Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management

Development of mechanical biological treatment of municipal waste in Latvia on

the basis of a pilot-project in “Viduskurszeme”

Dipl.-Ing. Joerg Wagner

INTECUS Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management

Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management

Table of contents

1. Introduction

2. MBT in Germany

3. Conclusions for Latvia

4. Examples from the implementation in Germany

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Introduction - Achieving the Waste Management Goals

Germany:Technical Instruction on Waste from Human Settlements (TASi) with execution of the ban of the above-ground storage of biodegradable waste since the 1st of June 2005- Switzerland: Landfill ban for combustible waste since 2000- Norway: Landfill ban for biodegradable waste since 2001- Austria: Landfill ban for untreated waste since 2004 Goal 2020: Full recovery of municipal solid waste by 2020

Europe:Council Directive on the landfill of waste (99/31/EC)- stepwise reduction of the landfilling of biodegradable waste (target: to 65 % until 2016 – relevance for climate change 3.5 Mio. tons of

CH4)

Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management

Introduction - Possible Opportunities

(among others a high share of biodegradable waste, i.e. biowaste => composting)

Separate Collection and

utilization of waste

Separation of recyclable waste

fractions recirculation into the material circular flow

Incineration of waste

Mineralization/ Inertization of organic waste fractions by

oxidation under high temperatures

Mechanical-biological Treatment

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Introduction - Goals of mechanical-biological treatment

1. Volume reduction of waste to be landfilled to minimize the necessary landfill capacity and to prolong the operating life of a landfill.

2. Reduction of the microbiological activityof the biodegradable waste fraction so that the uncontrolled generation of climate-damaging landfill gas is minimized as far as possible.

3. Mass reduction of dangerous substanceswhich otherwise will elute to the leachate on the landfill and can led to a groundwater contamination if the leachate is not collected and treated.

4. Material and energy recoveryby material separation and where applicable generation of refused derived fule (RDF) or biogas (MBT-plants with anaerobic digestion)

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MBT in Germany - Legal framework

strong requirements for the output stream designated for landfill disposal (difficult to reach)

strong requirements on the exhaust air emissions (exhaust air treatment by Regenerative Thermal Oxidiser Systems needed)

no legal requirements for high calorific fraction (RDF), only quality requirements

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MBT in Germany - Requirements on RDF-qualityPotential consumer Calorific

value Granulometric

properties Content of

chlorine

Waste incineration 6-12 MJ/kg no special requirements

no special requirements

Grate combustion < 300 mm

Fluidized bed combustion

< 100 mm

WtE-plants

Pyrolysis

11-17 MJ/kg

< 300 mm

< 2 %

pit coal (dust feeding) > 14 MJ/kg < 20 mm

brown coal (dust feeding)

> 11 MJ/kg < 25 mm

Industrial co-incineration

brown coal (fluidized bed combustion)

> 11 MJ/kg < 50 mm

< 1 %

Primary firing system > 20 MJ/kg < 30 mm

Calciner firing system 14-18 MJ/kg < 35 mm

Cement kiln

Fluidized bed combustion

> 11 MJ/kg < 50 mm

< 1 %

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MBT in Germany - Principle of the process

Material flow oriented approach

Separation of the mixed waste in:

- waste for material recovery- waste for energy recovery- waste for biological treatment

Stabilization and drying of waste for energy recovery

Treatment of waste for a low-emission landfilling

2 basic processes

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Fractioning of output flow with regard to total output of two typical plant concepts

Residual waste (100 %) Mechanical

pre-treatmentand

stream separation

55 %Organic fraction

Biological stage

Anaerobic stage(optional)

Ferric metals

Non-ferric metals

High calorific fraction (RDF)

Loss of mass(biodegradation, evaporation, potentially max. 10 % Biogas)

Material for landfilling

Mechanical-Biological Treatment

Material (dust, etc. for thermal treatment)

Ferric metals

Non-ferric metals

Glass

Minerals

High calorific fraction (RDF)

Loss of mass(biodegradation, evaporation)

Mechanicalpre-treatment

andstream separation

Biologicaldrying/

stabilization

Stabilized fraction70 %

Residual waste (100 %)

Mechanical-Biological Stabilization

MBT in Germany - Principle processes

Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management

MBT in Germany - Implementation of MBT in Germany

Biological process stage is the most important distinctive feature

Capability must be proved in

practice

Ambitious technology but good results in reduction of

organic fraction

Sophisticated and safe technology, some problems to meet the limit values of the

German landfill directive

Sophisticated technology, but sales problems for stabilized material for utilization

Mechanical-biological Treatment

5,506,200 tons/a (48 plants)

MBT with Percolation

339,600 tons/yr. (3 plants)

Anaerobic Digestion Process

1,072,500 tons/yr.

