.4 3.2 2.7 2.7 4.3 5.2 4.3 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.3 -0.1 10th Grade — — — — — 5.6 5.7 5.1 6.0 7.3 8.0 6.6 5.4 4.3 4.0 4.5 5.2 +0.8 12th Grade — — — — — 6.1 6.9 5.8 8.0 11.0 11.7 10.5 8.3 7.5 5.4 6.5 6.5 0.0
8th Grade 2.3 2.9 2.9 3.6 4.2 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.3 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.4 3.1 -0.3 10th Grade 4.1 3.3 3.6 4.3 5.0 6.5 7.1 7.2 7.7 6.9 5.7 6.1 5.1 5.4 5.2 4.8 5.3 +0.5 12th Grade 7.8 6.1 6.1 5.9 6.0 7.1 8.7 9.3 9.8 8.6 8.2 7.8 7.7 8.1 8.0 8.5 7.8 -0.7
8th Grade 1.3 1.6 1.7 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.1 -0.2 10th Grade 1.7 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.8 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.1 3.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.3 0.0 12th Grade 3.1 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.9 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.2 -0.3
8th Grade 2.0 2.4 2.4 3.0 3.4 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 -0.1 10th Grade 3.8 3.0 3.3 3.8 4.4 5.5 6.1 6.4 6.8 6.0 5.0 5.2 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.8 +0.5 12th Grade 7.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.1 6.4 8.2 8.4 8.8 7.7 7.4 7.0 6.7 7.3 7.1 7.9 6.8 -1.1
8th Grade 1.2 1.4 1.4 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 -0.1 10th Grade 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 +0.1 12th Grade 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.4 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 +0.1
8th Grade — — — — 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 -0.1 10th Grade — — — — 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.0 12th Grade — — — — 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 -0.1
8th Grade — — — — 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 -0.2 10th Grade — — — — 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.0 12th Grade — — — — 1.4 1.7 2.1 1.6 1.8 2.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.4 +0.3
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 6.6 6.1 6.4 6.6 7.2 8.2 9.7 9.8 10.2 10.6 9.9‡ 13.5 13.2 13.5 12.8 13.4 13.1 -0.2
8th Grade 10.5 10.8 11.8 12.3 13.1 13.5 12.3 11.3 10.7 9.9 10.2 8.7 8.4 7.5 7.4 7.3 6.5 -0.8 10th Grade 13.2 13.1 14.9 15.1 17.4 17.7 17.0 16.0 15.7 15.7 16.0 14.9 13.1 11.9 11.1 11.2 11.1 -0.1 12th Grade 15.4 13.9 15.1 15.7 15.3 15.3 16.5 16.4 16.3 15.6 16.2 16.8 14.4 15.0 13.1 12.4 11.4 -1.0
8th Grade — — — — — — — — 4.5 4.2 4.4 3.5 3.9 2.5 3.1 2.7 1.8 -0.9 s 10th Grade — — — — — — — — 7.3 6.9 6.4 6.1 5.2 5.3 4.1 3.2 2.8 -0.4 12th Grade — — — — — — — — 8.2 7.9 6.9 6.7 6.2 6.2 4.5 4.4 3.0 -1.4 ss
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.4 5.3 4.8 4.0 4.1 4.7 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.4 3.4 -0.1
Methamphetaminem,n
Without a Needlej
Other Narcoticsk,l
2006–
With a Needlej
change2007
Other Cocaineh
MDMA (Ecstasy)g
Cocaine
Crack
Amphetaminesk
Heroini
TABLE 1 (cont.)Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs
Lifetime
for Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Graders
Crystal Meth. (Ice)n
(Table continued on next page)
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 6.2 5.5 6.3 7.0 7.4 7.6 8.1 8.7 8.9 9.2 8.7 9.5 8.8 9.9 10.5 10.2 9.3 -0.9
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 1.3 1.6 0.8 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 -0.3
8th Grade 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.5 5.3 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.4‡ 5.0 4.3 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.3 3.9 -0.5 10th Grade 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.4 6.0 7.1 7.3 7.8 7.9 8.0‡ 9.2 8.8 7.8 7.3 7.1 7.2 7.4 +0.2 12th Grade 7.2 6.0 6.4 6.6 7.1 7.2 7.8 8.5 9.3 8.9‡ 10.3 11.4 10.2 10.6 9.9 10.3 9.5 -0.8
8th Grade — — — — — 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 -0.1 10th Grade — — — — — 1.5 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.3 +0.5 12th Grade — — — — — 1.2 1.8 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.7 — — — — — — —
8th Grade 70.1 69.3‡ 55.7 55.8 54.5 55.3 53.8 52.5 52.1 51.7 50.5 47.0 45.6 43.9 41.0 40.5 38.9 -1.6 10th Grade 83.8 82.3‡ 71.6 71.1 70.5 71.8 72.0 69.8 70.6 71.4 70.1 66.9 66.0 64.2 63.2 61.5 61.7 +0.2 12th Grade 88.0 87.5‡ 80.0 80.4 80.7 79.2 81.7 81.4 80.0 80.3 79.7 78.4 76.6 76.8 75.1 72.7 72.2 -0.5
8th Grade 26.7 26.8 26.4 25.9 25.3 26.8 25.2 24.8 24.8 25.1 23.4 21.3 20.3 19.9 19.5 19.5 17.9 -1.6 10th Grade 50.0 47.7 47.9 47.2 46.9 48.5 49.4 46.7 48.9 49.3 48.2 44.0 42.4 42.3 42.1 41.4 41.2 -0.2 12th Grade 65.4 63.4 62.5 62.9 63.2 61.8 64.2 62.4 62.3 62.3 63.9 61.6 58.1 60.3 57.5 56.4 55.1 -1.3
Beveragese,m
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — 37.9 35.5 35.5 34.0 -1.4 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — 58.6 58.8 58.1 55.7 -2.3 12th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — 71.0 73.6 69.9 68.4 -1.4
8th Grade 44.0 45.2 45.3 46.1 46.4 49.2 47.3 45.7 44.1 40.5 36.6 31.4 28.4 27.9 25.9 24.6 22.1 -2.4 ss 10th Grade 55.1 53.5 56.3 56.9 57.6 61.2 60.2 57.7 57.6 55.1 52.8 47.4 43.0 40.7 38.9 36.1 34.6 -1.5 12th Grade 63.1 61.8 61.9 62.0 64.2 63.5 65.4 65.3 64.6 62.5 61.0 57.2 53.7 52.8 50.0 47.1 46.2 -0.9
8th Grade 22.2 20.7 18.7 19.9 20.0 20.4 16.8 15.0 14.4 12.8 11.7 11.2 11.3 11.0 10.1 10.2 9.1 -1.1 10th Grade 28.2 26.6 28.1 29.2 27.6 27.4 26.3 22.7 20.4 19.1 19.5 16.9 14.6 13.8 14.5 15.0 15.1 +0.1 12th Grade — 32.4 31.0 30.7 30.9 29.8 25.3 26.2 23.4 23.1 19.7 18.3 17.0 16.7 17.5 15.2 15.1 -0.1
8th Grade 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 -0.1 10th Grade 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.8 0.0 12th Grade 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.4 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.5 3.7 4.0 3.5 3.4 2.6 2.7 2.2 -0.5
Rohypnolp
change
Source: The Monitoring the Future study, the University of Michigan.
Steroidss
Alcohol, Any Useq
Cigarettes, Any Use
Been Drunkn
Flavored Alcoholic
Smokeless Tobaccor
Tranquilizersb,k
for Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Graders
Methaqualonee,k
Sedatives (Barbiturates)k
Lifetime
TABLE 1 (cont.)Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs
20072006–
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
8th Graders 17,500 18,600 18,300 17,300 17,500 17,800 18,600 18,100 16,700 16,700 16,200 15,100 16,500 17,000 16,800 16,500 16,100
10th Graders 14,800 14,800 15,300 15,800 17,000 15,600 15,500 15,000 13,600 14,300 14,000 14,300 15,800 16,400 16,200 16,200 16,100
12th Graders 15,000 15,800 16,300 15,400 15,400 14,300 15,400 15,200 13,600 12,800 12,800 12,900 14,600 14,600 14,700 14,200 14,500
indicated. For 12th graders only: Data based on one of six forms in 1996–2001; N is one sixth of N indicated. Data based on two of six forms beginning in 2002; N is
pFor 8th and 10th graders only: Data based on one of two forms in 1996; N is one half of N indicated. Data based on three of four forms in 1997–1998; N is two thirds
of N indicated. Data based on two of four forms in 1999–2001; N is one third of N indicated. Data based on one of four forms beginning in 2002; N is one sixth of N
changed forms only; N is one half of N indicated. In 2003, the remaining forms were changed to the new wording. The data are based on all forms beginning in 2003. mFor 8th and 10th graders only: Data based on one of four forms; N is one third of N indicated.nFor 12th graders only: Data based on two of six forms; N is two sixths of N indicated.
only: Data based on three of six forms; N is one half of N indicated. kOnly drug use not under a doctor’s orders is included here.lIn 2002 the question text was changed in half of the questionnaire forms. The list of examples of narcotics other than heroin was updated: Talwin, laudanum, and
paregoric—all of which had negligible rates of use by 2001—were replaced with Vicodin, OxyContin, and Percocet. The 2002 data presented here are based on the
prevalence-of-use estimates for the two most recent classes is due to rounding error.
Notes: Level of significance of difference between the two most recent classes: s = 0.05, ss = 0.01, sss = 0.001. "—" indicates data not available.
six forms in 1996–2001; N is one sixth of N indicated. Data based on two of six forms beginning in 2002; N is two sixths of N indicated.
"‡" indicates some change in the question. See relevant footnote for that drug. Any apparent inconsistency between the change estimate and the
aFor 12th graders only: Use of “any illicit drug” includes any use of marijuana, LSD, other hallucinogens, crack, other cocaine, or heroin; or any use of other narcotics,
amphetamines, sedatives (barbiturates), or tranquilizers not under a doctor’s orders. For 8th and 10th graders only: The use of other narcotics and sedatives (barbs)
presented here are based on the changed forms only; N is one half of N indicated. In 2002 the remaining forms were changed to the new wording. The data are
cFor 12th graders only: Data based on five of six forms in 1991–1998; N is five sixths of N indicated. Data based on three of six forms beginning in 1999; N is one half of
Weighted N s 1991
jFor 8th and 10th graders only: Data based on one of two forms in 1995; N is one half of N indicated. Data based on all forms beginning in 1996. For 12th graders
N indicated.dInhalants are unadjusted for underreporting of amyl and butyl nitrites.
has been excluded because these younger respondents appear to overreport use (perhaps because they include the use of nonprescription drugs in their answers). bIn 2001 the question text was changed on half of the questionnaire forms for each age group. “Other psychedelics” was changed to “other hallucinogens” and
“shrooms” was added to the list of examples. For the tranquilizer list of examples, Miltown was replaced with Xanax. For 8th, 10th, and 12th graders: The 2001 data
based on all forms beginning in 2002. Data for “any illicit drug other than marijuana” and “hallucinogens” are also affected by these changes and have been
handled in a parallel manner.
hFor 12th graders only: Data based on four of six forms; N is four sixths of N indicated.iIn 1995 the heroin question was changed in one of two forms for 8th and 10th graders and in three of six forms for 12th graders. Separate questions were asked for use
with injection and without injection. In 1996, the heroin question was changed in all remaining 8th- and 10th-grade forms. Data presented here represent the
combined data from all forms.
eFor 12th graders only: Data based on one of six forms; N is one sixth of N indicated.fHallucinogens are unadjusted for underreporting of PCP.gFor 8th and 10th graders only: Data based on one of two forms in 1996; N is one half of N indicated. Data based on one third of N indicated in 1997–2001 due to
changes in the questionnaire forms. Data based on two of four forms beginning in 2002; N is one half of N indicated. For 12th graders only: Data based on one of
5+ drinks, for which the prevalence of having five or more drinks in a row in the last two weeks is measured.
rFor 8th and 10th graders only: Data based on one of two forms for 1991–1996 and on two of four forms beginning in 1997; N is one half of N indicated. For 12th
graders only: Data based on one of six forms; N is one sixth of N indicated.
uFor 12th graders only: Data based on two of six forms in 2000; N is two sixths of N indicated. Data based on three of six forms in 2001; N is one half of N indicated.
Data based on one of six forms beginning in 2002; N is one sixth of N indicated.
N indicated.
effect from the wording change. The remaining forms were changed in 2005.
xDaily use is defined as use on 20 or more occasions in the past 30 days except for cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, for which actual daily use is measured, and for
one third of N indicated. Data for 2001 and 2002 are not comparable due to changes in the questionnaire forms. qFor 8th, 10th, and 12th graders: In 1993, the question text was changed slightly in half of the forms to indicate that a “drink” meant “more than just a few sips.” The
1993 data are based on the changed forms only; N is one half of N indicated for these groups. In 1994 the remaining forms were changed to the new wording. The
data are based on all forms beginning in 1994. In 2004, the question text was changed slightly in half of the forms. An examination of the data did not show any
yFor 12th graders only: Due to a coding error, previously released versions of this table contained values that were slightly off for the measure of five or more drinks in
a row for 2005 and 2006. These have been corrected here.
