TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 61 2 … · The Global Market for Graphene © Future...

The Global Market for Graphene

© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................... 61

• 1.1 Market opportunity analysis.......................................................................................................... 61

• 1.2 Market challenges rating system................................................................................................. 63

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................... 66

• 2.1 Two-dimensional (2D) materials.................................................................................................. 66

• 2.2 Graphene......................................................................................................................................... 66

o 2.2.1 The market in 2016............................................................................................................... 67

o 2.2.2 The market in 2017............................................................................................................... 68

o 2.2.3 The market in 2018............................................................................................................... 68

o 2.2.4 The market to 2027-Applications and markets with greatest potential returns........... 69

o 2.2.5 Production.............................................................................................................................. 71

o 2.2.6 Products.................................................................................................................................. 72

o 2.2.7 Graphene investments 2016-2018..................................................................................... 74

• 2.3 Market outlook for 2018................................................................................................................. 75

o 2.3.1 Global funding and initiatives.............................................................................................. 81

o 2.3.2 Products and applications.................................................................................................... 81

o 2.3.3 Production.............................................................................................................................. 83

• 2.3.4 Market drivers and trends.................................................................................................... 85

• 2.3.5 Market and technical challenges........................................................................................ 92

• 2.4 Key players...................................................................................................................................... 94

o 2.4.1 Asia-Pacific............................................................................................................................. 94

o 2.4.2 North America........................................................................................................................ 99

o 2.4.3 Europe.................................................................................................................................. 100

3 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS............................................ 102



• 3.1 Categorization............................................................................................................................... 103

4 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE.......................................................... 105

• 4.1 History............................................................................................................................................ 105

• 4.2 Forms of graphene....................................................................................................................... 106

• 4.3 Properties...................................................................................................................................... 107

• 4.4 3D Graphene................................................................................................................................. 109

• 4.5 Graphene Quantum Dots............................................................................................................ 109

o 4.5.1 Synthesis.............................................................................................................................. 111

o 4.5.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 111

▪ 4.5.2.1 Optoelectronics, electronics and photonics........................................................... 111

▪ 4.5.2.2 Energy......................................................................................................................... 111

▪ 4.5.2.3 Biomedicine and healthcare.................................................................................... 112

▪ 4.5.2.4 Other............................................................................................................................ 112

▪ 4.5.2.5 Pricing.......................................................................................................................... 113

o 4.5.3 Producers............................................................................................................................. 113

5 CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE............................. 115

• 5.1 Comparative properties............................................................................................................... 116

• 5.2 Cost and production..................................................................................................................... 117

• 5.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids......................................................................................... 118

• 5.4 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene.................................................... 119

6 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS................................................................ 121

• 6.1 Beyond moore’s law..................................................................................................................... 123

• 6.2 Batteries......................................................................................................................................... 123

• 6.3 PHOSPHORENE.......................................................................................................................... 124

o 6.3.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 124



▪ 6.3.1.1 Fabrication methods.................................................................................................. 126

▪ 6.3.1.2 Challenges for the use of phosphorene in devices.............................................. 126

o 6.3.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 126

▪ 6.3.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 126

▪ 6.3.2.2 Thermoelectrics......................................................................................................... 127

▪ 6.3.2.3 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 127

▪ 6.3.2.4 Supercapacitors......................................................................................................... 128

▪ 6.3.2.5 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 129

▪ 6.3.2.6 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 129

o 6.3.3 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 129

• 6.4 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4).............................................................................. 130

o 6.4.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 130

o 6.4.2 Synthesis.............................................................................................................................. 131

o 6.4.3 C2N........................................................................................................................................ 131

o 6.4.4 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 132

▪ 6.4.4.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 132

▪ 6.4.4.2 Filtration membranes................................................................................................ 132

▪ 6.4.4.3 Photocatalysts............................................................................................................ 132

▪ 6.4.4.4 Batteries (LIBs).......................................................................................................... 132

▪ 6.4.4.5 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 132


• 6.5 GERMANENE............................................................................................................................... 133

o 6.5.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 134

o 6.5.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 134

▪ 6.5.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 134

▪ 6.5.2.2 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 134


• 6.6 GRAPHDIYNE.............................................................................................................................. 135



o 6.6.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 136

o 6.6.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 136

▪ 6.6.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 136

▪ 6.6.2.2 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 136

▪ 6.6.2.3 Separation membranes............................................................................................ 137

▪ 6.6.2.4 Water filtration............................................................................................................ 137

▪ 6.6.2.5 Photocatalysts............................................................................................................ 137

▪ 6.6.2.6 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 137


• 6.7 GRAPHANE.................................................................................................................................. 138

o 6.7.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 139

o 6.7.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 139

▪ 6.7.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 139

▪ 6.7.2.2 Hydrogen storage...................................................................................................... 139


• 6.8 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE............................................................................................... 140

o 6.8.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 141

o 6.8.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 142

▪ 6.8.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 142

▪ 6.8.2.2 Fuel cells..................................................................................................................... 142

▪ 6.8.2.3 Adsorbents.................................................................................................................. 142

▪ 6.8.2.4 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 142

▪ 6.8.2.5 Textiles........................................................................................................................ 142

▪ 6.8.2.6 Biomedical.................................................................................................................. 143


• 6.9 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2)........................................................................................ 144

o 6.9.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 144



o 6.9.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 145

▪ 6.9.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 145

▪ 6.9.2.2 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 146

▪ 6.9.2.3 Piezoelectrics............................................................................................................. 146

▪ 6.9.2.4 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 147

▪ 6.9.2.5 Filtration....................................................................................................................... 147

▪ 6.9.2.6 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 147

▪ 6.9.2.7 Fiber lasers................................................................................................................. 147


• 6.10 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2)........................................... 148

o 6.10.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 149

o 6.10.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 149

▪ 6.10.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 149

o 6.10.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 149

• 6.11 SILICENE.................................................................................................................................. 150

o 6.11.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 150

o 6.11.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 151

▪ 6.11.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 151

▪ 6.11.2.2 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 152

▪ 6.11.2.3 Thermoelectrics......................................................................................................... 152

