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TableofContents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 3
KEYTAKEWAYS ............................................................................................................................. 4
NEXTSTEPSFORGICA ................................................................................................................... 6
YOUHEARDITHERE...................................................................................................................... 8
SESSIONSUMMARIES—JANUARY25......................................................................................... 11
OPENINGMESSAGES ...................................................................................................................... 11PLENARYI—CONNECTIVITYINFRASTRUCTURE:HOWTECHNOLOGYANDINNOVATIONISCHANGINGTHEWAYWECONNECT............................................................................................... 12PLENARYII—ENERGYCONNECTIVITY ........................................................................................... 15PLENARYIII—TRANSPORTCONNECTIVITY.................................................................................... 18PLENARYIV—ICTCONNECTIVITY.................................................................................................. 21PROJECTINFOCUS:BLOCKCHAINANDGLOBALTRADE................................................................. 24PLENARYV—FINANCINGCONNECTIVITY ..................................................................................... 25WORKINGTOGETHER:GICAANDITSPOSSIBILITIES....................................................................... 28
SESSIONSUMMARIES—JANUARY26......................................................................................... 31
SESSION1:CONNECTIVITYNEEDSANDPRIORITIESFORGICA....................................................... 31SESSION2:FINANCINGCONNECTIVITY:VISIONTOPROGRAMTOPROJECTS(V2P2P).................. 34SESSION3:QUANTIFYINGCONNECTIVITY...................................................................................... 36
ANNEXI:EVENTPROGRAMS....................................................................................................... 38
ANNEXII:SPEAKERBIOGRAPHIES ............................................................................................... 41
SPEAKERBIOGRAPHIES|JANUARY25 ........................................................................................... 41SPEAKERBIOGRAPHIES|JANUARY26 ........................................................................................... 56
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IntroductionTheGlobalInfrastructureConnectivityAlliance(GICA)waslaunchedbytheG20inJuly2016towork
acrossregionsanddisciplinestopromotecooperation,knowledgeexchange,andmeaningfulprogressinthefieldofglobalinterconnectivity.GICA’smissionistosupportconnectivitythroughcooperationandknowledgeexchange.Overthelast20years,aplethoraofeconomiccorridors,
cross-borderinvestmentprograms,tradeandlogisticsobservatories,andregionalbodiesdedicatedtopromotingconnectivityandregionalintegrationhasemerged.However,informationonglobalinfrastructureconnectivityisusuallypresentedataregionalorthematiclevelwithlimited
opportunitiesforcomparisonsacrossregionsorsectors.
Acatalystfordevelopment,globalinfrastructureconnectivityreferstothelinkagesofcommunities,economies,andnationsthroughtrade,transport,communications,energy,andwaternetworksacrosscountries.Greaterinterconnectivitycantranslateintohigherproductivity,gainsinservice
efficiency,greaterspill-overbenefitsofinvestments,andgrowthintrade.Nationalgovernments,internationalorganizations,andotherinternationalstakeholdershavelongrecognizedthesignificanceofinfrastructureconnectivityinachievingsustainabledevelopmentandshared
prosperity.Asaresult,connectivityhasbecomeakeypriorityforpolicymakersandpractitioners.
GICA,whosemembershipincludesADB,AIIB,EADB,GEIDCO,GIH,OECD,People’sRepublicofChina,UNCTAD,andtheWorldBankhelditsfirstmeetingJanuary25–26inParisattheOECDHeadquarters.Themeetingwasco-organizedbytheWorldBankandtheOECD.1
Theeventbroughttogethernearly150policymakers,seniorgovernmentrepresentativesfrom
OECDanddevelopingcountries,financialinstitutionsandpractitionersinterestedinadvancingglobalconnectivitythroughdiscussionsonthestateofplay,innovativepracticesandtheoutlookforconnectivity.TheeventprovidedanopportunityforGICAmemberstosharetheirlatest
researchandfindingsanddefinenewareasofcooperationbasedonidentifiedgaps.
ThediscussionduringtheAnnualMeetingfocusedonthefollowingmaintopics:
• ConnectivityInfrastructure—HowTechnologyandInnovationIsChangingtheWayWeConnect
• ConnectivityintheEnergy,Transport,ICT,andFinanceSectors
• ConnectivityNeedsandPrioritiesforGICA• FinancingConnectivity—MovingfromVisiontoProgramtoProjects(V2P2P)• QuantifyingConnectivity
• LeveragingGICA
Thisdocumentprovidesasummaryofthe25Januarysessions,includingthefiveplenarypanelsessionsandtwodiscussions,alongwithasummaryofthe26Januaryclosed-sessionmeetings,
attendedbyapproximately50GICAmembers.TheGICASecretariatledbytheWorldBankinclose
1UnderthecoordinationoftheOECDLongTermInvestmentproject(www.oecd.org/finance/lti)severalOECDDirectoratesandAgencieshavebeeninvolvedinthismeetingincludingGlobalRelations,ScienceandTechnologyandInnovation,DevelopmentandCooperation,FinancialandEnterpriseAffairs,theInternationalEnergyAgencyandtheInternationalTransportForum.
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cooperationwiththeOECDandothersIOs,thankstheGICAmembers,contributors,speakers,and
participantsfortheiractiveengagementinmakingtheeventasuccessandgratefullyacknowledges
theChina-WorldBankTrustFundforitsfinancialsupport.
Themeetingagendasandspeakerbiographiesforbothdaysareincludedattheendofthisdocumentasannexes.
KeyTakeways
Connectivityiscomplexandmultidimensional,andthereforesolvingglobalconnectivitychallengesrequiresinterdisciplinaryapproachesandcross-sectoralcollaboration.Beyondthespill-overeffectsthataccruetowardgrowthandtradethroughimprovementsofconnectivity,theinter-dependenciesofsectoralconnectivitymanifestinthefollowingforms:
Thetransformationalpotentialoftechnologyineachofthetraditionalverticallinesofinfrastructure
—energy,transport,ICT—tobringefficiencyinservices,toexpandaccess,toprovidesecurityof
information,ortothinkaboutintegratedsolutionsforservicedelivery.
Thecorrelationofthesectorsintermsofaccess,particularlybetweenICT(Internet)andenergy(electricity).Notonlydoend-usersneedaccesstoelectricitytousetheirdevicesandtheInternet,butthemobileandfixedbroadbandnetworksrequirestablepowersourcesaswell.
Theopportunitiesforsynergies,forexamplebycombiningthelayingoffiberopticcablewiththe
constructionofaroadcorridor.
Theimpedimentofonesector’sregulationstoanothersector’sinvestment:Technologicaladvancementandnewbusinessmodelsmeanthatarisingconcernaboutregulationsofonesectorcouldfeedintoanothersector.
Globalinfrastructureconnectivityischangingrapidly.Withinamatterofyears,disruptivetechnologiessuchasblockchain,drones(e.g.,Facebook’sAquila),balloons(e.g.,Google’sProjectLoon),dataanalyticsandartificialintelligencehavebecomecommonlexiconsofglobalconnectivity.Today’slandscapealsoincludestechnologyplayerssuchasGoogle,Facebook,andIBMwhoarenotonlyintroducinginnovationtothetraditionalapproachestoglobalconnectivity,butalsobecomingnewpartnersandmakingsignificantinvestments.
Despitetheincreasedemphasisonandimportanceofprivatesectorfinancing,governmentsstillplayauniqueandcrucialroleinglobalconnectivity,inarangeofareas,includingthefollowing:
• Providingcompetition,regulatoryandpriceregimesthatincentivizeinvestments• Protectingtheenvironmentandpromotingpositivesocialimpactsfromlargeinvestments• Workingacrossministriesandagenciesforinfrastructuresharingandforcoordinatedroad
construction,powercables,publicworks,pipelaying,andcablelaying• Promotingspectrumsharingandpoliciesformaximizinguseofspectrum• Ensuringthatconsumerdataandrightsareprotected• Mobilizingprivatefinancingasacomplementtotraditionalsourcesofpublicfinance
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Theroleofmultilateralfinanceinstitutionsisespeciallycrucialinsupportingthedevelopmentofinterconnectionsbetweencountries.Oneofthemoresalientexamplesofthissupportisthecross-
bordertransmissionofpowerinitiativesamongdevelopingcountrieswithweakfinancialsystems.EvenamongdevelopedeconomiessuchasFranceandSpain,theEUplaysakeyroleinprovidingfundingforenergyandtransportintegration.
Thebenefitsfromconnectivityarenotalwaysevenlyspread,andconnectivitydividesappearto
runalongthefollowingfourkeylines:economics,education/skills,gender,andgloballyinter-connectedcitiesandotherareas.Poorconnectivityisoneofthekeyimpedimentstofostereconomicdevelopmentandeliminationofextremepoverty.Uptakeoftechnologiesandservices
comesslowerinpoorereconomies,impededbylowdigitalliteracy.Theabilitytobenefitfromnewtechnologydependsinlargepartoneducation,skills,andcapacity.Genderdifferencesinaccess,inqualityofservices,differingimpactofpricesandissuesofsafetyandsecurityshouldbean
importantconsiderationintheinfrastructureandservicedeliverydiscussion.Ifleftunattended,thesedivideswillonlybecomemoreexacerbated.
Connectivitymustbenotonlyinclusive,butalsosustainable.Climatechangeissuesloomlargeintheglobalconnectivitydialogueparticularlyinpowerandtransportservices.Improvedconnectivity
tendstoincreaseflowsandinfrastructuredevelopmentimpactstheenvironment.Moreanalyticalworkiswarrantedtounderstandthelinkagesbetweenchangingapproachesofnetworkconnectivity,theimpactsbothonclimateresilienceandonemissions,andoptionstooffer
connectivitywithareducedenvironmentalfootprint.
Predictingthefutureofconnectivityischallenging.Forexample,woulddistributedproduction,additivemanufacturing,anddronedeliverydecreasetheneedforcross-borderinfrastructureneeds
inroads,containershipsandenergypipes?Forecasting—withadegreeofaccuracy—thetiming,thetrajectory,andimpactsontheflowandvolumeofglobalflowsinpeople,goods,andservicesisdifficult.Furtherdebateandthinkingisneededtoadjusthowwefinanceinvestment.Forexample,
shouldfutureinvestmentsbeplannedandstructuredinawaythatwouldhavelesslocked-ineffect(e.g.,investmentsthatcanbediscountedin10yearsratherthan30years)?Dosomeoftheconnectivityassetsfacetheriskofbeingstranded?
Theglobalinfrastructureconnectivityagendaismassive;itiscross-sectoralandcoverseverything
fromassets,servicesandregulations.Theprivatesectorhasacriticalroletoplayinfindingsolutionstoconnectivitychallenges.
ReflectingontheconversationsonDay1,thefollowingprioritiesemergedfromdiscussionsamongGICAMembersandinterestedcontributorsduringDay2:
• Enhancingcross-borderandcross-sectorinstitutionalcooperationforinfrastructure
connectivityprojects.Thisincludessharingknowledgeandexperienceonmulti-sectoralandmulti-dimensionalplanningapproacheswithsustainabledevelopmentobjectivesasacoreframework.Itismindfuloftechnologicalchanges,complementaritiesandtrade-offsacross
sectors.Itincludesgovernanceoptions,regulatorycooperation,andharmonizationoftechnicalstandards.Itanchorsdiscussionsintoasolidunderstandingofgamechangers
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impactingthetypeofconnectivityrequiredaswellasoptionstomaximizeoverallbenefitsandminimizenegativeimpactsandrisksforindividualcountriesandbroaderregions.
• Developingmethodologiestomeasureandquantifytheoverallbenefitsofconnectivity projectsofrelevantindicatorsandmetricsthathelpmembersassessmulti-dimensionsof connectivityprojectplanningwhileintegratingabalanceofnationalandcrossborderneeds.
• Enhancingdataandmonitoringcapability.Thisstartsfromunderstandingwhatdatais available,inboththepublicandprivatesector,andhowtopullsuchdatatogetherwith relatedmethodologiesformeaningfulapplicationsatcountryandregionallevels.Italso includesunderstandingwherethedatagapsare,inbothavailabilityandquality,to determinewheredataneedstobebuiltfromthegroundup.
• Identifyingandsharingtheprioritizationprocessesandapproachesalreadyinplacefor
choosingcross-borderconnectivityprojectsacrossGICAmembersandotherrelevantactors,
andinparticulartheG20.Thisincludeswaystoquantifythecostsandbenefitsofprojects in
ameaningfulwayinthecontextofequitableandsustainabledevelopmentandtheir impact
ondebtsustainability.
• Identifyingnewfinancingschemesthathelpcountriesbroadentherangeofinstrumentsat theirdisposaltoaccomplishtheiroveralldevelopmentgoals.
• Providingaplatformfordiscussionandexchangeofknowledgeandexpertise.Members andcontributorsreiteratedtherelevanceofGICA,andtheroleoftheGICASecretariatin stimulatingfurtherconversations.
NextStepsforGICA
GICAoutputscomefromitsMembersandotherinterestedcontributors.
GICA’scallforactionisforallinterestedorganizationsandparticipantstostayorbecomeengagedthroughtheGICAplatform(gica.global)andcontributetothefutureworkofGICAbysharingideas,knowledgeresources,andinformationontheirownworkprogramsforfurtherknowledge
exchangeandcollaboration.
Learnmoreat:https://www.gica.global/about-us/how-participate-gica
TheGICASecretariatwillfollowupwithGICAMembersontheprioritiesthathavebeenoutlinedabove,withafocuson:crosssectorplanning,technologicaldisruption(linkedtotheGICAOutlook),methodologiesforvisionandprojectprioritization(linkedtotheGICAVisionto
ProgramtoProject),developingsupportingapproachestoalleviatepotentialnegativesocial,environmental,economicorfinancialimpactsofconnectivity(partoftheSDGagenda),financingconnectivity,performancemeasurement(partoftheGICAMonitoringandEvaluationPillar)and
moreeffectivedatasharingtoenabledata-drivenplanning.Suchactivitieswillhelpcountriesmoveconversationsoncomplextopicslikemultilayeredconnectivity,oreconomiccorridors,whileintegratingequityconsiderationindevelopingconnectivity.
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KeytopicsfordeeperconversationsontheGICALinkedInGroup:
1. Whyconnectivitymattersforsustainabledevelopmentandhowtomeasureit2. Thetransformationofconnectivity/understandingthepotentialcross-sectorgame
changers
3. Cross-sectorplanningofinfrastructureincludingfinancing4. Projectpipelineandprioritization/V2P2PReadinessChecklist5. Inclusionandconnectivity
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YouHeardItHereWeheardWorldBank’sHartwigSchaftersay...40centsofeverydollarfromWorldBankgoesintolowincomecountries.Enhancedconnectivityisawaytopreventconflictandstabilizecountriesmovingoutofconflict.Countriesthattradeareless
likelytoconflict.
WeheardOECD’sMasamichiKonosay...OECDhaswrittenreportsinresponsetorequestsfromG20,oneis“InvestinginClimate,InvestinginGrowth.”InvestmentsininfraUS$6.3trillionthrough2030annuallytomeetglobaldevelopmentneedsandafurtherUS$0.6trillionperyeartomakethoseinvestmentsclimatecompatible.
WeheardOECD’sAndreasSchaalsay...
“Connectivity”isoneoftheTop10buzzwordsin2017-2018,andhasbecomeapseudonymfor“globalization,”butonaregionallevel.
WeheardWorldBank’sDavidGouldsay...Tradeisnotjustabouthowmuchtransport,ortelecomisavailablebetweencountriesbutthat
eachmethodofconnectingiscomplementary.Further,increasingconnectivitycanincreasethecorrelationofmarketsandinvestmentsleadingtoaconvergence.
WeheardGoogle’sMikeBlanchesay...Sixty-ninepercentofInternetuserswouldupgradetheirserviceifitwouldgetthembetterYoutube.ThroughclosercooperationwithInternetcompanies,telecomsindustryinEurope,MiddleEast,andAfricacouldearnEUR15billioninfreecashflowin2021,50percentmorethantoday,whichcould
drivebusiness,investmentsandhelpconnecttheunconnected.
