TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 36 2 …€¦ · The Global Market for Graphene 2018-2027...

The Global Market for Graphene 2018-2027

© Future Markets, Inc. 2017 All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................... 36

▪ 1.1 Market challenges rating system....................................................................................................................................................... 39

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................... 41

▪ 2.1 Two-dimensional (2D) materials........................................................................................................................................................ 41

▪ 2.2 Graphene.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 41

▪ 2.2.1 The market in 2016................................................................................................................................................................. 41

▪ 2.2.2 Products.................................................................................................................................................................................... 42

▪ 2.2.3 The market in 2017................................................................................................................................................................. 42

▪ 2.2.4 Production in 2017.................................................................................................................................................................. 43

▪ 2.2.5 Graphene investments 2016-2017....................................................................................................................................... 45

▪ 2.2.6 Market outlook for 2018.......................................................................................................................................................... 45

▪ 2.2.7 Remarkable properties........................................................................................................................................................... 51

▪ 2.2.8 Global funding and initiatives................................................................................................................................................. 51

▪ 2.2.9 Products and applications...................................................................................................................................................... 52

▪ 2.2.10 Production................................................................................................................................................................................. 53

▪ 2.2.11 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................................................................... 54

▪ 2.2.12 Market and technical challenges........................................................................................................................................... 57

▪ 2.3 Key players........................................................................................................................................................................................... 58



▪ 2.3.1 Asia-Pacific............................................................................................................................................................................... 58

▪ 2.3.1.1 Australia.............................................................................................................................................................................. 60

▪ 2.3.2 North America.......................................................................................................................................................................... 60

▪ 2.3.3 Europe....................................................................................................................................................................................... 61

3 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS.............................................. 62

▪ 3.1 Categorization...................................................................................................................................................................................... 62

4 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE............................................................ 64

▪ 4.1 History.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64

▪ 4.2 Forms of graphene.............................................................................................................................................................................. 65

▪ 4.3 Properties.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 66

▪ 4.4 3D Graphene........................................................................................................................................................................................ 67

▪ 4.5 Graphene Quantum Dots................................................................................................................................................................... 67

▪ 4.5.1 Synthesis.................................................................................................................................................................................. 68

▪ 4.5.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 69

▪ 4.5.2.1 Optoelectronics, electronics and photonics.................................................................................................................. 69

▪ 4.5.2.2 Energy................................................................................................................................................................................. 69

▪ 4.5.2.3 Biomedicine and healthcare............................................................................................................................................ 69

▪ 4.5.2.4 Other................................................................................................................................................................................... 69

▪ 4.5.2.5 Pricing................................................................................................................................................................................. 70

▪ 4.5.3 Producers................................................................................................................................................................................. 70

5 CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE............................... 72

▪ 5.1 Comparative properties...................................................................................................................................................................... 72



▪ 5.2 Cost and production............................................................................................................................................................................ 73

▪ 5.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids................................................................................................................................................. 74

▪ 5.4 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene............................................................................................................ 74

6 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS.................................................................. 76

▪ 6.1 Black phosphorus/Phosphorene....................................................................................................................................................... 76

▪ 6.1.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 77

▪ 6.1.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 78

▪ 6.2 C2N......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78

▪ 6.2.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 79

▪ 6.2.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 79

▪ 6.3 Carbon nitride....................................................................................................................................................................................... 79

▪ 6.3.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 79

▪ 6.3.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 80

▪ 6.4 Germanene........................................................................................................................................................................................... 80

▪ 6.4.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 80

▪ 6.4.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 80

▪ 6.5 Graphdiyne........................................................................................................................................................................................... 81

▪ 6.5.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 81

▪ 6.5.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 81

▪ 6.6 Graphane.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 82

▪ 6.6.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 82

▪ 6.6.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 83

▪ 6.7 Hexagonal boron nitride...................................................................................................................................................................... 83

▪ 6.7.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 84

▪ 6.7.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 84



▪ 6.7.3 Producers................................................................................................................................................................................. 84

▪ 6.8 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)............................................................................................................................................................ 85

▪ 6.8.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 85

▪ 6.8.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 85

▪ 6.9 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)........................................................................................................................ 87

▪ 6.9.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 87

▪ 6.9.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 87

▪ 6.10 Silicene............................................................................................................................................................................................ 88

▪ 6.10.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 88

▪ 6.10.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 89

▪ 6.11 Stanene/tinene............................................................................................................................................................................... 90

▪ 6.11.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 90

▪ 6.11.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 91

▪ 6.12 Tungsten diselenide...................................................................................................................................................................... 91

▪ 6.12.1 Properties................................................................................................................................................................................. 92

▪ 6.12.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 92

▪ 6.13 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials......................................................................................... 93

7 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS................................................................. 94

8 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION....................................................................... 110

9 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS............................................... 113

▪ 9.1 Standards........................................................................................................................................................................................... 113

▪ 9.2 Environmental, health and safety regulation................................................................................................................................. 113

▪ 9.2.1 Europe.................................................................................................................................................................................... 113

▪ 9.2.2 United States......................................................................................................................................................................... 113

▪ 9.2.3 Asia.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 114



▪ 9.3 Workplace exposure......................................................................................................................................................................... 114

10 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS.................................................... 115

▪ 10.1 Fabrication processes................................................................................................................................................................ 115

▪ 10.2 Academia...................................................................................................................................................................................... 115

▪ 10.3 Regional leaders......................................................................................................................................................................... 115

11 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL............................................. 118

12 GRAPHENE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2013-2018-INVESTMENTS, PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION............................ 120

13 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS................................ 154

▪ 13.1 Graphene production volumes 2010-2027.............................................................................................................................. 154