▪ 6.11.2.4 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 152

▪ 6.11.2.5 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 152


• 6.12 STANENE/TINENE................................................................................................................. 153

o 6.12.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 154

o 6.12.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 154

▪ 6.12.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 154




• 6.13 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE..................................................................................................... 155

o 6.13.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 156

o 6.13.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 156

▪ 6.13.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 156


• 6.14 ANTIMONENE......................................................................................................................... 157

o 6.14.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 157

o 6.14.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 157

• 6.15 DIAMENE.................................................................................................................................. 158

o 6.15.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 158

o 6.15.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 158

• 6.16 INDIUM SELENIDE................................................................................................................. 158

o 6.16.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 158

o 6.16.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 159

▪ 6.16.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 159

• 6.17 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHENE AND OTHER 2D MATERIALS............. 160

7 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS............................................................... 162

• 7.1 Large area graphene films.......................................................................................................... 162

• 7.2 Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets.............................................................. 163

• 7.3 Production methods..................................................................................................................... 164

o 7.3.1 Production directly from natural graphite ore................................................................. 167

o 7.3.2 Alternative starting materials............................................................................................. 167

o 7.3.3 Quality................................................................................................................................... 168

• 7.4 Synthesis and production by types of graphene..................................................................... 169

o 7.4.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)...................................................................................... 169

o 7.4.2 Graphene nanoribbons...................................................................................................... 170

o 7.4.3 Large-area graphene films................................................................................................ 171



o 7.4.4 Graphene oxide (GO)......................................................................................................... 172

• 7.5 Pros and cons of graphene production methods.................................................................... 173

o 7.5.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)................................................................................... 174

o 7.5.2 Exfoliation method.............................................................................................................. 176

o 7.5.3 Epitaxial growth method..................................................................................................... 178

o 7.5.4 Wet chemistry method (liquid phase exfoliation)........................................................... 178

o 7.5.5 Micromechanical cleavage method.................................................................................. 179

o 7.5.6 Green reduction of graphene oxide................................................................................. 180

o 7.5.7 Plasma.................................................................................................................................. 181

• 7.6 Recent synthesis methods.......................................................................................................... 181

• 7.7 Synthesis methods by company................................................................................................ 186

8 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION....................................................................... 188

9 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS............................................... 192

• 9.1 Standards...................................................................................................................................... 192

• 9.2 Environmental, health and safety regulation........................................................................... 192

o 9.2.1 Europe.................................................................................................................................. 193

o 9.2.2 United States....................................................................................................................... 193

o 9.2.3 Asia........................................................................................................................................ 193

• 9.3 Workplace exposure.................................................................................................................... 194

10 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS.................................................... 195

• 10.1 Fabrication processes............................................................................................................. 195

• 10.2 Academia.................................................................................................................................. 195

• 10.3 Regional leaders...................................................................................................................... 196

11 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL............................................. 199

12 GRAPHENE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2013-2018-INVESTMENTS, PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION............................ 201



• 12.1 JANUARY 2013....................................................................................................................... 201

• 12.2 FEBRUARY 2013.................................................................................................................... 201

• 12.3 APRIL 2013.............................................................................................................................. 201

• 12.4 MAY 2013................................................................................................................................. 202

• 12.5 JUNE 2013............................................................................................................................... 202

• 12.6 JULY 2013................................................................................................................................ 203

• 12.7 AUGUST 2013......................................................................................................................... 203

• 12.8 SEPTEMBER 2013................................................................................................................. 204

• 12.9 OCTOBER 2013...................................................................................................................... 204

• 12.10 NOVEMBER 2013................................................................................................................... 204

• 12.11 DECEMBER 2013................................................................................................................... 205

• 12.12 JANUARY 2014....................................................................................................................... 206

• 12.13 FEBRUARY 2014.................................................................................................................... 207

• 12.14 MARCH 2014........................................................................................................................... 208

• 12.15 APRIL 2014.............................................................................................................................. 209

• 12.16 MAY 2014................................................................................................................................. 210

• 12.17 JUNE 2014............................................................................................................................... 210

• 12.18 JULY 2014................................................................................................................................ 211

• 12.19 AUGUST 2014......................................................................................................................... 212

• 12.20 SEPTEMBER 2014................................................................................................................. 212

• 12.21 AUGUST 2014......................................................................................................................... 213

• 12.22 SEPTEMBER 2014................................................................................................................. 214

• 12.23 OCTOBER 2014...................................................................................................................... 214

• 12.24 NOVEMBER 2014................................................................................................................... 215

• 12.25 DECEMBER 2014................................................................................................................... 216

• 12.26 JANUARY 2015....................................................................................................................... 217

• 12.27 FEBRUARY 2015.................................................................................................................... 218



• 12.28 MARCH 2015........................................................................................................................... 218

• 12.29 APRIL 2015.............................................................................................................................. 219

• 12.30 MAY 2015................................................................................................................................. 220

• 12.31 JUNE 2015............................................................................................................................... 220

• 12.32 JULY 2015................................................................................................................................ 221

• 12.33 AUGUST 2015......................................................................................................................... 223

• 12.34 SEPTEMBER 2015................................................................................................................. 223

• 12.35 OCTOBER 2015...................................................................................................................... 224

• 12.36 NOVEMBER 2015................................................................................................................... 225

• 12.37 DECEMBER 2015................................................................................................................... 227

• 12.38 JANUARY 2016....................................................................................................................... 227

• 12.39 FEBRUARY 2016.................................................................................................................... 228

• 12.40 MARCH 2016........................................................................................................................... 229

• 12.41 APRIL 2016.............................................................................................................................. 230

• 12.42 MAY 2016................................................................................................................................. 233

• 12.43 JUNE 2016............................................................................................................................... 235

• 12.44 JULY 2016................................................................................................................................ 235

• 12.45 AUGUST 2016......................................................................................................................... 236

• 12.46 SEPTEMBER 2016................................................................................................................. 236

• 12.47 OCTOBER 2016...................................................................................................................... 237

• 12.48 NOVEMBER 2016................................................................................................................... 238

• 12.49 DECEMBER 2016................................................................................................................... 240

• 12.50 JANUARY 2017....................................................................................................................... 240

• 12.51 FEBRUARY 2017.................................................................................................................... 241

• 12.52 MARCH 2017........................................................................................................................... 241

• 12.53 APRIL 2017.............................................................................................................................. 243