Footnotes for Tables 1 through 4
2006; N is one half of N indicated.
wThe 2003 flavored alcoholic beverage data were created by adjusting the 2004 data to reflect the change in the 2003 and 2004 "alcopops" data.
sFor 8th, 10th, and 12th graders: In 2006, the question text was changed slightly in some of the forms. An examination of the data did not show any effect from the
tFor 12th graders only: Data based on two of six forms in 2002–2005; N is two sixths of N indicated. Data based on three of six forms beginning in 2006; N is one half of
vData based on two of six forms in 2000; N is two sixths of N indicated. Data based on three of six forms beginning in 2001; N is one half of N
indicated.
wording change. For 12th graders only: Data based on two of six forms in 1991–2005; N is two sixths of N indicated. Data based on three of six forms beginning in
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
8th Grade 11.3 12.9 15.1 18.5 21.4 23.6 22.1 21.0 20.5 19.5 19.5 17.7 16.1 15.2 15.5 14.8 13.2 -1.6 s 10th Grade 21.4 20.4 24.7 30.0 33.3 37.5 38.5 35.0 35.9 36.4 37.2 34.8 32.0 31.1 29.8 28.7 28.1 -0.7 12th Grade 29.4 27.1 31.0 35.8 39.0 40.2 42.4 41.4 42.1 40.9 41.4 41.0 39.3 38.8 38.4 36.5 35.9 -0.5
8th Grade 8.4 9.3 10.4 11.3 12.6 13.1 11.8 11.0 10.5 10.2‡ 10.8 8.8 8.8 7.9 8.1 7.7 7.0 -0.7 10th Grade 12.2 12.3 13.9 15.2 17.5 18.4 18.2 16.6 16.7 16.7‡ 17.9 15.7 13.8 13.5 12.9 12.7 13.1 +0.4 12th Grade 16.2 14.9 17.1 18.0 19.4 19.8 20.7 20.2 20.7 20.4‡ 21.6 20.9 19.8 20.5 19.7 19.2 18.5 -0.7
Including Inhalantsa,c
8th Grade 16.7 18.2 21.1 24.2 27.1 28.7 27.2 26.2 25.3 24.0 23.9 21.4 20.4 20.2 20.4 19.7 18.0 -1.7 s 10th Grade 23.9 23.5 27.4 32.5 35.6 39.6 40.3 37.1 37.7 38.0 38.7 36.1 33.5 32.9 31.7 30.7 30.2 -0.5 12th Grade 31.2 28.8 32.5 37.6 40.2 41.9 43.3 42.4 42.8 42.5 42.6 42.1 40.5 39.1 40.3 38.0 37.0 -0.9
8th Grade 6.2 7.2 9.2 13.0 15.8 18.3 17.7 16.9 16.5 15.6 15.4 14.6 12.8 11.8 12.2 11.7 10.3 -1.4 s 10th Grade 16.5 15.2 19.2 25.2 28.7 33.6 34.8 31.1 32.1 32.2 32.7 30.3 28.2 27.5 26.6 25.2 24.6 -0.6 12th Grade 23.9 21.9 26.0 30.7 34.7 35.8 38.5 37.5 37.8 36.5 37.0 36.2 34.9 34.3 33.6 31.5 31.7 +0.2
8th Grade 9.0 9.5 11.0 11.7 12.8 12.2 11.8 11.1 10.3 9.4 9.1 7.7 8.7 9.6 9.5 9.1 8.3 -0.8 10th Grade 7.1 7.5 8.4 9.1 9.6 9.5 8.7 8.0 7.2 7.3 6.6 5.8 5.4 5.9 6.0 6.5 6.6 +0.2 12th Grade 6.6 6.2 7.0 7.7 8.0 7.6 6.7 6.2 5.6 5.9 4.5 4.5 3.9 4.2 5.0 4.5 3.7 -0.9
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 0.9 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.2 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.8 +0.3
8th Grade 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.6 4.1 3.7 3.4 2.9 2.8‡ 3.4 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.1 1.9 -0.1 10th Grade 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.8 7.2 7.8 7.6 6.9 6.9 6.1‡ 6.2 4.7 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.4 +0.3 12th Grade 5.8 5.9 7.4 7.6 9.3 10.1 9.8 9.0 9.4 8.1‡ 9.1 6.6 5.9 6.2 5.5 4.9 5.4 +0.5
8th Grade 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.4 3.2 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.2 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.1 +0.1 10th Grade 3.7 4.0 4.2 5.2 6.5 6.9 6.7 5.9 6.0 5.1 4.1 2.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.9 +0.2 12th Grade 5.2 5.6 6.8 6.9 8.4 8.8 8.4 7.6 8.1 6.6 6.6 3.5 1.9 2.2 1.8 1.7 2.1 +0.4
8th Grade 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4‡ 2.4 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.6 -0.2 10th Grade 1.3 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.1‡ 4.3 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.8 +0.2 12th Grade 2.0 1.7 2.2 3.1 3.8 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.4‡ 5.9 5.4 5.4 5.6 5.0 4.6 4.8 +0.2
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.6 2.3 2.1 1.8 2.3 1.8 1.1 1.3 0.7 1.3 0.7 0.9 +0.2
Annual
Hallucinogensb,f
Any Illicit Druga
Than Marijuanaa,b
TABLE 2
(Table continued on next page)
2007change
Any Illicit Drug
Marijuana/Hashish
Inhalantsc,d
Hallucinogens Other Than LSDb
PCPe
Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Graders
Any Illicit Drug Other
LSD
Nitritese
2006–
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
8th Grade — — — — — 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.7 3.1 3.5 2.9 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.5 +0.1 10th Grade — — — — — 4.6 3.9 3.3 4.4 5.4 6.2 4.9 3.0 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.5 +0.7 12th Grade — — — — — 4.6 4.0 3.6 5.6 8.2 9.2 7.4 4.5 4.0 3.0 4.1 4.5 +0.4
8th Grade 1.1 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.6 3.0 2.8 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 -0.1 10th Grade 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.4 3.6 4.0 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.4 +0.3 12th Grade 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.9 5.5 5.7 6.2 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.8 5.3 5.1 5.7 5.2 -0.5
8th Grade 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 +0.1 10th Grade 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.8 2.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.0 12th Grade 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.1 1.9 -0.1
8th Grade 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 -0.1 10th Grade 2.1 1.7 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.5 4.1 4.0 4.4 3.8 3.0 3.4 2.8 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.1 +0.1 12th Grade 3.2 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.4 4.2 5.0 4.9 5.8 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.7 4.5 5.2 4.5 -0.7
8th Grade 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.0 10th Grade 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.0 12th Grade 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.5 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 +0.2
8th Grade — — — — 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.0 10th Grade — — — — 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 12th Grade — — — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 -0.1
8th Grade — — — — 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 -0.1 10th Grade — — — — 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.0 12th Grade — — — — 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.6 1.0 +0.4 s
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.8 4.7 5.4 6.2 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.7‡ 9.4 9.3 9.5 9.0 9.0 9.2 +0.2
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.6 1.8 -0.7 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — 3.0 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.8 3.9 +0.1 12th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 4.3 5.2 +0.9
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.6 3.0 2.7 -0.3 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — 6.9 7.2 6.2 5.9 7.0 7.2 +0.2 12th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — 9.6 10.5 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.6 -0.2
8th Grade 6.2 6.5 7.2 7.9 8.7 9.1 8.1 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.7 5.5 5.5 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.2 -0.5 10th Grade 8.2 8.2 9.6 10.2 11.9 12.4 12.1 10.7 10.4 11.1 11.7 10.7 9.0 8.5 7.8 7.9 8.0 +0.1 12th Grade 8.2 7.1 8.4 9.4 9.3 9.5 10.2 10.1 10.2 10.5 10.9 11.1 9.9 10.0 8.6 8.1 7.5 -0.6
Annual
Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Graders
TABLE 2 (cont.)
Heroini
Cocaine
Other Cocaineh
Crack
2007change
MDMA (Ecstasy)g
Amphetaminesk
Vicodinm,t
OxyContinm,t
Other Narcoticsk,l
With a Needlej
Without a Needlej
2006–
(Table continued on next page)
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Ritalinm,n
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.1 -0.5 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — 4.8 4.8 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.6 2.8 -0.9 12th Grade — — — — — — — — — — 5.1 4.0 4.0 5.1 4.4 4.4 3.8 -0.6
8th Grade — — — — — — — — 3.2 2.5 2.8 2.2 2.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.1 -0.7 ss 10th Grade — — — — — — — — 4.6 4.0 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.0 2.9 1.8 1.6 -0.2 12th Grade — — — — — — — — 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.2 3.4 2.5 2.5 1.7 -0.8 s
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.8 2.4 2.8 2.3 3.0 1.9 2.2 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.9 1.6 -0.2
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 3.4 2.8 3.4 4.1 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.5 5.8 6.2 5.7 6.7 6.0 6.5 7.2 6.6 6.2 -0.4
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.5 -0.3
8th Grade 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.6‡ 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.4 -0.1 10th Grade 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.3 4.0 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.6‡ 7.3 6.3 5.3 5.1 4.8 5.2 5.3 0.0 12th Grade 3.6 2.8 3.5 3.7 4.4 4.6 4.7 5.5 5.8 5.7‡ 6.9 7.7 6.7 7.3 6.8 6.6 6.2 -0.5
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4.2 4.0 -0.1 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5.3 5.4 +0.1 12th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 6.9 5.8 -1.0
8th Grade — — — — — 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 +0.1 10th Grade — — — — — 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.7 +0.1 12th Grade — — — — — 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.9‡ 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.0 -0.1GHBm,u
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 -0.1 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 -0.1 12th Grade — — — — — — — — — 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.4 2.0 1.1 1.1 0.9 -0.2
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.0 +0.1 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.8 -0.2 12th Grade — — — — — — — — — 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.3 0.0
Annual
TABLE 2 (cont.)Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs
change
Methamphetaminem,n
(Table continued on next page)
Sedatives (Barbiturates)k
Icen
2007
Tranquilizersb,k
2006–
Methaqualonee,k
for Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Graders
OTC Cough/Cold Medicinesm,n
Ketaminem,v
Rohypnolp
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
8th Grade 54.0 53.7‡ 45.4 46.8 45.3 46.5 45.5 43.7 43.5 43.1 41.9 38.7 37.2 36.7 33.9 33.6 31.8 -1.8 10th Grade 72.3 70.2‡ 63.4 63.9 63.5 65.0 65.2 62.7 63.7 65.3 63.5 60.0 59.3 58.2 56.7 55.8 56.3 +0.4 12th Grade 77.7 76.8‡ 72.7 73.0 73.7 72.5 74.8 74.3 73.8 73.2 73.3 71.5 70.1 70.6 68.6 66.5 66.4 -0.1
8th Grade 17.5 18.3 18.2 18.2 18.4 19.8 18.4 17.9 18.5 18.5 16.6 15.0 14.5 14.5 14.1 13.9 12.6 -1.3 10th Grade 40.1 37.0 37.8 38.0 38.5 40.1 40.7 38.3 40.9 41.6 39.9 35.4 34.7 35.1 34.2 34.5 34.4 -0.1 12th Grade 52.7 50.3 49.6 51.7 52.5 51.9 53.2 52.0 53.2 51.8 53.2 50.4 48.0 51.8 47.7 47.9 46.1 -1.8
Flavored Alcoholic
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — 30.4 27.9 26.8 26.0 -0.8 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — 49.7 48.5 48.8 45.9 -2.9 s 12th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — 55.2 55.8 58.4 54.7 53.6 -1.0Bidism,n
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — 3.9 2.7 2.7 2.0 1.7 1.6 — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — 6.4 4.9 3.1 2.8 2.1 1.6 — — — 12th Grade — — — — — — — — — 9.2 7.0 5.9 4.0 3.6 3.3 2.3 1.7 -0.6Kreteksm,n
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — 2.6 2.6 2.0 1.9 1.4 — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — 6.0 4.9 3.8 3.7 2.8 — — — 12th Grade — — — — — — — — — — 10.1 8.4 6.7 6.5 7.1 6.2 6.8 +0.6
8th Grade 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 -0.1 10th Grade 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 -0.1 12th Grade 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.5 1.5 1.8 1.4 -0.3
2007change
Note: See Table 1 for relevant footnotes.Source: The Monitoring the Future study, the University of Michigan.
