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Table of Contents
Outline of the Module : Project Management in Government
Background
Intended Audience(s)
Learning Objectives
Module Overview
Module Delivery Outline
Module Activities
Supporting Materials
Module Feedback
Sub-module 1 Systematic Approach to Project Management in Depts / Organisations
Sub-module 2 Project, Types of projects, Project Management, Project Cycle
Sub-module 3 Project formulation and steps in formulation of
Projects, DPR preparation
Sub-module 4 Case studies
Sub-module 5 Project feasibility, viability analysis
Sub-module 7 Project Appraisal: Social, Technical, Financial and exercises on
appraisal : Individual and Group work.
Sub-module 8 PPP in Infrastructure Projects
Sub-module 9 Group work on a Project tasks and teams/organizational structures
Sub-module 10 Network techniques
Sub-module 11 Project Evaluation
Sub-module 12 Field visits
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Programme Schedule
Day & Date Sessions Topic Resource Person
Day-1
Introductory Activities, Course
Objectives, Schedule, Ground rules,
Expectations
ATI hostel
Course Coordinator
Inauguration DG, ATI, Mysore
I Systematic Approach to Project
Management- Basic meanings of
terminology
Course Coordinator
II Steps in formulation, feasibility and DPR Course Coordinator
III Introduction to Gantt, CPM and PERT for
Project Scheduling and Implementation
Course Coordinator
IV RPs illustration of a common example on
project planning with listing, WBs, Gantt,
critical path analysis
Course Coordinator
V
Individual exercise on the selected project
examples of projects for preparation of
Gantt chart, CPA, PERT.
Course Coordinator
VI Introduction to Project Management Softwares
SDIMD/CAD
VII Illustration & Demonstration of
planning of a Project using software
SDIMD/CAD
Day-2
I DPR Preparation for Water Supply Projects: Case study of 24x7 w/s Hubbali-Dharwad
Hubballi-Dharwad
City Corporation
& KUWS&DB
II Case study of Mysuru, JUSCO water
supply project
MCC & KUWS&DB
III Tendering procedure for Civil Engineering Projects
KPWD & SAD
IV Standard documents KW1-KW6 & FAQs KPWD & SAD
V Introduction to Bangaluru Metro Rail Project
BMRCL, Bangalore
VI Feasibility, DPR and implementation of
Bengaluru Metro Rail Project BMRCL, Bangalore
Day-3
I Introduction to Appraisal of Projects,
Types of Appraisal
Course Coordinator
II
Case examples : Problems & exercises on
financial appraisal- NPV, FRR ,EIRR,
BCR, NRR, for Development Projects
Course Coordinator
III & IV
Field Visit to Intelligent Transport
System, STP, SWM, SWM Tracking
System, Zero based SWM, Water Supply
including Project Offices of these
projects
ATI, Mysore &
Concerned
Organizations
V Finalization of draft group presentations
of Case studies ATI, Mysore
VI Presentations by groups ATI, Mysore
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Outline of the Module
Component Description
BACKGROUND
Ineffective formulation/feasibility analysis, delayed implementation, inadequate
monitoring tools and absence evaluation reports after the implementation are some
of the gaps experienced by officers in the government. Although, problems galore
in all types of projects, it is now increasingly noticed that development projects
generated by the local governments, public agencies and Government departments
have been faced with unclear output in terms of quality and quantity. Government
employees have expressed the need for overhauling the project working system and
rebuilding of emerging competencies keeping the aims and objectives of
government policies, schemes and projects. In light of these issues, the training
module for a basic 3 days training programme on Project Management has been
prepared keeping the performance problems.
Intended
Audience(s) Group A and B Officers of the State Government and PSUs
Learning
Objectives
Define project, project management, project cycle, project formulation
Collate their own project experiences to SAPM(Systematic Approach to
Project Management)
Discuss case studies
Describe the steps in project formulation and feasibility & DPR
Prepare the outline DPR
Appraise the projects for viability in social development projects
Use the Gantt chart and network techniques & MS Project to solve project
management problems
Explain the concept of public private partnership in project development
Apply team building skills in project management
Describe the process of project monitoring and evaluation
Module Overview
Structure and Content:
The course covers the following themes;