• 12.54 MAY 2017................................................................................................................................. 244



• 12.55 JUNE 2017............................................................................................................................... 244

• 12.56 JULY 2017................................................................................................................................ 245

• 12.57 AUGUST 2017......................................................................................................................... 246

• 12.58 SEPTEMBER 2017................................................................................................................. 247

• 12.59 OCTOBER 2017...................................................................................................................... 249

• 12.60 NOVEMBER 2017................................................................................................................... 249

• 12.61 DECEMBER 2017................................................................................................................... 250

• 12.62 JANUARY 2018....................................................................................................................... 250

• 12.63 FEBRUARY 2018.................................................................................................................... 253

• 12.64 MARCH 2018........................................................................................................................... 254

• 12.65 APRIL 2018.............................................................................................................................. 255

• 12.66 MAY 2018................................................................................................................................. 256

• 12.67 JUNE 2018............................................................................................................................... 257

13 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS................................ 257

• 13.1 Graphene production volumes 2010-2027.......................................................................... 257

• 13.2 Commercial production capacities........................................................................................ 259

o 13.2.1 Graphene oxide.............................................................................................................. 259

o 13.2.2 Graphene nanoplatelets................................................................................................ 262

o 13.2.3 CVD graphene film......................................................................................................... 264

o 13.2.4 Planned graphene capacities 2018 onwards............................................................. 265

• 13.3 Graphene pricing..................................................................................................................... 265

o 13.3.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing................................................................................ 267

o 13.3.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing........................................................................................ 268

o 13.3.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing.................................................................................. 269

o 13.3.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing............................................................................... 269

o 13.3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing................................................................................. 270

o 13.3.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing.......................................................................... 271



o 13.3.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing............................................................................. 272

o 13.3.8 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials............................................... 272

o 13.3.9 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce......................................................... 273

o 13.3.10 Bulk supply...................................................................................................................... 273

o 13.3.11 Commoditisation............................................................................................................. 274

14 3D PRINTING.................................................................................. 274

• 14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 274

• 14.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 275

• 14.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 276

• 14.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 278

• 14.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 279

15 ADHESIVES.................................................................................... 281






16 AEROSPACE.................................................................................. 290



o 16.2.1 Composites..................................................................................................................... 291

o 16.2.2 Coatings........................................................................................................................... 292

• 16.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORUNTIY................................................................... 294



17 AUTOMOTIVE................................................................................. 303



• 17.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS........................................................................................ 303


o 17.2.1 Composites..................................................................................................................... 305

o 17.2.2 Thermally conductive additives.................................................................................... 305

o 17.2.3 Tires.................................................................................................................................. 306




18 COATINGS...................................................................................... 317



o 18.2.1 Anti-corrosion coatings.................................................................................................. 324

o 18.2.1.1 Marine.......................................................................................................................... 325

o 18.2.2 Anti-microbial.................................................................................................................. 325

o 18.2.3 Anti-icing.......................................................................................................................... 326

o 18.2.4 Barrier coatings............................................................................................................... 327

o 18.2.5 Heat protection............................................................................................................... 328

o 18.2.6 Anti-fouling....................................................................................................................... 329

o 18.2.7 Wear and abrasion resistance..................................................................................... 330

o 18.2.8 Smart windows............................................................................................................... 331


o 18.3.1 Thermal barrier coatings............................................................................................... 335

o 18.3.2 Barrier coatings............................................................................................................... 336

o 18.3.3 Anti-microbial coatings.................................................................................................. 336

o 18.3.4 De-icing or anti-icing coatings...................................................................................... 336

o 18.3.5 Abrasion and wear resistant coatings......................................................................... 336

o 18.3.6 Anti-corrosion coatings.................................................................................................. 336





19 COMPOSITES................................................................................. 346



o 19.2.1 Polymer composites....................................................................................................... 349

o 19.2.2 Barrier packaging........................................................................................................... 351

o 19.2.3 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding 352

o 19.2.4 Wind turbines.................................................................................................................. 352

o 19.2.5 Ballistic protection.......................................................................................................... 352




20 ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS................................................ 362

• 20.1 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, WEARABLES, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS. 362

o 20.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 362

o 20.1.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 364

▪ 20.1.2.1 Transparent electrodes in flexible electronics....................................................... 368

▪ 20.1.2.2 Electronic paper......................................................................................................... 370

▪ 20.1.2.3 Wearable electronics................................................................................................ 370

▪ 20.1.2.4 Wearable sensors...................................................................................................... 374

▪ 20.1.2.5 Industrial monitoring.................................................................................................. 380

▪ 20.1.2.6 Military......................................................................................................................... 380

o 20.1.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 381

▪ 20.1.3.1 Transparent conductive electrodes........................................................................ 386

o 20.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 387

o 20.1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 391



• 20.2 CONDUCTIVE INKS............................................................................................................... 393



▪ 20.2.2.1 RFID............................................................................................................................. 396

▪ 20.2.2.2 Smart labels................................................................................................................ 399

▪ 20.2.2.3 Smart clothing............................................................................................................ 399

▪ 20.2.2.4 Printable sensors....................................................................................................... 400

▪ 20.2.2.5 Printed batteries......................................................................................................... 400

▪ 20.2.2.6 Printable antennas.................................................................................................... 402




• 20.3 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS............................................................... 412



▪ 20.3.2.1 Integrated circuits...................................................................................................... 413

▪ 20.3.2.2 Transistors.................................................................................................................. 415

▪ 20.3.2.3 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits.............................................................. 415

▪ 20.3.2.4 Graphene spintronics................................................................................................ 416




• 20.4 MEMORY DEVICES............................................................................................................... 425








• 20.5 PHOTONICS............................................................................................................................ 434



▪ 20.5.2.1 Si photonics versus graphene................................................................................. 436

▪ 20.5.2.2 Optical modulators.................................................................................................... 437

▪ 20.5.2.3 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 437

▪ 20.5.2.4 Saturable absorbers.................................................................................................. 439

▪ 20.5.2.5 Plasmonics................................................................................................................. 439

▪ 20.5.2.6 Fiber lasers................................................................................................................. 439




21 ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION.......... 445

• 21.1 BATTERIES.............................................................................................................................. 446



▪ 21.1.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)........................................................................................ 450