WeheardMcKinseyGlobalInstitute’sJanMischkesay...It’syearnineafterthe2008economiccrisis;it’syearnineafterzerointerestrates,butwehavenot
movedmuch.
GDPgrowthwilllikelybemoreinfluencedbythetradeoftelecomsthanbythetradeofgoods.WeheardENGIE’sNicoleIseppisay...
Multipleminigridswithsmallerrenewablegenerationunits—adecentralizedalternativesolutiontothetraditionallargepowergrids—couldprovideconnectivityandenergyaccesstothe1.2
billionwhostilllackaccessin2018.
WeheardOECD’sIzaLejarragasay...Transportandtradearecloselyconnected,asdiscussedbyAdamSmithinTheWealthofNations:“Goodroads,canals,andnavigablerivers,bydiminishingtheexpenseofcarriage,puttheremote
partsofthecountrymorenearlyuponalevelwiththoseoftheneighborhoodofthetown.Theyareuponthatthegreatestofallimprovements.”
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WeheardAsiaInfrastructureInvestmentBank’sJangPingThiasay...Asiaishometo60percentoftheglobalpopulation,mostofwhichhasaninsufficientconnection
withtherestoftheworld.
PoorconnectivityisoneofthekeyimpedimentstofastereconomicdevelopmentandeliminationofextremepovertyinAsia.
WeheardDI2’sNicoGrovesay…Establishingdigitalinfrastructureasanassetclassisessentialtoattractmorestrategicinvestment
forthefinancingofdigitalinfrastructureprojects,whichenableourmoderninformationsocietyandpavethewayforlong-termgrowth.WeheardFacebook’sChrisWeasler…MorethanfourbillionpeoplearenotyetconnectedtotheInternet,giventhatInternetservicesareyetwidelyinaccessibleandunaffordableaswellasrequiredigitalliteracytoharnesstheirpotential.WeheardMaersk’sGrahamsay…Inefficienciesintheshippingindustryaredestroyingvalueacrosstheglobalvaluechain,buttechnologiessuchasblockchainandremotecontainermonitoringareallowingglobaltradetobecomeincreasinglyefficient.WeheardAsianDevelopmentBankInstitute’sNaoyukiYoshinosay…
Constructionofinfrastructureitselfisnotimportant.Whetherdevelopmenttakesplaceiskey.WeheardOECD’sDirkPilatsay…Accessanduseofinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesarestillseeinggreatinequalities,withpeoplewithlowerincome,lowereducationandhigherageaswellasSMEsbeinglesslikelytobenefitfromtheadvancesofthedigitalrevolution.WeheardITF‘sYoungTaeKimsay…Connectingdifferentmodesoftransportisanessentialelementtoachievingglobaltransportconnectivity.WeheardIEA’sLaszloVarrosay…EnergyconnectivityinAfricaneedstorecognisethediversityofthecontinent,withsomecountriesbeingendowedwithgreatpotentialintherenewableenergysectorandothershavingabundantfossilfuelreserves.WeheardOECD’sRaffaeleDellaCrocesay…
Theavailabilityoffinanceisnotthemainobstacleininfrastructureconnectivityrathermajorgovernancefailurescurrentlyinhibitthedeliveryofhighqualitycrossborderprojects,toooftenoverbudget,lateandinsomecasesdoneforthewrongreasons.
WeheardWorldBank’sJordanSchwartzsay...AndreasSchaalthismorningusedtheword“political”inrecognizingthatmarkets,powerpurchase
agreements,choicesintechnologyregimes,plansandinvestmentsbutmorethananythingtrade,customsandtaxrules.
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TheaverageageofthepeoplewhoareworkingonGICAnowisabout10yearsyoungerthanthepeoplewhofirstputthetopiconthetable.PerhapsthisiswhytheOECDandBankteamdecidedto
leadoffwithtechnologyandinnovation.
WeheardOECD’sAndréLaboulsay…
Technologicaladvanceischangingandenhancingtheconceptofconnectivity,suchasforinstancethroughtheapplicationofblockchaintechnologiesininternationaltradeortheuseofdronestoprovidebroadbandconnectiontoremoteareasaroundtheglobe.
Thesetechnologies,however,alsoincreasethecomplexityofintegratingvarioustypesof
connectivityinfrastructures.Approachesthereforehavetobeinterdisciplinaryinnaturetoaddressconnectivityissueseffectively
WeheardWorldBank’sGeraldOlliviersay...Whycareaboutconnectivity?Fundamentally,greaterconnectivityunlocksopportunities.It
empowerspeopleandbroadenstheiroptionstolive,learn,workandplay.Itbuildsresilienceinoursystemsandenablesabetterleveragingofourmostefficientresources.
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SessionSummaries—January25
OPENINGMESSAGESIncreasingandevenubiquitousconnectivityisoneofthedefiningcharacteristicsofthe21st
Century.Connectivitycanbeacrucialdriverinthepursuitofpovertyeradication.Itcanbroadenopportunitiestolearn,work,liveandplayforall.Itcanstimulateeconomicgrowthandopenaccesstomarkets,leveragingonthelatestinnovations.Itcanhelpcountriesandcommunitiesdealwith
socialandeconomicshocksanddisastersmoreeffectively.Itcanalsosupportmorecarbonefficientsolutionsforexamplebytransportingpowergeneratedthroughrenewablesourcesbywireinsteadofcoalbytrains.
Atthesametime,developingconnectivitycomeswithafairnumberofchallenges.Connectivity
requiresmajorinvestmentsininfrastructureandservices.Itdemandscarefulselectionofprojectsandtechnologies,basedoneconomicassessmentandananalysisofopportunitycosts.Itrequiresnotonlyfinancing,butalsotheproperfactoringofassociateddebtsustainability.While,in
aggregate,itleadstomajoreconomicbenefits,suchbenefitsarenotequallyshared,callingforcomplementarymeasurestoshareprosperityeffectively.Suchchallengesareexacerbatedinthecaseofcross-borderprograms,wheregovernanceandpoliticaleconomyconsiderationsdeeply
impactconnectivityprograms.
Inthiscontext,itisrelevanttopolicymakers,practitioners,andfinancierstounderstandthetypeofconnectivitythatmosteffectivelyaddressestheirdevelopmentchallenges;theinstitutions,policyandregulationsrequiredtomaximizebenefitsandminimizerisks;optionstomeetinvestment
needsandallowthedevelopmentofassociatedservices;andapproachestobalancebenefitsandcostsofsuchprogramsacrosscountries.
Thefinancialneedstomeetfutureconnectivityextendbeyondthefinancialcapacityofanygovernment.Harnessingtheinnovationandresourcesfromtheprivatesectorthroughdirect
investments,partnershipsandPPPwillbeessentialatallstages,fromplanningtoservicedelivery.
GICA’sinitialstocktakingexercisehasdemonstratedthereisawealthofresearch,policiesandstrategiesbeingdevelopedacrosstheworld,yettheopportunitiesforcross-sectoral,cross-border
discussionsarestillscarce.Therefore,GICA’staskaheadwillnotonlyinvolvefosteringknowledgeexchangebutalsosoconsolidateknowledgeandcreateopportunitiesforcollaboration.
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PLENARYI—ConnectivityInfrastructure:HowTechnologyandInnovationIsChangingtheWayWeConnectGlobalInfrastructureConnectivityreferstothelinkageofcommunities,economies,andnations
throughtransport,communications,energy,andwaternetworks.Inourmodernworld,connectivityinfrastructureplaysanessentialpartinconnectingeconomiesacrossbordersandcanenhanceeconomicproductivity,increaseserviceefficiency,createspill-overbenefitsfrom
investments,andfostergrowthininternationaltrade.Inthiscontext,nationalgovernments,internationalorganizations,andotherinternationalstakeholdershavelongrecognizedthesignificanceofconnectivityinfrastructureinachievingsustainabledevelopmentandshared
prosperity.
Withglobalconnectivityasakeypriorityforpolicymakersandpractitioners,theinternationalcommunityaimstoharnessthebenefitsoftechnologicaladvancetoenhanceconnectivity—especiallyintheareasofenergyandtransport,aswellasinformationandcommunications.
However,rapidtechnologicaldevelopmentoffersnotonlyopportunities,butalsochallenges,makingitessentialforpolicymakerstounderstandwhatthefutureofconnectivitywilllooklike.Thissessionstimulatedaforward-lookingdiscussiononconnectivity.QuestionsguidingPlenaryI
includedhownewinformationandcommunicationtechnologieswillbringbusinessesaroundtheworldevercloserandmaketradeandtransportmoreefficient,andhowglobaltradeconnectivitycanenhanceregionaleconomicdevelopmentinourdigitalworld.
Issuesfordiscussion:• Currenttrendsandtechnologicaldevelopmentsinthecontextofglobalconnectivity
infrastructure• Thefutureofconnectivity—opportunitiesandchallenges
• Tradeconnectivityasadriverofeconomicgrowth• Whataretheprioritiestoimproveglobalconnectivityinfrastructure• Trade-offsandcomplementaritiesbetweendifferenttypesofconnectivityinfrastructure
• Whattypeofconnectivitymattersmostforcountriesbylevelofdevelopmentandstructureoftrade?
KeymessagesModerator:AndreasSchaal,OECDConnectivityplaysanimportantroleforeconomicdevelopment.Fromthegeostrategicand
geopoliticalviewpoint,connectivityhasbecomeacentralapproachonamacrolevel,e.g.,BeltandRoadInitiative(BRI),ASEAN,etc.Onthemicrolevel,GlobalValueChainsareincreasinglydiversified.Inthepast,connectivitybetweencountriesanditsrelationshiptogrowthwereaddressedona
layer-by-layerbasis.Buthowthedifferentlayersinteractisactuallymorerelevant;eachofthemethodsofconnectingcountries(e.g.,transport,trade,energy,ICT)isinterlinkedandiscomplementary.
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Whenitcomestotrade,towhomacountryisconnectedmatters—andhowwell-connectedthoseconnectionsare.Acountrymighthaveagreatproductionortradepotential,butmightnotbewell
connectedintransportandenergy,meaningitcannottakeadvantageofthefulleconomicpotential.Since2000,Chinahasemergedasamajortradepartner.Asaregion,EuropeandCentralAsiaisemergingasamajortradehubinlightofBRI,andJapanhasbecomeamajorconnectivitynode.
Severaltechnologicaldevelopmentsandinnovationsareunderway,poisedtodisruptthewaywe
connect,improvingandreshapingthewayconnectivityinfrastructureprojectsareplanned,designed,andmanaged:
• ArtificialIntelligence(AI)andMachineLearning(ML)canoptimizetelecoms,transport,andenergynetworksbyboostingproductivityandefficiencywhilereducingwaste.
• Electricandautonomousvehicles,includingdrones,willnotonlyincreaseroadcapacityandefficiency,butreshapetransportationwithnewinfrastructurerequirementsandtransportpatternswithanimpactonpowerconsumption.
• 3Dprintingcouldaffectthevolumeofgoodstradedthroughdistributingtheabilitytoprintonsite,withoutshippingphysicalproducts.Itisestimatedtoaffectupto3percentofgoodstraded.Theabilitytotransmitproductdesignsandthenprintonsite,withoutshipping
physicalproduct,couldreduceglobalgoodstradeby2to4percent.• Renewableenergysolutionswillbecomelesscentralized,changingthedemandforgrid
infrastructure,whileballooncouldreplacemobiletowersinthenearfutureinsome
markets.• Telecommunications:McKinseyGlobalInstituteexpectsmoreGDPupliftfromdataflows
thanfromtradeingoods.Increasedtradeindigitalassetsanddatawillrequireserver
infrastructureandregulationfortradeindigitalassets.
Legacyconnectivityinfrastructureandservices,andoutdatedregulationscouldslowdownthe
potentialbenefitsoftheseinnovativetechnologieshaveonconnectivity.Forexample,traderegulationsandbordercustomscontrolhavenotkeptupwiththeriseofsmallparcelsanddigitaltrade,holdingbackSMEsthatcanbenefitfromparticipatinginglobaltradethroughe-commerce.
Issuesintaxationwillalsoneedtobeworkedout–asglobalsupplychainslengthenandcross-bordertransactionincrease,thetaxationofvalue-addactivitiesbecomesmorechallengingincurrentregimes.Fromasustainabilityangle,strategiesandpoliciesareneededtolessenthe
growingimpactofe-commerceonincreaseddemandintransportation,impactingenergydemandandemissions.
Majorinvestmentsaretakingplacetoaddressthosenewneeds.InternetcompanieshaveinvestedUS$100billionininfrastructure(mostlyinEurope)overthepastthreeyears.Remoteoff-grid
solutionsareemerging(e.g.,balloonsinstratospheretoreplacetelecomtowers).Insuchinvestment,growingattentiontocrosssectorsynergiesistakingplace,pairingdatacenterswithrenewableenergyproduction,forexample.
Rapidtechnologicaladvancementsoffernotonlyopportunities,butalsochallengesand
uncertainties.Forecastingthemagnitudeandimpactthesetechnologieshaveonconnectivityacrossthemultiplesectors,andthedimensionsitencompassesischallengingatbest,andthereforewarrantsmoreanalyticalwork.
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Keyreferences:‒ Bal,AbhinayanBasu;Rajput,Trisha;Alizada,Parviz(2017),“InternationalSingleWindow
Environment:ProspectsandChallenges,”availableat:
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/321736/adbi-wp744.pdf.‒ OECD(2007),“Infrastructureto2030:MappingpoliciesforElectricity,WaterandTransport
(Volume2),”availableat:
https://www.oecd.org/futures/infrastructureto2030/40953164.pdf‒ ITF(2016),“TransportInfrastructureNeedsforFutureTradeGrowth,”availableat:
http://www.itf-oecd.org/capacity-grow-transport-infrastructure-needs-future-trade-growth
‒ McKinsey&Company(2017),“TheFutureofConnectivity:EnablingtheInternetofThings,”availableat:https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/internet-of-things/our-insights/the-future-of-connectivity-enabling-the-internet-of-things
‒ OECD(2017),“AidforTradeataGlance2017—PromotingTrade,InclusivenessandConnectivityforSustainableDevelopment,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/trade/aid-for-trade-at-a-glance-22234411.htm
‒ OECD(2017),“OECDDigitalEconomyOutlook2017,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/internet/oecd-digital-economy-outlook-2017-9789264276284-en.htm
‒ OECD(2015),PolicyFrameworkforInvestment2015Edition,OECDPublishing,Paris.Available
at:http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264208667-en‒ WorldBank(2016),“MakingGlobalValueChainsWorkforDevelopment,”availableat:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/450521467989506537/pdf/106305-PUB-ADD-
ISBN-DOI-AUTHORS-SERIES-ABSTRACT-OUO-9.pdf‒ WorldBank(2017),“TheInnovationParadox:Developing-CountryCapabilitiesandthe
UnrealizedPromiseofTechnologicalCatch-Up,”availableat:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/322521507638821474/pdf/120336-PUB-PUBLIC.pdf
‒ TheWorldBank(2017),“TroubleintheMaking?:TheFutureofManufacturing-Led
Development,”availableat:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/720691510129384377/pdf/121005-PUB-
ADDBOX-405304B-PUBLIC-PUBDATE-10-12-17.pdf‒ WorldBankGroup(2017),“MeasuringandAnalyzingtheImpactofGVCsonEconomic
Development,”availableat:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/440081499424129960/pdf/117290-WP-P157880-PUBLIC.pdf
‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2017),“Regional
ConnectivityforSharedProsperity,”availableat:http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Regional%20Connectivity%20for%20Shared%20Prosperity_fulltext.pdf
‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2017),“TradeFacilitationandPaperlessTradeImplementationinASEAN,”availableat:http://www.unescap.org/publications/trade-facilitation-and-paperless-trade-implementation-
asean
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PLENARYII—EnergyConnectivityThetransitiontoalow-carbonenergyfutureisatthecoreofreachinginternationalclimateand
developmenttargetsoutlinedintheParisAgreementandtheGlobalAgenda2030.Thistransitiondoesnotonlyentailswitchingtorenewableenergysources,butalsoprovidingbetteraccesstoreliableandcleanenergytechnologies.Inthiscontext,improvingglobalenergyconnectivityplays
anessentialpartinpushingthetransitiontoacleanenergyfutureforward.However,consideringthatlow-carbonenergysourcesarefundamentallydifferentfromtraditionalfuels,suchasbybeingdependentonfavorablelocalconditionsforrenewableenergygenerationandbeinglesscentralized
intheirnature,theirdeploymentcanposeimmensechallengesforagingandoutdatedgridinfrastructures,indevelopingcountriesaswellasindevelopedones.