1. Project, types of projects, project management, project cycle
2. Project formulation and steps in formulation of projects
3. DPR preparation
4. Case studies on projects in government departments
5. Project feasibility, viability analysis and DPR Preparation
6. Project Appraisal: Social, Technical, Financial etc.
7. PPP projects & cases
8. Activities and exercises on appraisal : group work
9. Group work on a Project tasks and teams/organizational structures
10. Network techniques & exercises for project planning, implementation and
monitoring
11. Project Evaluation
Module Delivery
Outline
(Topics under Each Heading)
Awareness:
Overview of Projects : Problems and Issues for correction
Knowledge:
SAPM, Project handling problems, Overview of Infrastructure in Depts /
Organisations, Project Management Cycle, Formulation of Projects, Types of
Appraisal of Projects, Feasibility Analysis and Need, Importance of Project
Evaluation, Performance indicators , PPP Concepts, Steps in DPR.
Skill:
I) Case study discussions & presentations
II) Practical exercises on Gantt, CPM and PERT Networks for Projects
III) Hands on Training for project planning
IV) DPR Preparation
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V) Individual and Group exercise FIRR, EIRR, BCR, NRR for different
projects
VI) Study Visits to projects
VII) Management Game
VIII) Appraisal of projects
IX) Evaluation of projects
Module Activities
Following training methods are used to make it participatory and experience sharing
1. Lecture with visual aids
2. Group exercises
3. Hands on Training
4. Project management games
5. Presentations and lessons
6. Role play as team members
7. Cases on projects 8. Short films 9. Field visits
Supporting
Materials
Website of Department of Finance Government of India
Website of Infrastructure Development Department- GoK
Website of ADB
Website of IMF
Website of IIM, PMI
Terry Schmidt, “Strategic Project Management made simple - practical tools
for leaders and teams”, 2009, Pp. 1-172
Kim Heldman, “Project Management Jump Start”, 2011, Pp 360.
Stephen Barker & Rob Cole, “Brilliant Project Management, What the best
project managers know do and say”, 2012, Pp 200.
Dr Ashok Sanganal , “Handbook on Project Management in Government”
2011-12, (www.atimysore.gov.in)
Dr Ashok Sanganal, “Guide on PPP” (www.atimysore.gov.in)
Dr Ashok Sanganal , “Hand Book on Civil Works for Non Engineers”
(www.atimysore.gov.in)
Case Studies of Selected Departments / Organizations
www.pmlinksandbooks.com
https://basecamp.com, www.thoughtworks.com
Website of UNCHS
Case studies of different departments.
Module Feedback
Exercises in every Session
Quiz on each chapter of Project Management developed by Dr Ashok Sanganal
Case studies
PPP Exercises
Appraisal Exercises and Presentations
Management Games and Feedback
Immediate Reaction Questionnaire
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Day 1
Introductory Activities, Course Objectives, Schedule, Ground rules,
Expectations
Sessions 1 & 2 Session - 1: Systematic Approach to Project Management- Basic meanings of
terminology
Session – 2: Steps in formulation, feasibility and DPR
Contents
Familiarization of Terminology and Sharing of Experiences Overview of Projects, Basic Meaning of PF, PM
Project Appraisal, Project Feasibility Analysis, DPR, PCTS, Steps in DPR,
SAPM, Project Cycle, Benefits of Project Management
Roles and Responsibilities.
Types of Appraisal, Detailed Project Reports, Case study
Module Delivery Outline
Awareness Knowledge
Skill
In the first session, the resource person will elicit reactions of the participants
on the definition of project, PF, project management, appraisal project cycle,
roles of project manager, project charter and organization. The resource person
to list the responses on white board. Based on the reactions, the resource
person will make a short pictorial power point presentation on the above
aspects. Emphasis on project formulation, steps in project formulation,
viability of project, DPR, and how to decide on the project etc., will be
emphasized with suitable example of successful and failure projects.