▪ 21.1.2.2 Lithium-air batteries................................................................................................... 451

▪ 21.1.2.3 Lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S)................................................................................. 451

▪ 21.1.2.4 Sodium-ion batteries................................................................................................. 451

▪ 21.1.2.5 Flexible and stretchable batteries........................................................................... 451




• 21.2 SUPERCAPACITORS............................................................................................................ 468





▪ 21.2.2.1 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors.............................................................. 471




• 21.3 PHOTOVOLTAICS.................................................................................................................. 479



▪ 21.3.2.1 ITO replacement........................................................................................................ 481

▪ 21.3.2.2 Graphene–silicon (Gr–Si) Schottky junction solar cells...................................... 481

▪ 21.3.2.3 Halide perovskites/graphene hybrids..................................................................... 482

▪ 21.3.2.4 Solar energy harvesting textiles.............................................................................. 482




• 21.4 FUEL CELLS............................................................................................................................ 490



▪ 21.4.2.1 Electrocatalyst supports........................................................................................... 492




• 21.5 LED LIGHTING AND UVC..................................................................................................... 499



▪ 21.5.2.1 Flexible OLED lighting.............................................................................................. 500






• 21.6 OIL AND GAS.......................................................................................................................... 507



▪ 21.6.2.1 Sensing and reservoir management...................................................................... 509

▪ 21.6.2.2 Coatings...................................................................................................................... 510

▪ 21.6.2.3 Drilling fluids............................................................................................................... 511

▪ 21.6.2.4 Sorbent materials...................................................................................................... 512

▪ 21.6.2.5 Catalysts..................................................................................................................... 512

▪ 21.6.2.6 Separation.................................................................................................................. 513




22 FILTRATION................................................................................... 520



o 22.2.1 Graphene membranes.................................................................................................. 522

o 22.2.2 Water filtration................................................................................................................. 523

o 22.2.3 Gas separation............................................................................................................... 523

o 22.2.4 Photocatalytic absorbents............................................................................................. 524

o 22.2.5 Air filtration....................................................................................................................... 524






23 LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICAL.................................................... 533



o 23.2.1 Cancer therapy............................................................................................................... 540

▪ 23.2.1.1 Graphene oxide for therapy and drug delivery..................................................... 541

▪ 23.2.1.2 Graphene nanosheets.............................................................................................. 541

▪ 23.2.1.3 Gene delivery............................................................................................................. 541

▪ 23.2.1.4 Photodynamic Therapy............................................................................................. 541

o 23.2.2 Medical implants and devices...................................................................................... 542

o 23.2.3 Wound dressings............................................................................................................ 542

o 23.2.4 Biosensors....................................................................................................................... 543

▪ 23.2.4.1 FRET biosensors for DNA detection...................................................................... 544

o 23.2.5 Medical imaging.............................................................................................................. 544

o 23.2.6 Tissue engineering......................................................................................................... 544

o 23.2.7 Dental............................................................................................................................... 545

o 23.2.8 Electrophysiology........................................................................................................... 545

o 23.2.9 Wearable and mobile health monitoring..................................................................... 545

▪ 23.2.9.1 Graphene devices..................................................................................................... 547

▪ 23.2.9.2 Patch-type skin sensors........................................................................................... 549

▪ 23.2.9.3 Skin temperature monitoring.................................................................................... 551

▪ 23.2.9.4 Hydration sensors...................................................................................................... 552

▪ 23.2.9.5 Wearable sweat sensors.......................................................................................... 553

▪ 23.2.9.6 Smart footwear........................................................................................................... 555


o 23.3.1 Wearable healthcare...................................................................................................... 556





24 LUBRICANTS................................................................................. 566






25 RUBBER AND TIRES..................................................................... 575

• 25.1 APPLICATIONS....................................................................................................................... 575




26 SENSORS....................................................................................... 580



o 26.2.1 Infrared (IR) sensors...................................................................................................... 585

o 26.2.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors................................................................................ 585

o 26.2.2.1 Graphene foam.......................................................................................................... 586

o 26.2.3 Pressure sensors........................................................................................................... 586

o 26.2.4 Biosensors....................................................................................................................... 587

o 26.2.5 Optical sensors............................................................................................................... 589

o 26.2.6 Humidity sensors............................................................................................................ 589

o 26.2.7 Strain sensors................................................................................................................. 589

o 26.2.8 Acoustic sensors............................................................................................................ 589



o 26.2.9 Wireless sensors............................................................................................................ 589

o 26.2.10 Surface enhanced Raman scattering.......................................................................... 590




27 SMART TEXTILES AND APPAREL............................................... 598


• 27.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS................................................................................... 602

o 27.2.1 Conductive coatings....................................................................................................... 606

o 27.2.2 Conductive yarns............................................................................................................ 607




28 OTHER MARKETS.......................................................................... 618

• 28.1 CEMENT ADDITIVES............................................................................................................. 618



29 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS............................................................. 623-706 (125 profiles)

30 GRAPHENE PRODUCT AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS....... 707-774 (120 profiles)

31 REFERENCES................................................................................ 776

TABLES



• Table 1: Addressable markets for graphene (revenues), relevant applications, graphene technology fit and competition from other materials........................................................................ 69

• Table 2: Demand for graphene (tons), 2010-2027................................................................................. 71

• Table 3: Consumer products incorporating graphene............................................................................ 73

• Table 4: Graphene investments and financial agreements 2017......................................................... 74

• Table 5: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications....................................... 77

• Table 6: Graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size................. 82

• Table 7: Main graphene producers by country and annual production capacities............................ 83

• Table 8: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets..................... 87

• Table 9: Categorization of nanomaterials.............................................................................................. 103

• Table 10: Properties of graphene............................................................................................................ 108

• Table 11: Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs................................................... 110

• Table 12: Graphene quantum dot producers........................................................................................ 113

• Table 13: Comparative properties of carbon materials........................................................................ 116

• Table 14: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes................ 118

• Table 15: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2027.................................................................................................................... 119

• Table 16: 2D materials types................................................................................................................... 121

• Table 17: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2................................................................................................................................................................. 125

• Table 18: Market opportunity assessment for phosphorene applications........................................ 129

• Table 19: Market opportunity assessment for graphitic carbon nitride applications....................... 133

• Table 20: Market opportunity assessment for germanene applications........................................... 135

• Table 21: Market opportunity assessment for graphdiyne applications............................................ 138

• Table 22: Market opportunity assessment for graphane applications............................................... 140

• Table 23: Market opportunity assessment for hexagonal boron nitride applications...................... 143

• Table 24: Market opportunity assessment for molybdenum disulfide applications......................... 148

• Table 25: Market opportunity assessment for Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) applications........................................................................................................................................... 149



• Table 26: Market opportunity assessment for silicene applications.................................................. 153

• Table 27: Market opportunity assessment for stanine/tinene applications....................................... 155

• Table 28: Market opportunity assessment for tungsten diselenide applications............................. 157

• Table 29: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.................................... 160

• Table 30: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market................ 162

• Table 31: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market.................................................................................................................................................... 163

• Table 32: Main production methods for graphene................................................................................ 164

• Table 33: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market................ 172

• Table 34: Graphene synthesis methods, by company......................................................................... 186

• Table 35: Graphene market structure..................................................................................................... 188

• Table 36: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014................................................... 196

• Table 37: Leading graphene patentees.................................................................................................. 197

• Table 38: Industrial graphene patents in 2014...................................................................................... 197

• Table 39: Global production of graphene, 2010-2027 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2015................................................................................................................................................................. 258

• Table 40: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018...................... 260

• Table 41: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018................................ 261

• Table 42: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018........................... 262

• Table 43: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018...................................... 263

• Table 44: CVD graphene film capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018/ 000s m2................... 264

• Table 45: Planned graphene production capacities............................................................................. 265

• Table 46: Types of graphene and prices................................................................................................ 266

• Table 47: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer...................................................................... 267

• Table 48: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.............................................................................. 268

• Table 49: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer....................................................................... 269

• Table 50: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer................................................................... 270

• Table 51: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer...................................................................... 271



• Table 52: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer............................................................... 271

• Table 53: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer............................................................................. 272

• Table 54: Market drivers for use of graphene in 3D printing............................................................... 274

• Table 55: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing............................................... 276

• Table 56: Market size for graphene in 3D printing................................................................................ 276

• Table 57: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in 3D printing............................................ 277

• Table 58: Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 277

• Table 59: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the 3D printing market................................................................................................................................................................. 278

• Table 60: Market drivers for use of graphene in adhesives................................................................ 281

• Table 61: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives................................................ 282

• Table 62: Applications and benefits of graphene in adhesives.......................................................... 282

• Table 63: Market size for graphene in adhesives................................................................................. 283

• Table 64: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in adhesives.............................................. 284

• Table 65: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2027..................................................... 286

• Table 66: Market challenges rating for graphene in the adhesives market...................................... 287

• Table 67: Market drivers for use of graphene in aerospace............................................................... 290

• Table 68: Applications and benefits of graphene in aerospace......................................................... 293

• Table 69: Market size for graphene in aerospace................................................................................ 295

• Table 70: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace............................................. 296

• Table 71: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2027..................................................... 297

• Table 72: Market challenges rating for graphene in the aerospace market..................................... 299

• Table 73: Market drivers for use of graphene in the automotive sector............................................ 303

• Table 74: Applications and benefits of graphene in the automotive industry................................... 306

• Table 75: Market size for graphene in the automotive industry......................................................... 307

• Table 76: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive industry...................... 308

• Table 77: Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 310

• Table 78: Market challenges rating for graphene in the automotive sector..................................... 312



• Table 79: Properties of nanocoatings..................................................................................................... 317

• Table 80: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings................................................... 323

• Table 81: Markets for nanocoatings........................................................................................................ 333

• Table 82: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the coatings market............................. 339

• Table 83: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2027......................................................... 340

• Table 84: Market challenges rating for graphene in the coatings market......................................... 342

• Table 85: Market drivers for use of graphene in composites.............................................................. 346

• Table 86: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites............................... 349

• Table 87: Applications and benefits of graphene in composites........................................................ 350

• Table 88: Market size for graphene in composites............................................................................... 352

• Table 89: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the composites market....................... 354

• Table 90: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 356

• Table 91: Market challenges rating for graphene in the composites market................................... 357

• Table 92: Market drivers for use of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films............ 362

• Table 93: Applications and benefits of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films...... 366

• Table 94: Comparison of ITO replacements.......................................................................................... 367

• Table 95: Wearable electronics devices and stage of development................................................. 371

• Table 96: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.................................................... 378

• Table 97: Market size for graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films............................. 381

• Table 98: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays............................................................................................................ 383

• Table 99: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $.............. 385

• Table 100: Demand for graphene in flexible electronics (tons), 2018-2027..................................... 385

• Table 101: Market challenges rating for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market................................................................................................................... 390

• Table 102: Market drivers for use of graphene in conductive inks.................................................... 393

• Table 103: Comparative properties of conductive inks........................................................................ 394

• Table 104: Printable electronics products.............................................................................................. 396



• Table 105: Opportunities for advanced materials in printed electronics........................................... 398

• Table 106: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................................................... 400

• Table 107: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in conductive inks.................................. 405

• Table 108: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types........................................................................................................ 407

• Table 109: Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2027............................................ 407

• Table 110: Market impediments for graphene in conductive inks...................................................... 408

• Table 111: Market drivers for use of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 412

• Table 112: Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors........................................... 415

• Table 113: Applications and benefits of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 416

• Table 114: Market size for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.... 418

• Table 115: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 419

• Table 116: Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2027.......... 420

• Table 117: Market challenges rating for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market................................................................................................................................................................. 422

• Table 118: Market drivers for use of graphene in memory devices................................................... 425

• Table 119: Market size for graphene in memory devices.................................................................... 430

• Table 120: Demand for graphene in memory devices (tons), 2018-2027........................................ 431

• Table 121: Applications and commercialization challenges for graphene in the memory devices market.................................................................................................................................................... 432

• Table 122: Market drivers for use of graphene in photonics............................................................... 435

• Table 123: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators................................ 437

• Table 124: Applications and benefits of graphene in photonics......................................................... 440

• Table 125: Market size for graphene in photonics................................................................................ 440

• Table 126: Demand for graphene in photonics (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 441