Been Drunkn
for Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Graders
Steroidss
Beveragese,m,w
Annual
Alcohol, Any Useq
2006–
TABLE 2 (cont.)Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
8th Grade 5.7 6.8 8.4 10.9 12.4 14.6 12.9 12.1 12.2 11.9 11.7 10.4 9.7 8.4 8.5 8.1 7.4 -0.7 10th Grade 11.6 11.0 14.0 18.5 20.2 23.2 23.0 21.5 22.1 22.5 22.7 20.8 19.5 18.3 17.3 16.8 16.9 +0.2 12th Grade 16.4 14.4 18.3 21.9 23.8 24.6 26.2 25.6 25.9 24.9 25.7 25.4 24.1 23.4 23.1 21.5 21.9 +0.4
8th Grade 3.8 4.7 5.3 5.6 6.5 6.9 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.6‡ 5.5 4.7 4.7 4.1 4.1 3.8 3.6 -0.2 10th Grade 5.5 5.7 6.5 7.1 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.6 8.6 8.5‡ 8.7 8.1 6.9 6.9 6.4 6.3 6.9 +0.6 12th Grade 7.1 6.3 7.9 8.8 10.0 9.5 10.7 10.7 10.4 10.4‡ 11.0 11.3 10.4 10.8 10.3 9.8 9.5 -0.3
Including Inhalantsa,c
8th Grade 8.8 10.0 12.0 14.3 16.1 17.5 16.0 14.9 15.1 14.4 14.0 12.6 12.1 11.2 11.2 10.9 10.1 -0.8 10th Grade 13.1 12.6 15.5 20.0 21.6 24.5 24.1 22.5 23.1 23.6 23.6 21.7 20.5 19.3 18.4 17.7 18.1 +0.4 12th Grade 17.8 15.5 19.3 23.0 24.8 25.5 26.9 26.6 26.4 26.4 26.5 25.9 24.6 23.3 24.2 22.1 22.8 +0.7
8th Grade 3.2 3.7 5.1 7.8 9.1 11.3 10.2 9.7 9.7 9.1 9.2 8.3 7.5 6.4 6.6 6.5 5.7 -0.8 10th Grade 8.7 8.1 10.9 15.8 17.2 20.4 20.5 18.7 19.4 19.7 19.8 17.8 17.0 15.9 15.2 14.2 14.2 -0.1 12th Grade 13.8 11.9 15.5 19.0 21.2 21.9 23.7 22.8 23.1 21.6 22.4 21.5 21.2 19.9 19.8 18.3 18.8 +0.4
8th Grade 4.4 4.7 5.4 5.6 6.1 5.8 5.6 4.8 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.8 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.1 3.9 -0.2 10th Grade 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.5 +0.3 12th Grade 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.2 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.2 -0.3
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5 +0.2
8th Grade 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.2‡ 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 +0.1 10th Grade 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.4 3.3 2.8 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.3‡ 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 +0.2 12th Grade 2.2 2.1 2.7 3.1 4.4 3.5 3.9 3.8 3.5 2.6‡ 3.3 2.3 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.7 +0.1
LSD 8th Grade 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 +0.1 10th Grade 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.0 3.0 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.3 1.6 1.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.0 12th Grade 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.6 4.0 2.5 3.1 3.2 2.7 1.6 2.3 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.0
Hallucinogens Other Than LSDb
8th Grade 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6‡ 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.0 10th Grade 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2‡ 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 +0.2 12th Grade 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7‡ 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.4 +0.1 PCPe
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 +0.1
Hallucinogensb,f
(Table continued on next page)
Any Illicit Druga
Marijuana/Hashish
Inhalantsc,d
Nitritese
Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuanaa,b
TABLE 3Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs
for Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Graders
200730-Day 2006–
change
Any Illicit Drug
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
8th Grade — — — — — 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.4 1.8 1.4 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.0 10th Grade — — — — — 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.6 2.6 1.8 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2 0.0 12th Grade — — — — — 2.0 1.6 1.5 2.5 3.6 2.8 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.6 +0.3
8th Grade 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 -0.1 10th Grade 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.3 -0.2 12th Grade 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.0 -0.6 s
8th Grade 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.0 10th Grade 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 -0.2 s 12th Grade 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.0
8th Grade 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 -0.1 10th Grade 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.1 -0.1 12th Grade 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.4 1.7 -0.7 s
8th Grade 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 +0.2 10th Grade 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.0 12th Grade 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.0
8th Grade — — — — 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 +0.1 s 10th Grade — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 12th Grade — — — — 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.1
8th Grade — — — — 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 10th Grade — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.1 12th Grade — — — — 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 +0.1
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.9 3.0‡ 4.0 4.1 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.8 +0.1
8th Grade 2.6 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.2 4.6 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.0 -0.1 10th Grade 3.3 3.6 4.3 4.5 5.3 5.5 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.4 5.6 5.2 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.5 4.0 +0.5 12th Grade 3.2 2.8 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.8 4.6 4.5 5.0 5.6 5.5 5.0 4.6 3.9 3.7 3.7 0.0
8th Grade — — — — — — — — 1.1 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.0 10th Grade — — — — — — — — 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.4 -0.3 12th Grade — — — — — — — — 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.6 -0.3
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 -0.1
Crystal Meth. (Ice)n
30-Day 2006–
Without a Needlej
Other Narcoticsk,l
Crack
Other Cocaineh
(Table continued on next page)
Methamphetaminem,n
Heroini
With a Needlej
MDMA (Ecstasy)g
Cocaine
TABLE 3 (cont.)Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs
for Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Graders
2007change
Amphetaminesk
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.6 3.0 2.8 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.3 3.0 2.7 -0.3
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12th Grade 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.0
8th Grade 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.4‡ 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 -0.2 10th Grade 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.5‡ 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.6 +0.2 12th Grade 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.4 2.5 2.6‡ 2.9 3.3 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.6 -0.1
8th Grade — — — — — 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 -0.1 10th Grade — — — — — 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 12th Grade — — — — — 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 — — — — — — —
8th Grade 25.1 26.1‡ 24.3 25.5 24.6 26.2 24.5 23.0 24.0 22.4 21.5 19.6 19.7 18.6 17.1 17.2 15.9 -1.3 10th Grade 42.8 39.9‡ 38.2 39.2 38.8 40.4 40.1 38.8 40.0 41.0 39.0 35.4 35.4 35.2 33.2 33.8 33.4 -0.4 12th Grade 54.0 51.3‡ 48.6 50.1 51.3 50.8 52.7 52.0 51.0 50.0 49.8 48.6 47.5 48.0 47.0 45.3 44.4 -0.9
8th Grade 7.6 7.5 7.8 8.7 8.3 9.6 8.2 8.4 9.4 8.3 7.7 6.7 6.7 6.2 6.0 6.2 5.5 -0.7 10th Grade 20.5 18.1 19.8 20.3 20.8 21.3 22.4 21.1 22.5 23.5 21.9 18.3 18.2 18.5 17.6 18.8 18.1 -0.7 12th Grade 31.6 29.9 28.9 30.8 33.2 31.3 34.2 32.9 32.9 32.3 32.7 30.3 30.9 32.5 30.2 30.0 28.7 -1.3
Flavored Alcoholic Beveragese,m
8th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — 14.6 12.9 13.1 12.2 -0.9 10th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — 25.1 23.1 24.7 21.8 -2.9 ss 12th Grade — — — — — — — — — — — — — 31.1 30.5 29.3 29.1 -0.2
8th Grade 14.3 15.5 16.7 18.6 19.1 21.0 19.4 19.1 17.5 14.6 12.2 10.7 10.2 9.2 9.3 8.7 7.1 -1.6 ss 10th Grade 20.8 21.5 24.7 25.4 27.9 30.4 29.8 27.6 25.7 23.9 21.3 17.7 16.7 16.0 14.9 14.5 14.0 -0.5 12th Grade 28.3 27.8 29.9 31.2 33.5 34.0 36.5 35.1 34.6 31.4 29.5 26.7 24.4 25.0 23.2 21.6 21.6 0.0
8th Grade 6.9 7.0 6.6 7.7 7.1 7.1 5.5 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.3 4.1 4.1 3.3 3.7 3.2 -0.5 10th Grade 10.0 9.6 10.4 10.5 9.7 8.6 8.9 7.5 6.5 6.1 6.9 6.1 5.3 4.9 5.6 5.7 6.1 +0.4 12th Grade — 11.4 10.7 11.1 12.2 9.8 9.7 8.8 8.4 7.6 7.8 6.5 6.7 6.7 7.6 6.1 6.6 +0.5
8th Grade 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 -0.1 10th Grade 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 -0.1 12th Grade 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.6 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.0
Sedatives (Barbiturates)k
Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Drugsfor Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Graders
2007change
30-Day 2006–
TABLE 3 (cont.)
Methaqualonee,k
Source: The Monitoring the Future study, the University of Michigan.Note: See Table 1 for relevant footnotes.
Smokeless Tobaccor
Tranquilizersb,k
Rohypnolp
Steroidss
Alcohol, Any Useq
Cigarettes, Any Use
Been Drunkn
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Dailyw
8th Grade 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 -0.2 10th Grade 0.8 0.8 1.0 2.2 2.8 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.8 4.5 3.9 3.6 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.8 +0.1 12th Grade 2.0 1.9 2.4 3.6 4.6 4.9 5.8 5.6 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.0 5.0 5.1 +0.1Alcoholp,w
Any Daily Use 8th Grade 0.5 0.6‡ 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 +0.1 10th Grade 1.3 1.2‡ 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 0.0 12th Grade 3.6 3.4‡ 3.4 2.9 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.4 2.9 3.6 3.5 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.0 3.1 0.0
Dailyn,w
8th Grade 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 10th Grade 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.0 12th Grade 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.0 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.3 -0.2
5+ Drinks in a Row
8th Grade 12.9 13.4 13.5 14.5 14.5 15.6 14.5 13.7 15.2 14.1 13.2 12.4 11.9 11.4 10.5 10.9 10.3 -0.6 10th Grade 22.9 21.1 23.0 23.6 24.0 24.8 25.1 24.3 25.6 26.2 24.9 22.4 22.2 22.0 21.0 21.9 21.9 0.0 12th Grade 29.8 27.9 27.5 28.2 29.8 30.2 31.3 31.5 30.8 30.0 29.7 28.6 27.9 29.2 27.1 25.4 25.9 +0.5
Cigarettes Any Daily Use 8th Grade 7.2 7.0 8.3 8.8 9.3 10.4 9.0 8.8 8.1 7.4 5.5 5.1 4.5 4.4 4.0 4.0 3.0 -0.9 s 10th Grade 12.6 12.3 14.2 14.6 16.3 18.3 18.0 15.8 15.9 14.0 12.2 10.1 8.9 8.3 7.5 7.6 7.2 -0.4 12th Grade 18.5 17.2 19.0 19.4 21.6 22.2 24.6 22.4 23.1 20.6 19.0 16.9 15.8 15.6 13.6 12.2 12.3 +0.1
1/2 Pack+/Day 8th Grade 3.1 2.9 3.5 3.6 3.4 4.3 3.5 3.6 3.3 2.8 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.1 -0.4 10th Grade 6.5 6.0 7.0 7.6 8.3 9.4 8.6 7.9 7.6 6.2 5.5 4.4 4.1 3.3 3.1 3.3 2.7 -0.5 12th Grade 10.7 10.0 10.9 11.2 12.4 13.0 14.3 12.6 13.2 11.3 10.3 9.1 8.4 8.0 6.9 5.9 5.7 -0.2
8th Grade 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.8 +0.1 10th Grade 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.5 1.9 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.6 -0.1 12th Grade — 4.3 3.3 3.9 3.6 3.3 4.4 3.2 2.9 3.2 2.8 2.0 2.2 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.8 +0.7
change
TABLE 4Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of Various Drugs
for Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Graders
2007Daily 2006–
Source: The Monitoring the Future study, the University of Michigan.Note: See Table 1 for relevant footnotes.
Dailyq
Marijuana/Hashish
Been Drunk
Smokeless Tobacco
in Last 2 Weeksx
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Try
mar
ijuan
a on
ce o
r tw
ice
40.4
39.1
36.2
31.6
28.9
27.9
25.3
28.1
28.0
29.0
27.7
28.2
30.2
31.9
31.4
32.2
32.8
+0.6
Smok
e m
ariju
ana
occa
siona
lly57
.956
.353
.848
.645
.944
.343
.145
.045
.747
.446
.346
.048
.650
.548
.948
.950
.2+1
.3Sm
oke
mar
ijuan
a re
gula
rly83
.882
.079
.674
.373
.070
.972
.773
.073
.374
.872
.271
.774
.276
.273
.973
.274
.3+1
.1Tr
y in
hala
nts o
nce
or tw
ice
b35
.937
.036
.537
.936
.440
.840
.138
.940
.841
.245
.642
.840
.338
.737
.535
.835
.9+0
.1Ta
ke in
hala
nts r
egul
arly
b65
.664
.464
.665
.564
.868
.268
.767
.268
.869
.971
.669
.967
.466
.464
.162
.161
.9-0
.2Ta
ke L
SD o
nce
or tw
ice
c—
—42
.138
.336
.736
.537
.034
.934
.134
.031
.629
.627
.926
.825
.823
.822
.8-1
.0Ta
ke L
SD re
gula
rlyc
——
68.3
65.8
64.4
63.6
64.1
59.6
58.8
57.5
52.9
49.3
48.2
45.2
44.0
40.0
38.5
-1.5
Try
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
) onc
e or
twic
ed
——
——
——
——
——
35.8
38.9
41.9
42.5
40.0
32.8
30.4
-2.3
Take
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
) occ
asio
nally
d—
——
——
——
——
—55
.561
.865
.865
.160
.852
.048
.6-3
.4s
Try
crac
k on
ce o
r tw
ice
b62
.861
.257
.254
.450
.851
.049
.949
.348
.748
.548
.647
.448
.749
.049
.647
.647
.3-0
.3Ta
ke c
rack
occ
asio
nally
b82
.279
.676
.874
.472
.171
.671
.270
.670
.670
.170
.069
.770
.370
.469
.468
.768
.3-0
.5Tr
y co
cain
e po
wd
er o
nce
or tw
ice
b55
.554
.150
.748
.444
.945
.245
.044
.043
.343
.343
.943
.243
.744
.444
.243
.543
.5+0
.1Ta
ke c
ocai
ne p
owd
er o
ccas
iona
llyb
77.0
74.3
71.8
69.1
66.4
65.7
65.8
65.2
65.4
65.5
65.8
64.9
65.8
66.0
65.3
64.0
64.2
+0.2
Try
hero
in o
nce
or tw
ice
with
out u
sing
a ne
edle
c—
——
—60
.161
.363
.062
.863
.062
.061
.162
.662
.761
.661
.460
.460
.3-0
.2Ta
ke h
eroi
n oc
casio
nally
with
out u
sing
a ne
edle
c—
——
—76
.876
.679
.279
.078
.978
.678
.578
.577
.877
.576
.875
.376
.4+1
.1Tr
y on
e or
two
drin
ks o
f an
alco
holic
bev
erag
e (
beer
, win
e, liq
uor)
11.0
12.1
12.4
11.6
11.6
11.8
10.4
12.1
11.6
11.9
12.2
12.5
12.6
13.7
13.9
14.2
14.9
+0.7
Take
one
or t
wo
drin
ks n
early
eve
ry d
ay31
.832
.432
.629
.930
.528
.629
.130
.329
.730
.430
.029
.629
.931
.031
.431
.332
.6+1
.4Ha
ve fi
ve o
r mor
e d
rinks
onc
e or
twic
e e
ach
wee
kend
59.1
58.0
57.7
54.7
54.1
51.8
55.6
56.0
55.3
55.9
56.1
56.4
56.5
56.9
57.2
56.4
57.9
+1.4
Smok
e on
e or
mor
e pa
cks o
f cig
aret
tes p
er d
aye
51.6
50.8
52.7
50.8
49.8
50.4
52.6
54.3
54.8
58.8
57.1
57.5
57.7
62.4
61.5
59.4
61.1
+1.7
Use
smok
eles
s tob
acco
regu
larly
35.1
35.1
36.9
35.5
33.5
34.0
35.2
36.5
37.1
39.0
38.2
39.4
39.7
41.3
40.8
39.5
41.8
+2.2
Take
ster
oid
sf64
.269
.570
.267
.6—
——
——
——
——
——
——
—A
ppro
ximat
e N
=17
,400
18,7
0018
,400
17,4
0017
,500
17,9
0018
,800
18,1
0016
,700
16,7
0016
,200
15,1
0016
,500
17,0
0016
,800
16,5
0016
,100
dD
ata
base
d o
n on
e th
ird o
f N in
dic
ated
.e Be
ginn
ing
in 1
999,
dat
a ba
sed
on
two
third
s of N
ind
icat
ed d
ue to
cha
nges
in q
uest
ionn
aire
form
s.f D
ata
base
d o
n tw
o fo
rms i
n 19
91 a
nd 1
992.
Dat
a ba
sed
on
one
of tw
o fo
rms i
n 19
93 a
nd 1
994;
N is
one
hal
f of N
ind
icat
ed.
Sour
ce:
The
Mon
itorin
g th
e Fu
ture
stud
y, th
e Un
iver
sity
of M
ichi
gan.
aA
nsw
er a
ltern
ativ
es w
ere:
(1)
No
risk,
(2) S
light
risk
, (3)
Mod
erat
e ris
k, (4
) Gre
at ri
sk, a
nd (5
) Can
’t sa
y, d
rug
unfa
milia
r.bBe
ginn
ing
in 1
997,
dat
a ba
sed
on
two
third
s of N
ind
icat
ed d
ue to
cha
nges
in q
uest
ionn
aire
form
s.c D
ata
base
d o
n on
e of
two
form
s in
1993
–199
6; N
is o
ne h
alf o
f N in
dic
ated
. Be
ginn
ing
in 1
997,
dat
a ba
sed
on
one
third
of N
ind
icat
ed d
ue to
cha
nges
in q
uest
ionn
aire
form
s.
Not
es:
Le
vel o
f sig
nific
ance
of d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o m
ost r
ecen
t cla
sses
: s =
0.0
5, ss
= 0
.01,
sss =
0.0
01.
"—" i
ndic
ates
dat
a no
t ava
ilabl
e.
TA
BL
E 5
T
rend
s in
Har
mfu
lnes
s of D
rugs
as P
erce
ived
by
Eig
hth
Gra
ders
A
ny a
ppar
ent i
ncon
siste
ncy
betw
een
the
chan
ge e
stim
ate
and
the
prev
alen
ce-o
f-use
est
imat
es fo
r the
two
mos
t rec
ent c
lass
es is
due
to ro
und
ing
erro
r.
Perc
enta
ge sa
ying
"gre
at ri
sk"a
How
muc
h d
o yo
u th
ink
peop
le ri
sk h
arm
ing
them
selv
es (p
hysic
ally
or i
n ot
her w
ays)
, if t
hey
. . .
2007
chan
ge
2006
–
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Try
mar
ijuan
a on
ce o
r tw
ice
30.0
31.9
29.7
24.4
21.5
20.0
18.8
19.6
19.2
18.5
17.9
19.9
21.1
22.0
22.3
22.2
22.2
0.0
Smok
e m
ariju
ana
occa
siona
lly48
.648
.946
.138
.935
.432
.831
.932
.533
.532
.431
.232
.034
.936
.236
.635
.636
.0+0
.4Sm
oke
mar
ijuan
a re
gula
rly82
.181
.178
.571
.367
.965
.965
.965
.865
.964
.762
.860
.863
.965
.665
.564
.964
.5-0
.4Tr
y in
hala
nts o
nce
or tw
ice
b37
.838
.740
.942
.741
.647
.247
.545
.848
.246
.649
.948
.747
.746
.745
.743
.943
.0-0
.9Ta
ke in
hala
nts r
egul
arly
b69
.867
.969
.671
.571
.875
.874
.573
.376
.375
.076
.473
.472
.273
.071
.270
.268
.6-1
.6Ta
ke L
SD o
nce
or tw
ice
c—
—48
.746
.544
.745
.144
.543
.545
.043
.041
.340
.140
.840
.640
.338
.835
.4-3
.4s
Take
LSD
regu
larly
c —
—78
.975
.975
.575
.373
.872
.373
.972
.068
.864
.963
.063
.160
.860
.756
.8-4
.0ss
Try
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
) onc
e or
twic
ed
——
——
——
——
——
39.4
43.5
49.7
52.0
51.4
48.4
45.3
-3.1
Take
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
) occ
asio
nally
d—
——
——
——
——
—64
.867
.371
.774
.672
.871
.368
.2-3
.1s
Try
crac
k on
ce o
r tw
ice
b70
.469
.666
.664
.760
.960
.959
.258
.057
.856
.157
.157
.457
.656
.757
.056
.656
.4-0
.2Ta
ke c
rack
occ
asio
nally
b87
.486
.484
.483
.181
.280
.378
.777
.579
.176
.977
.375
.776
.476
.776
.976
.276
.0-0
.2Tr
y co
cain
e po
wd
er o
nce
or tw
ice
b59
.159
.257
.556
.453
.553
.652
.250
.951
.648
.850
.651
.351
.850
.751
.350
.249
.5-0
.7Ta
ke c
ocai
ne p
owd
er o
ccas
iona
llyb
82.2
80.1
79.1
77.8
75.6
75.0
73.9
71.8
73.6
70.9
72.3
71.0
71.4
72.2
72.4
71.3
70.9
-0.4
Try
hero
in o
nce
or tw
ice
with
out u
sing
a ne
edle
c—
——
—70
.772
.173
.171
.773
.771
.772
.072
.270
.672
.072
.470
.070
.5+0
.5Ta
ke h
eroi
n oc
casio
nally
with
out u
sing
a ne
edle
c—
——
—85
.185
.886
.584
.986
.585
.285
.483
.483
.585
.485
.283
.684
.2+0
.6Tr
y on
e or
two
drin
ks o
f an
alco
holic
bev
erag
e (
beer
, win
e, liq
uor)
9.0
10.1
10.9
9.4
9.3
8.9
9.0
10.1
10.5
9.6
9.8
11.5
11.5
10.8
11.5
11.1
11.6
+0.5
Take
one
or t
wo
drin
ks n
early
eve
ry d
ay36
.136
.835
.932
.531
.731
.231
.831
.932
.932
.331
.531
.030
.931
.332
.631
.733
.3+1
.6Ha
ve fi
ve o
r mor
e d
rinks
onc
e or
twic
e e
ach
wee
kend
54.7
55.9
54.9
52.9
52.0
50.9
51.8
52.5
51.9
51.0
50.7
51.7
51.6
51.7
53.3
52.4
54.1
+1.7
Smok
e on
e or
mor
e pa
cks o
f cig
aret
tes p
er d
aye
60.3
59.3
60.7
59.0
57.0
57.9
59.9
61.9
62.7
65.9
64.7
64.3
65.7
68.4
68.1
67.7
68.2
+0.4
Use
smok
eles
s tob
acco
regu
larly
40.3
39.6
44.2
42.2
38.2
41.0
42.2
42.8
44.2
46.7
46.2
46.9
48.0
47.8
46.1
45.9
46.7
+0.8
Take
ster
oid
sf67
.172
.773
.472
.5—
——
——
——
——
——
——
—A
ppro
ximat
e N
=14
,700
14,8
0015
,300
15,9
0017
,000
15,7
0015
,600
15,0
0013
,600
14,3
0014
,000
14,3
0015
,800
16,4
0016
,200
16,2
0016
,100
TA
BL
E 6
T
rend
s in
Har
mfu
lnes
s of D
rugs
as P
erce
ived
by
Ten
th G
rade
rs
Perc
enta
ge sa
ying
"gre
at ri
sk"a
How
muc
h d
o yo
u th
ink
peop
le ri
sk h
arm
ing
them
selv
es (p
hysic
ally
or i
n ot
her w
ays)
, if t
hey
. . .
2007
chan
ge
2006
–
dD
ata
base
d o
n on
e th
ird o
f N in
dic
ated
.e Be
ginn
ing
in 1
999,
dat
a ba
sed
on
two
third
s of N
ind
icat
ed d
ue to
cha
nges
in q
uest
ionn
aire
form
s.f D
ata
base
d o
n tw
o fo
rms i
n 19
91 a
nd 1
992.
Dat
a ba
sed
on
one
of tw
o fo
rms i
n 19
93 a
nd 1
994;
N is
one
hal
f of N
ind
icat
ed.
Sour
ce:
The
Mon
itorin
g th
e Fu
ture
stud
y, th
e Un
iver
sity
of M
ichi
gan.
aA
nsw
er a
ltern
ativ
es w
ere:
(1)
No
risk,
(2) S
light
risk
, (3)
Mod
erat
e ris
k, (4
) Gre
at ri
sk, a
nd (5
) Can
’t sa
y, d
rug
unfa
milia
r.bBe
ginn
ing
in 1
997,
dat
a ba
sed
on
two
third
s of N
ind
icat
ed d
ue to
cha
nges
in q
uest
ionn
aire
form
s.c D
ata
base
d o
n on
e of
two
form
s in
1993
–199
6; N
is o
ne h
alf o
f N in
dic
ated
. Be
ginn
ing
in 1
997,
dat
a ba
sed
on
one
third
of N
ind
icat
ed d
ue to
cha
nges
in q
uest
ionn
aire
form
s.
Not
es:
Le
vel o
f sig
nific
ance
of d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o m
ost r
ecen
t cla
sses
: s =
0.0
5, ss
= 0
.01,
sss =
0.0
01.
"—" i
ndic
ates
dat
a no
t ava
ilabl
e.
A
ny a
ppar
ent i
ncon
siste
ncy
betw
een
the
chan
ge e
stim
ate
and
the
prev
alen
ce-o
f-use
est
imat
es fo
r the
two
mos
t rec
ent c
lass
es is
due
to ro
und
ing
erro
r.
How
muc
h d
o yo
u th
ink
peop
le ri
sk h
arm
ing
them
selv
es (p
hysic
ally
or i
n ot
her w
ays)
,if
they
. . .
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Try
mar
ijuan
a on
ce o
r tw
ice
15.1
11.4
9.5
8.1
9.4
10.0
13.0
11.5
12.7
14.7
14.8
15.1
18.4
19.0
23.6
23.1
27.1
Smok
e m
ariju
ana
occa
siona
lly18
.115
.013
.412
.413
.514
.719
.118
.320
.622
.624
.525
.030
.431
.736
.536
.940
.6Sm
oke
mar
ijuan
a re
gula
rly43
.338
.636
.434
.942
.050
.457
.660
.462
.866
.970
.471
.373
.577
.077
.577
.878
.6Tr
y LS
D o
nce
or tw
ice
49.4
45.7
43.2
42.7
41.6
43.9
45.5
44.9
44.7
45.4
43.5
42.0
44.9
45.7
46.0
44.7
46.6
Take
LSD
regu
larly
81
.480
.879
.181
.182
.483
.083
.583
.583
.283
.882
.982
.683
.884
.284
.384
.584
.3Tr
y PC
P on
ce o
r tw
ice
——
——
——
——
——
——
55.6
58.8
56.6
55.2
51.7
Try
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
) onc
e or
twic
e—
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
Try
coca
ine
once
or t
wic
e42
.639
.135
.633
.231
.531
.332
.132
.833
.035
.734
.033
.547
.951
.254
.959
.459
.4Ta
ke c
ocai
ne o
ccas
iona
lly—
——
——
——
——
——
54.2
66.8
69.2
71.8
73.9
75.5
Take
coc
aine
regu
larly
73.1
72.3
68.2
68.2
69.5
69.2
71.2
73.0
74.3
78.8
79.0
82.2
88.5
89.2
90.2
91.1
90.4
Try
crac
k on
ce o
r tw
ice
——
——
——
——
——
——
57.0
62.1
62.9
64.3
60.6
Take
cra
ck o
ccas
iona
lly—
——
——
——
——
——
—70
.473
.275
.380
.476
.5Ta
ke c
rack
regu
larly
——
——
——
——
——
——
84.6
84.8
85.6
91.6
90.1
Try
coca
ine
pow
der
onc
e or
twic
e—
——
——
——
——
——
—45
.351
.753
.853
.953
.6Ta
ke c
ocai
ne p
owd
er o
ccas
iona
lly—
——
——
——
——
——
—56
.861
.965
.871
.169
.8Ta
ke c
ocai
ne p
owd
er re
gula
rly—
——
——
——
——
——
—81
.482
.983
.990
.288
.9Tr
y he
roin
onc
e or
twic
e60
.158
.955
.852
.950
.452
.152
.951
.150
.849
.847
.345
.853
.654
.053
.855
.455
.2Ta
ke h
eroi
n oc
casio
nally
75.6
75.6
71.9
71.4
70.9
70.9
72.2
69.8
71.8
70.7
69.8
68.2
74.6
73.8
75.5
76.6
74.9
Take
her
oin
regu
larly
87.2
88.6
86.1
86.6
87.5
86.2
87.5
86.0
86.1
87.2
86.0
87.1
88.7
88.8
89.5
90.2
89.6
Try
hero
in o
nce
or tw
ice
with
out u
sing
a ne
edle
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
—Ta
ke h
eroi
n oc
casio
nally
with
out u
sing
a ne
edle
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
—Tr
y am
phet
amin
es o
nce
or tw
ice
35.4
33.4
30.8
29.9
29.7
29.7
26.4
25.3
24.7
25.4
25.2
25.1
29.1
29.6
32.8
32.2
36.3
Take
am
phet
amin
es re
gula
rly69
.067
.366
.667
.169
.969
.166
.164
.764
.867
.167
.267
.369
.469
.871
.271
.274
.1Tr
y cr
ysta
l met
h. (i
ce) o
nce
or tw
ice
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
61.6
Try
sed
ativ
es (b
arbi
tura
tes)
onc
e or
twic
eb
34.8
32.5
31.2
31.3
30.7
30.9
28.4
27.5
27.0
27.4
26.1
25.4
30.9
29.7
32.2
32.4
35.1
Take
sed
ativ
es (b
arbi
tura
tes)
regu
larly
b69
.167
.768
.668
.471
.672
.269
.967
.667
.768
.568
.367
.269
.469
.670
.570
.270
.5Tr
y on
e or
two
drin
ks o
f an
alco
holic
bev
erag
e (
beer
, win
e, liq
uor)
5.3
4.8
4.1
3.4
4.1
3.8
4.6
3.5
4.2
4.6
5.0
4.6
6.2
6.0
6.0
8.3
9.1
Take
one
or t
wo
drin
ks n
early
eve
ry d
ay21
.521
.218
.519
.622
.620
.321
.621
.621
.623
.024
.425
.126
.227
.328
.531
.332
.7Ta
ke fo
ur o
r fiv
e d
rinks
nea
rly e
very
day
63.5
61.0
62.9
63.1
66.2
65.7
64.5
65.5
66.8
68.4
69.8
66.5
69.7
68.5
69.8
70.9
69.5
Have
five
or m
ore
drin
ks o
nce
or tw
ice
eac
h w
eeke
nd37
.837
.034
.734
.534
.935
.936
.336
.038
.641
.743
.039
.141
.942
.644
.047
.148
.6Sm
oke
one
or m
ore
pack
s of c
igar
ette
s per
day
51.3
56.4
58.4
59.0
63.0
63.7
63.3
60.5
61.2
63.8
66.5
66.0
68.6
68.0
67.2
68.2
69.4
Use
smok
eles
s tob
acco
regu
larly
——
——
——
——
——
—25
.830
.033
.232
.934
.237
.4Ta
ke st
eroi
ds
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
63.8
69.9
65.6
App
roxim
ate
N =
2,80
42,
918
3,05
23,
770
3,25
03,
234
3,60
43,
557
3,30
53,
262
3,25
03,
020
3,31
53,
276
2,79
62,
553
2,54
9
TA
BL
E 7
T
rend
s in
Har
mfu
lnes
s of D
rugs
as P
erce
ived
by
Tw
elft
h G
rade
rs
Perc
enta
ge sa
ying
"gre
at ri
sk"a
Cla
ss o
f:
A
ny a
ppar
ent i
ncon
siste
ncy
betw
een
the
chan
ge e
stim
ate
and
the
prev
alen
ce-o
f-use
est
imat
es fo
r the
two
mos
t rec
ent c
lass
es is
due
to ro
und
ing
erro
r.
Not
es:
Le
vel o
f sig
nific
ance
of d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o m
ost r
ecen
t cla
sses
: s =
0.0
5, ss
= 0
.01,
sss =
0.0
01.
"—" i
ndic
ates
dat
a no
t ava
ilabl
e. "
‡" in
dic
ates
som
e ch
ange
in th
e qu
estio
n. S
ee re
leva
nt fo
otno
te.
Sour
ce:
The
Mon
itorin
g th
e Fu
ture
stud
y, th
e Un
iver
sity
of M
ichi
gan.
Con
t.
How
muc
h d
o yo
u th
ink
peop
le ri
sk h
arm
ing
them
selv
es (p
hysic
ally
or i
n ot
her w
ays)
,if
they
. . .
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Try
mar
ijuan
a on
ce o
r tw
ice
24.5
21.9
19.5
16.3
15.6
14.9
16.7
15.7
13.7
15.3
16.1
16.1
15.9
16.1
17.8
18.6
+0.8
Smok
e m
ariju
ana
occa
siona
lly39
.635
.630
.125
.625
.924
.724
.423
.923
.423
.523
.226
.625
.425
.825
.927
.1+1
.2Sm
oke
mar
ijuan
a re
gula
rly76
.572
.565
.060
.859
.958
.158
.557
.458
.357
.453
.054
.954
.658
.057
.954
.8-3
.1Tr
y LS
D o
nce
or tw
ice
42.3
39.5
38.8
36.4
36.2
34.7
37.4
34.9
34.3
33.2
36.7
36.2
36.2
36.5
36.1
37.0
+1.0
Take
LSD
regu
larly
81
.879
.479
.178
.177
.876
.676
.576
.175
.974
.173
.972
.370
.269
.969
.367
.3-2
.0Tr
y PC
P on
ce o
r tw
ice
54.8
50.8
51.5
49.1
51.0
48.8
46.8
44.8
45.0
46.2
48.3
45.2
47.1
46.6
47.0
48.0
+1.1
Try
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
) onc
e or
twic
e—
——
——
33.8
34.5
35.0
37.9
45.7
52.2
56.3
57.7
60.1
59.3
58.1
-1.2
Try
coca
ine
once
or t
wic
e56
.857
.657
.253
.754
.253
.654
.652
.151
.150
.751
.251
.050
.750
.552
.551
.3-1
.2Ta
ke c
ocai
ne o
ccas
iona
lly75
.173
.373
.770
.872
.172
.470
.170
.169
.569
.968
.369
.167
.266
.769
.868
.8-1
.0Ta
ke c
ocai
ne re
gula
rly90
.290
.189
.387
.988
.387
.186
.385
.886
.284
.184
.583
.082
.282
.884
.683
.3-1
.3Tr
y cr
ack
once
or t
wic
e62
.457
.658
.454
.656
.054
.052
.248
.248
.449
.450
.847
.347
.848
.447
.847
.3-0
.5Ta
ke c
rack
occ
asio
nally
76.3
73.9
73.8
72.8
71.4
70.3
68.7
67.3
65.8
65.4
65.6
64.0
64.5
63.8
64.8
63.6
-1.2
Take
cra
ck re
gula
rly89
.387
.589
.688
.688
.086
.285
.385
.485
.385
.884
.183
.283
.583
.382
.882
.6-0
.2Tr
y co
cain
e po
wd
er o
nce
or tw
ice
57.1
53.2
55.4
52.0
53.2
51.4
48.5
46.1
47.0
49.0
49.5
46.2
45.4
46.2
45.8
45.1
-0.7
Take
coc
aine
pow
der
occ
asio
nally
70.8
68.6
70.6
69.1
68.8
67.7
65.4
64.2
64.7
63.2
64.4
61.4
61.6
60.8
61.9
59.9
-2.1
Take
coc
aine
pow
der
regu
larly
88.4
87.0
88.6
87.8
86.8
86.0
84.1
84.6
85.5
84.4
84.2
82.3
81.7
82.7
82.1
81.5
-0.6
Try
hero
in o
nce
or tw
ice
50.9
50.7
52.8
50.9
52.5
56.7
57.8
56.0
54.2
55.6
56.0
58.0
56.6
55.2
59.1
58.4
-0.7
Take
her
oin
occa
siona
lly74
.272
.072
.171
.074
.876
.376
.977
.374
.675
.976
.678
.575
.776
.079
.176
.2-2
.9Ta
ke h
eroi
n re
gula
rly89
.288
.388
.087
.289
.588
.989
.189
.989
.288
.388
.589
.386
.887
.589
.787
.8-1
.9Tr
y he
roin
onc
e or
twic
e w
ithou
t usin
g a
need
le—
——
55.6
58.6
60.5
59.6
58.5
61.6
60.7
60.6
58.9
61.2
60.5
62.6
60.2
-2.4
Take
her
oin
occa
siona
lly w
ithou
t usin
g a
need
le—
——
71.2
71.0
74.3
73.4
73.6
74.7
74.4
74.7
73.0
76.1
73.3
76.2
73.9
-2.4
Try
amph
etam
ines
onc
e or
twic
e32
.631
.331
.428
.830
.831
.035
.332
.232
.634
.734
.436
.835
.737
.739
.541
.3+1
.9Ta
ke a
mph
etam
ines
regu
larly
72.4
69.9
67.0
65.9
66.8
66.0
67.7
66.4
66.3
67.1
64.8
65.6
63.9
67.1
68.1
68.1
-0.1
Try
crys
tal m
eth.
(ice
) onc
e or
twic
e61
.957
.558
.354
.455
.354
.452
.751
.251
.352
.753
.851
.252
.454
.659
.160
.2+1
.1Tr
y se
dat
ives
(bar
bitu
rate
s) o
nce
or tw
ice
b32
.229
.229
.926
.329
.126
.929
.026
.125
.025
.726
.227
.9‡
24.9
24.7
28.0
27.9
-0.1
Take
sed
ativ
es (b
arbi
tura
tes)
regu
larly
b70
.266
.163
.361
.660
.456
.856
.354
.152
.350
.349
.349
.6‡
54.0
54.1
56.8
55.1
-1.6
Try
one
or tw
o d
rinks
of a
n al
coho
lic b
ever
age
(be
er, w
ine,
liquo
r)8.
68.
27.
65.
97.
36.
78.
08.
36.
48.
77.
68.
48.
68.
59.
310
.5+1
.1Ta
ke o
ne o
r tw
o d
rinks
nea
rly e
very
day
30.6
28.2
27.0
24.8
25.1
24.8
24.3
21.8
21.7
23.4
21.0
20.1
23.0
23.7
25.3
25.1
-0.2
Take
four
or f
ive
drin
ks n
early
eve
ry d
ay70
.567
.866
.262
.865
.663
.062
.161
.159
.960
.758
.857
.859
.261
.863
.461
.8-1
.6Ha
ve fi
ve o
r mor
e d
rinks
onc
e or
twic
e e
ach
wee
kend
49.0
48.3
46.5
45.2
49.5
43.0
42.8
43.1
42.7
43.6
42.2
43.5
43.6
45.0
47.6
45.8
-1.8
Smok
e on
e or
mor
e pa
cks o
f cig
aret
tes p
er d
ay69
.269
.567
.665
.668
.268
.770
.870
.873
.173
.374
.272
.174
.076
.577
.677
.3-0
.3Us
e sm
okel
ess t
obac
co re
gula
rly35
.538
.936
.633
.237
.438
.640
.941
.142
.245
.442
.643
.345
.043
.645
.944
.0-1
.9Ta
ke st
eroi
ds
70.7
69.1
66.1
66.4
67.6
67.2
68.1
62.1
57.9
58.9
57.1
55.0
55.7
56.8
60.2
57.4
-2.8
App
roxim
ate
N =
2,68
42,
759
2,59
12,
603
2,44
92,
579
2,56
42,
306
2,13
02,
173
2,19
82,
466
2,49
12,
512
2,40
72,
450
Cla
ss o
f:
bIn
200
4 th
e qu
estio
n te
xt w
as c
hang
ed fr
om “
barb
itura
tes”
to “
sed
ativ
es/b
arbi
tura
tes”
and
the
list o
f exa
mpl
es w
as c
hang
ed fr
om "d
owne
rs, g
oofb
alls,
red
s, ye
llow
s, et
c." t
o ju
st "d
owne
rs."
Thes
e ch
ange
s lik
ely
expl
ain
the
disc
ontin
uity
in th
e 20
04 re
sults
.
TA
BL
E 7
(con
t.)
Tre
nds i
n H
arm
fuln
ess o
f Dru
gs a
s Per
ceiv
ed b
y T
wel
fth
Gra
ders
aA
nsw
er a
ltern
ativ
es w
ere:
(1)
No
risk,
(2) S
light
risk
, (3)
Mod
erat
e ris
k, (4
) Gre
at ri
sk, a
nd (5
) Can
’t sa
y, d
rug
unfa
milia
r.
chan
ge20
07Pe
rcen
tage
sayi
ng "g
reat
risk
"a20
06–
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Try
mar
ijuan
a on
ce o
r tw
ice
84.6
82.1
79.2
72.9
70.7
67.5
67.6
69.0
70.7
72.5
72.4
73.3
73.8
75.9
75.3
76.0
78.7
+2.8
sss
Smok
e m
ariju
ana
occa
siona
lly89
.588
.185
.780
.979
.776
.578
.178
.479
.380
.680
.680
.981
.583
.182
.482
.284
.5+2
.3ss
Smok
e m
ariju
ana
regu
larly
92.1
90.8
88.9
85.3
85.1
82.8
84.6
84.5
84.5
85.3
84.5
85.3
85.7
86.8
86.3
86.1
87.7
+1.7
sTr
y in
hala
nts o
nce
or tw
ice
b84
.984
.082
.581
.681
.882
.984
.183
.085
.285
.486
.686
.185
.185
.184
.683
.484
.1+0
.7Ta
ke in
hala
nts r
egul
arly
b90
.690
.088
.988
.188
.889
.390
.389
.590
.390
.290
.590
.489
.890
.189
.889
.089
.5+0
.5Ta
ke L
SD o
nce
or tw
ice
c—
—77
.175
.271
.670
.972
.169
.169
.466
.764
.662
.661
.058
.158
.553
.953
.5-0
.4Ta
ke L
SD re
gula
rlyc
——
79.8
78.4
75.8
75.3
76.3
72.5
72.5
69.3
67.0
65.5
63.5
60.5
60.7
55.8
55.6
-0.2
Try
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
) onc
e or
twic
ed
——
——
——
——
——
69.0
74.3
77.7
76.3
75.0
66.7
65.7
-1.0
Take
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
) occ
asio
nally
d—
——
——
——
——
—73
.678
.681
.379
.477
.969
.868
.3-1
.5Tr
y cr
ack
once
or t
wic
eb
91.7
90.7
89.1
86.9
85.9
85.0
85.7
85.4
86.0
85.4
86.0
86.2
86.4
87.4
87.6
87.2
88.6
+1.4
sTa
ke c
rack
occ
asio
nally
b93
.392
.591
.789
.989
.889
.390
.389
.589
.988
.889
.889
.689
.890
.390
.590
.091
.2+1
.1Tr
y co
cain
e po
wd
er o
nce
or tw
ice
b91
.289
.688
.586
.185
.383
.985
.184
.585
.284
.885
.685
.885
.686
.887
.086
.588
.2+1
.7s
Take
coc
aine
pow
der
occ
asio
nally
b93
.192
.491
.689
.789
.788
.790
.189
.389
.988
.889
.689
.989
.890
.390
.790
.291
.0+0
.9Tr
y he
roin
onc
e or
twic
e w
ithou
t usin
g a
need
lec
——
——
85.8
85.0
87.7
87.3
88.0
87.2
87.2
87.8
86.9
86.6
86.9
87.2
88.4
+1.2
Take
her
oin
occa
siona
lly w
ithou
t usin
g a
need
lec
——
——
88.5
87.7
90.1
89.7
90.2
88.9
88.9
89.6
89.0
88.6
88.5
88.5
89.7
+1.2
Try
one
or tw
o d
rinks
of a
n al
coho
lic b
ever
age
(be
er, w
ine,
liquo
r)51
.752
.250
.947
.848
.045
.545
.747
.548
.348
.749
.851
.149
.751
.151
.251
.354
.0+2
.8s
Take
one
or t
wo
drin
ks n
early
eve
ry d
ay82
.281
.079
.676
.775
.974
.176
.676
.977
.077
.877
.478
.377
.178
.678
.778
.780
.4+1
.7Ha
ve fi
ve o
r mor
e d
rinks
onc
e or
twic
e e
ach
wee
kend
85.2
83.9
83.3
80.7
80.7
79.1
81.3
81.0
80.3
81.2
81.6
81.9
81.9
82.3
82.9
82.0
83.8
+1.8
sSm
oke
one
or m
ore
pack
s of c
igar
ette
s per
day
e82
.882
.380
.678
.478
.677
.380
.380
.081
.481
.983
.584
.684
.685
.785
.385
.687
.0+1
.4Us
e sm
okel
ess t
obac
co re
gula
rly79
.177
.277
.175
.174
.074
.176
.576
.378
.079
.279
.480
.680
.781
.082
.081
.082
.3+1
.3Ta
ke st
eroi
dsf
89.8
90.3
89.9
87.9
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
App
roxim
ate
N =
17,4
0018
,500
18,4
0017
,400
17,6
0018
,000
18,8
0018
,100
16,7
0016
,700
16,2
0015
,100
16,5
0017
,000
16,8
0016
,500
16,1
00
TA
BL
E 8
T
rend
s in
Dis
appr
oval
of D
rug
Use
by
Eig
hth
Gra
ders
bBe
ginn
ing
in 1
997,
dat
a ba
sed
on
two
third
s of N
ind
icat
ed d
ue to
cha
nges
in q
uest
ionn
aire
form
s.
Perc
enta
ge w
ho "d
isapp
rove
" or "
stro
ngly
disa
ppro
ve"a
Do
you
disa
ppro
ve o
f peo
ple
who
. . .
2007
chan
ge
2006
–
e Begi
nnin
g in
199
9, d
ata
base
d o
n tw
o th
irds o
f N in
dic
ated
due
to c
hang
es in
que
stio
nnai
re fo
rms.
f Dat
a ba
sed
on
two
form
s in
1991
and
199
2. D
ata
base
d o
n on
e of
two
form
s in
1993
and
199
4; N
is o
ne h
alf o
f N in
dic
ated
.
Sour
ce:
The
Mon
itorin
g th
e Fu
ture
stud
y, th
e Un
iver
sity
of M
ichi
gan.
aA
nsw
er a
ltern
ativ
es w
ere:
(1)
Don
't d
isapp
rove
, (2)
Disa
ppro
ve, (
3) S
trong
ly d
isapp
rove
, and
(4) C
an’t
say,
dru
g un
fam
iliar.
c Dat
a ba
sed
on
one
of tw
o fo
rms i
n 19
93–1
996;
N is
one
hal
f of N
ind
icat
ed.
Begi
nnin
g in
199
7, d
ata
base
d o
n on
e th
ird o
f N in
dic
ated
due
to c
hang
es in
que
stio
nnai
re fo
rms.
dD
ata
base
d o
n on
e th
ird o
f N in
dic
ated
.
Not
es:
Le
vel o
f sig
nific
ance
of d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o m
ost r
ecen
t cla
sses
: s =
0.0
5, ss
= 0
.01,
sss =
0.0
01.
"—" i
ndic
ates
dat
a no
t ava
ilabl
e.
A
ny a
ppar
ent i
ncon
siste
ncy
betw
een
the
chan
ge e
stim
ate
and
the
prev
alen
ce-o
f-use
est
imat
es fo
r the
two
mos
t rec
ent c
lass
es is
due
to ro
und
ing
erro
r.
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Try
mar
ijuan
a on
ce o
r tw
ice
74.6
74.8
70.3
62.4
59.8
55.5
54.1
56.0
56.2
54.9
54.8
57.8
58.1
60.4
61.3
62.5
63.9
+1.3
Smok
e m
ariju
ana
occa
siona
lly83
.783
.679
.472
.370
.066
.966
.267
.368
.267
.266
.268
.368
.470
.871
.972
.673
.3+0
.7Sm
oke
mar
ijuan
a re
gula
rly90
.490
.087
.482
.281
.179
.779
.780
.179
.879
.178
.078
.678
.881
.382
.082
.582
.40.
0Tr
y in
hala
nts o
nce
or tw
ice
b85
.285
.684
.884
.984
.586
.086
.985
.688
.487
.587
.888
.687
.788
.588
.188
.187
.6-0
.5Ta
ke in
hala
nts r
egul
arly
b91
.091
.590
.991
.090
.991
.791
.791
.192
.491
.891
.391
.891
.092
.391
.992
.291
.8-0
.4Ta
ke L
SD o
nce
or tw
ice
c—
—82
.179
.377
.976
.876
.676
.777
.877
.075
.474
.674
.472
.471
.871
.267
.7-3
.5s
Take
LSD
regu
larly
c —
—86
.885
.684
.884
.583
.482
.984
.382
.180
.879
.477
.675
.975
.074
.971
.5-3
.4ss
Try
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
) onc
e or
twic
ed
——
——
——
——
——
72.6
77.4
81.0
83.7
83.1
81.6
80.0
-1.6
Take
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
) occ
asio
nally
d—
——
——
——
——
—81
.084
.686
.388
.087
.486
.084
.3-1
.7Tr
y cr
ack
once
or t
wic
eb
92.5
92.5
91.4
89.9
88.7
88.2
87.4
87.1
87.8
87.1
86.9
88.0
87.6
88.6
88.8
89.5
89.5
0.0
Take
cra
ck o
ccas
iona
llyb
94.3
94.4
93.6
92.5
91.7
91.9
91.0
90.6
91.5
90.9
90.6
91.0
91.0
91.8
91.8
92.0
92.7
+0.7
Try
coca
ine
pow
der
onc
e or
twic
eb
90.8
91.1
90.0
88.1
86.8
86.1
85.1
84.9
86.0
84.8
85.3
86.4
85.9
86.8
86.9
87.3
87.7
+0.4
Take
coc
aine
pow
der
occ
asio
nally
b94
.094
.093
.292
.191
.491
.190
.489
.790
.789
.990
.289
.990
.491
.291
.291
.492
.0+0
.7Tr
y he
roin
onc
e or
twic
e w
ithou
t usin
g a
need
lec
——
——
89.7
89.5
89.1
88.6
90.1
90.1
89.1
89.2
89.3
90.1
90.3
91.1
90.7
-0.4
Take
her
oin
occa
siona
lly w
ithou
t usin
g a
need
lec
——
——
91.6
91.7
91.4
90.5
91.8
92.3
90.8
90.7
90.6
91.8
92.0
92.5
92.5
0.0
Try
one
or tw
o d
rinks
of a
n al
coho
lic b
ever
age
(be
er, w
ine,
liquo
r)37
.639
.938
.536
.536
.134
.233
.734
.735
.133
.434
.737
.736
.837
.638
.537
.839
.5+1
.7Ta
ke o
ne o
r tw
o d
rinks
nea
rly e
very
day
81.7
81.7
78.6
75.2
75.4
73.8
75.4
74.6
75.4
73.8
73.8
74.9
74.2
75.1
76.9
76.4
77.1
+0.7
Have
five
or m
ore
drin
ks o
nce
or tw
ice
eac
h w
eeke
nd76
.777
.674
.772
.372
.270
.770
.270
.569
.968
.269
.271
.571
.671
.873
.772
.974
.1+1
.2Sm
oke
one
or m
ore
pack
s of c
igar
ette
s per
day
e79
.477
.876
.573
.973
.271
.673
.875
.376
.176
.778
.280
.681
.482
.784
.383
.284
.7+1
.5Us
e sm
okel
ess t
obac
co re
gula
rly75
.474
.673
.871
.271
.071
.072
.373
.275
.175
.876
.178
.779
.480
.280
.580
.580
.9+0
.4Ta
ke st
eroi
dsf
90.0
91.0
91.2
90.8
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
App
roxim
ate
N =
14,8
0014
,800
15,3
0015
,900
17,0
0015
,700
15,6
0015
,000
13,6
0014
,300
14,0
0014
,300
15,8
0016
,400
16,2
0016
,200
16,1
00
e Begi
nnin
g in
199
9, d
ata
base
d o
n tw
o th
irds o
f N in
dic
ated
due
to c
hang
es in
que
stio
nnai
re fo
rms.
f Dat
a ba
sed
on
two
form
s in
1991
and
199
2. D
ata
base
d o
n on
e of
two
form
s in
1993
and
199
4; N
is o
ne h
alf o
f N in
dic
ated
.
Sour
ce:
The
Mon
itorin
g th
e Fu
ture
stud
y, th
e Un
iver
sity
of M
ichi
gan.
aA
nsw
er a
ltern
ativ
es w
ere:
(1)
Don
't d
isapp
rove
, (2)
Disa
ppro
ve, (
3) S
trong
ly d
isapp
rove
, and
(4) C
an’t
say,
dru
g un
fam
iliar.
c Dat
a ba
sed
on
one
of tw
o fo
rms i
n 19
93–1
996;
N is
one
hal
f of N
ind
icat
ed.
Begi
nnin
g in
199
7, d
ata
base
d o
n on
e th
ird o
f N in
dic
ated
due
to c
hang
es in
que
stio
nnai
re fo
rms.
dD
ata
base
d o
n on
e th
ird o
f N in
dic
ated
.
Not
es:
Le
vel o
f sig
nific
ance
of d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o m
ost r
ecen
t cla
sses
: s =
0.0
5, ss
= 0
.01,
sss =
0.0
01.
"—" i
ndic
ates
dat
a no
t ava
ilabl
e.
A
ny a
ppar
ent i
ncon
siste
ncy
betw
een
the
chan
ge e
stim
ate
and
the
prev
alen
ce-o
f-use
est
imat
es fo
r the
two
mos
t rec
ent c
lass
es is
due
to ro
und
ing
erro
r.
TA
BL
E 9
Tre
nds i
n D
isap
prov
al o
f Dru
g U
se b
y T
enth
Gra
ders
bBe
ginn
ing
in 1
997,
dat
a ba
sed
on
two
third
s of N
ind
icat
ed d
ue to
cha
nges
in q
uest
ionn
aire
form
s.
Perc
enta
ge w
ho "d
isapp
rove
" or "
stro
ngly
disa
ppro
ve"a
Do
you
disa
ppro
ve o
f peo
ple
who
. . .
2007
chan
ge
2006
–
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Tryi
ng m
ariju
ana
once
or t
wic
e47
.038
.433
.433
.434
.239
.040
.045
.546
.349
.351
.454
.656
.660
.864
.667
.868
.7Sm
okin
g m
ariju
ana
occa
siona
lly54
.847
.844
.343
.545
.349
.752
.659
.160
.763
.565
.869
.071
.674
.077
.280
.579
.4Sm
okin
g m
ariju
ana
regu
larly
71.9
69.5
65.5
67.5
69.2
74.6
77.4
80.6
82.5
84.7
85.5
86.6
89.2
89.3
89.8
91.0
89.3
Tryi
ng L
SD o
nce
or tw
ice
82.8
84.6
83.9
85.4
86.6
87.3
86.4
88.8
89.1
88.9
89.5
89.2
91.6
89.8
89.7
89.8
90.1
Taki
ng L
SD re
gula
rly
94.1
95.3
95.8
96.4
96.9
96.7
96.8
96.7
97.0
96.8
97.0
96.6
97.8
96.4
96.4
96.3
96.4
Tryi
ng M
DM
A (e
csta
sy) o
nce
or tw
ice
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
—Tr
ying
coc
aine
onc
e or
twic
e81
.382
.479
.177
.074
.776
.374
.676
.677
.079
.779
.380
.287
.389
.190
.591
.593
.6Ta
king
coc
aine
regu
larly
93.3
93.9
92.1
91.9
90.8
91.1
90.7
91.5
93.2
94.5
93.8
94.3
96.7
96.2
96.4
96.7
97.3
Tryi
ng c
rack
onc
e or
twic
e—
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
92.3
92.1
Taki
ng c
rack
occ
asio
nally
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
—94
.394
.2Ta
king
cra
ck re
gula
rly—
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
94.9
95.0
Tryi
ng c
ocai
ne p
owd
er o
nce
or tw
ice
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
—87
.988
.0Ta
king
coc
aine
pow
der
occ
asio
nally
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
—92
.193
.0Ta
king
coc
aine
pow
der
regu
larly
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
—93
.794
.4Tr
ying
her
oin
once
or t
wic
e91
.592
.692
.592
.093
.493
.593
.594
.694
.394
.094
.093
.396
.295
.095
.495
.196
.0Ta
king
her
oin
occa
siona
lly94
.896
.096
.096
.496
.896
.797
.296
.996
.997
.196
.896
.697
.996
.997
.296
.797
.3Ta
king
her
oin
regu
larly
96.7
97.5
97.2
97.8
97.9
97.6
97.8
97.5
97.7
98.0
97.6
97.6
98.1
97.2
97.4
97.5
97.8
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
Tryi
ng a
mph
etam
ines
onc
e or
twic
e74
.875
.174
.274
.875
.175
.471
.172
.672
.372
.874
.976
.580
.782
.583
.385
.386
.5Ta
king
am
phet
amin
es re
gula
rly92
.192
.892
.593
.594
.493
.091
.792
.092
.693
.693
.393
.595
.494
.294
.295
.596
.0Tr
ying
sed
ativ
es (b
arbi
tura
tes)
onc
e or
twic
ec
77.7
81.3
81.1
82.4
84.0
83.9
82.4
84.4
83.1
84.1
84.9
86.8
89.6
89.4
89.3
90.5
90.6
Taki
ng se
dat
ives
(bar
bitu
rate
s) re
gula
rlyc
93.3
93.6
93.0
94.3
95.2
95.4
94.2
94.4
95.1
95.1
95.5
94.9
96.4
95.3
95.3
96.4
97.1
Tryi
ng o
ne o
r tw
o d
rinks
of a
n al
coho
lic b
ever
age
(be
er, w
ine,
liquo
r)21
.618
.215
.615
.615
.816
.017
.218
.218
.417
.420
.320
.921
.422
.627
.329
.429
.8Ta
king
one
or t
wo
drin
ks n
early
eve
ry d
ay67
.668
.966
.867
.768
.369
.069
.169
.968
.972
.970
.972
.874
.275
.076
.577
.976
.5Ta
king
four
or f
ive
drin
ks n
early
eve
ry d
ay88
.790
.788
.490
.291
.790
.891
.890
.990
.091
.092
.091
.492
.292
.891
.691
.990
.6Ha
ving
five
or m
ore
drin
ks o
nce
or tw
ice
eac
h w
eeke
nd60
.358
.657
.456
.256
.755
.655
.558
.856
.659
.660
.462
.462
.065
.366
.568
.967
.465
.966
.467
.070
.370
.869
.969
.470
.873
.072
.375
.474
.373
.172
.472
.871
.4Ta
king
ster
oid
s—
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
90.8
90.5
App
roxim
ate
N =
2,67
72,
957
3,08
53,
686
3,22
13,
261
3,61
03,
651
3,34
13,
254
3,26
53,
113
3,30
23,
311
2,79
92,
566
2,54
7
A
ny a
ppar
ent i
ncon
siste
ncy
betw
een
the
chan
ge e
stim
ate
and
the
prev
alen
ce-o
f-use
est
imat
es fo
r the
two
mos
t rec
ent c
lass
es is
due
to ro
und
ing
erro
r.
Do
you
disa
ppro
ve o
f peo
ple
(who
are
18
or
old
er) d
oing
eac
h of
the
follo
win
g?a
Not
es:
Le
vel o
f sig
nific
ance
of d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o m
ost r
ecen
t cla
sses
: s =
0.0
5, ss
= 0
.01,
sss =
0.0
01.
"—" i
ndic
ates
dat
a no
t ava
ilabl
e.
"‡
" ind
icat
es so
me
chan
ge in
the
ques
tion.
See
rele
vant
foot
note
.
Sour
ce:
The
Mon
itorin
g th
e Fu
ture
stud
y, th
e Un
iver
sity
of M
ichi
gan.
Tryi
ng h
eroi
n on
ce o
r tw
ice
with
out u
sing
a ne
edle
—Ta
king
her
oin
occa
siona
lly w
ithou
t usin
g a
need
le
—
Smok
ing
one
or m
ore
pack
s of c
igar
ette
s per
day
67.
5
TA
BL
E 1
0 T
rend
s in
Dis
appr
oval
of D
rug
Use
by
Tw
elft
h G
rade
rs
Perc
enta
ge "
disa
ppro
ving
"b
Cla
ss o
f:C
ont.
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Tryi
ng m
ariju
ana
once
or t
wic
e69
.963
.357
.656
.752
.551
.051
.648
.852
.549
.151
.653
.452
.755
.055
.658
.6+2
.9Sm
okin
g m
ariju
ana
occa
siona
lly79
.775
.568
.966
.762
.963
.264
.462
.565
.863
.263
.464
.265
.467
.869
.370
.2+0
.8Sm
okin
g m
ariju
ana
regu
larly
90.1
87.6
82.3
81.9
80.0
78.8
81.2
78.6
79.7
79.3
78.3
78.7
80.7
82.0
82.2
83.3
+1.1
Tryi
ng L
SD o
nce
or tw
ice
88.1
85.9
82.5
81.1
79.6
80.5
82.1
83.0
82.4
81.8
84.6
85.5
87.9
87.9
88.0
87.8
-0.2
Taki
ng L
SD re
gula
rly
95.5
95.8
94.3
92.5
93.2
92.9
93.5
94.3
94.2
94.0
94.0
94.4
94.6
95.6
95.9
94.9
-1.0
Tryi
ng M
DM
A (e
csta
sy) o
nce
or tw
ice
——
——
—82
.282
.582
.181
.079
.583
.684
.787
.788
.489
.087
.8-1
.1Tr
ying
coc
aine
onc
e or
twic
e93
.092
.791
.690
.390
.088
.089
.589
.188
.288
.189
.089
.388
.688
.989
.189
.6+0
.6Ta
king
coc
aine
regu
larly
96.9
97.5
96.6
96.1
95.6
96.0
95.6
94.9
95.5
94.9
95.0
95.8
95.4
96.0
96.1
96.2
+0.1
Tryi
ng c
rack
onc
e or
twic
e93
.189
.989
.591
.487
.487
.086
.787
.687
.587
.087
.886
.686
.986
.788
.888
.8+0
.1Ta
king
cra
ck o
ccas
iona
lly95
.092
.892
.894
.091
.291
.390
.992
.391
.991
.691
.590
.892
.191
.992
.992
.4-0
.5Ta
king
cra
ck re
gula
rly95
.593
.493
.194
.193
.092
.391
.993
.292
.892
.292
.491
.293
.192
.193
.893
.6-0
.2Tr
ying
coc
aine
pow
der
onc
e or
twic
e89
.486
.687
.188
.383
.183
.083
.184
.384
.183
.383
.883
.682
.283
.284
.183
.5-0
.6Ta
king
coc
aine
pow
der
occ
asio
nally
93.4
91.2
91.0
92.7
89.7
89.3
88.7
90.0
90.3
89.8
90.2
88.9
90.0
89.4
90.4
90.6
+0.2
Taki
ng c
ocai
ne p
owd
er re
gula
rly94
.393
.092
.593
.892
.991
.591
.192
.392
.692
.592
.290
.792
.692
.093
.292
.6-0
.6Tr
ying
her
oin
once
or t
wic
e94
.994
.493
.292
.892
.192
.393
.793
.593
.093
.194
.194
.194
.294
.393
.894
.8+1
.0Ta
king
her
oin
occa
siona
lly96
.897
.096
.295
.795
.095
.496
.195
.796
.095
.495
.695
.996
.496
.396
.296
.8+0
.6Ta
king
her
oin
regu
larly
97.2
97.5
97.1
96.4
96.3
96.4
96.6
96.4
96.6
96.2
96.2
97.1
97.1
96.7
96.9
97.1
+0.2
——
92.9
90.8
92.3
93.0
92.6
94.0
91.7
93.1
92.2
93.1
93.2
93.7
93.6
-0.1
——
94.7
93.2
94.4
94.3
93.8
95.2
93.5
94.4
93.5
94.4
95.0
94.5
94.9
+0.5
Tryi
ng a
mph
etam
ines
onc
e or
twic
e86
.984
.281
.382
.279
.981
.382
.581
.982
.182
.383
.885
.884
.186
.186
.387
.3+1
.0Ta
king
am
phet
amin
es re
gula
rly95
.696
.094
.194
.393
.594
.394
.093
.794
.193
.493
.594
.093
.994
.895
.395
.4+0
.1Tr
ying
sed
ativ
es (b
arbi
tura
tes)
onc
e or
twic
ec
90.3
89.7
87.5
87.3
84.9
86.4
86.0
86.6
85.9
85.9
86.6
87.8
‡83
.785
.485
.386
.5+1
.3Ta
king
sed
ativ
es (b
arbi
tura
tes)
regu
larly
c96
.597
.096
.195
.294
.895
.394
.694
.795
.294
.594
.794
.4‡
94.2
95.2
95.1
94.6
-0.5
Tryi
ng o
ne o
r tw
o d
rinks
of a
n al
coho
lic b
ever
age
(be
er, w
ine,
liquo
r)33
.030
.128
.427
.326
.526
.124
.524
.625
.226
.626
.327
.226
.026
.429
.031
.0+2
.0Ta
king
one
or t
wo
drin
ks n
early
eve
ry d
ay75
.977
.873
.173
.370
.870
.069
.467
.270
.069
.269
.168
.969
.570
.872
.873
.3+0
.5Ta
king
four
or f
ive
drin
ks n
early
eve
ry d
ay90
.890
.689
.888
.889
.488
.686
.786
.988
.486
.487
.586
.387
.889
.490
.690
.5-0
.1Ha
ving
five
or m
ore
drin
ks o
nce
or tw
ice
eac
h w
eeke
nd70
.770
.165
.166
.764
.765
.063
.862
.765
.262
.964
.764
.265
.766
.568
.568
.8+0
.370
.669
.868
.267
.267
.168
.869
.570
.171
.673
.674
.876
.279
.881
.580
.7-0
.8Ta
king
ster
oid
s92
.192
.191
.991
.091
.791
.490
.888
.988
.886
.486
.886
.087
.988
.889
.489
.2-0
.2A
ppro
ximat
e N
=2,
645
2,72
32,
588
2,60
32,
399
2,60
12,
545
2,31
02,
150
2,14
42,
160
2,44
22,
455
2,46
02,
377
2,45
0
Smok
ing
one
or m
ore
pack
s of c
igar
ette
s per
day
73.
5
Perc
enta
ge "
disa
ppro
ving
"b
Cla
ss o
f:
Tryi
ng h
eroi
n on
ce o
r tw
ice
with
out u
sing
a ne
edle
—Ta
king
her
oin
occa
siona
lly w
ithou
t usin
g a
need
le
—
c In 2
004
the
ques
tion
text
was
cha
nged
from
“ba
rbitu
rate
s” to
“se
dat
ives
/bar
bitu
rate
s” a
nd th
e lis
t of e
xam
ples
was
cha
nged
from
"dow
ners
, goo
fbal
ls, re
ds,
yello
ws,
etc.
" to
just
"dow
ners
." Th
ese
chan
ges l
ikel
y ex
plai
n th
e d
iscon
tinui
ty in
the
2004
resu
lts.
TA
BL
E 1
0 (c
ont.)
T
rend
s in
Dis
appr
oval
of D
rug
Use
by
Tw
elft
h G
rade
rs
aTh
e 19
75 q
uest
ion
aske
d a
bout
peo
ple
who
are
"20
or o
lder
."bA
nsw
er a
ltern
ativ
es w
ere:
(1)
Don
't d
isapp
rove
, (2)
Disa
ppro
ve, a
nd (3
) Stro
ngly
disa
ppro
ve.
Perc
enta
ges a
re sh
own
for c
ateg
orie
s (2)
and
(3) c
ombi
ned
.
Do
you
disa
ppro
ve o
f peo
ple
(who
are
18
or
old
er) d
oing
eac
h of
the
follo
win
g?a
2007
chan
ge
2006
–
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Mar
ijuan
a42
.343
.849
.952
.454
.854
.250
.648
.447
.048
.146
.644
.841
.041
.139
.637
.4-2
.2s
LSD
21.5
21.8
21.8
23.5
23.6
22.7
19.3
18.3
17.0
17.6
15.2
14.0
12.3
11.5
10.8
10.5
-0.2
PCPb
18.0
18.5
17.7
19.0
19.6
19.2
17.5
17.1
16.0
15.4
14.1
13.7
11.4
11.0
10.5
9.5
-1.1
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
)b—
——
——
——
——
23.8
22.8
21.6
16.6
15.6
14.5
13.4
-1.1
Cra
ck25
.625
.926
.928
.727
.927
.526
.525
.924
.924
.423
.722
.520
.620
.820
.919
.7-1
.2C
ocai
ne p
owd
er25
.725
.926
.427
.827
.226
.925
.725
.023
.923
.922
.521
.619
.419
.920
.219
.0-1
.2He
roin
19.7
19.8
19.4
21.1
20.6
19.8
18.0
17.5
16.5
16.9
16.0
15.6
14.1
13.2
13.0
12.6
-0.3
Oth
er n
arco
ticsb
19.8
19.0
18.3
20.3
20.0
20.6
17.1
16.2
15.6
15.0
14.7
15.0
12.4
12.9
13.0
11.7
-1.3
Am
phet
amin
es32
.231
.431
.033
.432
.630
.627
.325
.925
.526
.224
.424
.421
.921
.020
.719
.9-0
.8C
ryst
al m
eth.
(ice
)b16
.015
.114
.116
.016
.315
.716
.014
.714
.913
.913
.314
.111
.913
.514
.512
.1-2
.5ss
Sed
ativ
es (b
arbi
tura
tes)
27.4
26.1
25.3
26.5
25.6
24.4
21.1
20.8
19.7
20.7
19.4
19.3
18.0
17.6
17.3
16.8
-0.5
Tran
quiliz
ers
22.9
21.4
20.4
21.3
20.4
19.6
18.1
17.3
16.2
17.8
16.9
17.3
15.8
14.8
14.4
14.4
0.0
Alc
ohol
76.2
73.9
74.5
74.9
75.3
74.9
73.1
72.3
70.6
70.6
67.9
67.0
64.9
64.2
63.0
62.0
-1.0
Cig
aret
tes
77.8
75.5
76.1
76.4
76.9
76.0
73.6
71.5
68.7
67.7
64.3
63.1
60.3
59.1
58.0
55.6
-2.4
ssSt
eroi
ds
24.0
22.7
23.1
23.8
24.1
23.6
22.3
22.6
22.3
23.1
22.0
21.7
19.7
18.1
17.1
17.0
-0.1
App
roxim
ate
N =
8,35
516
,775
16,1
1915
,496
16,3
1816
,482
16,2
0815
,397
15,1
8014
,804
13,9
7215
,583
15,9
4415
,730
15,5
0215
,043
aA
nsw
er a
ltern
ativ
es w
ere:
(1)
Pro
babl
y im
poss
ible
, (2)
Ver
y d
iffic
ult,
(3) F
airly
diff
icul
t, (4
) Fai
rly e
asy,
(5) V
ery
easy
, and
(6) C
an't
say,
dru
g un
fam
iliar.
bBe
ginn
ing
in 1
993,
dat
a ba
sed
on
half
of fo
rms;
N is
one
hal
f of N
ind
icat
ed.
Perc
enta
ge sa
ying
"fai
rly e
asy"
or "
very
eas
y" to
get
aHo
w d
iffic
ult d
o yo
u th
ink
it w
ould
be
for
you
to g
et e
ach
of th
e fo
llow
ing
type
s of
dru
gs, i
f you
wan
ted
som
e?20
07ch
ange
A
ny a
ppar
ent i
ncon
siste
ncy
betw
een
the
chan
ge e
stim
ate
and
the
prev
alen
ce-o
f-use
est
imat
es fo
r the
two
mos
t rec
ent c
lass
es is
due
to ro
und
ing
erro
r.
Sour
ce:
The
Mon
itorin
g th
e Fu
ture
stud
y, th
e Un
iver
sity
of M
ichi
gan.
2006
–
TA
BL
E 1
1 T
rend
s in
Ava
ilabi
lity
of D
rugs
as P
erce
ived
by
Eig
hth
Gra
ders
Not
es:
Le
vel o
f sig
nific
ance
of d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o m
ost r
ecen
t cla
sses
: s =
0.0
5, ss
= 0
.01,
sss =
0.0
01.
"—" i
ndic
ates
dat
a no
t ava
ilabl
e.
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Mar
ijuan
a65
.268
.475
.078
.181
.180
.577
.978
.277
.777
.475
.973
.973
.372
.670
.769
.0-1
.7LS
D33
.635
.836
.139
.841
.038
.334
.034
.332
.931
.226
.823
.121
.620
.719
.219
.0-0
.2PC
Pb23
.723
.423
.824
.726
.824
.823
.924
.525
.021
.620
.819
.418
.018
.115
.815
.4-0
.4M
DM
A (e
csta
sy)b
——
——
——
——
—41
.441
.036
.331
.230
.227
.427
.7+0
.3C
rack
33.7
33.0
34.2
34.6
36.4
36.0
36.3
36.5
34.0
30.6
31.3
29.6
30.6
31.0
29.9
29.0
-0.9
Coc
aine
pow
der
35.0
34.1
34.5
35.3
36.9
37.1
36.8
36.7
34.5
31.0
31.8
29.6
31.2
31.5
30.7
30.0
-0.7
Hero
in24
.324
.324
.724
.624
.824
.423
.023
.722
.320
.119
.918
.818
.719
.317
.417
.3-0
.1O
ther
nar
cotic
sb26
.924
.926
.927
.829
.429
.026
.126
.627
.225
.825
.423
.523
.123
.622
.221
.5-0
.7A
mph
etam
ines
43.4
46.4
46.6
47.7
47.2
44.6
41.0
41.3
40.9
40.6
39.6
36.1
35.7
35.6
34.7
33.3
-1.4
Cry
stal
met
h. (i
ce)b
18.8
16.4
17.8
20.7
22.6
22.9
22.1
21.8
22.8
19.9
20.5
19.0
19.5
21.6
20.8
18.8
-2.0
Sed
atia
ves (
barb
itura
tes)
38.0
38.8
38.3
38.8
38.1
35.6
32.7
33.2
32.4
32.8
32.4
28.8
30.0
29.7
29.9
28.2
-1.7
Tran
quiliz
ers
31.6
30.5
29.8
30.6
30.3
28.7
26.5
26.8
27.6
28.5
28.3
25.6
25.6
25.4
25.1
24.9
-0.2
Alc
ohol
88.6
88.9
89.8
89.7
90.4
89.0
88.0
88.2
87.7
87.7
84.8
83.4
84.3
83.7
83.1
82.6
-0.6
Cig
aret
tes
89.1
89.4
90.3
90.7
91.3
89.6
88.1
88.3
86.8
86.3
83.3
80.7
81.4
81.5
79.5
78.2
-1.3
sSt
eroi
ds
37.6
33.6
33.6
34.8
34.8
34.2
33.0
35.9
35.4
33.1
33.2
30.6
29.6
29.7
30.2
27.7
-2.5
ssA
ppro
ximat
e N
=7,
014
14,6
5215
,192
16,2
0914
,887
14,8
5614
,423
13,1
1213
,690
13,5
1813
,694
15,2
5515
,806
15,6
3615
,804
15,5
11
TA
BL
E 1
2 T
rend
s in
Ava
ilabi
lity
of D
rugs
as P
erce
ived
by
Ten
th G
rade
rs
Not
es:
Le
vel o
f sig
nific
ance
of d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o m
ost r
ecen
t cla
sses
: s =
0.0
5, ss
= 0
.01,
sss =
0.0
01.
"—" i
ndic
ates
dat
a no
t ava
ilabl
e.
Perc
enta
ge sa
ying
"fai
rly e
asy"
or "
very
eas
y" to
get
aHo
w d
iffic
ult d
o yo
u th
ink
it w
ould
be
for
you
to g
et e
ach
of th
e fo
llow
ing
type
s of
dru
gs, i
f you
wan
ted
som
e?20
0720
06–
chan
ge
Sour
ce:
The
Mon
itorin
g th
e Fu
ture
stud
y, th
e Un
iver
sity
of M
ichi
gan.
aA
nsw
er a
ltern
ativ
es w
ere:
(1)
Pro
babl
y im
poss
ible
, (2)
Ver
y d
iffic
ult,
(3) F
airly
diff
icul
t, (4
) Fai
rly e
asy,
(5) V
ery
easy
, and
(6) C
an't
say,
dru
g un
fam
iliar.
bBe
ginn
ing
in 1
993,
dat
a ba
sed
on
half
of fo
rms;
N is
one
hal
f of N
ind
icat
ed.
A
ny a
ppar
ent i
ncon
siste
ncy
betw
een
the
chan
ge e
stim
ate
and
the
prev
alen
ce-o
f-use
est
imat
es fo
r the
two
mos
t rec
ent c
lass
es is
due
to ro
und
ing
erro
r.
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Mar
ijuan
a87
.887
.487
.987
.890
.189
.089
.288
.586
.284
.685
.585
.284
.885
.084
.384
.483
.3A
myl
/but
yl n
itrite
s—
——
——
——
——
——
—23
.925
.926
.824
.422
.7LS
D46
.237
.434
.532
.234
.235
.335
.034
.230
.930
.630
.528
.531
.433
.338
.340
.739
.5So
me
othe
r hal
luci
noge
nb
47.8
35.7
33.8
33.8
34.6
35.0
32.7
30.6
26.6
26.6
26.1
24.9
25.0
26.2
28.2
28.3
28.0
PCP
——
——
——
——
——
——
22.8
24.9
28.9
27.7
27.6
MD
MA
(ecs
tasy
)—
——
——
——
——
——
——
—21
.722
.022
.1C
ocai
ne37
.034
.033
.037
.845
.547
.947
.547
.443
.145
.048
.951
.554
.255
.058
.754
.551
.0C
rack
——
——
——
——
——
——
41.1
42.1
47.0
42.4
39.9
Coc
aine
pow
der
——
——
——
——
——
——
52.9
50.3
53.7
49.0
46.0
Hero
in24
.218
.417
.916
.418
.921
.219
.220
.819
.319
.921
.022
.023
.728
.031
.431
.930
.6So
me
othe
r nar
cotic
(inc
lud
ing
met
had
one)
34.5
26.9
27.8
26.1
28.7
29.4
29.6
30.4
30.0
32.1
33.1
32.2
33.0
35.8
38.3
38.1
34.6
Am
phet
amin
es67
.861
.858
.158
.559
.961
.369
.570
.868
.568
.266
.464
.364
.563
.964
.359
.757
.3C
ryst
al m
eth.
(ice
)—
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
24.1
24.3
Sed
ativ
es (b
arbi
tura
tes)
c60
.054
.452
.450
.649
.849
.154
.955
.252
.551
.951
.348
.348
.247
.848
.445
.942
.4Tr
anqu
ilizer
s71
.865
.564
.964
.361
.459
.160
.858
.955
.354
.554
.751
.248
.649
.145
.344
.740
.8A
lcoh
ol—
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
Ster
oid
s—
——
——
——
——
——
——
——
—46
.7A
ppro
ximat
e N
=2,
627
2,86
53,
065
3,59
83,
172
3,24
03,
578
3,60
23,
385
3,26
93,
274
3,07
73,
271
3,23
12,
806
2,54
92,
476
Sour
ce:
The
Mon
itorin
g th
e Fu
ture
stud
y, th
e Un
iver
sity
of M
ichi
gan.
TA
BL
E 1
3 T
rend
s in
Ava
ilabi
lity
of D
rugs
as P
erce
ived
by
Tw
elft
h G
rade
rs
Cla
ss o
f:Pe
rcen
tage
sayi
ng "f
airly
eas
y" o
r "ve
ry e
asy"
to g
eta
"dow
ners
." T
hese
cha
nges
likel
y ex
plai
n th
e d
iscon
tinui
ty in
the
2004
resu
lts.
Not
es:
Le
vel o
f sig
nific
ance
of d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o m
ost r
ecen
t cla
sses
: s =
0.0
5, ss
= 0
.01,
sss =
0.0
01.
How
diff
icul
t do
you
thin
k it
wou
ld b
e fo
r you
to
get
eac
h of
the
follo
win
g ty
pes o
f dru
gs, i
f yo
u w
ante
d so
me?
aA
nsw
er a
ltern
ativ
es w
ere:
(1)
Pro
babl
y im
poss
ible
, (2)
Ver
y d
iffic
ult,
(3) F
airly
diff
icul
t, (4
) Fai
rly e
asy,
and
(5) V
ery
easy
.bIn
200
1 th
e qu
estio
n te
xt w
as c
hang
ed fr
om “
othe
r psy
ched
elic
s” to
“ot
her h
allu
cino
gens
” an
d “
shro
oms”
was
ad
ded
to th
e lis
t of e
xam
ples
. Th
ese
chan
ges l
ikel
y ex
plai
n th
e d
iscon
tinui
ty in
the
2001
resu
lts.
c In 2
004
the
ques
tion
text
was
cha
nged
from
“ba
rbitu
rate
s” to
“se
dat
ives
/bar
bitu
rate
s” a
nd th
e lis
t of e
xam
ples
was
cha
nged
from
"dow
ners
, goo
fbal
ls, re
ds,
yello
ws,
etc.
" to
just
"—
" ind
icat
es d
ata
not a
vaila
ble.
A
ny a
ppar
ent i
ncon
siste
ncy
betw
een
the
chan
ge e
stim
ate
and
the
prev
alen
ce-o
f-use
est
imat
es fo
r the
two
mos
t rec
ent c
lass
es is
due
to ro
und
ing
erro
r.
"‡" i
ndic
ates
som
e ch
ange
in th
e qu
estio
n. S
ee re
leva
nt fo
otno
te.
Con
t.
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Mar
ijuan
a82
.783
.085
.588
.588
.789
.690
.488
.988
.588
.587
.287
.185
.885
.684
.983
.9-1
.0A
myl
/but
yl n
itrite
s25
.925
.926
.726
.023
.923
.825
.121
.423
.322
.522
.319
.720
.019
.718
.418
.1-0
.4LS
D44
.549
.250
.853
.851
.350
.748
.844
.746
.944
.739
.633
.633
.128
.629
.028
.7-0
.3So
me
othe
r hal
luci
noge
nb
29.9
33.5
33.8
35.8
33.9
33.9
35.1
29.5
34.5
‡48
.547
.747
.249
.445
.043
.943
.7-0
.3PC
P31
.731
.731
.431
.030
.530
.030
.726
.728
.827
.225
.821
.924
.223
.223
.121
.0-2
.1M
DM
A (e
csta
sy)
24.2
28.1
31.2
34.2
36.9
38.8
38.2
40.1
51.4
61.5
59.1
57.5
47.9
40.3
40.3
40.9
+0.7
Coc
aine
52.7
48.5
46.6
47.7
48.1
48.5
51.3
47.6
47.8
46.2
44.6
43.3
47.8
44.7
46.5
47.1
+0.6
Cra
ck43
.543
.640
.541
.940
.740
.643
.841
.142
.640
.238
.535
.339
.239
.338
.837
.5-1
.2C
ocai
ne p
owd
er48
.045
.443
.743
.844
.443
.345
.743
.744
.640
.740
.237
.441
.741
.642
.541
.2-1
.3He
roin
34.9
33.7
34.1
35.1
32.2
33.8
35.6
32.1
33.5
32.3
29.0
27.9
29.6
27.3
27.4
29.7
+2.2
Som
e ot
her n
arco
tic (i
nclu
din
g m
etha
don
e)37
.137
.538
.039
.840
.038
.942
.840
.843
.940
.544
.044
.040
.239
.239
.637
.3-2
.3A
mph
etam
ines
58.8
61.5
62.0
62.8
59.4
59.8
60.8
58.1
57.1
57.1
57.4
57.4
55.4
51.2
52.9
49.6
-3.3
Cry
stal
met
h. (i
ce)
26.0
26.6
25.6
27.0
26.9
27.6
29.8
27.6
27.8
28.3
28.3
26.1
26.7
27.2
26.7
25.1
-1.6
Sed
atia
ves (
barb
itura
tes)
c44
.044
.543
.342
.341
.440
.040
.737
.937
.435
.736
.635
.346
.344
.443
.841
.7-2
.1Tr
anqu
ilizer
s40
.941
.139
.237
.836
.035
.436
.232
.733
.833
.132
.929
.830
.125
.724
.423
.6-0
.8A
lcoh
ol—
——
——
——
95.0
94.8
94.3
94.7
94.2
94.2
93.0
92.5
92.2
-0.3
Ster
oid
s46
.844
.842
.945
.540
.341
.744
.544
.644
.844
.445
.540
.742
.639
.741
.140
.1-1
.0A
ppro
ximat
e N
=2,
586
2,67
02,
526
2,55
22,
340
2,51
72,
520
2,21
52,
095
2,12
02,
138
2,39
12,
169
2,16
12,
131
2,42
0So
urce
: T
he M
onito
ring
the
Futu
re st
udy,
the
Univ
ersit
y of
Mic
higa
n.N
otes
:
Leve
l of s
igni
fican
ce o
f diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
the
two
mos
t rec
ent c
lass
es:
s = 0
.05,
ss =
0.0
1, ss
s = 0
.001
.
c In 2
004
the
ques
tion
text
was
cha
nged
from
“ba
rbitu
rate
s” to
“se
dat
ives
/bar
bitu
rate
s” a
nd th
e lis
t of e
xam
ples
was
cha
nged
from
"dow
ners
, goo
fbal
ls, re
ds,
yello
ws,
etc.
" to
just
"d
owne
rs."
The
se c
hang
es lik
ely
expl
ain
the
disc
ontin
uity
in th
e 20
04 re
sults
.
aA
nsw
er a
ltern
ativ
es w
ere:
(1)
Pro
babl
y im
poss
ible
, (2)
Ver
y d
iffic
ult,
(3) F
airly
diff
icul
t, (4
) Fai
rly e
asy,
and
(5) V
ery
easy
.bIn
200
1 th
e qu
estio
n te
xt w
as c
hang
ed fr
om “
othe
r psy
ched
elic
s” to
“ot
her h
allu
cino
gens
” an
d “
shro
oms”
was
ad
ded
to th
e lis
t of e
xam
ples
. Th
ese
chan
ges l
ikel
y ex
plai
n th
e d
iscon
tinui
ty in
the
2001
resu
lts.
"—
" ind
icat
es d
ata
not a
vaila
ble.
"‡" i
ndic
ates
som
e ch
ange
in th
e qu
estio
n. S
ee re
leva
nt fo
otno
te.
A
ny a
ppar
ent i
ncon
siste
ncy
betw
een
the
chan
ge e
stim
ate
and
the
prev
alen
ce-o
f-use
est
imat
es fo
r the
two
mos
t rec
ent c
lass
es is
due
to ro
und
ing
erro
r.
TA
BL
E 1
3 (c
ont.)
T
rend
s in
Ava
ilabi
lity
of D
rugs
as P
erce
ived
by
Tw
elft
h G
rade
rs
How
diff
icul
t do
you
thin
k it
wou
ld b
e fo
r you
to
get
eac
h of
the
follo
win
g ty
pes o
f dru
gs, i
f yo
u w
ante
d so
me?
2007
chan
ge
Perc
enta
ge sa
ying
"fai
rly e
asy"
or "
very
eas
y" to
get
a
Cla
ss o
f:20
06–