Upgradingandbuildingnewenergyinfrastructureisthereforeacornerstonetoallowingtheenergy
revolutiontotakeplace.Especiallyincombinationwithdigitaltechnologies,modernenergyinfrastructurewillallowglobalenergyandelectricitymarketstoovercomeregionaldividesandbecomemoreefficientaswellasmoreaccessible.Supportingthisintegrationofglobalenergy
systemsandmarketsrequiresbothcoordinationandcollaborationonthegloballevel.Increasingglobalenergyconnectivityhasthepotentialtobringcleanerenergytoawiderpartoftheworld’spopulationandisessentialtoenhancinglocaleconomicproductivity,politicalstability,andsocial
well-being.PlenaryIIdiscussedcurrentprioritiesandpotentialsolutionsintheareaofenergyconnectivity.
Issuesfordiscussion:• Theroleofenergyconnectivityforalow-carbonenergyfuture
• Energyconnectivityforimproveduniversalaccesstocleanandreliableenergy• Connectingandintegratinginternationalenergymarkets• Investmentandfinancinginenergyconnectivity
Keymessages:Moderator:KwawuMensanGaba,WorldBank
Improvingglobalenergyconnectivityhasthepotentialtobringcleanerenergytoawiderpartofthe
world’spopulationandisintegralintransitioningtoalow-carbonfuturethatmeetstheinternationalclimateanddevelopmenttargets.Giventhefundamentaldifferenceacrosstraditionalfuelsandrenewables,thisposesimmenseintegrationchallenges.
Fortheenergytransition,fourpillarsofefficientenergysystemsareneeded:1)Usingdispatchable
powerplants,e.g.,gasturbines,tochangetheiroutputsupanddowntomatchfluctuationsofnetelectricitydemand.2)Makingelectricitydemandmoreflexiblethroughtheuseofsmartgridtechnologies.3)Improvingelectricitystorage—82percentofelectricityusedbyelectriccarsis
generatedbyfossilfuels,whichshouldchange;electriccarsneedtobeintegratedintosmartenergynetworks.4)Physicalnetworkinginfrastructuredominatedbylargeinterconnectionswithincreasinglyhightransfercapacity.
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Therelativeimportanceofeachpillarwillvaryfromregiontoregion,dependingongeographical,economicandsocialcharacteristics.
Theprospectsoftheenergyconnectivitywilldependinlargepartonthemagnitudesandratesof
thefollowingchanges:Decarbonization,Decentralization,andDigitalization.
Anincreasingproportionofrenewablesintheenergymixmeanstheincreasedimportanceofgridinterconnectednesstooptimizingandstabilizinggridsandtopassingondecreasingenergypricestoconsumers.Renewableenergyprovidestheopportunityforcountriesandcommunitiestobe
energyindependent.Goingforward,gaswillbeimportantasasubstituteforothermorecarbonintensesourcesofenergy,andasacomplementtorenewables.
Decentralizedpowerproductionmeansthatmoreinfrastructurewillbeneededtoconnectsmallgridstoeachother.Decentralizedpoweristheoppositeofthetraditionalmodelanchoredin1-2
largeplantsprovidingpowerforawholeregionandconsistofmultiplemini-gridsanchoredbysmallergenerationunits.Agreaternumberofsmaller,morelocalizedgridswillhelpprovideenergyservicestothe1.2billionwithoutaccessandsupplementlargermulticountrygrids.
Digitaldataandanalyticscanhelpachievegreaterefficiencyandreducecostsforconsumers
throughsmartmetering.Digitalizationcanalsoincreaseflexibilityandhelpintegrateenergysystemsfromdifferentenergysources.Thiswillsupportanoptimizeduseofinterconnection,forexamplesupportingtradingenergyintwodirectionsacrossthevaluechaininmulti-countryor
regionalmarkets.
However,manychallengeslieinthepathtoestablishregionaloragloballevelpowergridwithrenewables.Theseincludebalancingrenewableresourcesdistribution,optimizingthelocationofcleanenergyresourcesinlargescaleandwideareas,economicandsafetyconsiderations,including
storageandcapacityofsystemsandinternationalinterconnections,aswellasimprovedcoordinationandcollaborationontheregionalandgloballeveltorealizeacommonelectricgrid.
Toachieveinclusiveenergyaccess,itisimportanttounderstandthevarianceofpotentialsand
geopoliticalcontexts.Noonesizefitsall,asattestedbytheexamplesinAfrica:somehaverenewablepotentials,whileothershavegreatfossilfuelpotential.Small-gridprojectsaresuitableforremoteareas,butfinancingislimited.Largecentralizedsystemsforcitiesshouldbepursued.
Theroleofthepublicsector,includingaregionalbodysuchastheEU,isagaincrucial,ininterconnectingcountriessincecommercialfinancingfortransmissionassetsremainsdifficult.Forexample,one-thirdoffinancingoftheinterconnectorbetweenSpainandFrancewillbecoveredby
theEU.
Thecostofelectricityhascomedowndramatically,thankstothedigitaltransformationandrenewableenergytechnologies,butthisisstillaworkinprogressinAfrica.ThecostofenergyinAfricaisstillmuchhigherthanindevelopedcountriesduetoinefficienciesandlarge-scale
developmentrenewablesnotyetbeingcompetitive,despitebeinglowerincoststhandieselbasedsolutions.GridsinmanyAfricancountriesareweak,inpoorcondition,andoftenownedandgovernedbylocalstakeholdersorutilities,makingitdifficulttoconnectthemregionally.
Givenlevelsofdemandandresourceendowment,threeequalpillarscanbeexpectedinAfricafor
increasedelectrification:1)Decentralizedsolar-basedsolutionscouldproveeffectiveinmeeting
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lowlevelsofdemandinareasoflowpopulationdensity.2)Someareaswillseethedevelopmentofcentralizedsystemswherehydrowillbethedominantsource(Ethiopia);3)Abundanceofnatural
gas(Nigeria,Tanzania,Mozambique)couldspurdevelopmentofgas-firedpowerplantsforincreasedelectricityaccess.
Keyreferences:‒ EuropeanCommission(2017),“ThirdReportontheStateoftheEnergyUnion,”availableat:
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/third-report-state-energy-union_en.pdf
‒ IEA(2017),“WorldEnergyOutlook2017,”availableat:https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
‒ IEA(2017),“Digitalization&Energy,”availableat:
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/DigitalizationandEnergy3.pdf‒ InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)andWorldBank(2017),“SustainableEnergyforAll2017—
ProgresstowardSustainableEnergy,”availableat:
http://gtf.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/eegp17-01_gtf_full_report_for_web_0516.pdf
‒ WorldBank(2017),“PracticalGuidanceforDefiningaSmartGridModernizationStrategy:The
CaseofDistribution,”availableat:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/208631489661030061/pdf/113553-PUB-PUBLIC-PUBDATE-3-14-17.pdf
‒ OECD(2015),“OvercomingBarrierstoInternationalInvestmentinCleanEnergy:OECDReporttoG20FinanceMinistersandCentralBankGovernors,September2015,”availableat:https://g20.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Overcoming-Barriers-to-International-Investment-in-Clean-Energy.pdf
‒ OECD(2017),“InvestinginClimate,InvestinginGrowth,”availableat:http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264273528-en
‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2017),“RegionalCooperationforSustainableEnergyinAsiaandthePacific,”availableat:http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/publications/REGIONAL%20COOPERATION%20FOR
%20SUSTAINABLE%20ENERGY%20IN%20ASIA%20AND%20THE%20PACIFIC.pdf‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2016),“2016Regional
TrendsReport—EnergyforSustainableDevelopmentinAsiaandthePacific,”availableat:
http://www.un-expo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/2016-Regional-Trends-Report-on-Energy-for-Sustainable-Development.pdf
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PLENARYIII—TransportConnectivityTransportconnectivityisessentialforeconomicdevelopmentandinclusivegrowth,aswellasfor
theemergenceandexpansionofglobalvaluechains.Asaresult,investmentdecisionsregardingtransportinfrastructurehavecriticallong-termimplicationsfordevelopment.Asglobalpopulationincreasesandbecomesmoreurbanized,globalsupplychainsbecomemoreinterlinkedbetween
countriesandcitiesexertinggreaterpressureonexistingtransportnetworksandcross-bordertransportation,whichrequiresnewforward-lookingpolicies.Italsoallowseconomiestotapintoneweconomicopportunities.Inthisregard,connectivityinthetransportsector—throughroads,
rail,seaportsandairports—formsthebackboneofourglobaleconomy.Anotheropportunityalsoexistsinthecurrentdigitalandinformationtechnologyrevolution,whichboostseconomic
productivityandconnectivity—linkingpeople,goods,andserviceswithgreaterefficiency.
Moderntransportnetworksarethusrequiredtokeepupwiththepaceofthesedevelopments,toconnectregionsinwaysthatwere,untilnow,notfeasibleandprovideopportunitiesforbusinessesandpeopletobecomemoreintegrated.Opportunitiesspanallsectorsofglobaltransport,ranging
fromairandseatorailandroad,makingitaparticularlycomplextasktobridgegapsbetweenmodesoftransportationandallowtransporttobecomecleaner,fasterandsafer.PlenaryIIIshedlightonchallengesandopportunitiesinthetransportsectorandhelpidentifyfutureprioritiesfor
transportinfrastructuredevelopment.
Issuesfordiscussion:
• Importanceoftransportconnectivityforintegrationintoglobalvaluechains
• Evolvingtradepatternsanditsimplicationsfortransportconnectivityandpolicies• Needforintegratedstrategiesintransportconnectivity
• Theneedforawell-diversifiedtransportservicesfordifferenttypesofgoodsandtrips• Complexitiesofcross-bordertransportconnectivityinfrastructure• Implicationsforinvestmentandfinancingtransportconnectivity
• Roleoftechnologyinshapingfuturetransportconnectivity
Keymessages:Moderator:IzaLejarraga,OECDThediscussionontransportconnectivitywasframedintermsofthe21stcenturychallengesandvision(seeSum4Allprogramathttp://sum4all.org),intermsofinnovationsintechnology,new
environmentalpressuresandtargets,compositionandevolutionoftrade.
Overalltheindustryishealthy,andhasbeenabletoreactquicklytogeopoliticalshocks,suchasBrexit.Patternsoftradeandmovementareresilientinaggregate,butchangequickly.Overall,raillinksandcross-borderpoliciesarelaggingbehindintermsofmaturitycomparedtotherestofthe
sector.
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Thetransportsectorlacksinfrastructureprojectsreadyforinvestments,withbiggapsinthenewinfrastructureneedscomparedtotheprojectpipeline.ThereseemstobealowappetiteforPPPs,
especiallyinEurope.
Transportservicesfacefundamentalchangesfromtechnologicalinnovationsandnewbusinessmodels,suchasnewlogisticsstartups,blockchain,smartcontainerdevelopment,low-costairlinecarriers,ridesharingplatforms,andAI/machinelearning.
Thesedisruptionshaveopenedinvestmentopportunitiesinthesector.However,regulatorsneedto
respondmorerapidlyandactivelytobenefitfromrapidtechnologicaldevelopmentstoachievegreaterefficienciesintransportconnectivity.Fourareasforpolicyactioninclude:accessfordevelopingcountries;digitalconnectivityandissuessurroundingcybersecuritythreatsandrisks;
sustainability—reducingcarbonemissionsandprotectingmarinebiologicaldiversity,especiallyininternationalwaters;andpoliciesoncross-borderinfrastructure,especiallytoincreaseraillinksconnectivity.
“Old”challengesremain,includingbridginggapsbetweenmodesoftransportationandtomake
transportationsystemscleaner,faster,andsafer.Asthedominantmodelforcontainershippinghasbeenbasedonscaleeconomies(e.g.,shipsize,consolidationincarriers),manysmalleconomiesandpoorconsumershavenotbenefitedfromtheadvancementoftheindustry.
Maritimetransport,whilestillaccountingforthemovementof80percentofglobalgoodstraded,
lagsintechnologicaldevelopment.AccordingtoUNCTAD,connectivity(Liner)isprovingasimportantasdistanceinimpactingtradecostsforsmallerandlowerincomecountries.
Thecontainerindustryisstillstuckinthe20thcentury.Inefficienciesininformationflow,confusinglogistics,inefficientcontractnegotiationsbetweenshippersandcarriers,manualprocessingofdata
intheindustryandweakenforcementofcontractsareunderlyingissuesweparticularlyneedtoaddressinordertosupportthemovetowardse-commerceacrossborders.Theindustryis
developingopenplatformsforinformationexchange,smartcontainerdevelopmenttoreducewaste,andnetworkoptimizationwithmachinelearning(e.g.,Maersk/IBMjointblockchaininitiative).Newtechnologyisfinallyprovidingsolutionstodealwiththesheercomplexityoftrade
dataflows.
Intermsoffinancingtransport,aninnovativeapproachincludesthecaptureofsomeofthewidereconomicimpactandtaxrevenuegeneratedbyanewtransportinfrastructure(e.g.,frombusinessesalongnew/improvedhighways).Thiscanincludeprovidingpartofincreasedlocaltax
revenuesasdividendtopublicandprivateinfrastructureinvestorstoenhancebankability,orsharingtaxrevenueamongregionsifanotherregionprovidesconnectivityinfrastructure(e.g.,buildingaroadthroughoneregionsothatanotherregiongainsconnectivity).
Keyreferences:‒ AECOM(2016),“InquiryintoTransportConnectivity,”availableat:
http://www.aecom.com/au/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/AECOM-Submission_Inquiry-into-transport-connectivity.pdf
‒ WorldBank(2016),“ConnectingtoCompete2016:TradeLogisticsintheGlobalEconomy—
TheLogisticsPerformanceIndexandItsIndicators,”availableat:
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http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/819531467075312039/pdf/106646-WP-P157496-PUBLIC-LogisticsPerformanceIndexLPI.pdf
‒ AsianDevelopmentBankInstitute(2017),“TheImpactofImprovedTransportConnectivityonIncome,Education,andHealth:TheCaseoftheRoll-On/Roll-OffSysteminthePhilippines,”availableat:
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/381911/adbi-wp792.pdf‒ AsianDevelopmentBankInstitute(2018),“FinancingInfrastructureinAsia:CapturingImpacts
andNewSources,”availableat:https://www.adb.org/publications/financing-infrastructure-
asia-capturing-impacts-and-new-sources‒ WorldBank(2016),“CompetitivenessofSouthAsia’sContainerPorts:AComprehensive
AssessmentofPerformance,Drivers,andCosts,”availableat:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/391711477972816447/pdf/106772-PUB-OUO-until-october-31-2016.pdf
‒ ITF(2016),“TransportInfrastructureNeedsforFutureTradeGrowth,”availableat:
http://www.itf-oecd.org/capacity-grow-transport-infrastructure-needs-future-trade-growth‒ ITF(2017),“ITFTransportOutlook2017,”availableat:
http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/itf-transport-outlook-2017-9789282108000-en.htm
‒ SustainableMobilityforAll(2017),“GlobalMobilityReport2017:TrackingSectorPerformance,”availableat:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/920101508269072500/pdf/120500-PUB-PUBLIC-107p-GMROnLineVersion.pdf
‒ TheWorldBank(2016),“RoadFreightTransportServicesReform:GuidingPrinciplesforPractitionersandPolicyMakers,”availableat:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/569361484029946699/pdf/111792-REVISED-P149124-PUBLIC.pdf
‒ UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(2017),“ReviewofMaritimeTransport
2017,”availableat:http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2017_en.pdf‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2017),“Regional
CooperationFrameworkfortheFacilitationofInternationalRailwayTransport,”availableat:
http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Regional%20cooperation%20framework_Railway%20transport.pdf
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PLENARYIV—ICTConnectivityICTconnectivityisacriticalunderpinningoftoday’sdigitalizedeconomy,andisdevelopingfaster
thanothermodesofconnectivity.Morethan48percentoftheworld’spopulationand70percentoftheyouthareonlinetodayandanevengreaternumberofdevices—some6billion—are
connected,makingourliveseasier,closer,andsmarter.Asoureconomygrowsmorereliantonmobility,cloudcomputing,InternetofThings(IoT),andArtificialintelligence(AI),sowillourdemandforomnipresent,high-speedandresilientdigitalconnectivity.Continuedinvestmentin
communicationsinfrastructuretomeetexistingdemandandtoprepareforthefutureismoreimportantthanever.