In the second session, participants are divided into four groups and a small
case on a simulated project case on housing and infrastructure project is given
to the participants for identifying the steps in formulation followed by
presentation by participant groups. One representative from each group will
present. The resource person gives the feedback on each presentation. At the
end during last 15 Minutes a quiz is conducted
Group Activity on Project Formulation & DPR: The case study template
developed by the RP is handed over to all the participants groups for reading
for 10 minutes. The RP will then explain task of the groups to identify various
steps in the preparation of DPR. The participant groups will prepare outline
DPR for the given project in the next 30 minutes. This will be followed by
group presentations in the plenary. The case study template for DPR and
Project Formulation is given in the handbook on Project Management
published by ATI, Mysore. Website: www.atimysore.gov.in
Objectives
Define the basic terms PF, PM, Appraisal, Feasibility, SAPM, Project
Cycle, DPR
Explain steps in Feasibility Analysis and Appraisal
Explain steps in DPR
Explain Reasons for project success and failures in Municipal Projects Sharing experiences on failure and successful projects that have
happened
Module Activities
PPT, Demonstration, RPs Illustration of an example, Individual Exercises,
Case studies and Presentations by participants
Duration
Time allocation: RP’s presentation and discussion- 1 hour
Group activity and presentation-3/4 hour
Question & Answers- 15 minutes
Supporting Material
Handbook on Project Management in Government published by ATI Mysore
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Training Aid White Board, LCD Projector and Computer, White Board/LCD
Projector/PPT/ Hand outs, Checklist, Work book
Module Feedback
Quiz / MCQs (Prepared by Dr. Ashok Sanganal)
Day-1
Sessions 3,4&5
Session – 3: Introduction to Gantt, CPM and PERT for Project Scheduling and
Implementation
Session – 4:RPs illustration of a common example on project planning with
listing, WBs, Gantt, critical path analysis
Session – 5:Individual exercise on the selected project examples of projects for
preparation of Gantt chart, CPA, PERT.
Contents
WBS, Gantt Chart, CPM/PERT Networks
RPs illustration of a common example on project planning with listing,
WBs, Gantt, critical path analysis
Exercises on WBS
Exercises on Gantt Chart
Exercises AoA and AoA/AoN, CPM/PERT Analysis
Individual Exercises on Gantt Chart, CPM and PERT Network
Module Delivery Outline
Skills and Knowledge
The Resource person to check the understanding by asking a few questions on
network techniques such as Bar chart, Critical Path Method, Programme
Evaluation and Review Techniques and practical usage in their day to day
works & projects. Based on the responses and entry level knowledge and skills
of the participants, a power point presentation by the RP is made on the Project
planning and implementation techniques such as Bar chart, CPM and PERT
networks. The RP takes a common example of a project experience by all
participants for simplification and understanding. The RP lists at least 15-20
activities in project on the white board. All these activities are further
restructured and sequenced for drawing WBS. The RP Converts WBS into
Gantt chart. Subsequently, a CPM Network is drawn for the same project. At
this stage, all times namely EST, EFT, LST, LFT& Slack are estimated for the
project. The session is conducted step by step with a PPT on bar chart
followed by an exercise of a real problem example. After this, a PPT on
CPM/PERT networks is made and the same example is used to develop CPM
and PERT network and calculation of times & float. Finally, they would
estimate the Optimum cost and duration for the selected project. The
participant groups would make presentations of their exercise work in the
plenary.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the use of Gantt chart, CPM/PERT networks manually for
different cases
- Construct WBS and Gantt Charts
- Construct CPM and PERT Networks
- Allocate resources, Time and Money to project activities
- Calculate the optimum duration and optimum cost of the project Module
Activities PPT, Demonstration, Individual Exercises, Case studies and Presentations by
participants
Duration
Time allocation: Introduction to tools and techniques 1 hour Illustration of Examples 1 hour Group excise and presentation 1 hour
Supporting Material
Handbook on PM Reading Materials given to them in email inbox
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Exercise formats & examples Training Aid White Board, PPT and Computers
Module Feedback
MCQ & IRQ
Day-1
Session – 6 & 7 Session – 6: Introduction to Project Management Softwares Session –7: Illustration & Demonstration of planning of a Project using software
Contents Types of project management softwares, & application of softwares in project management
Module Delivery Outline
Skills and Knowledge
In the first session, the RP makes a PPT on different types of project management softwares and their application in project management. This will be followed by demonstration of an example of project schedule being prepared on MSP. In the second session, the participants will be asked to list 10 activities in a project and these activities are further written in the order of their relationship such as start to start, start to finish, finish to start and finish to finish. Now these activities are fed into the MSP and a project schedule with Gantt and CPM Network are prepared with time estimates and slack. The optimum cost and times are worked out.
Learning Objectives
Prepare project schedule using software.