(10 plants)

Aerobic Composting Process

1,967,100 tons/yr.

(19 plants)

Stabilization-Process

2,127,000 tons/yr.

(16 plants)

ISKA-Process

239 ,600 tons/yr.

(2 plants, closed)

ZAK- Process

100 ,000 tons/yr. (1 plant)

Dry-Process

555,000 tons/yr.

(5 plants)

Wet-Process

517,500 tons/yr.

(5 plants)

Tunnel- Reactor

1,754,100 tons/yr.

(16 plants)

Rotting- Container

83,000 tons/yr.

(1 plants)

Windrow-

Composting

130,000 tons/yr.

(2 plants)

Mechanical-biological Drying

1,657,000 tons/yr. (13 plants)

Mechanical-physical

Drying 470,000 tons/yr.

(3 plants)

Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management

MBT in Germany - Implementation of MBT in GermanyMaterial flow of German MBT and MT-plants extrapolated to the overall stock of plants in 2006

High-calorific fraction

MBT- and MT-plants

42 % high calorific fraction

21 % loss of mass (biodegradation, drying)

3 % recyclables

26 % material for landfilling

reduction of necessary landfill volume:70 %

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MBT in Germany – Investment costs

Exemplary investment costs of a rotting container – MBT(capacity 65,000 tons per year)

• investment cost ranges from 250 to 360 EURO per ton input capacity

• mass specific costs of MBT between 80 and 140 EURO per ton

Position Investment costs Site development 3.095.000 Euro Building 5.530.000 Euro Office and staff rooms 400.000 Euro Machinery and process technology 5.100.000 Euro Rotting containers 1.100.000 Euro Ventilation and dedusting engineering 1.300.000 Euro Regenerative thermal oxidiser system 2.000.000 Euro Building services 850.000 Euro Mobile equipment (wheel loader, digger etc.) 670.000 Euro Total 20,045,000 EUR

Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management

MBT in Germany - Problems

The ambitious environmental standards in Germany make the MBT-technology expensive and not cheaper than incineration.

Under German conditions MBT is a pre-treatment-technology before thermal treatment not an alternative to incineration.

Technical problems of the starting phase of the technology are solved as far as possible (except problems with Regenerative Thermal Oxidiser Systems for exhaust air treatment).

At the moment there are marketing problems with the high calorific fraction because of insufficient capacities for thermal utilization and the quality of the high calorific fraction.

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Conclusions for Latvia

The framework conditions (resp. legal framework) must be adapted on the efficiency of MBT-technology!

The high calorific fraction must be processed to RDF which meets the specific quality requirements of the consumers (cement kilns, power stations, etc.)!

MBT must be embedded in working material stream concepts!

The result are lower emissions and an improvement of the disposal behaviour of residual waste.

Reduction of - the heavy metal content of waste up to 90 %,- the reactivity of organic fraction up to 95 % and - the waste volume of more than 60 %

Increase of the recovery of reusable materials and the utilization of the energetic potential of residual waste.