Despitethedigitalproliferation,challengesremain:thepaceofdiffusionofICTconnectivityisunevenacrosstheworld.Infact,muchoftheworldisstilllackingInternetaccess,withonly12
percentofhouseholdshavingafixedbroadbandconnection,anddevelopingcountrieslaggingintermsofhigh-speedbroadbandaccess—vitaltoboostingproductivity.Connectivitygapsbetweenurbanandruralareasremainaconsiderableproblemevenfordevelopedcountries.More
investmentisthereforenecessarynotonlytoexpandaccess,butalsotoimprovenetworkstomeetfuturedemandsandforuserstotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiestheyoffer.Supportingtheestablishmentofdigitalinfrastructureasanassetclassandattractingmorelong-termfinancinginto
thesectoristhuscriticalinthisregard,asfewinvestorscurrentlyviewICTinfrastructureasadistinctopportunityintheirinvestmentportfolio.
Ontheotherhand,thisalsorequiresfosteringsoundandcoherentpublicpoliciestoexpandICTconnectivity,includingcross-sectorinfrastructuresharingandreuse,andstreamlining
administrativeprocedureswhilealsoconsideringconcernsoverprivacyandsecurity.Presently,theseremainbestpractices,butarede-factoandnotappliedinmanycountries.Furthermore,asgovernmentsoftenrelyonreactive—ratherthanpro-active—policies,thepatchworkofsiloed
regulatoryregimesseemsincreasinglydifficulttomatchwiththecross-cuttingandborderlessnatureofthedigitaltransformation.
Whatissuesdogovernments,Internationalorganisationsandprivatesectorstakeholdersfaceinachievinguniversalaccessandprovisioningcross-borderdigitalconnectivity?Whataretheongoing
effortstoovercomethesechallenges?Whatcanbedonemoreandbetter?Aretheretechnologicalgame-changersonthehorizonthatcoulddisrupttheICTconnectivityitself—andwhataretheimplications?Alongwiththesequestions,thePlenaryIVpanelistsdiscussedkeyprioritiestoensure
thatICTconnectivitycancontinuetobridgebordersandmarkets.
Issuesfordiscussion:
• ICTtechnologiesasfacilitatorsforglobalinterconnectionofmarketsandeconomies• Infrastructureprioritiesandchallengesforglobaldigitalconnectivity• Cross-borderdataflowsandregulatorychallenges• FinancingICTinfrastructure
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• Thefutureofdigitalconnectivity:impactofemergingtechnologies(e.g.AR/VR,5G,HTS)onglobalconnectivity
Keymessages:Moderator:YooneeJeong,WorldBankAsdigitaltechnologieshavebecomemorepervasiveinourlivesandtheInternethasbecomeanessentialunderpinningofeconomicactivities,investmentindigitalinfrastructuretomeetexisting
demandandtoprepareforthefutureismoreimportantthanever.
Despitetheseemingubiquityofdigitalconnectivity—onlyabout50percentoftheworldisconnectedtotheInternet—challengesremaininbothdevelopedanddevelopingeconomies.TheunevenpaceofdiffusionofICTconnectivitycanbeseenacrossincomelines,urbanandruralareas,
andbygender.Inaddition,growthinbroadbandnetworkshasnotkeptupwiththedemands.Manydevelopingcountriesareunabletoprovideproductiveandrelevantdigitalservicesbecausetheylackthebackhaulcapacitytoupgradetheirtelecommunicationsnetworks.
Otherfactors,suchaslimitedaccesstoelectricity,highcostsofdevicesandservices,andalackof
awarenessanddigitalliteracytotakeadvantageofthetechnologiesalsoactasbarrierstoachievinglastmileICTconnectivity.
Potentialbreakthroughsintechnologies(e.g.,solarpoweredaircraftprovidingbackhaulservicesin
theair)andfinancing(e.g.,establishmentofdigitalinfrastructureasanassetclass)mayfillthegap,yetaframeworktoaddresscross-sectoralregulatoryimplicationsdoesnotexistyet.
Digitalconnectivityisseenasbothpublicandmarketgoodsandtherefore,attractingprivatesectorinvestmentwhileembeddingtargetsisachallenge.Regulations,therefore,needtobeadaptedto
strikethemid-pointbetweenpublicinterventionandmarketmechanisms,andtoaddresscross-sectoralcomplexity.Forexample,spectrumallocationcanbemoreflexibleandinterdisciplinarytoallowinnovationsintheICTspace(e.g.,Facebook’sAquilaandGoogle’sProjectLoon)totakeplace.
Keyreferences:‒ InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(2016),“MaximisingAvailabilityofInternational
ConnectivityinDevelopingCountries:StrategiestoEnsureGlobalDigitalInclusion,”availableat:https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/pref/D-PREF-BB.GDI_01-2017-PDF-E.pdf
‒ Mölleryd,B.(2015),“DevelopmentofHigh-speedNetworksandtheRoleofMunicipalNetworks,”OECDScience,TechnologyandIndustryPolicyPapers,No.26,OECDPublishing,Paris.http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jrqdl7rvns3-en
‒ OECD(2017),“KeyIssuesforDigitalTransformationintheG20,”availableat:https://www.oecd.org/g20/key-issues-for-digital-transformation-in-the-g20.pdf
‒ OECD(2017)“OECDDigitalEconomyOutlook2017,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/internet/oecd-digital-economy-outlook-2017-9789264276284-en.htm
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‒ OECD(2017)“OECDScience,TechnologyandIndustryScoreboard2017—TheDigitalTransformation,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/sti/oecd-science-technology-and-industry-scoreboard-20725345.htm
‒ OECD(2017),“WorkingPartyonCommunicationInfrastructuresandServicesPolicy—BridgingtheRuralDigitalDivide.”
‒ WorldBank(2016),“WorldDevelopmentReport2016:DigitalDividends,”availableat:http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016
‒ WorldBank(2017),“ReapingDigitalDividends—LeveragingtheInternetforDevelopmentin
EuropeandCentralAsia,”availableat:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/915381492691612366/pdf/114437-REPLACEMENT-PUBLIC.pdf
‒ WorldBank,McMillanKeck,andColumbiaCenteronSustainableInvestment(2017),“ToolkitonCross-InfrastructureSharing:Module8oftheBroadbandStrategiesToolkit,”availableat:http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/307251492818674685/Cross-Sector-Infrastructure-Sharing-
Toolkit-final-170228.pdf‒ UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(2017),“InformationEconomyReport:
Digitalization,TradeandDevelopment,”availableat:
http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ier2017_en.pdf‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2017),“Artificial
IntelligenceandBroadbandDivide:StateofICTConnectivityinAsiaandthePacific2017,”
availableat:http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/State%20of%20ICT%202017.pdf‒ WorldEconomicForum(2016),“InternetforAll:AFrameworkforAcceleratingInternetAccess
andAdoption,”availableat:http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Internet_for_All_Framework_Accelerating_Internet_Access_Adoption_report_2016.pdf
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ProjectinFocus:BlockchainandGlobalTradeSpeakers:GrahamSlack(Maersk)andLucaComparini(IBMFrance)TradeandLogisticscostsareequivalentto10percentofGlobalGDP:morethanUS$4trillioningoodsareshippedeachyear.Over80percentofthegoodsconsumersusedailyarecarriedbythe
oceanshippingindustry.Thecostoftradedocumentationisestimatedtoreachone-fifthoftheactualphysicaltransportationcosts.Byreducingbarrierswithintheinternationalsupplychain,globaltradecouldincreasebyupto15percent,boostingeconomiesandcreatingjobs.
MaerskandIBMformedajointventuretobuildablockchain-basedglobalsupplychainplatform,
seekingthefollowingbenefits:
• Moreefficientoperationsdrivenbyincreasedtransparency,improveddocumentflows,andhigherratesofcargothroughput
• Betterandmoresecureviewoftheflowofgoodsforcustomersandports,enablingbetter
allocationofresources,improvedtargetingaccuracyforinspections,lesspaperwork• Real-timeaccesstoend-to-endsupplychaininformationanddigitaltoolsforbrokerage
services
• Improvedplanningandutilizationofassets(e.g.,lessqueuing)• Greaterpredictability,earlynotificationofissues,fulltransparencytovalidatefeesand
surcharges,andlesssafetystockinventorySuchapproachseekstoincreaseflexibility,transparencyandefficiency,leveragingonblockchaintobringmoretrusttotradewithdevelopingcountries.
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PLENARYV—FinancingConnectivityDeveloping,financing,andfinallydeployingtheunderlyinginfrastructureforenergy,transportandICTconnectivityareprerequisitestoachievingincreasedlevelsofglobalinterconnectedness.Connectivityonlybecomesrealwheninfrastructureprojectsarenotjustdeveloped,butalso
financed.
Inthiscontext,however,financingbecomesamatterofeconomicviability,whichoftendependsonwhetherprojectsarefinancedthroughpublicinfrastructurespendingorwhetherprivateinvestorscanbeattractedtoinvestmentopportunities.Simplyput,onlythoseprojectsthathavepositive
expectedfinancialreturnswithacommensuratelevelofriskwillattractprivateinvestors,whileprojectswithuncertaininvestmentcharacteristicsorviabilitymighthavetobefinancedthrough
governmentsordevelopmentfinanceinstitutions.
Withpublicbudgetsforinfrastructureincreasinglyconstrainedandwithlimitedinternationaldevelopmentfinance,involvingprivateinvestors—particularlyinstitutionalinvestors—ininfrastructurefinancingwherepossiblebecomesincreasinglyimportant.Asystematicmethodof
“maximizingfinancingfordevelopment,”whereinprojectsthatcouldcrowd-inprivatesectorfinancingdoso,willhelpclosethefinancinggapinglobalinfrastructureinvestment.Developmentfinanceinstitutionscanhelpclosethefinancinggapinglobalinfrastructureinvestmentthrough
creditenhancementsandde-riskingtools,and“blendedfinance”toolsincludingleveragingprivatefundsthroughtheirownbalancesheet,improvingthebankabilityofinfrastructureprojects,andsupportingprivateinvestorstoaccessinfrastructureprojects.Roundingupthediscussionsofthe
day,thefinalplenarysessionfocusedonnewapproachestofinancingconnectivityinfrastructureandprovidedinsightsintohowpublicandprivatefundscanbeusedmoreeffectivelytofinanceprojectsinthespaceofconnectivity.
Issuesfordiscussion:
• Financingapproachesforconnectivityinfrastructure
• Privatesectorinvolvementinfinancingglobalconnectivity• Achievingbankabilityofconnectivityinfrastructureprojects• Financingcross-borderinfrastructureprojects
• Riskstofinancingconnectivityinfrastructure
Keymessages:Moderator:RaffaeleDellaCroce,OECDConnectivityinfrastructureprojectsacrossborderhavesignificantanduniqueupfrontcostsandrisks,whichmakesfinancingparticularlychallenging.Withpublicbudgetsforinfrastructure
increasinglyconstrainedandinternationaldevelopmentfinancealsolimited,asystematicmethodof“maximizingfinancingfordevelopment,”whereinprojectsthatcouldcrowd-inprivatesectorfinancingdosoisnecessary.
TheBeltandRoadInitiative,forexample,illustratesitspriorityinprivatesectorparticipationinits
high-levelinvestmentprinciples:
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• Addressingthehugefinancinggap• Increasegovernmentcoordination
• Privatesectorresourcemobilization• Enhancingfinancialinnovation• Puttinginplaceconducivefinancingenvironments
Recommendationsforwaysforwardincludethefollowing:
• Establishinginfrastructureasanassetclass• Developingadequateriskmanagementandmitigationtools–particularlyacrossborders
andjurisdictions• Expandingalternativefinancemechanismssuchasblendedfinanceapproaches• Expandingtheavailabilityofcapitalmarketsinstrumentsforinfrastructurefinance
• Publicaccountingregulationstoallowcapitalizationofinfrastructureassetsonbalancesheets,whichwillenablegovernmentstoaccountforamortizationeffectsofinfrastructureassets,insteadofliabilitiesonly
• Improvingtheefficiencyandsecurityofcross-borderpaymentsandoperationsofsupplychainandtradefinancingthroughuseofblockchaintechnology
Developmentfinanceinstitutionscanhelpclosethefinancinggapinglobalinfrastructureinvestmentthroughcreditenhancementsandde-riskingtools,includingleveragingprivatefundsthroughtheirownbalancesheet,improvingthebankabilityofinfrastructureprojects,and
supportingprivateinvestorstoaccessinfrastructureprojects.NewplayerslikeAIIB(US$100billioninbalancesheetcapacityfocusedonAsia)arecomplementingresourceavailablethrough
traditionaldevelopmentinstitutionsforsuchprograms.Theemphasisincludesnationaltrunkinfrastructurethatcanbeconnectedtoorsupportacrossbordernetworkandcombinedomesticandinternationalbenefits.
Wealsoseesomepositivesigns:AstudybyGIHubshowsthatover90%ofinvestorswantto
increaseexposuretoinfrastructureassets,althoughthisonlyrepresentsonlyarelativelysmallshareofoverallinvestments.AnotherstudybytheOECDbasedonsurveyresultsfoundthatfewpensionfundswereinvestingininfrastructureinemergingmarkets,andthatsomefundshavea
significanthome-marketbiastotheirinvestmentportfolio.2Dealingwithriskseffectivelyintermsofallocation,timescale,currencyandpolicyandinstitutionalchangeiscentraltoturningpotentialcrossborderprojectsintoreality.Withincreasinglysophisticatedandinterconnectedsystems,
cyber-securityriskshaveemergedasanewriskrequiringproactivemitigation.
Technologyinnovationinglobaldigitalpaymentservicesfacilitatestradeandecommercealsoincreasingfinancialresilienceindevelopingcountries.ForexampleproviderssuchasPaypalofferpaymentservicescrossborderinover200countries,whileM-PESA,Keniamobilepaymentservice
launchedin2007hasnowmorethan25millionusersinthecountry.Blockchaincanalsoincreasealsotheefficiencyofcrossborderpayments,increasingthesecurityofclearingandsettlementproceduresandtherebyreducingtheriskforcrossborderpayments.