Module Activities
PPT, Preparation of list of activities in a project, Demonstration & using of Software.
Duration Time:
PPT & Discussion on Project Management Software – 1 hour Demonstration of project example – 1 hour
Supporting Material
Handout on project management software Exercises
Training Aid White board, flip chart, ppt, software and computer, LCD Projector
Module Feedback
IRQ and Quiz
Day-2
Session – 1&2 Session – 1: DPR Preparation for Water Supply Projects: Case study of 24x7 w/s Hubbali-Dharwad Session- 2: Case study of Mysuru, JUSCO water supply project
Contents DPR preparation for water supply projects Survey, Demand forecasting, Feasibility studies, DPR, PPP model, O&M, Revenue Sharing, problem and solutions.
Module Delivery Outline
Skills and
Knowledge
The RP will make a PPT on the preparation of DPR for water supply projects in general. The two case studies of 24X7 water supply projects in Mysuru city and Hubballi-Dharwad cities will be explained with PPT. During the presentation, a comparison between the 2 projects will the drawn. The problems faced during the preparation and execution are highlighted. The post execution impact of these 2 projects are stressed during the discussion. During the last 10 minutes a question & answer session will be conducted.
Learning Objectives
Explain the procedure and steps in DPR of water supply projects Discuss the case studies of the water supply projects implemented in Hubballi-Dharwad & Mysuru cities.
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Module Activities
PPT, Lecture, Discussion, Question & Answer
Duration
Time allocation: Steps in Feasibility Study and DPR – ½ hour Case study of Hubballi-Dharwad – ¾ hour Case study of Mysuru city-¾ hour
Total 2 hours Supporting
Material Handouts on Mysuru and Hubballi-Dharwad case studies
Training Aid PPT, White Board, Flipchart, GIS Maps
Module Feedback
IRQ & Question & Answer session
Day-2
Session- 3 & 4 Session – 3: Tendering procedure for Civil Engineering Projects Session – 4: Standard documents KW1-KW6 & FAQs
Contents KTPP Provisions for Civil works (KW1, KW2, KW3, KW4, KW5 & KW6)
Module Delivery Outline
Skills and Knowledge
In the first session, the RP will make a PPT on Tender documentation for civil works explaining the basic terminology such as Notification, cover systems, technical and financial bids, EMD, SD, ASD, liquidated damages, terms and condition, defect liability period, penalty etc., The RP will highlight how the tender documentation is important in DPR. In the second session, the RP will explain the standard documents KW1-KW6 and the criteria and situations for using different documents. An example of a tender document of civil work is taken for illustration. The example is demonstrated on how to fill up the standard documents. At least, a minimum of 2 projects will be taken up for demonstration on how to fill up of KW1-KW6 documents.
The course coordinator would have collected the completed tender documents before the commencement of the course and keep them the ready for distribution to the participants on the first day in the evening for homework. Participants would be given 10 minutes time to seek clarifications on details filled in the document.
Learning Objectives
Describe steps in tendering of civil engineering projects Practice filling up of standard documents KW1-KW6
Module Activities
PPT, Lecture, Discussion, Filling up of KW1-KW6, Question & Answer, FAQs
Duration
Time allocation: Steps in tendering of civil engineering projects – 1/2 hour Filling up of standard documents KW1-KW6 - ¾ hour FAQs & Queries – ½ hour
Total 2 hours Supporting
Material Handouts on tendering, GOs on tendering, FAQs, list of quires & answers
Training Aid Flip chart, white board, LCD projector, computer, exercise formats, checklist, GOs
Module Feedback
FAQs, Question & Answers session and IRQ
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Day-2
Session- 5 & 6 Session – 5: Introduction to Bangaluru Metro Rail Project Session – 6: Feasibility, DPR and implementation of Bangaluru Metro Rail Project
Contents
Components of Bangaluru Metro Rail Project Feasibility studies of BMR Project and feasibility assessment. DPR preparation –Steps and outline Implementation stages of Bangaluru Metro Rail Project
Module Delivery Outline
Skills and Knowledge
In the first session, the RP will give an overview of BMR Project with a pictorial PPT. During the session, RP will discuss the steps such as problems, formulation, feasibility, legal, financial, technical, social, environmental and institutional issues and appraisal.