• Table 127: Market challenges rating for graphene in the photonics market.................................... 443



• Table 128: Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries................................................................ 447

• Table 129: Wearable energy and energy harvesting devices and stage of development............. 452

• Table 130: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................................................................. 454

• Table 131: Market size for graphene in batteries................................................................................. 456

• Table 132: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries..................... 457

• Table 133: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in batteries.............................................. 458

• Table 134: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2027...................................................... 459

• Table 135: Market challenges for graphene in energy........................................................................ 460

• Table 136: Market challenges rating for graphene in the batteries market...................................... 461

• Table 137: Market drivers for use of graphene in supercapacitors................................................... 468

• Table 138: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries......... 469

• Table 139: Applications and benefits of graphene in supercapacitors.............................................. 470

• Table 140: Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.................................................................................................................................... 472

• Table 141: Market size for graphene in supercapacitors.................................................................... 473

• Table 142: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in supercapacitors................................. 475

• Table 143: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2027......................................... 475

• Table 144: Market challenges rating for graphene in the supercapacitors market......................... 477

• Table 145: Market drivers for use of graphene in photovoltaics........................................................ 479

• Table 146: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics......................................................................... 484

• Table 147: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics......................................................................... 485

• Table 148: Potential addressable market for photovoltaics................................................................ 485

• Table 149: Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2027.............................................. 486

• Table 150: Market challenges rating for graphene in the solar market............................................. 488

• Table 151: Market drivers for use of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage........................ 490

• Table 152: Applications and benefits of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage.................. 492

• Table 153: Market size for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage......................................... 493



• Table 154: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage...... 494

• Table 155: Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2027...................................................... 495

• Table 156: Market challenges rating for graphene in the fuel cells market...................................... 496

• Table 157: Market drivers for use of graphene in LED lighting and UVC......................................... 499

• Table 158: Applications of graphene in lighting.................................................................................... 499

• Table 159: Market size for graphene in LED lighting and UVC.......................................................... 501

• Table 160: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the lighting market..................... 502

• Table 161: Demand for graphene in lighting (tons), 2018-2027......................................................... 503

• Table 162: Market impediments for graphene in lighting.................................................................... 504

• Table 163: Market drivers for graphene in oil and gas........................................................................ 507

• Table 164: Applications of graphene in the oil and gas market......................................................... 508

• Table 165: Application markets, competing materials, graphene advantages and current market size in oil and gas................................................................................................................................ 514

• Table 166: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the oil and gas market...................... 515

• Table 167: Potential addressable market for graphene in the oil and gas market.......................... 516

• Table 168: Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2027.................................................. 517

• Table 169: Market challenges rating for graphene in the oil and gas market.................................. 518

• Table 170: Market drivers for use of graphene in filtration.................................................................. 520

• Table 171: Applications and benefits of graphene in filtration and separation................................ 522

• Table 172: Market size for graphene in filtration................................................................................... 526

• Table 173: Potential addressable market for graphene in the filtration market............................... 527

• Table 174: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration and separation market. 527

• Table 175: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 528

• Table 176: Market challenges rating for graphene in the filtration and separation market............ 529

• Table 177: Market drivers for use of graphene in the life sciences and medical market............... 534

• Table 178: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare............... 537

• Table 179: Applications and benefits of graphene in life sciences and medical............................. 538

• Table 180: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits



thereof.................................................................................................................................... 548

• Table 181: Market size for graphene in biomedical and healthcare.................................................. 555

• Table 182: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets... 558

• Table 183: Potential addressable market for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets....... 559

• Table 184: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2027......................... 560

• Table 185: Market challenges in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare..................................... 562

• Table 186: Market challenges rating for graphene in the biomedical and healthcare market....... 563

• Table 187: Market drivers for use of graphene in lubricants............................................................... 566

• Table 188: Applications of graphene in the lubricants market............................................................ 568

• Table 189: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants.......................................................... 568

• Table 190: Market size for graphene in lubricants................................................................................ 569

• Table 191: Potential addressable market for graphene in the lubricants market............................ 570

• Table 192: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in lubricants............................................ 570

• Table 193: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 571

• Table 194: Market challenges rating for graphene in the lubricants market.................................... 572

• Table 195: Applications of graphene in rubber and tires..................................................................... 575

• Table 196: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the rubber and tires market.............. 575

• Table 197: Potential addressable market for graphene in the rubber and tires market................. 576

• Table 198: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the rubber and tires market...... 577

• Table 199: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2027......................................... 577

• Table 200: Market challenges for graphene in rubber and tires......................................................... 578

• Table 201: Market drivers for use of graphene in sensors.................................................................. 580

• Table 202: Applications and benefits of graphene in sensors............................................................ 582

• Table 203: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.................................................. 584

• Table 204: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor................................................................................................................................................................. 588

• Table 205: Market size for graphene in sensors................................................................................... 590

• Table 206: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the sensors market........................... 591



• Table 207: Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 593

• Table 208: Market challenges rating for graphene in the sensors market....................................... 594

• Table 209: Types of smart textiles.......................................................................................................... 598

• Table 210: Smart textile products............................................................................................................ 599

• Table 211: Market drivers for use of graphene in smart textiles and apparel.................................. 600

• Table 212: Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.................................................................................................................... 602

• Table 213: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials....................................................................................................................................... 605

• Table 214: Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel....................................... 607

• Table 215: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market........................................ 609

• Table 216: Potential addressable market for graphene in the smart textiles market...................... 612

• Table 217: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in smart textiles and apparel................ 612

• Table 218: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2027......................................................... 613

• Table 219: Market impediments for graphene in textiles..................................................................... 614

• Table 220: Market challenges for graphene in textiles and apparel.................................................. 615

• Table 221: Potential addressable market for graphene in the cement market................................ 619

• Table 222: Demand for graphene in cement (tons), 2018-2027........................................................ 619

• Table 223: Graphene producers and types produced......................................................................... 623

• Table 224: Graphene producers target market matrix......................................................................... 627

• Table 225: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.............. 707

• Table 226: Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix.............................. 711

FIGURES

• Figure 1: Demand for graphene, 2010-2027........................................................................................... 72

• Figure 2: Vittoria bike tires incorporating graphene................................................................................ 73

• Figure 3: Demand for graphene, by market, 2027.................................................................................. 76