▪ 13.2 Graphene pricing......................................................................................................................................................................... 156

▪ 13.2.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing....................................................................................................................................... 157

▪ 13.2.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing............................................................................................................................................... 157

▪ 13.2.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing......................................................................................................................................... 158

▪ 13.2.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing...................................................................................................................................... 158

▪ 13.2.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing........................................................................................................................................ 158

▪ 13.2.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing................................................................................................................................. 159

▪ 13.2.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing.................................................................................................................................... 159

▪ 13.2.8 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials...................................................................................................... 160

▪ 13.2.9 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce................................................................................................................ 160



▪ 13.2.10 Bulk supply............................................................................................................................................................................. 160

▪ 13.2.11 Commoditisation.................................................................................................................................................................... 161

▪ 13.3 Graphene producers and production capacities.................................................................................................................... 161

14 ADHESIVES.................................................................................... 163

▪ 14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS......................................................................................................................................... 163

▪ 14.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS...................................................................................................................................... 164

▪ 14.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................................................................................... 165

▪ 14.4 MARKET CHALLENGES........................................................................................................................................................... 168

▪ 14.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS....................................................................................................................................................... 168

15 AEROSPACE.................................................................................. 168



▪ 15.2.1 Composites............................................................................................................................................................................ 170

▪ 15.2.2 Coatings.................................................................................................................................................................................. 170

▪ 15.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORUNTIY...................................................................................................................... 171



16 AUTOMOTIVE................................................................................. 176

▪ 16.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS........................................................................................................................................... 176


▪ 16.2.1 Composites............................................................................................................................................................................ 178



▪ 16.2.2 Thermally conductive additives........................................................................................................................................... 178

▪ 16.2.3 Tires........................................................................................................................................................................................ 179




17 LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICAL.................................................... 184



▪ 17.2.1 Cancer therapy...................................................................................................................................................................... 189

▪ 17.2.1.1 Graphene oxide for therapy and drug delivery.................................................................................................... 189

▪ 17.2.1.2 Graphene nanosheets............................................................................................................................................. 189

▪ 17.2.1.3 Gene delivery............................................................................................................................................................ 190

▪ 17.2.1.4 Photodynamic Therapy............................................................................................................................................ 190

▪ 17.2.2 Medical implants and devices............................................................................................................................................. 190

▪ 17.2.3 Wound dressings.................................................................................................................................................................. 190

▪ 17.2.4 Biosensors.............................................................................................................................................................................. 190

▪ 17.2.4.1 FRET biosensors for DNA detection..................................................................................................................... 191

▪ 17.2.5 Medical imaging.................................................................................................................................................................... 192

▪ 17.2.6 Tissue engineering................................................................................................................................................................ 192

▪ 17.2.7 Dental...................................................................................................................................................................................... 192

▪ 17.2.8 Electrophysiology.................................................................................................................................................................. 192



▪ 17.2.9 Wearable and mobile health monitoring............................................................................................................................ 192

▪ 17.2.9.1 Graphene devices.................................................................................................................................................... 194

▪ 17.2.9.2 Patch-type skin sensors.......................................................................................................................................... 196

▪ 17.2.9.3 Skin temperature monitoring.................................................................................................................................. 198

▪ 17.2.9.4 Hydration sensors.................................................................................................................................................... 199

▪ 17.2.9.5 Wearable sweat sensors......................................................................................................................................... 200

▪ 17.2.9.6 Smart footwear.......................................................................................................................................................... 202


▪ 17.3.1 Wearable healthcare............................................................................................................................................................ 203



18 COATINGS...................................................................................... 210



▪ 18.2.1 Anti-corrosion coatings......................................................................................................................................................... 215

▪ 18.2.1.1 Marine........................................................................................................................................................................ 216

▪ 18.2.2 Anti-microbial......................................................................................................................................................................... 216

▪ 18.2.3 Anti-icing................................................................................................................................................................................. 217

▪ 18.2.4 Barrier coatings..................................................................................................................................................................... 217



▪ 18.2.5 Heat protection...................................................................................................................................................................... 218

▪ 18.2.6 Anti-fouling............................................................................................................................................................................. 219

▪ 18.2.7 Wear and abrasion resistance............................................................................................................................................ 219

▪ 18.2.8 Smart windows...................................................................................................................................................................... 220


▪ 18.3.1 Thermal barrier coatings...................................................................................................................................................... 223

▪ 18.3.2 Barrier coatings..................................................................................................................................................................... 223

▪ 18.3.3 Anti-microbial coatings......................................................................................................................................................... 224

▪ 18.3.4 De-icing or anti-icing coatings............................................................................................................................................. 224

▪ 18.3.5 Abrasion and wear resistant coatings................................................................................................................................ 224

▪ 18.3.6 Anti-corrosion coatings......................................................................................................................................................... 224


▪ ▪ 18.5 PRODUCT

DEVELOPERS....................................................................................................................................................... 228

19 COMPOSITES................................................................................. 229



▪ 19.2.1 Polymer composites............................................................................................................................................................. 231

▪ 19.2.2 Barrier packaging.................................................................................................................................................................. 232

▪ 19.2.3 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding...................................................... 232



▪ 19.2.4 Wind turbines......................................................................................................................................................................... 233

▪ 19.2.5 Ballistic protection................................................................................................................................................................. 233

▪ 19.2.6 Cement additives.................................................................................................................................................................. 233




20 RUBBER AND TIRES..................................................................... 238

▪ 20.1 APPLICATIONS.......................................................................................................................................................................... 238




21 ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS................................................ 241

▪ 21.1 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, WEARABLES, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS.................................................... 242

▪ 21.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................................................................................... 242

▪ 21.1.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................................................................................ 243

▪ 21.1.2.1 Transparent electrodes in flexible electronics...................................................................................................... 246

▪ 21.1.2.2 Electronic paper........................................................................................................................................................ 248

▪ 21.1.2.3 Wearable electronics............................................................................................................................................... 248

▪ 21.1.2.4 Wearable sensors.................................................................................................................................................... 251

▪ 21.1.2.5 Industrial monitoring................................................................................................................................................. 255



▪ 21.1.2.6 Military........................................................................................................................................................................ 256

▪ 21.1.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.............................................................................................................. 257

▪ 21.1.4 Transparent conductive electrodes.................................................................................................................................... 260

▪ 21.1.5 MARKET CHALLENGES..................................................................................................................................................... 260

▪ 21.1.6 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS................................................................................................................................................. 263

▪ 21.2 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS.................................................................................................................. 264



▪ 21.2.2.1 Integrated circuits..................................................................................................................................................... 265

▪ 21.2.2.2 Transistors................................................................................................................................................................. 266

▪ 21.2.2.3 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits............................................................................................................. 266

▪ 21.2.2.4 Graphene spintronics............................................................................................................................................... 267




▪ 21.3 MEMORY DEVICES................................................................................................................................................................... 272








▪ 21.4 PHOTONICS................................................................................................................................................................................ 276



▪ 21.4.2.1 Si photonics versus graphene................................................................................................................................ 277

▪ 21.4.2.2 Optical modulators................................................................................................................................................... 278

▪ 21.4.2.3 Photodetectors.......................................................................................................................................................... 278

▪ 21.4.2.4 Saturable absorbers................................................................................................................................................. 280

▪ 21.4.2.5 Plasmonics................................................................................................................................................................ 280

▪ 21.4.2.6 Fiber lasers................................................................................................................................................................ 280

▪ 21.4.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................................................................................... 281



22 ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION.......... 282

▪ 22.1 BATTERIES................................................................................................................................................................................. 284



▪ 22.1.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)....................................................................................................................................... 286

▪ 22.1.2.2 Lithium-air batteries.................................................................................................................................................. 286

▪ 22.1.2.3 Lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S)................................................................................................................................ 287



▪ 22.1.2.4 Sodium-ion batteries................................................................................................................................................ 287

▪ 22.1.3 Flexible and stretchable batteries....................................................................................................................................... 287




▪ 22.2 SUPERCAPACITORS................................................................................................................................................................ 297



▪ 22.2.2.1 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors............................................................................................................. 299




▪ 22.3 PHOTOVOLTAICS..................................................................................................................................................................... 304



▪ 22.3.2.1 ITO replacement....................................................................................................................................................... 305

▪ 22.3.2.2 Graphene–silicon (Gr–Si) Schottky junction solar cells..................................................................................... 306

▪ 22.3.2.3 Halide perovskites/graphene hybrids.................................................................................................................... 306

▪ 22.3.2.4 Solar energy harvesting textiles............................................................................................................................. 306

▪ 22.3.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE...................................................................................................................................................... 307





▪ 22.4 FUEL CELLS............................................................................................................................................................................... 310



▪ 22.4.2.1 Electrocatalyst supports.......................................................................................................................................... 312

▪ 22.4.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND GRAPHENE OPPORTUNITY...................................................................................... 312

▪ 22.4.3.1 Graphene opportunity.............................................................................................................................................. 312



▪ 22.5 LED LIGHTING AND UVC........................................................................................................................................................ 314



▪ 22.5.2.1 Flexible OLED lighting............................................................................................................................................. 315




▪ 22.6 OIL AND GAS.............................................................................................................................................................................. 318





▪ 22.6.2.1 Sensing and reservoir management..................................................................................................................... 320

▪ 22.6.2.2 Coatings..................................................................................................................................................................... 321

▪ 22.6.2.3 Drilling fluids.............................................................................................................................................................. 322

▪ 22.6.2.4 Sorbent materials..................................................................................................................................................... 322

▪ 22.6.2.5 Catalysts.................................................................................................................................................................... 322

▪ 22.6.2.6 Separation................................................................................................................................................................. 322




23 FILTRATION................................................................................... 326



▪ 23.2.1 Water filtration........................................................................................................................................................................ 328

▪ 23.2.2 Gas separation...................................................................................................................................................................... 328

▪ 23.2.3 Photocatalytic absorbents.................................................................................................................................................... 328

▪ 23.2.4 Air filtration............................................................................................................................................................................. 329






24 LUBRICANTS................................................................................. 333






25 SENSORS....................................................................................... 337



▪ 25.2.1 Infrared (IR) sensors............................................................................................................................................................. 340

▪ 25.2.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors....................................................................................................................................... 340

▪ 25.2.2.1 Graphene foam......................................................................................................................................................... 341

▪ 25.2.3 Pressure sensors.................................................................................................................................................................. 341

▪ 25.2.4 Biosensors.............................................................................................................................................................................. 341

▪ 25.2.5 Optical sensors...................................................................................................................................................................... 343

▪ 25.2.6 Humidity sensors................................................................................................................................................................... 343

▪ 25.2.7 Strain sensors........................................................................................................................................................................ 344

▪ 25.2.8 Acoustic sensors................................................................................................................................................................... 344

▪ 25.2.9 Wireless sensors................................................................................................................................................................... 344



▪ 25.2.10 Surface enhanced Raman scattering................................................................................................................................ 344


▪ 25.4 MARKET CHALLENGES........................................................................................................................................................... 34625.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS....................................................................................................................................................... 347

26 SMART TEXTILES AND APPAREL............................................... 349


▪ 26.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS....................................................................................................................................... 351

▪ 26.2.1 Conductive coatings............................................................................................................................................................. 354

▪ 26.2.2 Conductive yarns.................................................................................................................................................................. 355

▪ 26.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE............................................................................................................................................................ 356



27 CONDUCTIVE INKS........................................................................ 362



▪ 27.2.1 RFID........................................................................................................................................................................................ 365

▪ 27.2.2 Smart labels........................................................................................................................................................................... 367

▪ 27.2.3 Smart clothing........................................................................................................................................................................ 367

▪ 27.2.4 Printable sensors.................................................................................................................................................................. 367



▪ 27.2.5 Printed batteries.................................................................................................................................................................... 367

▪ 27.2.6 Printable antennas................................................................................................................................................................ 369




28 3D PRINTING.................................................................................. 375






29 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS............................................................. 379-435 (114 company profiles)

30 GRAPHENE PRODUCT AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS....... 436-481 (120 company profiles)

31 REFERENCES................................................................................ 482

TABLES

▪ Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene...................................................................................................................................... 42

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene (tons), 2018-2027......................................................................................................................................... 44

▪ Table 2: Graphene investments and financial agreements 2017................................................................................................................... 45

▪ Table 3: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications................................................................................................. 47

▪ Table 4: Graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size........................................................................... 52

▪ Table 5: Main graphene producers by country and annual production capacities...................................................................................... 54



▪ Table 6: Categorization of nanomaterials........................................................................................................................................................... 62

▪ Table 7: Properties of graphene.......................................................................................................................................................................... 66

▪ Table 8: Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.................................................................................................................. 68

▪ Table 9: Graphene quantum dot producers....................................................................................................................................................... 70

▪ Table 10: Comparative properties of carbon materials.................................................................................................................................... 73

▪ Table 11: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes............................................................................. 73

▪ Table 12: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2027..................... 74

▪ Table 13: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2......................................................... 77

▪ Table 14: Markets and applications of phosphorene........................................................................................................................................ 78

▪ Table 15: Markets and applications of C2N....................................................................................................................................................... 79

▪ Table 16: Markets and applications of hexagonal boron-nitride..................................................................................................................... 80

▪ Table 17: Markets and applications of graphdiyne........................................................................................................................................... 81

▪ Table 18: Markets and applications of graphane.............................................................................................................................................. 83

▪ Table 19: Markets and applications of hexagonal boron-nitride..................................................................................................................... 84

▪ Table 20: Markets and applications of MoS2..................................................................................................................................................... 86

▪ Table 21: Markets and applications of Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)....................................................................... 88

▪ Table 22: Markets and applications of silicene.................................................................................................................................................. 89

▪ Table 23: Markets and applications of stanene/tinene..................................................................................................................................... 91

▪ Table 24: Markets and applications of tungsten diselenide............................................................................................................................. 92

▪ Table 25: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials................................................................................................ 93

▪ Table 26: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market............................................................................. 94

▪ Table 27: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market......................................... 94



▪ Table 28: Main production methods for graphene............................................................................................................................................ 95

▪ Table 29: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market.......................................................................... 100

▪ Table 30: Graphene synthesis methods, by company................................................................................................................................... 108

▪ Table 31: Graphene market structure............................................................................................................................................................... 110

▪ Table 32: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............................................................................................................. 115

▪ Table 33: Leading graphene patentees............................................................................................................................................................ 116

▪ Table 34: Industrial graphene patents in 2014................................................................................................................................................ 117

▪ Table 35: Global production of graphene, 2010-2027 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2015................................................. 154

▪ Table 36: Types of graphene and prices.......................................................................................................................................................... 156

▪ Table 37: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer................................................................................................................................ 157

▪ Table 38: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer........................................................................................................................................ 157

▪ Table 39: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer................................................................................................................................. 158

▪ Table 40: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer.............................................................................................................................. 158

▪ Table 41: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer................................................................................................................................ 159

▪ Table 42: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer......................................................................................................................... 159

▪ Table 43: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer....................................................................................................................................... 160

▪ Table 44: Production capacities of graphene producers, current and planned, metric tons.................................................................... 161

▪ Table 45: Market drivers for use of graphene in adhesives.......................................................................................................................... 163

▪ Table 46: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives.......................................................................................................... 164

▪ Table 47: Applications and benefits of graphene in adhesives.................................................................................................................... 164

▪ Table 48: Market size for graphene in adhesives........................................................................................................................................... 165

▪ Table 49: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in adhesives........................................................................................................ 165

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2027................................................................................................................ 167



▪ Table 51: Market challenges rating for graphene in the adhesives market................................................................................................ 168

▪ Table 52: Graphene product and application developers in the adhesives industry............................................................................... 168

▪ Table 53: Market drivers for use of graphene in aerospace......................................................................................................................... 169

▪ Table 54: Applications and benefits of graphene in aerospace.................................................................................................................... 170

▪ Table 55: Market size for graphene in aerospace.......................................................................................................................................... 171

▪ Table 56: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace....................................................................................................... 172

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2027............................................................................................................... 174

▪ Table 57: Market challenges rating for graphene in the aerospace market............................................................................................... 175

▪ Table 58: Graphene product and application developers in the aerospace industry................................................................................ 175

▪ Table 59: Market drivers for use of graphene in the automotive sector...................................................................................................... 176

▪ Table 60: Applications and benefits of graphene in the automotive industry............................................................................................. 179

▪ Table 61: Market size for graphene in the automotive industry.................................................................................................................... 180

▪ Table 62: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive industry................................................................................ 180

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2027.............................................................................................................. 182

▪ Table 63: Market challenges rating for graphene in the automotive sector................................................................................................ 183

▪ Table 64: Graphene product and application developers in the automotive sector.................................................................................. 184

▪ Table 65: Market drivers for use of graphene in the life sciences and medical market............................................................................ 185

▪ Table 66: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare............................................................................ 187

▪ Table 67: Applications and benefits of graphene in life sciences and medical.......................................................................................... 188

▪ Table 68: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof....................... 195

▪ Table 69: Market size for graphene in biomedical and healthcare.............................................................................................................. 203

▪ Table 70: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets................................................................ 205

▪ Table 71: Potential addressable market for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets.................................................................... 206

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2027..................................................................................... 207

▪ Table 72: Market challenges in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.................................................................................................. 208

▪ Table 73: Market challenges rating for graphene in the biomedical and healthcare market................................................................... 209

▪ Table 74: Graphene product and application developers in the biomedical and healthcare industry.................................................... 210



▪ Table 75: Properties of nanocoatings............................................................................................................................................................... 211

▪ Table 76: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings.............................................................................................................. 215

▪ Table 77: Markets for nanocoatings.................................................................................................................................................................. 221

▪ Table 78: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the coatings market....................................................................................... 224

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2027................................................................................................................... 226

▪ Table 79: Market challenges rating for graphene in the coatings market................................................................................................... 227

▪ Table 80: Graphene product and application developers in the coatings industry.................................................................................... 228

▪ Table 81: Market drivers for use of graphene in composites........................................................................................................................ 229

▪ Table 82: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites......................................................................................... 231

▪ Table 83: Applications and benefits of graphene in composites.................................................................................................................. 231

▪ Table 84: Market size for graphene in composites......................................................................................................................................... 233

▪ Table 85: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the composites market.................................................................................. 234

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2027............................................................................................................. 235

▪ Table 86: Market challenges rating for graphene in the composites market.............................................................................................. 236

▪ Table 87: Graphene product and application developers in the composites industry.............................................................................. 237

▪ Table 88: Applications of graphene in rubber and tires................................................................................................................................. 238

▪ Table 89: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the rubber and tires market.......................................................................... 238

▪ Table 90: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the rubber and tires market.................................................................. 239

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2027...................................................................................................... 239

▪ Table 91: Market challenges for graphene in rubber and tires..................................................................................................................... 240

▪ Table 92: Companies developing graphene-based products in rubber and tires...................................................................................... 241

▪ Table 93: Market drivers for use of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films...................................................................... 242

▪ Table 94: Applications and benefits of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films................................................................ 245

▪ Table 95: Comparison of ITO replacements.................................................................................................................................................... 246

▪ Table 96: Wearable electronics devices and stage of development........................................................................................................... 249

▪ Table 97: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.............................................................................................................. 254



▪ Table 98: Market size for graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films....................................................................................... 257

▪ Table 99: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays............... 258

▪ Table 100: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $...................................................................... 259

▪ Table 101: Market challenges rating for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market.... 262

▪ Table 102: Graphene product and application developers in transparent conductive films.................................................................... 263

▪ Table 103: Market drivers for use of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components............................................. 264

▪ Table 104: Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors..................................................................................................... 266

▪ Table 105: Applications and benefits of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components....................................... 267

▪ Table 106: Market size for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.............................................................. 268

▪ Table 107: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components........................... 269

▪ Table 108: Market challenges rating for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market..................................................... 271

▪ Table 109: Graphene product and application developers in transistors and integrated circuits........................................................... 271

▪ Table 110: Market drivers for use of graphene in memory devices............................................................................................................. 272

▪ Table 111: Market size for graphene in memory devices.............................................................................................................................. 275

▪ Table 112: Graphene product and application developers in memory devices......................................................................................... 276

▪ Table 113: Applications and commercialization challenges for graphene in the memory devices market........................................... 276

▪ Table 114: Market drivers for use of graphene in photonics......................................................................................................................... 277

▪ Table 115: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators.......................................................................................... 278

▪ Table 116: Applications and benefits of graphene in photonics................................................................................................................... 280

▪ Table 117: Market size for graphene in photonics.......................................................................................................................................... 281

▪ Table 118: Graphene product and application developers in photonics..................................................................................................... 281

▪ Table 119: Market challenges rating for graphene in the photonics market.............................................................................................. 282

▪ Table 120: Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries.......................................................................................................................... 284

▪ Table 121: Wearable energy and energy harvesting devices and stage of development....................................................................... 288

▪ Table 122: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof................................................... 289

▪ Table 123: Market size for graphene in batteries........................................................................................................................................... 291

▪ Table 124: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries................................................................................ 292



▪ Table 125: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in batteries........................................................................................................ 292

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2027.................................................................................................................. 294

▪ Table 126: Graphene product and application developers in the battery industry.................................................................................... 294

▪ Table 127: Market challenges rating for graphene in the batteries market................................................................................................ 296

▪ Table 128: Market drivers for use of graphene in supercapacitors.............................................................................................................. 297

▪ Table 129: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries................................................................... 298

▪ Table 130: Applications and benefits of graphene in supercapacitors........................................................................................................ 298

▪ Table 131: Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof............................. 300

▪ Table 132: Market size for graphene in supercapacitors.............................................................................................................................. 301

▪ Table 133: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in supercapacitors........................................................................................... 301

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2027..................................................................................................... 302

▪ Table 134: Graphene product and application developers in supercapacitors.......................................................................................... 303

▪ Table 135: Market challenges rating for graphene in the supercapacitors market................................................................................... 304

▪ Table 136: Market drivers for use of graphene in photovoltaics.................................................................................................................. 304

▪ Table 137: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics................................................................................................................................... 308

▪ Table 138: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics................................................................................................................................... 308

▪ Table 139: Potential addressable market for photovoltaics.......................................................................................................................... 308

▪ Table 140: Graphene product and application developers in photovoltaics............................................................................................... 309

▪ Table 141: Market challenges rating for graphene in the solar market....................................................................................................... 310

▪ Table 142: Market drivers for use of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage.................................................................................. 310

▪ Table 143: Applications and benefits of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage............................................................................ 312

▪ Table 144: Market size for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage................................................................................................... 313

▪ Table 145: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage................................................................ 313

▪ Table 146: Market challenges rating for graphene in the fuel cells market................................................................................................ 313

▪ Table 147: Graphene product and application developers in fuel cells...................................................................................................... 314

▪ Table 148: Market drivers for use of graphene in LED lighting and UVC................................................................................................... 314



▪ Table 149: Applications of graphene in lighting.............................................................................................................................................. 315

▪ Table 150: Market size for graphene in LED lighting and UVC.................................................................................................................... 316

▪ Table 151: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the lighting market................................................................................ 317

▪ Table 152: Market impediments for graphene in lighting.............................................................................................................................. 318

▪ Table 153: Graphene product and application developers in the LED and UVC lighting market........................................................... 318

▪ Table 154: Market drivers for graphene in oil and gas.................................................................................................................................. 319

▪ Table 155: Applications of graphene in the oil and gas market.................................................................................................................... 319

▪ Table 156: Application markets, competing materials, graphene advantages and current market size in oil and gas....................... 323

▪ Table 157: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the oil and gas market................................................................................. 324

▪ Table 158: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the oil and gas market......................................................................... 324

▪ Table 159: Market challenges rating for graphene in the oil and gas market............................................................................................ 325

▪ Table 160: Graphene product and application developers in the oil and gas market............................................................................... 326

▪ Table 161: Market drivers for use of graphene in filtration............................................................................................................................ 326

▪ Table 162: Applications and benefits of graphene in filtration and separation.......................................................................................... 328

▪ Table 163: Market size for graphene in filtration............................................................................................................................................. 330

▪ Table 164: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration and separation market.......................................................... 330

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2027.................................................................................................................... 331

▪ Table 165: Market challenges rating for graphene in the filtration and separation market...................................................................... 332

▪ Table 166: Graphene product and application developers in the filtration industry.................................................................................. 332

▪ Table 167: Market drivers for use of graphene in lubricants......................................................................................................................... 333

▪ Table 168: Applications of graphene in the lubricants market...................................................................................................................... 334

▪ Table 169: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants.................................................................................................................... 334

▪ Table 170: Market size for graphene in lubricants.......................................................................................................................................... 334

▪ Table 171: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in lubricants...................................................................................................... 335

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2027................................................................................................................ 335

▪ Table 172: Market challenges rating for graphene in the lubricants market.............................................................................................. 336

▪ Table 173: Graphene product and application developers in the lubricants industry.............................................................................. 336



▪ Table 174: Market drivers for use of graphene in sensors............................................................................................................................ 337

▪ Table 175: Applications and benefits of graphene in sensors...................................................................................................................... 338

▪ Table 176: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors............................................................................................................ 339

▪ Table 177: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor.................................................... 343

▪ Table 178: Market size for graphene in sensors............................................................................................................................................. 344

▪ Table 179: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the sensors market...................................................................................... 345

▪ Table 180: Market challenges rating for graphene in the sensors market.................................................................................................. 347

▪ Table 181: Graphene product and application developers in the sensors industry.................................................................................. 347

▪ Table 182: Types of smart textiles.................................................................................................................................................................... 349

▪ Table 183: Smart textile products...................................................................................................................................................................... 349

▪ Table 184: Market drivers for use of graphene in smart textiles and apparel............................................................................................ 350

▪ Table 185: Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications............ 351

▪ Table 186: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials........................................... 353

▪ Table 187: Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel................................................................................................. 354

▪ Table 188: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market.................................................................................................. 357

▪ Table 189: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in smart textiles and apparel.......................................................................... 359

▪ Table 50: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2027..................................................................................................................... 360

▪ Table 190: Market impediments for graphene in textiles............................................................................................................................... 361

▪ Table 191: Market challenges for graphene in textiles and apparel............................................................................................................ 361

▪ Table 192: Graphene product and application developers in the textiles industry................................................................................... 361

▪ Table 193: Market drivers for use of graphene in conductive inks.............................................................................................................. 362

▪ Table 194: Comparative properties of conductive inks.................................................................................................................................. 363

▪ Table 195: Printable electronics products........................................................................................................................................................ 365

▪ Table 196: Opportunities for advanced materials in printed electronics..................................................................................................... 366

▪ Table 197: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.......................................... 368

▪ Table 198: Potential addressable market for graphene in conductive inks................................................................................................ 371



▪ Table 199: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in conductive inks............................................................................................ 372

▪ Table 200: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types. 373

▪ Table 201: Market impediments for graphene in conductive inks................................................................................................................ 374

▪ Table 202: Graphene product and application developers in conductive inks........................................................................................... 374

▪ Table 203: Market drivers for use of graphene in 3D printing...................................................................................................................... 375

▪ Table 204: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing....................................................................................................... 376

▪ Table 205: Market size for graphene in 3D printing...................................................................................................................................... 377

▪ Table 206: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in 3D printing.................................................................................................... 377

▪ Table 207: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the 3D printing market............................................... 378

▪ Table 208: Graphene product and application developers in the 3D printing industry............................................................................. 378

▪ Table 209: Graphene producers and types produced................................................................................................................................... 379

▪ Table 210: Graphene producers target market matrix................................................................................................................................... 382

▪ Table 211: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets........................................................................ 436

▪ Table 212: Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix........................................................................................ 438

FIGURES

▪ Figure 1: Global market for graphene 2010-2027 in tons/year....................................................................................................................... 44

▪ Figure 2: Graphene production capacity, current and planned....................................................................................................................... 44

▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene, 2018-2027................................................................................................................................................... 45

▪ Figure 3: Demand for graphene, by market, 2027............................................................................................................................................ 47

▪ Figure 4: Global government funding for graphene in millions USD to 2017............................................................................................... 52

▪ Figure 5: Global consumption of graphene 2016, by region........................................................................................................................... 57

▪ Figure 6: 15-inch single-layer graphene sheet being prepared in the Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences................................................................................................................................................................... 59

▪ Figure 7: Graphene layer structure schematic.................................................................................................................................................. 64



▪ Figure 8: Graphite and graphene......................................................................................................................................................................... 65

▪ Figure 9: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. ............................................................................................................................ 66

▪ Figure 10: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)............................................................................................................................................... 68

▪ Figure 11: Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots.................................................................................................................................... 70

▪ Figure 12: Graphene quantum dots.................................................................................................................................................................... 70

▪ Figure 13: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite.......................... 72

▪ Figure 14: Black phosphorus structure............................................................................................................................................................... 77

▪ Figure 15: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal..................................... 78

▪ Figure 16: Schematic of germanene................................................................................................................................................................... 80

▪ Figure 17: Graphdiyne structure.......................................................................................................................................................................... 81

▪ Figure 18: Schematic of Graphane crystal......................................................................................................................................................... 82

▪ Figure 19: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride................................................................................................................................................ 84

▪ Figure 20: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide............................................................................................................................................. 85

▪ Figure 21: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor......................................................................... 86

▪ Figure 22: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 87

▪ Figure 23: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide.......................................................................................................................... 87

▪ Figure 24: Silicene structure................................................................................................................................................................................. 88

▪ Figure 25: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate............................................................................................................................... 89

▪ Figure 26: Silicene transistor................................................................................................................................................................................ 90

▪ Figure 27: Crystal structure for stanene............................................................................................................................................................. 90



▪ Figure 28: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)........................................................................................................ 91

▪ Figure 29: Schematic of tungsten diselenide..................................................................................................................................................... 92

▪ Figure 30: Graphene synthesis methods........................................................................................................................................................... 96

▪ Figure 31: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.......................................................................................................................................................................... 97

▪ Figure 32: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium................................................................................................................................ 99

▪ Figure 33: Methods of synthesizing high-quality graphene........................................................................................................................... 101

▪ Figure 34: Roll-to-roll graphene production process...................................................................................................................................... 104

▪ Figure 35: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process........................................................................................................................... 105

▪ Figure 36: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene........................................................................................ 107

▪ Figure 37: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer...................................................................................... 110

▪ Figure 38: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............................................................................................................ 116

▪ Figure 39: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene....................................................................................................................... 119

▪ Figure 40: Global market for graphene 2010-2027 in tons/year.................................................................................................................. 155

▪ Figure 41: Graphene Adhesives........................................................................................................................................................................ 164

▪ Figure 42: Potential addressable market for graphene in adhesives.......................................................................................................... 166

▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2027.............................................................................................................. 167

▪ Figure 44: Potential addressable market for graphene in aerospace.......................................................................................................... 173

▪ Figure 45: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in aerospace.................................................................... 174

▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2027.............................................................................................................. 175

▪ Figure 46: Graphene-based automotive components.................................................................................................................................... 178

▪ Figure 47: Antistatic graphene tire.................................................................................................................................................................... 179

▪ Figure 48: Potential addressable market for graphene in the automotive sector...................................................................................... 181

▪ Figure 49: Potential addressable market for graphene in the automotive sector...................................................................................... 182



▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in automotive(tons), 2018-2027.............................................................................................................. 183

▪ Figure 50: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel......................................................................................... 191

▪ Figure 51: Graphene-Oxide based chip prototypes for biopsy-free early cancer diagnosis.................................................................... 192

▪ Figure 52: Connected human body................................................................................................................................................................... 193

▪ Figure 53: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor...................................................................................................................................... 193

▪ Figure 54: Graphene-based E-skin patch........................................................................................................................................................ 194

▪ Figure 55: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs........................................ 197

▪ Figure 56: Graphene medical patch.................................................................................................................................................................. 198

▪ Figure 57: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer................................................................................................................................. 199

▪ Figure 58: Mimo baby monitor........................................................................................................................................................................... 199

▪ Figure 59: Nanowire skin hydration patch........................................................................................................................................................ 200

▪ Figure 60: Wearable sweat sensor................................................................................................................................................................... 201

▪ Figure 61: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor.............................................................................................................................................. 202

▪ Figure 62: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $............................................... 204

▪ Figure 63: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $............................................... 204

▪ Figure 64: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in the biomedical and healthcare market.................... 207

▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2027.................................................................................... 208

▪ Figure 65: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT........................................................................................................................................ 215

▪ Figure 66: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating................................................... 218

▪ Figure 67: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate........................................................................................................ 220

▪ Figure 68: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market................................................................................................ 221

▪ Figure 69: Potential addressable market for graphene in the coatings market......................................................................................... 225

▪ Figure 70: Potential addressable market for graphene in the coatings market......................................................................................... 226



▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2027................................................................................................................. 227

▪ Figure 71: Potential addressable market for graphene in composites........................................................................................................ 234

▪ Figure 72: Potential addressable market for graphene in the composites market.................................................................................... 235

▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2027............................................................................................................ 236

▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2027.................................................................................................... 240

▪ Figure 73: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application............................................................................................................ 244

▪ Figure 74: Flexible graphene touch screen..................................................................................................................................................... 244

▪ Figure 75: Galapad Settler smartphone........................................................................................................................................................... 245

▪ Figure 76: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode.................................................................................. 246

▪ Figure 77: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte... 247

▪ Figure 78: Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film......................................................................................... 248

▪ Figure 79: Foldable graphene E-paper............................................................................................................................................................ 248

▪ Figure 80: Covestro wearables.......................................................................................................................................................................... 250

▪ Figure 81: Softceptor sensor.............................................................................................................................................................................. 252

▪ Figure 82: BeBop Media Arm Controller.......................................................................................................................................................... 252

▪ Figure 83: LG Innotek flexible textile pressure sensor................................................................................................................................... 253

▪ Figure 84: C2Sense flexible sensor.................................................................................................................................................................. 253

▪ Figure 85: Wearable gas sensor....................................................................................................................................................................... 255

▪ Figure 86: BeBop Sensors Marcel Modular Data Gloves.............................................................................................................................. 255

▪ Figure 87: BeBop Sensors Smart Helmet Sensor System............................................................................................................................ 256

▪ Figure 88: Torso and Extremities Protection (TEP) system.......................................................................................................................... 256

▪ Figure 89: Potential addressable market for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market. 259

▪ Figure 90: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $....................................................................... 259

▪ Figure 91: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2027, millions $................................ 260



▪ Figure 92: Schematic of the wet roll-to-roll graphene transfer from copper foils to polymeric substrates............................................. 261

▪ Figure 93: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene..... 262

▪ Figure 94: Graphene IC in wafer tester............................................................................................................................................................ 265

▪ Figure 95: A monolayer WS2-based flexible transistor array....................................................................................................................... 266

▪ Figure 96: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right). 267

▪ Figure 97: Potential addressable market for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits.................................................................. 269

▪ Figure 98: Potential addressable market for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market.............................................. 270

▪ Figure 99: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate................................................................................................... 273

▪ Figure 100: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM)......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 274

▪ Figure 101: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt............................................................ 275

▪ Figure 102: Hybrid graphene phototransistors................................................................................................................................................ 279

▪ Figure 103: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors.......................................................................................... 279

▪ Figure 104: Flexible PEN coated with graphene and a QD thin film (20nm) is highly visibly transparent and photosensitive.......... 280

▪ Figure 105: The SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0 based on the graphene-based SkelCap ultracapacitors..................................... 283

▪ Figure 106: Energy harvesting textile............................................................................................................................................................... 285

▪ Figure 107: LG Chem Heaxagonal battery...................................................................................................................................................... 288

▪ Figure 108: Printed 1.5V battery........................................................................................................................................................................ 289

▪ Figure 109: H600 concept car............................................................................................................................................................................ 291

▪ Figure 110: Anion concept car........................................................................................................................................................................... 291

▪ Figure 111: Potential addressable market for graphene in the thin film, flexible and printed batteries market.................................... 293

▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2027................................................................................................................. 294

▪ Figure 112: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor......................................................................................................................................... 298

▪ Figure 113: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger......................................................................................................................................... 299



▪ Figure 114: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor......................................................................................................................................... 300

▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2027.................................................................................................... 303

▪ Figure 115: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode.................................................................................................................... 306

▪ Figure 116: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper....................................................................................................................................................... 307

▪ Figure 117: Potential addressable market for graphene in photovoltaics................................................................................................... 309

▪ Figure 118: LG OLED flexible lighting panel................................................................................................................................................... 316

▪ Figure 119: Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight............................................................................................................ 316

▪ Figure 120: Schematic of boron doped graphene for application in gas sensors..................................................................................... 320

▪ Figure 121: Directa Plus Grafysorber............................................................................................................................................................... 322

▪ Figure 122: Nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene membrane can effectively filter NaCl salt from water.. 323

▪ Figure 123: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts...................................................... 329

▪ Figure 124: Graphene anti-smog mask............................................................................................................................................................ 329

▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2027.................................................................................................................. 332

▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2027............................................................................................................... 336

▪ Figure 125: GFET sensors................................................................................................................................................................................. 341

▪ Figure 126: First generation point of care diagnostics................................................................................................................................... 342

▪ Figure 127: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic............................................................................................................................. 343

▪ Figure 128: Potential addressable market for graphene in the sensors market........................................................................................ 346

▪ Figure 129: Conductive yarns............................................................................................................................................................................ 356

▪ Figure 130: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market 2013-2027 revenue forecast (million $)........................... 357

▪ Figure 131 Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel sales by market segment, 2016...................................................... 358

▪ Figure 132: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, conservative estimate. 359

▪ Figure 133: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, optimistic estimate.... 359

▪ Figure 43: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2027.................................................................................................................... 361



▪ Figure 134: Graphene printed antenna............................................................................................................................................................ 364

▪ Figure 135: BGT Materials graphene ink product........................................................................................................................................... 364

▪ Figure 136: Flexible RFID tag............................................................................................................................................................................ 366

▪ Figure 137: Enfucell Printed Battery................................................................................................................................................................. 369

▪ Figure 138: Graphene printed antenna............................................................................................................................................................ 369

▪ Figure 139: Printed antennas for aircraft.......................................................................................................................................................... 370

▪ Figure 140: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products................................................................................................................................ 371

▪ Figure 141: Potential addressable market for graphene in the conductive ink market............................................................................. 372

▪ Figure 142: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 373

▪ Figure 143: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament.............................................................................................. 376

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