In the second session, the RP will explain the implementation of process of the project. The problems faced and how the problems were resolved will also be highlighted. The practical issues to be considered at the time of implementation, risk analysis at the time of DPR preparation will need to be correlated. The RP emphasizes on the list of problems faced at every stage of the project and how these problems resolved. At the end in last 15minutes, a question answer session will be conducted.
Learning Objectives
Describe the Components of Bangaluru Metro Rail Project Discuss how the feasibility studies of BMR project and viability
assessment were carried out. Explain the steps followed in DPR preparation of DMR project Discuss the process of implementation of Bangaluru Metro Rail Project
Module Activities
PPT, Lecture, Discussion, Filling up of KW1-KW6, Question & Answer, FAQs
Duration
Time allocation: Components of Bangaluru Metro Rail Project – ½ hour Feasibility studies of BMR project and viability assessment were
carried out – ½ hour Steps followed in DPR preparation of DMR project - ½ hour Implementation of Bangaluru Metro Rail Project – 15 minutes Question & answer session - 15 minutes
Supporting Material
Handout on BMR Project
Training Aid Flip chart, white board, LCD projector, computer
Module Feedback
Question & Answers session and IRQ
Day-3
Session – 1&2 Session – 1: Introduction to Appraisal of Projects, Types of Appraisal
Session – 2: Case examples : Problems & exercises on financial appraisal-
NPV, FRR ,EIRR, BCR, NRR, for Development Projects
Contents
Social Cost Benefits
Technical Appraisal
Economic Appraisal
Financial Appraisal
Problems solving through project examples: NPV, IRR , BCR for
Development Projects
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Module Delivery Outline
Skills and
Knowledge
In the first session, the resource person will make a PPT on different appraisal
methods of development projects. The RP will give detailed procedure of
appraisal of projects. Appropriate project examples in government departments
will be chosen by the RP and adequate explanation and illustration of
appraisal procedure would be given. The RP will use WB and demonstrate
how these decision making tools would help in social, financial and economic
viability of projects and resultant approval/decision. This will be followed by
assigning four different projects to calculate NPV, BCR and FIRR, EIRR,
NRR of each project. Also in case the projects are to be taken up on
BOT/Service/ Management contract basis, the RP would guide the participants
to assess whether the projects would be viable in terms of financial flows,
sustainability, social and other benefits
Group A : Power distribution project
Group B : Public pay and use Toilet
Group C : Water Supply Project for Medium Town
Group D : Public Parking Facility
Group E : City Shopping Complex
All five Participant groups will be given basic project data on each of the
above projects and are asked to estimate the NPV, EIRR, FIRR, BCR and
cash flow statements for the given projects.
Each Group will work out a most favorable option for deciding the project
selection for launching. Participants would be guided on choosing appropriate
PPP model or partnership model based on the above exercise findings Learning
Objectives Explain the meaning and procedure of appraisal of Projects Estimate the financial and social indicators/ tools for selection of projects.
Module Activities
PPT, Lecture, Discussion, Individual Exercise, Demonstration of problem exercise
Duration
Time allocation:
Appraisal procedures- ½ hour Project example illustration on white board – ½ hour Individual exercise - ½ hour Group assignment and presentation - ½ hour
Total 2 hours Supporting
Material Appraisal Templates and Formats
PVIF Table, Excel Sheet, Examples of projects for individual and group exercise/ assignments
Training Aid Flip chart, white board, LCD projector, computer
Module Feedback
Individual and Group Exercise: Presentation & feedback
Day-3
Session – 3&4 Session – 3&4: Field Visit to Intelligent Transport System, STP, SWM, SWM
Tracking System, Zero based SWM, Water Supply including Project Offices
of these projects
Contents
Study visits to:
Intelligent Transport System,
STP, SWM, SWM Tracking
System, Zero based SWM,
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Water Supply
Project Offices of these projects
Module Delivery Outline
Skills and
Knowledge
The RP will identify suitable projects and make preparatory arrangements and
the logistics for the field visit. The RP/CC will discuss with concerned project
authorities and officers about the profile of project to be visited by the
participants well in advance. The RP shall prepare a checklist of observations
for seeking information from the project authorities. Necessary demonstration,
professional interaction by the concerned Officers at the project site and
Project Office shall be ensured. The participants will be a given a checklist for
structured interaction in addition to overall picture of the project. The
Participants will prepare and make a presentation of the field visit in the
following session. The field report will be submitted by the groups to
Coordinator Learning
Objectives Visit the projects
Observe the merits and demerits of the projects
Prepare report of the field visit Present the reports before the experts/CC
Module Activities
Project Details/Handout
Checklist for field visit
Field experience sharing and exposure to Projects
Interaction with the project authorities and beneficiaries
Field report preparation and presentation
Duration 2 hours
Supporting Material
Handout on Projects details, Checklist for field visit, Field report format,
Training Aid Flip chart, white board, LCD projector, computer,Checklist for field visit
Module Feedback
Field Reports and presentations by Participant groups
Day-3
Session – 5&6 Sessions – 5: Finalization of draft group presentations of Case studies
Sessions – 6: Presentations by groups
Contents Case studies from the sectors of power supply, water supply, sanitation,
sericulture, transportation, PSUs, streetlight, housing etc.,
Module Delivery Outline
Skills and
Knowledge
The RP will identify and select 10 case studies of different projects preferably
those which are already implemented in Karnataka or other states from the
sectors of power supply, water supply, sanitation, sericulture, transportation,
PSUs, streetlight, housing etc., These case studies will be given to participant
groups(5 groups with 5-6 members in each group) formed for this purpose, one
for each group to study, analysis and present the same in the plenary. It is
appropriate to hand over these case studies in advance to the respective groups
on first day evening in order to give sufficient time to study at home / hostel.
While handing over these case studies, brief introduction on the points to be
covered for presentation on the last day shall be given by the RP.
The points to be covered in the presentation are 1. Context, 2. Project
Objectives, 3. Project Structure, 4. Partners. 5. Financing 6. Implementation,
7. Costs and Benefits, 8. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Project. The Groups
will prepare PPT and be ready for presentation on 3rd
day in the afternoon
session. The RP and a few experts will be invited to make observations and
give feedback to the groups.
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Presentation for each Group : 10 min
Feedback by experts : 05 min Learning
Objectives Study the case studies
Present the case studies on the key areas Module
Activities Group work, preparation of reports and presentation
Duration Time allocation:
Group work on finalisation of draft reports-1/2 hour Presentation and feedback -1.5 hour
Supporting Material
Project details of cases, group-wise project reports, group-wise PPTs
Training Aid Flip chart, white board, LCD projector, computer
Module Feedback
Presentations and Feedback by peer groups and experts
Evaluation
Internal Validation: Oral feedback and written feedback
The RP shall distribute the IRQs to all participants for filling up of formats.
After collection of all filled up forms/IRQs, a few participants may be asked
give the oral feedback on each session and the objectives whether achieved or
otherwise. Participants shall be requested to give their free and frank,
suggestions for improvement. The DG would be requested to be present during
the evaluation session.
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Reference Materials
Website of Department of Finance Government of India
Website of Infrastructure Development Department- GoK
Website of ADB
Website of IMF
Website of IIM, PMI
Terry Schmidt, “Strategic Project Management made simple - practical tools for leaders
and teams”, 2009, Pp. 1-172
Kim Heldman, “Project Management Jump Start”, 2011, Pp 360.
Stephen Barker & Rob Cole, “Brilliant Project Management, What the best project
managers know do and say”, 2012, Pp 200.
Dr Ashok Sanganal , “Handbook on Project Management in Government” 2011-12,
(www.atimysore.gov.in)
Dr Ashok Sanganal, “Guide on PPP” (www.atimysore.gov.in)
Dr Ashok Sanganal , “Hand Book on Civil Works for Non Engineers”
(www.atimysore.gov.in)
Case Studies of Selected Departments / Organizations
www.pmlinksandbooks.com
https://basecamp.com, www.thoughtworks.com
Website of UNCHS
Case studies of different departments.
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Summary of the Course Module
The 3 days training module on Project Management has been designed to provide appropriate
mix of skills and knowledge for formulation, feasibility analysis, preparation of DPR, and
tools and techniques for project Implementation and monitoring. It comprises of 15 sub-
modules theme-wise keeping the training needs of Engineers and Officers. Module aims at
building the competencies of the functionaries to prepare, implement, monitor and evaluate
the projects. The issues of ethics in administration, team building, values are integrated in
every session and also separately.