• Figure 4: Global government funding for graphene in millions USD to 2017..................................... 81



• Figure 5: Global consumption of graphene 2016, by region................................................................. 91

• Figure 6: Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2017.................................................................. 95

• Figure 7: Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2027.................................................................. 95

• Figure 8: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2017........................................................ 95

• Figure 9: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2027........................................................ 96

• Figure 10: 15-inch single-layer graphene sheet being prepared in the Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences........................................................... 97

• Figure 11: Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2017................................................. 99

• Figure 12: Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2027.............................................. 100

• Figure 13: Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2017........................................................... 100

• Figure 14: Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2027........................................................... 101

• Figure 15: Graphene layer structure schematic.................................................................................... 105

• Figure 16: Graphite and graphene.......................................................................................................... 106

• Figure 17: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. ................................................................................................................................................................ 107

• Figure 18: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)..................... 110

• Figure 19: Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots........................................................................ 112

• Figure 20: Graphene quantum dots........................................................................................................ 113

• Figure 21: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite........................................................................................................................... 115

• Figure 22: Schematic of 2-D materials................................................................................................... 122

• Figure 23: Black phosphorus structure................................................................................................... 124

• Figure 24: Black Phosphorus crystal...................................................................................................... 125

• Figure 25: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation....................................................................................................................................... 127

• Figure 26: Graphitic carbon nitride.......................................................................................................... 131

• Figure 27: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.................................. 132

• Figure 28: Schematic of germanene....................................................................................................... 134



• Figure 29: Graphdiyne structure.............................................................................................................. 136

• Figure 30: Schematic of Graphane crystal............................................................................................. 139

• Figure 31: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.................................................................................... 141

• Figure 32: BN nanosheet textiles application........................................................................................ 143

• Figure 33: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide................................................................................ 144

• Figure 34: SEM image of MoS2............................................................................................................... 145

• Figure 35: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor............. 146

• Figure 36: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.......................................................................................... 147

• Figure 37: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide................................................................. 149

• Figure 38: Silicene structure..................................................................................................................... 150

• Figure 39: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate................................................................... 151

• Figure 40: Silicene transistor.................................................................................................................... 151

• Figure 41: Crystal structure for stanene................................................................................................. 154

• Figure 42: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)........................................... 154

• Figure 43: Schematic of tungsten diselenide........................................................................................ 156

• Figure 44: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe).................................................................................. 159

• Figure 45: Fabrication methods of graphene........................................................................................ 165

• Figure 46: Graphene synthesis methods............................................................................................... 167

• Figure 47: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.. 168

• Figure 48: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium................................................................... 171

• Figure 49: Schematic illustration of the main graphene production techniques.............................. 174

• Figure 50: Graphene synthesis-CVD technique................................................................................... 175

• Figure 51: (a) Graphene powder production line in The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd........................................... 177

• Figure 52: Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG. 180

• Figure 53: Roll-to-roll graphene production process............................................................................ 182

• Figure 54: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process................................................................. 182



• Figure 55: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene.............................. 184

• Figure 56: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer........................... 188

• Figure 57: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014.................................................. 197

• Figure 58: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene............................................................. 200

• Figure 59: Global market for graphene 2010-2027 in tons/year........................................................ 259

• Figure 60: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018............................... 261

• Figure 61: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018..................................... 263

• Figure 62: CVD Graphene on Cu Foil..................................................................................................... 264

• Figure 63: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament...................................... 275

• Figure 64: Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2027................................................. 278

• Figure 65: Graphene Adhesives.............................................................................................................. 282

• Figure 66: Potential addressable market for graphene in adhesives................................................ 286

• Figure 67: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 287

• Figure 68: Graphene aircraft.................................................................................................................... 292

• Figure 69: Potential addressable market for graphene in aerospace............................................... 296

• Figure 70: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in aerospace.......... 297

• Figure 71: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 298

• Figure 72: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargio container.................................................................... 300

• Figure 73: Graphene-based automotive components.......................................................................... 305

• Figure 74: Antistatic graphene tire.......................................................................................................... 306

• Figure 75: Potential addressable market for graphene in the automotive sector............................ 309

• Figure 76: Potential addressable market for graphene in the automotive sector............................ 310

• Figure 77: Demand for graphene in automotive(tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 311

• Figure 78: Supercar incorporating graphene......................................................................................... 313

• Figure 79: Graphene tire........................................................................................................................... 314

• Figure 80: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT.............................................................................. 323

• Figure 81: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating................................................................................................................................................................. 328



• Figure 82: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate.............................................. 331

• Figure 83: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market...................................... 332

• Figure 84: Graphene based anti-corrosion steel coatings.................................................................. 337

• Figure 85: Potential addressable market for graphene in the coatings market............................... 339

• Figure 86: Potential addressable market for graphene in the coatings market............................... 340

• Figure 87: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 341

• Figure 88: Potential addressable market for graphene in composites.............................................. 354

• Figure 89: Potential addressable market for graphene in the composites market.......................... 355

• Figure 90: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2027.................................................. 356

• Figure 91: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application.................................................. 365

• Figure 92: Flexible graphene touch screen........................................................................................... 365

• Figure 93: Galapad Settler smartphone................................................................................................. 366

• Figure 94: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode........................ 367

• Figure 95: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte....................................................... 369

• Figure 96: Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film............................... 370

• Figure 97: Foldable graphene E-paper.................................................................................................. 370

• Figure 98: Covestro wearables................................................................................................................ 372

• Figure 99: Softceptor sensor.................................................................................................................... 375

• Figure 100: BeBop Media Arm Controller.............................................................................................. 376

• Figure 101: LG Innotek flexible textile pressure sensor...................................................................... 376

• Figure 102: C2Sense flexible sensor...................................................................................................... 377

• Figure 103: Wearable gas sensor........................................................................................................... 379

• Figure 104: BeBop Sensors Marcel Modular Data Gloves................................................................. 380

• Figure 105: BeBop Sensors Smart Helmet Sensor System............................................................... 380

• Figure 106: Torso and Extremities Protection (TEP) system.............................................................. 381

• Figure 107: Potential addressable market for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market.............................................................................................. 384



• Figure 108: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $........... 384

• Figure 109: Demand for graphene in flexible electronics (tons), 2018-2027................................... 386

• Figure 110: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2027, millions $.................................................................................................................................... 387

• Figure 111: Schematic of the wet roll-to-roll graphene transfer from copper foils to polymeric substrates............................................................................................................................................. 389

• Figure 112: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene....................................................................................................... 390

• Figure 113: BGT Materials graphene ink product................................................................................. 396

• Figure 114: Printed graphene conductive ink........................................................................................ 397

• Figure 115: Flexible RFID tag.................................................................................................................. 397

• Figure 116: Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink................................................................... 400

• Figure 117: Enfucell Printed Battery....................................................................................................... 402

• Figure 118: Graphene printed antenna.................................................................................................. 402

• Figure 119: Printed antennas for aircraft................................................................................................ 403

• Figure 120: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products...................................................................... 404

• Figure 121: Potential addressable market for graphene in the conductive ink market.................. 404

• Figure 122: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types........................................................................................................ 406

• Figure 123: Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2027........................................... 408

• Figure 124: Graphene IC in wafer tester................................................................................................ 414

• Figure 125: A monolayer WS2-based flexible transistor array........................................................... 414

• Figure 126: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)................................................................................................... 416

• Figure 127: Potential addressable market for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits..... 419

• Figure 128: Potential addressable market for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market.................................................................................................................................................... 420

• Figure 129: Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2027......... 421

• Figure 130: The GF1 Graphene Watch.................................................................................................. 425

• Figure 131: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate....................................... 427



• Figure 132: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM)...................................................................................... 428

• Figure 133: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt.. 428

• Figure 134: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip........................................................................................... 429

• Figure 135: Stretchable SWCNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.................. 429

• Figure 136: Potential addressable market for graphene in the memory devices market............... 431

• Figure 137: Demand for graphene in memory devices (tons), 2018-2027....................................... 432

• Figure 138: Hybrid graphene phototransistors...................................................................................... 438

• Figure 139: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors............................... 438

• Figure 140: Flexible PEN coated with graphene and a QD thin film (20nm) is highly visibly transparent and photosensitive......................................................................................................... 439

• Figure 141: Potential addressable market for graphene in photonics............................................... 441

• Figure 142: Demand for graphene in photonics (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 442

• Figure 143: The SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0 based on the graphene-based SkelCap ultracapacitors...................................................................................................................................... 446

• Figure 144: Energy harvesting textile..................................................................................................... 449

• Figure 145: LG Chem Heaxagonal battery............................................................................................ 452

• Figure 146: Printed 1.5V battery.............................................................................................................. 454

• Figure 147: H600 concept car.................................................................................................................. 456

• Figure 148: Anion concept car................................................................................................................. 456

• Figure 149: Potential addressable market for graphene in the thin film, flexible and printed batteries market.................................................................................................................................................... 459

• Figure 150: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2027..................................................... 460

• Figure 151: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor............................................................................... 469

• Figure 152: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger............................................................................... 471

• Figure 153: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor............................................................................... 472

• Figure 154: Potential addressable market for graphene in supercapacitors.................................... 474

• Figure 155: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2027........................................ 476

• Figure 156: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode......................................................... 481



• Figure 157: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper....................................... 483

• Figure 158: Potential addressable market for graphene in photovoltaics......................................... 486

• Figure 159: Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2027............................................. 487

• Figure 160: Potential addressable market for graphene in fuel cells................................................ 494

• Figure 161: Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 496

• Figure 162: LG OLED flexible lighting panel......................................................................................... 500

• Figure 163: Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.................................................. 501

• Figure 164: Potential addressable market for graphene in lighting................................................... 502

• Figure 165: Demand for graphene in lighting (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 504

• Figure 166: Schematic of boron doped graphene for application in gas sensors........................... 509

• Figure 167: Directa Plus Grafysorber..................................................................................................... 512

• Figure 168: Nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene membrane can effectively filter NaCl salt from water................................................................................................................... 513

• Figure 169: Potential addressable market for graphene in lighting................................................... 515

• Figure 170: Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2027................................................. 518

• Figure 171: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts................................................................................................................................................................. 524

• Figure 172: Graphene anti-smog mask.................................................................................................. 525

• Figure 173: Potential addressable market for graphene in the filtration market.............................. 525

• Figure 174: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2027...................................................... 529

• Figure 175: Graphene filtration membrane............................................................................................ 531

• Figure 176: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel................................................................................................................................ 543

• Figure 177: Graphene-Oxide based chip prototypes for biopsy-free early cancer diagnosis....... 544

• Figure 178: Connected human body...................................................................................................... 546

• Figure 179: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor.......................................................................... 546

• Figure 180: Graphene-based E-skin patch............................................................................................ 548

• Figure 181: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible



PLEDs................................................................................................................................................... 550

• Figure 182: Graphene medical patch..................................................................................................... 551

• Figure 183: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer..................................................................... 552

• Figure 184: Mimo baby monitor............................................................................................................... 552

• Figure 185: Nanowire skin hydration patch........................................................................................... 553

• Figure 186: Wearable sweat sensor....................................................................................................... 553

• Figure 187: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor.................................................................................. 554

• Figure 188: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $.............................................................................................................................................................. 557

• Figure 189: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $.............................................................................................................................................................. 558

• Figure 190: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in the biomedical and healthcare market................................................................................................................................ 560

• Figure 191: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2027....................... 561

• Figure 192: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 572

• Figure 193: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2027........................................ 578

• Figure 194: GFET sensors....................................................................................................................... 586

• Figure 195: First generation point of care diagnostics......................................................................... 587

• Figure 196: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic................................................................... 588

• Figure 197: Potential addressable market for graphene in the sensors market.............................. 592

• Figure 198: Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2027...................................................... 593

• Figure 199: Conductive yarns.................................................................................................................. 608

• Figure 200: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market 2013-2027 revenue forecast (million $)............................................................................................................................... 609

• Figure 201 Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel sales by market segment, 2016................................................................................................................................................................. 610

• Figure 202: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, conservative estimate........................................................................................................... 611

• Figure 203: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, optimistic estimate................................................................................................................. 611



• Figure 204: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 614

• Figure 205: Demand for graphene in cement (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 620

• Figure 206: Graphene added to cement................................................................................................ 621

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