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Conclusions for Latvia - Conditions of RDF-utilization

Waste composition

Metal packaging (aluminium); 0.9%

Plastic (mixed); 18.8%

Paper and cardboard (mixed);

24.9%

Glass (mixed); 5.6%

Biodegradable waste (mixed);

35.7%

Garden an park waste; 4.5%

Incombustible waste (ash, soil, mineral waste)

6.8%

Other; 2.8%

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Calorific value of Latvia residual waste (estimated)

Share [%]

Calorific value MJ/kg

Metal packaging 0,9 0 Plastic (mixed) 18,8 32,9 Glass (mixed) 5,6 0 Paper and cardboard (mixed) 24,9 11,0 Biodegradable waste (mixed) 35,7 3,6 Garden an park waste 4,5 3,8 Incombustible waste 6,8 3,6 Other 2,8 5,8 Average 10,8

Conclusions for Latvia - Conditions of RDF-utilization

- high content of plastics and paper/cardboard cause a comparatively high calorific value

- unclear is the content of hazardous substances (e.g. chlorine)

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Conclusions for Latvia - Principle processes

Low calorific fraction

Biological treatment

Mechanical after-treatment

Mechanical pre-treatment

Residual waste

High calorific fraction

Thermaltreatment

Landfill

Utilization/Landfill

Final rotting process- for waste which allows a

mechanical treatment without drying

- mechanical stage: e.g. sieving drum, magnetic separator, sorting cabin (to separate PVC)

- biological stage: aerated windrow heap composting

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Conclusions for Latvia - Principle processes

Mechanical pre-treatment

Residual waste

Biological treatment

Mechanical after-treatment

Materialrecovery

Energyrecovery

Dry stabilization process - for waste with high moisture content which complicates mechanical treatment

- biological stage: aerated windrow heap composting

- mechanical stage: e.g. sieving drum, magnetic separator

- disadvantage: separation of PVC is complicated because of the smaller grain size of the material after the biological stage

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Conclusions for Latvia – Investment costs

- investment costs in Germany ranges from 250 to 360 EURO per ton input capacity

- costs in Latvia may be lower because there is no demand on exhaust air treatment by Regenerative Thermal Oxidiser Systems and the rotting technology must not meet the strong German criteria for landfilling

- 150 to 200 EURO per ton input capacity can be expected

Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management

Conclusions for Latvia

Particularly with regard to the challenges of a

country with a landfill oriented waste

management system the MBT-technology is a

promising and future-oriented approach!

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Examples from the implementation in GermanySimple concept – MBT on a landfill (first tests in Germany in the early 90ies)

Preliminary homogenizing of residual waste at the landfillCosts: 25-30 EURO per ton

Biological treatment of residual wastein simple heaps at the landfill

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MBT – Mechanical-Biological Treatment

Rotting boxes(Intensive rotting stage)

Examples from the implementation in Germany

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MBT – Mechanical-Biological Treatment

Mechanical stage of the MBT-plant Cröbern (System provider: Linde-KCA GmbH Dresden)Capacity:300,000 tons per year

Examples from the implementation in Germany

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MBT – Mechanical Biological Treatment

Rotting hall for biological residual waste treatment. Biomechanical waste treatment plant, Salzburg: aerated heaps, started operation in 1987. (source: Linde KCA Dresden)Capacity:140,000 tonsper year

Examples from the implementation in Germany

Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management

MBT – Mechanical Biological Treatment

Overview about the anaerobic digestion plant in Freienhufen(system providers: KompTech/HAASE)Capacity:50,000 tons per year

Examples from the implementation in Germany

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MBS – Mechanical-Biological Stabilization

Modular, and thus expandable, system of containers for the biological treatment of waste (Stralsund/Rügen)(System provider: Nehlsen AG, Bremen)Capacity:70,000 tons per year

Examples from the implementation in Germany

Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management Waste Management and Environment-Integrating Management

MPS – Mechanical-Physical Stabilization (Drying Process)

Drying drum of the MPS Berlin-PankowCapacity:160,000 tons per year

Examples from the implementation in Germany

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www.cluster-umwelt.de

German associations for technology-export

www.saxutec.de

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Thank you for your attention!Grad.-Eng. Joerg Wagner

INTECUS GmbHManagement Management and Environment-Integrating Management

Pohlandstr. 17D-01309 DresdenGermany

fon: +49 (351) 3182314fax: +49 (351) 3182333email: joerg.wagner@intecus.deinternet: www.intecus.de

Grad.-Eng. Egidijus Semeta

SIA VentEKOInteliģenti vides risinājumi

Rīgas iela 22. PiņķiLV-2107Latvija

fon: +371 67913155fax: +371 67913156email: egidijus.semeta@venteko.cominternet: www.venteko.lv