2OECDAnnualsurveyofLargePensionFunds
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Keyreferences:‒ OECD(2013),“G20/OECDHigh-levelPrinciplesofLong-termInvestmentFinancingby
InstitutionalInvestors,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/private-pensions/G20-OECD-Principles-LTI-Financing.pdf
‒ OECD(2015),“TowardsaFrameworkfortheGovernanceandDeliveryofInfrastructure,”
availableat:http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/Towards-a-Framework-for-the-Governance-of-Infrastructure.pdf
‒ OECD(2016),“G20/OECDGuidanceNoteonDiversificationofFinancialInstrumentsforInfrastructureandSMEs,”availableat:https://www.oecd.org/g20/topics/financing-for-investment/G20-OECD-Guidance-Note-Diversification-Financial-Instruments.pdf
‒ OECD(2017),“BreakingSilos:ActionstoDevelopInfrastructureasanAssetClassandAddress
theInformationGap,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/private-pensions/Breaking-Silos%20-Actions-to%20Develop-Infrastructure-as-an-Asset-Class-and-Address-the-Information-Gap.pdf
‒ WorldBankGroup(2016),“BenchmarkingPPPProcurement2017,”availableat:
https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/library/benchmarking-ppp-procurement-2017
‒ WorldBankGroup(2016),“WorldBankGroupGuaranteeProductsGuidanceNote,”availableat:http://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/library/world-bank-group-guarantee-products-guidance-note
‒ WorldBankGroup(2017),“GuidanceonPPPContractualProvisions,”availableat:
http://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/library/guidance-on-ppp-contractual-provisions-2017-edition
‒ WorldBankGroup(2017),“MaximizingFinanceforDevelopment:LeveragingthePrivateSectorforGrowthandSustainableDevelopment,”availableat:
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEVCOMMINT/Documentation/23758671/DC2017-0009_Maximizing_8-19.pdf
‒ WorldBankGroup(2017),“MobilizingIslamicFinanceforInfrastructurePublic-PrivatePartnerships,”availableat:https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29024
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WorkingTogether:GICAandItsPossibilitiesSpeaker:GeraldOllivier,WorldBank
LaunchedbytheG20,theGlobalInfrastructureConnectivityAlliance(GICA)aimstoenhancecooperationandsynergiesofglobalinfrastructureandtradefacilitationprogramsseekingto
improveconnectivitywithin,between,andamongcountries.GICAexpectstoproducevaluebyhelpingcountriesandpromotersofconnectivityinitiativesaddressthebottlenecksaffectingboththehardwareandsoftwareofglobalandcross-sectoralconnectivity.This,inturn,willprovide
concernedcountrieswiththeimpetustogrowsustainablyandequitablythroughanincreasedflowofgoods,capital,people,andinformation(e.g.,virtualconnectivity).
TheGICAmembershipcomprisesnationalgovernments,includingChina;multilateraldevelopmentbanks,suchasADB,AIIB,EDB,andtheWorldBank;internationalorganizations,suchasOECDand
UNCTAD;andglobalinstitutions,suchasGlobalInfrastructureHub(GIHUB)andGlobalEnergyInterconnectionDevelopmentandCooperationOrganization(GEIDCO).
TheG20taskedtheWorldBanktoplaytheroleofSecretariatforGICA.EstablishedinJanuary2017,theSecretariat,basedintheBank’sSingaporeHub,outlinedaWorkPlan,whichwasfinalizedin
April2017afterintegratingcommentsprovidedbyGICAMembers.GICAfocusesoncross-borderconnectivityinthetransport,trade,ICT,andenergysectors.
KeyGICAactivitiesfor2017-2018include:(1)launchingitsonlinepresence,viagica.global;(2)identifyingkeyresourcesandgaps;(2)sharinggoodpractices;(3)mappingconnectivityinitiatives;
(4)developingaglobalconnectivityoutlook;(5)supportingcountriesinmovingfromavisionofconnectivitytoaprogramofprojectstoprojectsthatcanbefinancedandimplemented(knownastheVisiontoProgramtoProjectsinitiative);(6)andmonitoring&assessingconnectivity.Inthe
process,GICAwillbuildonmanykeyinitiativessuchasEnergyforAll,MobilityforAll,andtheDigitalInfrastructureinitiative.
GICAisfirstandforemostanallianceopentoallinterestedandqualifiedparties.Countries,
multilateraldevelopmentbanks,internationalorganizations,andprofessionalassociationsareencouragedtojoinasMembers.
OtherwaystocontributetoGICA:GICAvaluesanexchangeofviewswithpractitionersandthoughtleadersinglobalinfrastructureconnectivity.Thesecanbethroughface-to-faceevents,GICA
LinkedIndiscussionsorthedevelopmentofjointsolutions.TheGICASecretariatwillflagthemostactivecontributorsonaregularbasisthroughitsnewsletterandotherchannelsandgivethempriorityasspeakersorparticipantsinspecialevents.
Issuesfordiscussion:
• WhatisGICA?• KeyGICAactivities
• BecomingaGICAmemberorcontributor
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Keymessages:Speaker:GeraldOllivier,WorldBankThisGICAmeetinghasbeenagoodexampleofexchangingknowledgeacrossthemanyinitiativesthatintersecttowardensuringgreaterconnectivity.GICAfocusesoncross-borderelementofinfrastructureconnectivity,looksatcooperation,knowledgeexchangeandmeaningfulprogressin
termsofimplementationofconnectivity.Whatwasclearthediscussionisthedepthanddiversityofeffortsandchangeshappeningthatcutacrossmanytopics.Thereisaneedtotocontinuewithmoreeventsofthiskindandmoredetaileddiscussions,basedonprioritizedareasforcooperation.
TheconceptbehindGICAisbasedonfourmaincross-sectoralpillars:
• PlanningforScaleEconomies
• DevelopingSustainableInfrastructureCapacity• EnhancingEfficiencyofServices• EnsuringEconomicInclusion
Basedontoday’sdiscussion,thereshouldbeanadditionalcategory,onethatcutsacrossallfourpillars,leveragingonthecomplementarityacrosssectors,withafocusonhowwemakeconnectivityworkforpeople,whereitmatters.
CoreActivitiesin2017-2018:! LaunchingGICA’sonlinepresence—viathewebsitegica.globalandadedicatedLinkedIn
Group.ThewebsitefeaturesanonlineResourceLibrarystockedwithknowledgeproducedbyGICAmembersandothers.Membersareencouragedtosubmitnewresources.
• Identifyingkeyresourcesandgaps—BasedontheResourceLibrary,Membersdiscusshowtoidentifyandfillknowledgegapsindevelopingcross-borderinfrastructurebasedonGICAFrameworks.
• Sharinggoodpractices—MemberssharegoodpracticesandlessonslearnedintheformofknowledgeandpublicationsuploadedtotheResourceLibrary,throughvirtualdiscussionsonLinkedIn,andatGICAevents.
• Mappingconnectivityinitiatives—GICAisworkingontwofronts:1)Collectingadatabaseofkeyconnectivityinitiatives.2)Collectingkeymapsonconnectivitythatvisualizethevolumesofconnectivity,thebottlenecks,etc.,importantforprogressmeasurementatthe
policylevel.• GlobalConnectivityOutlook—Looksatfourmegatrendsandmultiplegamechangers
impactingthewayweconnect.Fourmegatrendshavebeenidentified:ChangingConsumer
Patterns,RebalancinginGlobalNetworks,DeepenedFocusonSustainabilityandClimateChange,andDigitalandTechnologicalRevolution.Thisactivitywillreviewhowmegatrendsandgamechangerswillchangethevolumeandtypeofconnectivityandinfrastructure
countriesneed.Identifyingandunderstandingthegamechangersisimportanttoavoidinvestinginassetswithahighriskofbecomingstranded.TheOutlookwillbuildoninputsfrommembersandcontributorstoidentifyanddocumentgamechangersandtheirlikely
impacts.
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• MovingfromVisiontoProgramtoProjects(V2P2PFramework)—Looksatvisionandplansdesignedbyregionalgroupings(e.g.,ASEAN),andidentifyinstrumentsfromGICA
memberstomovefromvisiontoprogramofbankableprojects,doneinawaythatsimplifiestheprocessofbringingprojectstomarketagainandagain.Forthat,GICAmemberscontributecasestudies,directoryoftools,projectreadinesschecklist,and
instruments/toolsdevelopedbyGICAmembers.• Monitoring&AssessingTools—Consolidatesuiteofapplicabletoolsdesignedtomeasure
connectivityperformance.Sharedamongmembers,thetoolsallowcross-sectorassessment
ofacountry’sconnectivityandabilitytomeasureimprovementmovingforward.MembershipFundamentally,GICAisanopennetwork,basedonvoluntarycooperationandexchangeofideas—seeinghowtoshapetheagendafasterandacrosssectors.MembershipinGICAisopentoG20and
non-G20countries,internationalorganizations,andestablishedassociations.Memberswillhelpflagprioritiesandpoliciesthatneedtobeimplementedtomovetheagendaforward.
Keyreferences:
–G20StatementlaunchingGICA:http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2016/global-infrastructure-connectivity-alliance.pdf
–GICAWebsite:http://gica.global
–GICAResourceLibrary:http://gica.global/resources
–GICAMaps:http://www.gica.global/maps
–GICALinkedinGroup:https://www.linkedin.com/groups/10333024
–ParticipatinginGICA:https://www.gica.global/about-us/how-participate-gica
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SessionSummaries—January26ClosedSessionforGICAMembers
Approximately50GICAmembersattendedthe“roundtable”meetingson26January.Attendeesfilledsixtables,eachwithadesignatedconnectivity-relatedtheme:1tableonEnergy,2tablesforTradeandTransport,and3tablesdevotedtoICTandCrossSectorthemes.
Thehalf-daysessioncomprisesthreecorediscussions:i)ConnectivityneedsandprioritiesforGICA
ii)Financingconnectivity(VisiontoProgramtoProjects)andiii)Quantifyingconnectivity.
Eachdiscussionsessionconsistedofapresentation—basedontheGICAFrameworks—followedbyaninteractiveroundtablediscussiononthechallengesandpossiblesolutions,whichinturn,
helpedshapeprioritiesforGICAinitsnextphaseofworkprograms.Pollresultsasanattachment.
Session1:ConnectivityNeedsandPrioritiesforGICAModerator:GeraldOllivier,WorldBank,andRaffaeleDellaCroce,OECD
MartinMelecky,LeadEconomist,WorldBank,openedthefirstsessionwithapresentationonthe
WiderEconomicBenefitsofTransportCorridorsinSouthAsia,basedonaforthcomingreportbyADB,DFID,JICA,andWorldBank.Meleckyemphasizedfivepointswhendevelopingtransport
corridors:
1. Understandthechallengeathandbeforeproceedingwithlargetransportinvestments.
2. Focusonwidereconomicbenefitsindesigningcorridorprogramsrightfromthestart.3. Appraisethepotentialforwidereconomicbenefitswithspatialdataandreliable
economicmethods.
4. Engagetheprivatesectorbetter,consideringdisparitiesinregionaldevelopmentandembedsoftcomplementaryinterventionstoaddressnegativeimpacts.
5. Developtherightgovernancemechanismstomanagecomplexitiesofcrossborder
politicalcoordinationandinvestments.
Connectivityismulti-dimensionalandinterlinked.Thefollowingtopicsemergedfromthediscussions:1)settingavisionforconnectivityanchoredincarefuldataanalysiswithprivatesector
feedback;2)ensuringsuchvisionisdrivenbypeople’sneedsandleveragesonnewtechnologicalbreakthroughsandcross-sectorsynergiesandcomplementaritiesoverthelifecycleofsuchassets;3)fullyembeddingenvironmentalandsustainabledimensionsindevelopingsuchvision;4)
identifyingeffectivegovernanceandinstitutionalmechanismsthatcanensuresuccessfulplanningandimplementation,includingdisputesettlement;5)combininginternationalconventionsandstandardswithtailoredsolutionsalignedwithcountryandregionalneeds(e.g.,GEIDCO’sapproach
tointernationaltransmissionorWorldBank’sworkwithregionalpowerpools);6)leveragingonintegrateddataset(e.g.,http://energydata.info),bigdata,andcommonevaluationframeworksatmacroandmicrolevels;7)developingtransparentrollinglistsofprioritizedprojectsmindfuloftheir
opportunitycosts(divertingresourcesfromothersectors);8)mitigatingrisksassociatedwith
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projects,inparticularintermsofdebtsustainability,negativeimpactsofconnectivity,multi-countrycoordinationandinterdependency;9)identifyingupfrontmechanismstoaddressthelastmile
connectivityissuesintermsofpublicprivatesolutionsforefficientoutcomes;10)leveragingprivatesectorcapitalandinnovationwhereverpossible(e.g.,forrenewables).
Tothisend,threeprioritiesforGICAmembershaveemerged:
• Enhancingcross-borderandcross-sectorinstitutionalcooperationforinfrastructureconnectivityprojects.Thisincludessharingknowledgeandexperienceonmulti-sectoral
andmulti-dimensionalplanningapproaches,withsustainabledevelopmentobjectivesasacoreframework.Cooperationshouldbemindfuloftechnologicalchanges,complementaritiesandtrade-offsacrosssectors,andincludesgovernanceoptions,
regulatorycooperationandharmonizationoftechnicalstandards.Itanchorsdiscussionsintoasolidunderstandingofgamechangersimpactingthetypeofconnectivityrequired,aswellasoptionstomaximizeoverallbenefitsandminimizenegativeimpactsandrisksfor
individualcountriesandbroaderregions.
• Enhancingdataandmonitoringcapability.Thisstartsfromunderstandingwhatdataisavailable,inboththepublicandprivatesector,andhowtopullsuchdatatogetherwith
relatedmethodologiesformeaningfulapplicationsatcountryandregionallevels.Italsoincludesunderstandingwherethedatagapsare,inbothavailabilityandquality,todeterminewheredataneedstobebuiltfromthegroundup.
• Providingaplatformfordiscussionandexchangeofknowledgeandexpertise.MembersandcontributorsreiteratedtherelevanceoftheAlliance,andtheroleoftheGICASecretariatisstimulatingfurtherconversations.
Session1PollingQuestionsandResults
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Session2:FinancingConnectivity:VisiontoProgramtoProjects(V2P2P)Moderators:YinYinLam,WorldBank,andJoelPaula,OECD
GICA’sV2P2Pframeworkwasputtogethertohelpcountriesgothroughtheprocessofsettingavision,creatingaprogramofprojects,andimplementingthemmoresystematically.JennyJing
Chao,PPPSpecialist,WorldBank,introducedGICA’sVisiontoProgramtoProjects(V2P2P)initiative.
Vision:Upstreamsupporttoliberalizethesectorandreformmarkettomaketheincentivestructuremoreefficientisnecessaryfortranslatingconnectivityvisiontoprogramtoprojects.In
manydevelopingcountrieswhere,forexample,state-owned-enterprisesstilldominatekeyconnectivitysectorssuchastransportortelecommunications.
Programs:WithinMDBsorinternationalorganizations,initiatingaprogramcanbechallenging:incentivestructuresmaynotbeinplacetopromotetheholisticapproachandcross-sectoral
collaborationinorganizationswhereteamsareoftendividedalongindividualsectorsorcountries.
Projects:Unlockingthebarrierstofinancingandsuccessfulimplementationofconnectivityinfrastructureprojectsstartsfromastructuredprojectprioritizationandpipelinedevelopment.Awellthought-outandstructuredprojecthasabetteropportunitytoattractfinancing,andtobe
implementedtoo.Thereisadefiniteneedforinnovativefinancinginstruments,ventureequity,projectbonds,blendedfinances,andenhancingconnectivitythroughtransportinfrastructureandtheroleofofficialdevelopmentfinanceandprivateinvestment.
GICAhasdevelopedtwoV2P2Pproducts:i)Casestudiesforprogramsandprojectsandii)a
directoryofresourcesfromGICAmemberstohelpdemystifytheproductsofferedbyMDBsandotherinstitutions.Indevelopment:areadinesschecklistofquestionstoaskwhendevelopingconnectivityprojects.
KaoriMiyamoto,SeniorPolicyAnalyst,OECD,setthestagebypresentingthefindingsofan
upcomingOECDstudyonenhancingconnectivitythroughtransportinfrastructureandtheroleofofficialdevelopmentfinanceandprivateinvestment.ShepointedtotheinvestmentgapofUS$440billionfortransportconnectivity.
DebraKertzman,EuropeanRepresentative,AsianDevelopmentBank,discussedADB’sextensive
experiencewithregionalconnectivitythroughthelensofeconomiccorridordevelopment,inlinewithitsRegionalCooperationandIntegrationStrategyandits2016-2020OperationPlan.Sheemphasizedthekeyroleofsubregionalplatformsinsupportingprojectprioritization,andattracting
ablendedsetofpublicandprivatefinance.ADBemphasizedthemulti-sectorapproachatthecoreofitsvision,andtheneedtointegratenationalandregionalconsiderationwhenapproachingcomplexchallengeslikeenergyorwatersecurity.
GICAmembersidentifiedthefollowingchallengesrelatedtoV2P2P:1)securingtoplevel
agreementsforlargerprogramstomaterialize(e.g.,cross-countrypowersystems),throughleveragingGICAanditsvoiceattheG20;2)sharingbestpracticesinprogramprioritizationto
facilitatetheselectionofappropriatetoolswithafocusontheoverallprojectmerits(social,economic,environmental)foracountryandaregion;3)developingmechanismstobalance
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investmentsandbenefitsfromthevariouscountriesengagedinacorridor;4)analyzingregulatorydistancebetweencountries(tradeinservicerestrictivenessindex);5)quantifyingconnectivity
positiveandnegativeimpactsforallcountriesinvolved(economic,socialandenvironmental);6)understandingtheimpactofconnectivityprogramsoncountrydebtsustainability;7)developingmechanismstodealwithinitialnegativecashflowprofilesoflargeinfrastructureprojects;and8)
supportingnationaldevelopmentagencieswithdifferentlevelofcapacityinidentifyingandprioritizingprojects.
GICAmembershaveproposedthefollowingastheprioritiesforGICA:
• Developingmethodologiestomeasureandquantifythebenefitsofconnectivityprojectsofrelevantindicatorsandmetricsthathelpmembersassessmulti-dimensionsof
connectivityprojectplanning,whileintegratingabalanceofnationalandcrossborderneeds.
• Identifyingandsharingtheprocessesandapproachesalreadyinplaceforchoosingcross-
borderconnectivityprojectsacrossGICAmembersandotherrelevantactors,andinparticulartheG20.Thisincludeswaystoquantifythecostsandbenefitsofprojectsinameaningfulwayinthecontextofequitableandsustainabledevelopmentandtheirimpact
ondebtsustainability.• Identifyingnewfinancingschemesthathelpcountriesbroadentherangeofinstrumentsat
theirdisposaltoaccomplishtheiroveralldevelopmentgoals.
Session2PollingQuestionandResults:
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Session3:QuantifyingConnectivityModerator:CharlesKunaka,WorldBank
Quantifyingconnectivityandmeasuringimpactsiscomplex.Oneofthefactorsfeedingintothecomplexityisthevariedmotivationsofcountriesbehindinvestinginconnectivity.Reasonsfor
investinginconnectivityinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:
• tocreateafirmbaseforeconomicgrowth• toobtainthescaletobeinfluentialincertainglobalissues• toenhancetradecompetitivenessandaccessmarketsinothercountriesorregions
• toincreasenetworkresiliencetoshocks
UNCTAD’sMarcoFugazzaclarifiedthatanothersourceofcomplexityisfromthemulti-dimensionalnatureofconnectivity,notonlyintermsofthesectorsittraversesbutinthatiscreatesboth
physical—infrastructuresandtransportservices—aswellasrelationallinkages,suchaspolicy,institutional,historical,andproductive.
Therefore,anidealapproachtoquantifyingconnectivitystartswithprovidingaframeworkfordefiningobjectivesandassessingimpactsofconnectivityinitiative,andconsiderstherelevantand
availableinterventioninstrumentsbeforelookingintotheappropriatemeasurementtools.
Forexample,iftheobjectiveoftheconnectivityprojectweretoexpandaccesstomarketsandopportunitiesthroughinterventionssuchastradeagreements,thenFDIandparticipationinGVCsandassessingthesuccessoftheinterventionwouldbeframedaroundtradecompetitiveness,
supplychainefficiency,andeconomicclustering.Hence,theappropriateimpactassessmenttoolswouldincludecost-benefitanalysis,trademodeling,gravitymodeling,internationalbenchmarking,andsupplychaindiagnostics.
Toolshavebeendevelopedtoquantifyconnectivity.Broadlyspeakingtheycoverthefollowing
dimensions:
TransmissionChannels• EconomicGrowth
o Capitalstockformediumandlong-termgrowth
o Agglomerationeffectso Keynesianeffects
• AccesstoMarketsandOpportunities
o Accesstoopportunitiesforpeopleo Tradecompetitivenesso Supplychainefficiency
o Economicclustering• BuildNetworkResilience
o Improvedreliability
o ReducedinventoryholdingsApproachestoImpactAssessment
• EconomicGrowth
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o Growthaccountingo Computablegeneralequilibriummodeling
• AccesstoMarketsandOpportunitieso CostBenefitAnalysiso Trademodeling
o Gravitymodellingo Internationalbenchmarkingo Supplychaindiagnostics
• BuildNetworkResilienceo Capitalat-riskanalysiso Networktopologyandresilienceanalysis
o PathandnodecriticalityanalysisRisks
o Congestion
o Spatialdistortionsanddisparitieso Socialandenvironmentalexternalitieso Contagioneffects
o Mismatchbetweenwhobenefitsfromandwhopaysforconnectivity
Quantifyingconnectivity,inherently,involvesrisksandbias.Therefore,unaccountedsocialandenvironmentalexternalitiesandmismatchbetweenwhopaysandwhobenefitsfromconnectivity
alwaysneedtobeconsidered.
Session3PollingQuestionandResults:
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AnnexI:EventPrograms
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AnnexII:SpeakerBiographies
SpeakerBiographies|January25
OpeningRemarks
HartwigSchaferbecameVicePresident,GlobalThemesonJuly1,2017.In this position, he oversees the World Bank’s engagement in thecorporatepriorityareasofFragility,ConflictandViolence(FCV),Gender,Infrastructure/PPPs/Guarantees, Climate Change and Knowledge
Management. This Vice-Presidency strengthens multi-Global Practicecollaborationandoverallresponsivenesstoclients.
InhismostrecentroleasVicePresident,OperationsPolicyandCountry
Services, Mr. Schafer was responsible for the World Bank’s business policies, practices andprocedures for lendingproductsandknowledge services for client countries.He ledanumberofkeyreforms, includingroll-outoftheBank’snewpoliciesonprocurementandenvironmentaland
socialsafeguardsandinnovationoftheBank’slendingandknowledgeinstruments.
Mr.Schafer,aGermannational,hasworkedforover27yearsintechnicalandmanagerialpositionsin theWorldBank,aswellas theEuropeanCommission.Hebringsstrongoperationalexperienceacrossseveralregionsandsectors.HisacademicbackgroundisinEconomics(PhD)andAgricultural
Economics.
Previously,Mr.SchaferservedastheWorldBank’sCountryDirectorforDjibouti,EgyptandYemenin theMiddle East and North Africa Region. Hewas Director for Strategy and Operations in the
Sustainable Development Network. Mr. Schafer has also served as Director for Operations andStrategy in the Africa Region, Country Director for Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe and ChiefAdministrativeOfficerintheAfricaRegion.
MasamichiKonowasappointedDeputySecretary-GeneraloftheOECDinAugust2017.HisportfolioincludesthestrategicdirectionofOECDpolicyon Environment, Financial and Enterprise Affairs & Anti-Corruption,
Green Growth and Taxation along with representing the OECD at theFinancial Stability Boardmeetings. Prior to joining the OECD,Mr. KonowastheViceMinisterforInternationalAffairs,FinancialServicesAgency,
Japan (JFSA) and President of the Asian Financial Partnership Center oftheJFSA.
In relation to this work, he served as Chairman of the International Organization of SecuritiesCommissions (IOSCO) Technical Committee from April 2011 until May 2012, and thereafter as
ChairmanoftheIOSCOBoarduntiltheendofhisterminMarch2013.HewasalsotheCo-chairoftheFinancialStabilityBoardRegionalConsultativeGroupforAsiafromJuly2013toJune2015,andChairmanoftheIFRSFoundationMonitoringBoardfromFebruary2013toJune2016.
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BeforejoiningtheFinancialServicesAgency,MrKonowasSecretarytotheWTOFinancialServicesCommitteebetween1994and1999,asCounsellorof theTrade inServicesDivision,WorldTrade
Organisation.Healsoservedfor4yearsattheOECDSecretariat intheEconomicsDepartment,atthebeginningofhiscareer.
FromSeptember2005toMarch2017,hewasaVisitingProfessorat theUniversityofHiroshima,GraduateSchoolof Social Sciences (FinanceProgram).HewasalsoResearchScholaratColumbia
University,SchoolofInternationalandPublicAffairs(SIPA),fromNovember2016toJune2017.MrKonoholdsaB.A.inlawfromTokyoUniversity.
PlenaryI—ConnectivityInfrastructure
David M. Gould is Lead Economist in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA)Regionof theWorldBank.David is theauthorof several books andpeer
reviewed journal articles on International Trade and Finance, Migration,and Economic Policy. Currently, he is leading ECA regional studies onnetworks and connectivity and financial market development. During his
past 11 years at the World Bank, he has led teams to deliver countrydevelopment strategies and analytical and lending operations in Europe,Latin American, and South Asia. David holds a Ph.D. in International
EconomicsfromUCLA(1990,withhonors)andisaCharteredFinancialAnalyst(CFA,2000)charterholder.Prior to theWorldBank,David servedas theDirectorofGlobal EconomicAnalysis at theInstitute of International Finance and Senior Economist and Policy Advisor at the US Federal
Reserve.HehasheldvisitingresearchpositionsattheCentralBanksofMexicoandChile.
MikeBlancheistheHeadofTelecomsStrategicRelationshipsatGoogle—leading Google's relationships with our key telecoms partners in Europe,
Africa, andbeyond, across all ofGoogle's businesses.Heworks atC-levelwithoperators, vendors,and telecoms industryorganisations, leading thedevelopment of partnerships to build value for both Google and our
industrypartners.MikealsoworkswithorganisationssuchastheITUandWEFontelecomsinfrastructureandmarketdevelopmenttopics.
Hehas20yearsofexperienceasanexecutiveandentrepreneurinvarious
aspectsof the Internet and telecoms industries.Mikeholds anMA in Engineering andComputerSciencefromCambridgeUniversity,andanMBAfromWarwickBusinessSchool.
JanMischkeisaPartnerattheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute(MGI),McKinsey’s
business and economics research arm, based in Zurich. He joinedMGI in2010 to lead its work on competitiveness and growth in Europe, and oninfrastructure broadly defined on a global basis. In addition to in-depth
analysesofmore than10 countries anda seriesof reportsonEurope,hehas led global efforts on affordable housing, infrastructure, and
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manufacturing.Janisafrequentspeakeronthosetopicsaswellasonbroaderglobaltrends.Hehasbeenalong-termmemberoftheB20taskforceoninfrastructure.
PriortojoiningMGI,Janworkedfor10yearsasaconsultantandassociatepartnerwithMcKinsey.Duringthattime,hegainedbroadexposuretotheEuropeanmarketlandscape.Heservedclientsin12 European countries in a broad range of industries, including telecoms, logistics, high tech,
automotive,media,andfinancialservices.
Carlos Grau Tanner is currently Director General of the Global ExpressAssociation He has formerly been Director of Government and Industry
Affairs at IATA, General Manager of Government & Industry Affairs atSwissair,andInternationalCivilServantattheCouncilofEurope.
Moderation:
AndreasSchaalistheDirectorofOECDGlobalRelationsandOECDG20SousSherpa.Inthiscapacity,heisresponsiblefortheOECD’srelationswithBrazil,
China,India,IndonesiaandSouthAfricaaswellaswithgrowingregionslikeSoutheastAsia,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,SouthEastEurope,CentralAsia and theMENA region.He supports the SecretaryGeneral’s objectives
for a regionally inclusive and globally relevant organisation. Between 2013and2016,heservedtheorganisationastheHeadoftheSherpaOfficeand
theGlobalGovernanceUnitattheOECD.HeworkswiththeOECDChiefofStaff and Sherpa to advance OECD contributions to key pillars of the global governancearchitecture, such as the G20, G7, APEC and the Deauville Partnership supporting Transition
Countries in the MENA Region. He also represents the organisation as a Sous-Sherpa in therespectivemeetings.
Since joining the OECD in 2008 he has also held positions as a Senior Policy Analyst in theInvestment Division of the Directorate for Financial Markets and Enterprise Affairs, and as
CounsellorintheOfficeoftheSecretaryGeneral.PriortojoiningtheOECD,Mr.Schaalheldvariouspositions during his work for the German Federal Government, including Deputy Director G8Summit/German Sherpa Office, Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Technology, Economic
Counsellor, German PermanentDelegation to theOECD, Paris, Vice Chair (elected 2005-2006) ofOECD’sEconomicandDevelopmentReviewCommittee(EDRC)andPolicyadvisorandchiefofstafftoParliamentarySecretaryofStateSiegmarMosdorf,MP,FederalMinistryofEconomicAffairsand
Technology. Mr. Schaal, a German national, holds a Master’s in Public Policy and PublicManagementfromtheUniversityofKonstanz,Germany.
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PlenaryII—EnergyConnectivity
YibinZhang,Ph.D,Professorlevelseniorengineer,Professionalleadingtalentof State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), member of the Third YouthFederation of China enterprises, member of C1, CIGRE Chinese Committee,
ConsultantexpertofAsiaDevelopmentBank.Heisthedeputydirectorgeneralof development bureau, and news spokesman of Global EnergyInterconnectionDevelopmentandCooperationorganization(GEIDCO).Hewas
thedivisiondirectorofGEIofficeofSGCCandthedivisiondirectorofresearchcentre of GEIDCO. Before he joined SGCC, he founded the smart griddepartmentofStateGridEnergyResearchInstitute(SGERI)andwastakenthe
positionofthedirectorfor7years.Heworkedasanacademicvisitorattheschoolofelectricalandelectronicengineering,UniversityofManchesterintheUKform2004to2005.Hisresearchinterestincludespowersystemanalysis,cleanenergy,smartgrid,electricvehiclesandotherrelatedpolicy,
strategyandplanning issues.He tookchargeofmore than50 researchprojects,and someofhispolicy suggestions regarding renewable energy, smart grid and electric vehicle were adapted byChinesegovernment.
Nicole Iseppi is the only professional in the international legal and financeindustry (to date), who has worked directly in-house as a senior legal andstrategic adviser in both theworld’s largest IPP global energy company—
ENGIE (formerly known as GDF Suez) and also one of the world’s largestprojectfinancelenders-JapanBankforInternationalCooperation(JBIC).Sheassists and advises such leading international companies in the successful
delivery of their respective energy related interests, strategies andinfrastructureinvestments.PriortojoiningENGIE,Nicolewasalsomandated
to act as the adviser for establishing and implementing, on behalf of the Japanese Ministry of
Finance and JBIC— Japan Carbon Finance, Ltd (JCF) (a new financial institution created for thedevelopmentofgreenhousegasreductionfinancings).
Nicole’s career to date specialises in providing a legal and commercial advisory & project
management formof service, in relation toglobal energy infrastructure relatedprojects. Shehashad substantial experience in the strategic formulation, structuring, financing, execution andoperationalphasesofenergy infrastructureprojectswithin the IPP, IWPP,RenewableEnergyand
alsotheLNGsectorsofMiddleEast,Africa,AsiaPacific,LatinAmericaandEuropeanregionsforthepast 17+ years and has been with ENGIE since the beginning of 2010. As a result of Nicole’sinternational energy and legal experience, she was also appointed in 2016 to the core working
committeeandasaProjectDirectorfortheglobalsolarTerrawatt Initiative(TWI).TWI isaglobalindependentnon-profitfoundationlaunchedoutofCOP21,whichpromotessolardevelopment.
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AnneLapierre isaproject-bankinglawyerbasedinParis.SheisheadoftheParisEnergyteamandco-managerofourCasablancaoffice.Anneisinvolved
in a large number of energy transactions related to both renewable andconventional—oilandgas—production.Sheactspredominantlyinprojectdevelopment,construction,financing,acquisitionandtransferofprojectsin
the energy sector. Anne is recognised by all French and foreign marketplayers. She indeed advises developers and industrial clients as well as
investment funds and banks. Anne has more recently been active in the carbon markets and
assistedclientsonissuesrelatedtoemissionstrading.
Anne is top ranked by international legal directories for Energy and natural resources andInternationalprojects.AnneLapierreisdescribedas“oneofthemostskilledandtalentedlawyers
in this area in Paris” —Chambers Europe, France 2014. In 2013–2014 she has also beenrecommendedbytheExpertGuides,BestLawyersandWho’sWhoLegal.AnnewasadmittedtotheParisBar in1996andas Solicitorof theSeniorCourtsof EnglandandWales in2010. She speaks
FrenchandEnglish.
LaszloVarro,whohasworkedattheIEAsince2011,becametheAgency’sChiefEconomistatthestartof2016,succeedingFatihBirol,whotookover
as IEA Executive Director on 1 September 2015. As Chief Economist,Mr.Varro leads the Economics and Investment Office (EIO), a newly createdgroup within the IEA that aims to offer sound and consistent energy
economics and methodological support for the Agency’s work. EIO alsoprovides strategic support for the Executive Director’s agenda. Prior toassuming his new role, Mr. Varro served as IEA Head of Gas, Coal and
PowerMarkets. Inthisposthewasresponsibleforgasmarketandsupplysecurityanalysis,LNGmarkets,gasmarketreformsandinfrastructurepolicy.HeledtheElectricitySecurityActionPlan,theIEAworkprogrammethatprovidescomprehensivecoverageofthepolicy,
marketdesign, infrastructureregulationand investmentaspectsofmaintainingelectricitysecurityduringthetransitiontoalow-carbonpowersystem.
BeforejoiningtheIEA,Mr.VarrowastheDirectorforStrategyDevelopmentatMOLGroup.From
2000 to 2005, he worked as the Head of Price Regulation at the Hungarian Energy Office. AHungariannational,Mr.VarrostartedhiscareerattheNationalBankofHungaryaftercompletinghis graduate degree at the University of Cambridge and the Corvinus University of Budapest.
Moderation:
KwawuMensanGaba isaLeadEnergySpecialistandhasbeentheGlobalLead — Power Systems Solutions Group for the Energy and Extractive
IndustriesGlobalPracticeattheWorldBanksinceApril2015.AstheGlobalLead, he is responsible, inter alia, for providing technical leadership andquality assurance for a $16 billion generation, transmission, and
distribution portfolio. Prior to that, he managed large hydropower andtransmissionprojectsintheSouthAsiaRegion.From2008to2010,hewasbased inNewDelhi (India)as theWorldBank’s LeadEnergySpecialist for
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India. In that capacity,he led thecountryenergy sectordialogueandmanaged theWorldBank’senergyprograminIndia(aportfolioofabout$3.3billion)tosupportalowercarbongrowthpathfor
thesectorandfosterinstitutionaltransformationacrosstheentiresupplychain.PriortojoiningtheSouthAsiaRegion,hewasaSeniorPowerEngineerintheAfricaRegionoftheWorldBank,wherehe led policy dialogue and worked on complex national and regional energy projects, including
severalhigh-riskhydropowerprojects.
From1999 to 2001,Mr.Gabaworked for SociétéGénérale as the Senior Power Engineer of theInvestmentBankingDepartment,whereheledthetechnicalduediligenceprocessandformulation
of technical riskmitigation strategies formany IndependentPowerProducer (IPP) transactions intheMiddleEast,Europe,andtheUnitedStates.BeforejoiningtheWorldBankin1996,hewasheadof theplanningdepartment for theNational Electricity Company in Togo.He is recognized as an
out-of-the-box thinkerwhohas receivedaccolades for innovativeprocurementapproaches.He isalsotherecipientoftheWorldBankFY2011InnovationChallengeandFY2015BigDataInnovationChallengeAwards.Mr.Gabaholds amaster’s degree in power engineering from the Interafrican
ElectricalEngineeringCollege(Coted’Ivoire).
SessionIII—TransportConnectivity
YoungTaeKimistheSecretary-GeneraloftheInternationalTransportForum(ITF).Hewaselectedbythetransportministersof ITFmembercountriesattheirannualsummiton1June2017andtookofficeinAugust2017.Priorto
hiselectionasITFSecretary-General,Dr.KimdistinguishedhimselfinthecivilserviceofhisnativeKorea,mostrecentlyservingasDirector-General intheMinistryofLand, InfrastructureandTransport (MOLIT).AsDeputyDirector-
General from 2015, he was responsible for coordinating various transportpolicies includingonautonomous vehicle, greenhousegas reduction,urbantransportation,IntelligentTransportSystemsandroadsafety,amongothers.
After joiningtheMOLIT in1994asDeputyDirectorforUrbanTransport,Dr.Kimalsoheldseveral
Deputy Director and Director positions with responsibility for housing welfare, integrated citydevelopment and overseas infrastructure construction.Hewas seconded to the PrimeMinister'sCommissiononAdministrativeReformin1996andthePresidentialCommitteeonSocial Inclusion
in 2005-2007. From 2010 to 2014, Dr. Kim worked in Washington, D.C., as Counsellor forConstruction,TransportandMaritimeAffairsattheKoreanEmbassy.
Dr.KimearnedhisMaster'sdegrees inPublicPolicyfromSeoulNationalUniversity,Korea,and in
Urban Studies from Paris University de Vincennes-Saint-Denis, France. He also received hisDoctorate degree in Political Sociology and Public Policy from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques(Sciences-Po),Paris,France.
Dr.KimspeaksfluentEnglish,FrenchandsomeSpanish,inadditiontohisnativeKorean.
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Mar Beltran is a Senior Director, Infrastructure Sector Lead, InfrastructureRatings, at S&PGlobal Ratings.Mar joined the Infrastructure team inmid-
2017 as a Sector Lead for the EMEA region, providing leaderships andinsightsacrossthebroadinfrastructuremarketfortheS&PratingsteamMarBeltranwasformerlybasedinSydneywiththeGlobalInfrastructureHubAs
aSeniorDirectorof theG20Hub, she led thePolicywork in infrastructurebest practices and priority reforms for the G20 group. Her work includescooperation agreements with several Latin America and Asia Pacific
economies and advising Governments of both developed and developingmarketswithpolicy feedback across key areas, including governance and regulatory frameworks,planning,procurementanddeliveryofinfrastructureprograms.
Prior to the Hub, Mar spent a decade in Funds Management based in Sydney, working acrossinfrastructure investments and Funds for AMP Capital.Marmanaged a number of Infrastructureportfolios and invested globally on behalf of some of the largest Australian Super Funds and
sovereignWealthFunds.MarhassatonseveralinfrastructureBoardsasanon-ExecutiveDirector,includingMelbourneAirportandRelianceRailinSydney.SheisamemberoftheAustralianInstituteof Company Directors. She collaborates with the International Transport Forum of the OECD
developingtransportationnewpolicies.PreviouslyMarhadworkedfor7yearsinseniororiginationandassetmanagementrolesfortheconstructionandconcessionsgroupFerrovialandCintra.MarisanAerospaceEngineerandanExecutiveMBA.
Jan Hoffmann joined UNCTAD in 2003 and is currently Chief of theorganization’sTradeLogisticsBranch,responsibleforresearchandtechnicalassistanceprogrammesininternationaltransportandtradefacilitation.Janis
co-authorand coordinatorof the “ReviewofMaritimeTransport,” initiatedthe UNCTAD “Maritime Country Profiles,” and created the annual “LinerShipping Connectivity Index”. Previously, he spent six years with the UN
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean in Santiago deChile,andtwoyearswiththe IMOinLondonandSantiago.Priortothis,he
heldparttimepositionsasassistantprofessor,import-exportagent,consultant,andseafareronan
AntiguaandBarbudaflaggedtweendecker.JanhasstudiedinGermany,UKandSpain,andholdsaPhDinEconomicsfromtheUniversityofHamburg.HeismemberoftheboardsofvariousjournalsandassociationsandpresidentoftheInternationalAssociationofMaritimeEconomists(IAME).
Graham L. Slack is A.P. Møller-Maersk's Chief Economist and Head ofStrategic Intelligence. He is responsible for developing the company’seconomic and trade outlooks and risk scenarios, drawing implications for
itsbusinessactivities,supportingenterpriseriskmanagementandtreasuryoperations, and the Executive Board and Chairmanship of A.P. Moller-Maersk.Hehas led numerous deepdive projects onbehalf of theGroup
CEOaimedatprovidingstrategicinsightforthecompany.
He has held several key positions before joining the A.P. Møller-MaerskGroup:OfficialoftheBankofEngland,AdvisortotheEuropeanCentralBank,SeniorEconomist,and
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Resident Representative, of the InternationalMonetary Fund inWashingtonD.C. He headed theIMF'sBalkanOfficebetween2004and2008,leadingprogramnegotiationswithcountryauthorities,
craftingsupportfortheseprogramsatthehighestlevelsoftheinternationaldiplomatandpoliticalcommunities,andactingaslocalspokespersonfortheIMFonSEEurope.
NaoyukiYoshinoisDeanoftheAsianDevelopmentBankInstitute(ADBI)andProfessor Emeritus at Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. He obtained his PhDfrom Johns Hopkins University (United States) in 1979 where his thesissupervisor was Sir AlanWalters, economic adviser to former British Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher. Naoyuki has been a visiting scholar at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology (United States) and a visitingprofessoratvariousuniversitiesincludingtheUniversityofNewSouthWales
(Australia), Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques (France), andUniversityofGothenburg(Sweden).Hehasalsobeenanassistantprofessor
attheStateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffaloandaneconomicsprofessoratKeioUniversity.
Naoyuki'sprofessionalcareer includesmembership innumerousgovernmentcommittees.Hewasnamed Director of the Japan Financial Services Agency's (FSA) Financial Research Center (FSAInstitute) in 2004 and is nowChief Advisor. Hewas appointed as Chair of the Financial Planning
Standards Board in 2007. He has served as Chairperson of the Japanese Ministry of Finance'sCouncil on Foreign Exchange as well as its Fiscal System Council (Fiscal Investment and LoanProgramSection).Additionally,hehasbeenaBoardMemberoftheDepositInsuranceCorporation
ofJapanandPresidentoftheFinancialSystemCounciloftheGovernmentofJapan.
HewasnominatedforinclusioninWho'sWhointheWorldfor2009and2013,andwasnamedoneof the Top 100 Educators in 2009. He obtained honorary doctorates from the University of
Gothenburg(Sweden)in2004andMartinLutherUniversityofHalle-Wittenberg(Germany)in2013.HealsoreceivedtheFukuzawaAwardin2013forhiscontributiontoresearchoneconomicpolicy.
Moderation:
IzaLejárragaisaTradePolicyAnalystattheOECD.BeforejoiningtheOECD,
she was a Research Economist with the Regional Integration and TradeDepartmentaswellastheDevelopmentResearchDepartmentoftheAfricanDevelopment Bank. Previously, she worked at the International Trade
DepartmentoftheWorldBank,andpriortothatshewasattheTradeUnitofthe Organization of the American States. She has provided analytical andtechnical support to awide array of regional trade negotiationswith Latin
American and African countries, from Economic Partnership Agreements(EPAs) to the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) process. She did her graduate studies ininternational economics and development at Harvard University, where she has been a post-
graduate Research and Teaching Fellow and Visiting Scholar at the Center for InternationalDevelopment.
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SessionIV—ICTConnectivity
Nico Grove is Co-Founder of Di² — Digital Infrastructure Investment. Di²enables matchmaking between investors, service providers, asset ownersand other stakeholders. In parallel, he is heading the Institute for
Infrastructure Economics and Management, IEM. IEM is an independentmanagement institute based in Munich. Together with his team, partnersand clients from industry, finance, consulting, research and government
sector, Di² provides expertise for sustainable infrastructure investment,supportbusinessgrowthstrategiesandderiveimplicationsformanagement
and policy decisions. Nico was visiting professor at the CIS, Stanford Law School, Stanford
University.Before,hewasworkinginstrategyconsultancyatAccentureStrategyandA.T.Kearneyas well as in media production companies for TV broadcasters. He holds a Master in BusinessAdministration (Dipl.-Kfm.) and a Master of Business Research (MBR) degree from the Munich
SchoolofManagement,Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen,aswellasaMasterinEconomics(MEc)fromtheMacquarieUniversitySydney.
Catalin Marinescu is currently Head of Corporate Strategy at theInternational Telecommunication Union. Previously, Catalin was presidentof the Romanian National Authority for Management and Regulation in
Communications(ANCOM),supervisingthe implementationofthenationalpolicyinthefieldofelectronicandaudio-visualcommunications,aswellasofpostalservices,inpursuitoftheAuthority’smission:protecttheinterests
of the Romanian communications end-users, promote competition in thecommunicationsmarket,ensurethemanagementof limitedresourcesandencourageinnovationandinvestmentininfrastructure.
Dirk Pilat, aDutchnational, isDeputyDirectorof theOECDDirectorate forScience, Technology and Innovation. He supports the Director of STI inoverseeingOECD’sworkoninnovation,businessandproductivitydynamics,
science and technology, digital economypolicy, consumer policy aswell asthestatisticalworkassociatedwitheachoftheseareas.HealsohelpsensurethisworkcontributestothestrategicobjectivesoftheOECDtosupportand
developbetterpoliciesforbetterlives.
DirkjoinedtheOECDinFebruary1994andhasworkedonmanypolicyissuessince then, including innovation, the role of digital technologies for economic growth, climatechange and environmental innovation, labour markets, regulatory reform, global value chains,
productivity and entrepreneurship, as well as health innovation. He is currently helping tocoordinatetheOECD’snewGoingDigitalproject,whichisamultidisciplinary,cross-cuttinginitiative
thataimstohelppolicymakersbetterunderstandthedigitaltransformationthatistakingplaceandhelparticulaterecommendationsforpro-activepoliciesthatwillhelptodrivegreatergrowthandsocietalwell-being.
DirkwasresponsiblefortheOECD’sCommitteeforScientificandTechnologicalPolicyfrom2006to
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January2009,andfortheCommitteeonIndustry,InnovationandEntrepreneurshipfromFebruary2009 to December 2012. Before joining the OECD, he was a researcher at the University of
Groningen, where he also earned his PhD in Economics, working primarily on productivity andeconomicgrowth.
ChrisWeaslerisHeadofGlobalSpectrumPolicyandConnectivityPlanningand has been at Facebook since early 2012. Chris and his team providedirect support for Facebook’s Connectivity Lab and the Telecom InfraProject (TIP).Healso leadsFacebook’s crisis connectivity responseefforts
includingprojectsforebolaworkersinWestAfrica,refugeesinGreeceandJordan, and those affected by the recent hurricanes. Chris also currentlyserves on the U.S. Commerce Dept’s Spectrum Management Advisory
Committee(CSMAC).Priortohiscurrentrole,ChrisledtheinitialformationofFacebook’s Internet.orgglobalconnectivity initiative,andhasmanaged
Facebook's partnerships with mobile operators. Before joining Facebook, Chris held a range of
senior operational roles including VP of BusinessDevelopment at LightSquared and VP ofGlobalDevelopmentandRoamingatSprintNextel.AtPalmhehelpedlaunchthefirstwirelessPDA,andatOmniSky,Chrisledtheproductandbusinessdevelopmentforitswirelessportal.Healsoservesas
anadvisor to techstart-upsandVC firms,andhasconsultedwithwirelessoperatorsandadvisedtheFCConahostofroamingandspectrumissues.Earlyinhiscareer,ChriscodedcustomsoftwarefortelcoclientswhileatAccenture,andprovidedstrategicconsultingservicestointernationaltelco
clientswhile at KPMG.Hehas anundergraduatedegree fromMarquetteUniversity and anMBAfromDartmouth'sTuckSchool.
AnthonyWhelan is theDirector ofDGCONNECTDirectorateB, ElectronicCommunications Networks & Services, at the European Commission. HisDirectorate has the mission to design and monitor a legally predictable
(regulatory) environment for electronic communications in the EU. As thebasis for the Digital SingleMarket, this environment should foster a pro-competitive singlemarket for the roll-outofhigh-speed Internetnetworks
and the delivery of electronic communications services. This will be anessentialcontributiontoboostinnovation,growthandjobsinEurope.
Anthony Whelan is a barrister. He has been a lecturer in public law at Trinity College Dublin,followedbyanumberof years as legal secretary in the chambersof anAdvocateGeneral at the
European Court of Justice. Hewas subsequently amember of the Legal Service of the EuropeanCommission.HewasHeadof theCabinet (privateoffice)ofEUCommissionerNeelieKroeswhenshewas commissioner forCompetition, and laterwhen shebecamecommissioner for theDigital
Agenda.
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EricWhite isProjectLeadfortheWorldEconomicForum’sInternetforAllprojectandWEFGlobalLeadershipFellow.Nearlyadecadeofexperience
in international development, beginning as a researcher with the WorldBank's Africa agriculture team. His interest in Internet inclusion emergedfromadesiretolinkruralpeopletomoderneconomies,andheco-founded
aconsultingfirmthatfocusedonsupportingUSAIDonthis issue.WithhisfirmheconsultedonInternetinclusionpolicyin10countriesoversixyears,before joining the Forum to take on his role with the Internet for All
project. In a previous career, he served for four years as an active dutyUnitedStatesnavalofficer.
Moderation:
Yoonee Jeong isadigitalpolicyconsultant.BeforejoiningtheWorldBank,Yoonee worked for TRPC, a think tank specialized in economics andregulatory issues of the tech industry, as the Director of Research and
Consulting.She ledclientengagementaswellas the researchprojects forInternetSociety,GSMA,Axiata,Netflix,GoogleandUSAIDandco-authoredseveral reportsonconnectivity,digital trade, financial inclusionanddigital
economy.YooneealsoworkedfortheUnitedNations—APCICT,aregionalinstituteofUN-ESCAP,leadingtheCentre’sICTfordevelopment(ICTD)capacitybuildinginitiative,whichshapedvarioustrainingprogramsforGCIOsandcivilservantsinover20countriesintheAsia
Pacific.
ShestartedhercareerinEMC-DellasadigitalmarketerandwentontoworkforOxfaminEthiopiaanalyzingagriculturalsupplychainforsmall-holdfarmers.Shealsoworkedasaprogrammanagerat
APWINC, an international NGO for women and ICT, leading APEC Digital Economy projects forwomenentrepreneursandpolicymakers.YooneeisagraduateofDukeUniversitywithaMaster’sdegreeinInternationalDevelopmentPolicyandobtainedherbachelor’sfromtheAteneodeManila
University of the Philippines. She plays ultimate frisbee competitively and is a member of theWomeninSportsCommissionwiththeWorldFlyingDiscFederation(WFDF).
ProjectinFocus:BlockchainandGlobalTrade
Graham L. Slack is A.P. Møller-Maersk's Chief Economist and Head ofStrategic Intelligence. He is responsible for developing the company’s
economicandtradeoutlooksandriskscenarios,drawingimplicationsforitsbusiness activities, supporting enterprise risk management and treasuryoperations, and the Executive Board and Chairmanship of A.P. Moller-
Maersk. He has led numerous deep dive projects on behalf of theGroupCEOaimedatprovidingstrategicinsightforthecompany.
He has held several key positions before joining the A.P. Møller-Maersk
Group:OfficialoftheBankofEngland,AdvisortotheEuropeanCentralBank,SeniorEconomist,andResident Representative, of the InternationalMonetary Fund inWashingtonD.C. He headed the
52
IMF'sBalkanOfficebetween2004and2008,leadingprogramnegotiationswithcountryauthorities,craftingsupportfortheseprogramsatthehighestlevelsoftheinternationaldiplomatandpolitical
communities,andactingaslocalspokespersonfortheIMFonSEEurope.
LucaCompariniisinchargeoftheBlockchainbusinessatIBMFrance.Heisabusiness-oriented technologist with 10 years in IT, grown with a multi-
cultural and cross-industrymindset; expert on IT Infrastructure, Linux andOpenSourcesoftwareandpassionateaboutearly technology introduction,crypto-currenciesandBlockchain.HeholdsaBachelor’sDegreeinComputer
ScienceEngineeringfromPolitecnicodiMilano,aMaster’sDegreeinGeneralManagement fromMIP-Politecnico di Milano, and an MBA fromWarwickBusinessSchool.
SessionV–FinancingConnectivity
Xudong Li is Director of the Department of International EconomicRelationsoftheMinistryofFinanceofChina,coveringregionaleconomic
andfinancialcooperation,includingtheBeltandRoadfinancing,ASEAN+3andAPECfinancialprocess.Prior tohiscurrentposition,Dr.Li servedasSenior Advisor to the Executive Director of China in the World Bank
Group. Dr. Li holds a Master’s degree in economics from UniversityCollegeLondon,andaPh.D.degreeineconomicsfromChineseAcademyofFiscalSciences.
ThiaJangPingistheSeniorEconomistinthePolicyandStrategyDepartmentof theAsian Infrastructure InvestmentBank (AIIB).He leads theeconomicsteam, responsible for economic analysis, as well as supporting strategy
formulationattheBank,“ChinaandSingaporearestrongexamplesofhowinvestment in infrastructure has promoted economic growth andtransformed societies. China has also greatly expanded on sustainable
infrastructureinrecentyears.IamveryhonoredtobepartofAIIB’smissiontopromotethismodelinAsia.”PriortojoiningtheBank,JangPingwasthe
Director responsible for national security and community budgets in the Ministry of Finance
(Singapore), overseeing spending on security, sports, community and telecommunicationinfrastructure.HavinggraduatedwithanEconomicsPhDdegreefromLondonSchoolofEconomics,hewasalsopreviouslytheDirectorforEconomicsattheMinistryofTradeandIndustry,responsible
formacroeconomicanalysis,researchandpolicyevaluationinthepublicsector.
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Claire Alexandre heads PayPal’s Government Relations team in theEuropean,Middle East and Africa region. She has been at the forefront of
promoting financial access and enabling new mobile financial serviceschemes,especiallyindevelopingandemergingmarkets.Shewaspreviouslywith Vodafone, where she supported the development of the mobile
paymentandmoneytransferserviceM-PesainAfrica,AsiaandEurope:firstwhileinchargeoffinancialservicespolicyandregulation,andmorerecentlyas theHeadof theCommercialandStrategy team.ClairewasalsoaSenior
ProgramOfficerforFinancialServicesforthePoorattheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,leadingtheir policy and regulatory strategy and programs. Prior to that, Claire held various policy andregulatorypositionspromotinganenablingenvironmentfordigitalandmobileservicesinLondon,
Brussels,CopenhagenandStockholm.
Morag Baird joined the Global Infrastructure Hub (GI Hub) in 2016 onsecondmentfromtheUKDepartmentofInternationalDevelopment(DFID)
andleadstheGIHub‘leadingpractices’mandate.ThisareaoftheGIHub’smandate facilitatesknowledgesharingbyanalysing leadingpractices fromaround theworld todevelop tools andpractical guidance thatwill enable
governmentstotakequalityinfrastructureprojectstomarket.
Morag is a senior infrastructure adviserwith over 25 years of experienceworking on infrastructure issues particularly in developing countries. She
bringsextensiveinternationalexperienceatbothpolicyandprojectlevelincludingworkedbasedinDFIDEthiopia,SierraLeone,BangladeshandCentralAsia.Duringherinternationalpostingsshehasledondevelopmentof infrastructureprogrammesand the relationshipwithpartner government
Ministries, private sector and NGOs. Prior to joining the GI Hub she worked at the EuropeanInvestment Bank (EIB) focusing on Africa strategy, blended finance and infrastructure projectpreparationfacilities,impactfinanceandresultsmeasurement.
BeforejoiningDFIDin2000,MoragworkedwithaUKengineeringconsultancyandherexpertiseasa chartered civil engineer spans all main infrastructure sectors especially energy, water andtransport.SheholdsaMaster’sdegreeinEngineeringfromCambridgeUniversity.
BlairChalmers isadirectorwithintheAsiaPacificRiskCenter,whichwaslaunched in 2016 byMarsh &McLennan Companies in partnership withtheSingaporeangovernment.Blair leadstheriskcenter’sresearchonthe
topicofinfrastructurefinancinganddevelopment,particularlyaroundtherisks,whichcanhinderprojectbankability.Heregularlywritesandspeakson the topics of infrastructure, energy and emerging risks. Prior to his
current role he worked as a management consultant in the energyindustry,mostrecentlyforOliverWyman.
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Moderation:
Raffaele Della Croce is a leadmanager for theOECD project “Institutional
Investorsand Long-term Investment,” in the financial affairsdivisionof theOECD.Theprojectaimstofacilitate long-terminvestmentby investorssuchas pension funds, insurance companies and sovereign wealth funds,
addressingbothpotentialregulatoryobstaclesandmarketfailures.Basedonresearch produced for this project, the OECD is contributing to the policydiscussions at the level of G20, Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
and the European Commission, in particular through the new G20/OECDTaskforceonInstitutionalInvestorsandLong-TermFinancing.
AspartoftheOECDFuturesProgramme,Raffaelehasalsoworkedontheproject“TranscontinentalInfrastructureNeedsto2030/50” intheadvisoryunittotheSecretaryGeneral.Before joiningthe
OECD in2010,heworked inthe financial industry foreightyears,mainlywithErnst&YoungandMoody’s Investors Services in London. As part of international teams advising governments orprivate consortia,hehasbeen involved in theanalysis, structuringandnegotiationof the largest
transactions in the utilities and infrastructure sectors in Europe, Middle East and Africa region.Raffaele also serves in theadvisory committeeof theOECDProvident Fund.HewaseducatedatUniversityLaSapienzainRomeandColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.
WorkingTogether:GICAandItsPossibilities
Gerald Ollivier is the Transport Cluster Leader for the World Bank’s
Singapore Hub. He focuses on developing solutions to enhance urbanmobility and accessibility across Asia and to facilitate regional integrationthroughdevelopmentcorridors.He leadstheBank’sCommunityofPractice
on Transit Oriented Development and the Secretariat of the GlobalInfrastructureConnectivityAlliance,launchedinJuly2016bytheG20.From2010to2015,hesupportedthedevelopmentofmetrolinesandhigh-speed
raillinesinChina,asteamleaderfortheWorldBank.From1995to2010,hefocusedonWorldBank tradeand transport projects in EuropeandCentralAsia.Heisacivilengineerandafinancialanalyst.
Summation
JordanSchwartzhasworkedinthefieldofinfrastructuredevelopmentsince1991.HeiscurrentlytheWorldBank’sDirectorforInfrastructure,PPPsand
Guarantees (IPG Group). With offices in Washington DC, Singapore, andDakar,the IPGGroupbringstogethersixunitsthatstructure infrastructureprojects with guarantees and other credit enhancements; finance the
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preparation of commercially viable investments; fund and provide advisory support and capacitybuildingoninvestmentplanning,regulationandPPPdesign;anddeveloptoolstohelpgovernments
prioritizeinvestments,assessfiscalliabilities,andstructurepublic-privatepartnerships.
Inhispriorrole,JordanwasDirectoroftheInfrastructure&UrbanDevelopmentHubinSingapore,a center of World Bank operational and analytical activity in East Asia covering the sectors of
transport, ICT, water, energy, urban development, trade, and infrastructure finance. Previously,Jordan served as theWorld Bank’s Manager for Infrastructure Policy, and, before that, as LeadEconomistintheSustainableDevelopmentDepartmentoftheLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegion.
Before joining theWorldBank, Jordanworked as amanagement consultant in the power,waterand transport sectors. He was Sr. Manager for Infrastructure & Utilities at Deloitte EmergingMarketsand,intheearly-1990s,anAssociateinBoozAllen’sTransportStrategyGroup.
Jordanisanauthorandfrequentspeakeronawiderangeoftopicsindevelopmenteconomicsand
finance.Hehaswrittenextensivelyontherelationshipof risk to infrastructure investment,and isco-authorofthebook,UncoveringtheDriversofUtilityPerformance:TheRoleofthePrivateSector,RegulationandGovernance.
AndréLaboulisbothSpecialFinancialAdvisortotheOECDG20SherpaandSenior Counsellor to the Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
(DAF),whichcoversanti-corruption,competition,corporateaffairs,finance
and investment. His main tasks are to provide strategic advice andsupporton global governance issues, particularly onG20/G7 and APECfinancial issues. He is the Chair of the OECD interdirectorate group on
infrastructureandhasbeenrecentlyaskedtostrengthenthecoordinationofthewholeOECDworkoninfrastructure.
Mr.LaboulhasextensiveseniorlevelexperienceintheOECD,whichhejoinedin1987;in2002hewasappointedHeadofDAF’sFinancialAffairsDivisionand in2016 inhis currentpositions. Since
2011hehas represented theOECDat numerousG20andAPECmeeetings.Mr Laboulwrote thefirstmajor international study on bank/insurance and on regulation of private pensions andwasinstrumentalinthedevelopmentofvariousmajorOECDinternationalpolicyinstruments,including
oninfrastructure,financingof long-terminvestmentbyinstitutional investors,financialeducation,financialconsumerprotection,terrorisminsuranceandfinancialmanagementofcatastrophicrisks.
Mr. Laboul is the Secretary-General of the International Organisation of Pensions Supervisors(IOPS),ChairmanoftheOECDInternationalNetworkonFinancialEducation(INFE),andManaging
EditoroftheJournal,PensionEconomicsandFinance,editedbyCambridgeUniversityPress.
PriortojoiningtheOECD,Mr.LaboulworkedinBelgiumattheCentreforEuropeanPolicyStudies(CEPS),theCentreforLawandEconomicResearch(CRIDE)andinthePrimeMinister’sServicesforSciencePolicy.Mr.Laboul,whoisaBelgiannational,isbothanEconomistandaLawyer.
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SpeakerBiographies|January26
Discussion
MartinMelecky is LeadEconomistat theChiefEconomistOffice forSouthAsia,WorldBank.Currently,heleadstheregionalflagshipreportontherisksfromcontingent liabilities inSouthAsia.Herecently ledtwootherregional
flagships on Economic Corridors in South Asia, and Finance for SharedProsperity in Europe and Central Asia. He has lead financial sectorassessmentprograms,developmentpolicyoperations, and investmentand
technical assistance projects in South Asia, South Eastern Europe, andCentral Asia. He is the lead author of the chapter in the 2014 World
Development Report on the role of the financial system in risk management. Before theWorld
Bank, Martin worked as Economist at the Dutch Central Bank, as Consultant at the EuropeanCentralBank,andasConsultantfortheCzechNationalBank.Inhisresearch,hehasbeenfocusingon transport economics, financial stability and financial inclusion, monetary policy and
macroeconomicmodeling,publicdebtmanagementandfiscalpolicy,andcurrencysubstitutionandexchangeratedynamics.ACzechnational,hereceivedaPhDinEconomicsfromtheUniversityofNew SouthWales, Australia. He co-authored three books and publishedmore than 30 papers in
professionaljournals.ViewselectedrecentpapersbyMartin.
Kaori Miyamoto has been working for the Development AssistanceCommittee (DAC) Secretariat of the OECD since 1998. As a Senior Policy
Analyst, in recent years, she has been carrying out research on OfficialDevelopmentFinancefordevelopingcountryinfrastructure.BeforejoiningOECD, Kaori worked for the World Bank on operations for health and
education in East Africa and also for CARE in Asia. She has a Master inPublicAdministrationfromHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernment.
Debra Kertzman, European Representative of the Asian DevelopmentBank,assumedhercurrentpositionon25September2015.Shereportsto
ADB’sDirectorGeneralof theStrategyandPolicyDepartment,under theOffice of the ADB President. Ms. Kertzman helps to oversee ADB'spartnershipwithdonorcountries inEuropeand institutionalcollaboration
with European development partners, coordinates outreach to keystakeholders, and supports dissemination of ADB's flagship knowledgeproducts.Her role includespromotinggreater awarenessofbusinessand
careeropportunitiesatADBandrepresentingthebankatkeydevelopmentplatformsandevents tohighlightADB'soperationsand the strongcollaborationbetweenEuropeandADB.Shealsohelpstoplan,coordinateandsupporthigh-levelmanagementvisitstotheregion.
Ms. Kertzman joined ADB in 2002. Prior to the present position, she worked as Director of the
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Strategy, