Table 11-7 Anterior Muscles of the Neck (Figure 11–9)

11-5 Axial Musculature• Muscles of the Vertebral Column

– Spinal extensors or erector spinae muscles

(superficial and deep)

– Spinal flexors (transversospinalis)

11-5 Axial Musculature• Muscles of the Vertebral Column

– Superficial Spinal Extensors

• Spinalis group

• Longissimus group

• Iliocostalis group

11-5 Axial Musculature• Muscles of the Vertebral Column

– Deep Spinal Extensors

• Semispinalis group

• Multifidus muscle

• Interspinalis muscles

• Intertransversarii muscles

• Rotatores muscles

Figure 11-10 Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Erector Spinae,Deep Layer

Semispinalis Group

Semispinalis capitis

Semispinalis cervicis

Semispinalis thoracis

Multifidus

Erector Spinae,Superficial Layer

Splenius capitis

Spinalis, Longissimus, and Iliocostalis Group

Longissimus capitis

Spinalis cervicis

Longissimus cervicis

Iliocostalis cervicis

Iliocostalis thoracis

Longissimus thoracis

Spinalis thoracis

Iliocostalis lumborum

Table 11-8 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Figure 11–10)

11-5 Axial Musculature• Muscles of the Vertebral Column

– Spinal Flexors

• Neck

– Longus capitis and longus colli

– Rotate and flex the neck

• Lumbar

– Quadratus lumborum muscles

– Flex spine and depress ribs

Figure 11-10 Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Intervertebral Muscles,Posterior View

Rotatores Intertransversarii

Spinousprocessofvertebra

Transverseprocess ofvertebra

Interspinales

Posterior view

Spinal FlexorsQuadratus lumborum

Flexors of the AnteriorCervical and ThoracicSpine

Thoracodorsalfascia

Longuscapitis

Longuscolli

Erector Spinae,Deep Layer

Table 11-8 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Figure 11–10)

11-5 Axial Musculature• Oblique and Rectus Muscles

– Lie within the body wall

– Oblique muscles

• Compress underlying structures

• Rotate vertebral column

– Rectus muscles

• Flex vertebral column

• Oppose erector spinae

11-5 Axial Musculature• Oblique Muscles – Cervical region• Scalene muscles• Flex the neck

– Thoracic region• Intercostal muscles (external and internal)– Respiratory movements of ribs

• Transversus thoracis– Cross inner surface of ribs

11-5 Axial Musculature• Oblique Muscles

– Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as thoracic)

• External oblique muscles

• Internal oblique muscles

• Transversus abdominis

11-5 Axial Musculature• Rectus Muscles

– Rectus abdominis

• Between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis

• Divided longitudinally by linea alba

• Divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions

11-5 Axial Musculature• Rectus Muscles

– Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm

• Divides thoracic and abdominal cavities

• Performs respiration

Figure 11-11a Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm

Scalenes

Anterior

Middle

Posterior

Anterior view,cervical region

Figure 11-11b Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm

Anterior view

Linea alba

Tendinousinscription

Externaloblique

Rectus abdominis

Cut edge of rectus sheath

Internal oblique

External oblique (cut)

External intercostal

Internal intercostal

Serratusanterior

Figure 11-11c Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm

Superior view at thelevel of the diaphragm

Central tendonof diaphragm

Erector spinae groupSpinal cord

Thoracic aorta

Diaphragm

Serratusanterior

Esophagus

Internalintercostal

Externalintercostal T10

Inferiorvena cava

Externaloblique

Costalcartilages

Xiphoidprocess

Rectusabdominis

Figure 11-11d Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm

Horizontal section view atthe level of the umbilicus

Linea alba

Rectus abdominis

Thoracolumbarfascia

Internaloblique

Transversusabdominis

Externaloblique

Rectus sheath

L3

Quadratuslumborum

Table 11-9 Oblique and Rectus Muscle Groups (Figure 11–11)

Table 11-9 Oblique and Rectus Muscle Groups (Figure 11–11)

11-5 Axial Musculature• Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

– Functions of pelvic floor muscles

1. Support organs of pelvic cavity

2. Flex sacrum and coccyx

3. Control movement of materials through urethra and

anus

11-5 Axial Musculature• Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

– Perineum

• Muscular sheet forming the pelvic floor, divided into:

1. Anterior urogenital triangle

2. Posterior anal triangle

11-5 Axial Musculature• Perineum

– Urogenital diaphragm

• Deep muscular layer between pubic bones

– Supports the pelvic floor

– And muscles of the urethra

• Superficial muscles of the urogenital triangle

– Support external genitalia

11-5 Axial Musculature• Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

– Perineum

• Pelvic diaphragm

– Deep muscular layer extending to pubis

» Supports anal triangle

Figure 11-12a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

Superficial Dissections

IschiocavernosusBulbospongiosus

Vagina

Superficialtransverse perineal

Anus

Gluteus maximus

Female

Figure 11-12a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

Urethra

Urogenital Diaphragm

External urethral sphincter

Deep transverse perineal

Central tendon of perineum

Pelvic Diaphragm

Levatorani

Pubococcygeus

Iliococcygeus

External anal sphincter

Coccygeus

Sacrotuberous ligament

Female

Deep Dissections

Figure 11-12b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

Male

Testis

Urethra (connectingsegment removed)

Ischiocavernosus

Bulbospongiosus

Superficialtransverse perineal

Anus

Gluteus maximus

Superficial Dissections

Figure 11-12b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

Urogenital Diaphragm

Pelvic Diaphragm

UROGENITALTRIANGLE OFPERINEUM

Iliococcygeus

External urethral sphincter

Deep transverse perineal

Central tendon of perineum

Levatorani

Pubococcygeus

External anal sphincter

Coccygeus

Sacrotuberous ligament

ANALTRIANGLEMale

Deep Dissections

Table 11-10 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Figure 11–12)

11-6 Appendicular Musculature• Appendicular Muscles

– Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic girdles

– Move upper and lower limbs

– Two divisions of appendicular muscles

1. Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs

2. Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs

Figure 11-13a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk

Deltoid

Superficial Dissection

Axial Muscles

Platysma

Appendicular Muscles

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

Serratus anterior

ATLAS: Plates25; 39b

Anterior view

Figure 11-13a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk

Deep Dissection

Axial Muscles

Appendicular Muscles

Sternocleidomastoid

TrapeziusSubclavius

Deltoid (cutand reflected)

Pectoralis minor

Subscapularis

Pectoralis major(cut and reflected)Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachiiTeres majorSerratus anterior

ATLAS: Plates25; 39b

Anterior view

Figure 11-13a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk

ATLAS: Plates25; 39b

Anterior view

Axial Muscles

Appendicular Muscles

External oblique

Rectus sheath

Tensor fasciae latae

Superficial inguinal ring

Sartorius

Rectus femoris

Superficial Dissection

Figure 11-13a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk

ATLAS: Plates25; 39b

Anterior view

Axial Muscles

Appendicular Muscles

External intercostal

Internal intercostal

Internal oblique (cut)

External oblique(cut and reflected)

Rectus abdominis

Transversus abdominis

Gluteus medius

Iliopsoas

Pectineus

Adductor longus

Gracilis

Deep Dissection

Figure 11-13b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk

Superficial Dissection

Axial Muscles

Appendicular Muscles

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Deltoid

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Teres major

Tricepsbrachii

ATLAS: Plate 40a,bPosterior view

Figure 11-13b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk

ATLAS: Plate 40a,bPosterior view

Deep Dissection

Axial Muscles

Appendicular Muscles

Semispinalis capitis

Splenius capitis

Levator scapulae

Supraspinatus

Rhomboid minor

Rhomboid major

Figure 11-13b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk

ATLAS: Plate 40a,bPosterior view

Latissimus dorsi

Thoracolumbarfascia

Iliac crest

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Superficial Dissection

Appendicular Muscles

Figure 11-13b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk

ATLAS: Plate 40a,bPosterior view

Deep Dissection

Erector spinaemuscle group

External oblique

Axial Muscles

11-6 Appendicular Musculature• Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper Limbs

– Four groups

1. Muscles that position the pectoral girdle

2. Muscles that move the arm

3. Muscles that move the forearm and hand

4. Muscles that move the hand and fingers

11-6 Appendicular Musculature• Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

– Trapezius

• Superficial

• Covers back and neck to base of skull

• Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines

Figure 11-14a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

Muscles That Positionthe Pectoral Girdle

Trapezius

Levator scapulae

Subclavius

Pectoralis minor

Pectoralis major(cut and reflected)

Internal intercostals

External intercostals

T12

Anterior viewATLAS: Plates 39a-d; 40a–b

Figure 11-14b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

Muscles That Positionthe Pectoral Girdle

Trapezius

Superficial Dissection

Posterior viewATLAS: Plates 27b; 40a–b

11-6 Appendicular Musculature• Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

– Rhomboid and levator scapulae

• Deep to trapezius

• Attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae

• Insert on scapular border

Figure 11-14b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

Muscles That Positionthe Pectoral Girdle

Deep Dissection

Levator scapulae

Rhomboid minor

Rhomboid majorScapula

Serratus anterior

Tricepsbrachii

T12 vertebra

Posterior viewATLAS: Plates 27b; 40a–b

11-6 Appendicular Musculature• Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

– Serratus anterior

• On the chest

• Originates along ribs

• Inserts on anterior scapular margin

11-6 Appendicular Musculature• Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

– Subclavius

• Originates on ribs

• Inserts on clavicle

– Pectoralis minor

• Attaches to scapula

Figure 11-14a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

Muscles That Positionthe Pectoral Girdle

Trapezius

Levator scapulae

Subclavius

Pectoralis minor

Pectoralis major(cut and reflected)

Internal intercostals

External intercostals

T12

Anterior viewATLAS: Plates 39a-d; 40a–b

Figure 11-14a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

Anterior viewATLAS: Plates 39a-d; 40a–b

T12

Muscles That Positionthe Pectoral Girdle

Pectoralis minor(cut)

Serratus anterior

Biceps brachii, short head

Biceps brachii, long head

Table 11-11 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle (Figures 11–13, 11–14)

11-6 Appendicular Musculature• Muscles That Move the Arm

– Deltoid

• The major abductor

– Supraspinatus

• Assists deltoid

Figure 11-15a Muscles That Move the Arm

Superficial Dissection

Muscles ThatMove the Arm

Deltoid

Sternum

Clavicle

Pectoralis major

Anterior view

Figure 11-15b Muscles That Move the Arm

Superficial Dissection

Muscles ThatMove the Arm

Posterior view

Supraspinatus

Deltoid

Latissimus dorsi

Thoracolumbarfascia

Vertebra T1

11-6 Appendicular Musculature• Muscles That Move the Arm

– Subscapularis and teres major

• Produce medial rotation at shoulder

Figure 11-15a Muscles That Move the Arm

Deep Dissection

Muscles ThatMove the Arm

Ribs (cut)

Subscapularis

Coracobrachialis

Teres major

Biceps brachii,short head

Biceps brachii,long head

Vertebra T12

Anterior view

11-6 Appendicular Musculature• Muscles That Move the Arm

– Infraspinatus and teres minor

• Produce lateral rotation at shoulder

– Coracobrachialis

• Attaches to scapula

• Produces flexion and adduction at shoulder

Figure 11-15b Muscles That Move the Arm

Deep Dissection

Muscles ThatMove the Arm

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Teres major

Triceps brachii,long head

Triceps brachii,lateral head

Posterior view

Figure 11-15a Muscles That Move the Arm

Deep Dissection

Muscles ThatMove the Arm

Ribs (cut)

Subscapularis

Coracobrachialis

Teres major

Biceps brachii,short head

Biceps brachii,long head

Vertebra T12

Anterior view

11-6 Appendicular Musculature• Muscles That Move the Arm

– Pectoralis major

• Between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus

• Produces flexion at shoulder joint

– Latissimus dorsi

• Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus

• Produces extension at shoulder joint

Figure 11-15a Muscles That Move the Arm

Superficial Dissection

Muscles ThatMove the Arm

Deltoid

Sternum

Clavicle

Pectoralis major

Anterior view

Figure 11-15b Muscles That Move the Arm

Superficial Dissection

Muscles ThatMove the Arm

Posterior view

Supraspinatus

Deltoid

Latissimus dorsi

Thoracolumbarfascia

Vertebra T1

11-6 Appendicular Musculature• The Rotator Cuff

– Muscles involved in shoulder rotation

• Supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres

minor, and their tendons

Figure 11-15a Muscles That Move the Arm

Deep Dissection

Muscles ThatMove the Arm

Ribs (cut)

Subscapularis

Coracobrachialis

Teres major

Biceps brachii,short head

Biceps brachii,long head

Vertebra T12

Anterior view

Figure 11-15b Muscles That Move the Arm

Deep Dissection

Muscles ThatMove the Arm

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Teres major

Triceps brachii,long head

Triceps brachii,lateral head

Posterior view

Table 11-12 Muscles That Move the Arm (Figures 11–13 to 11–15)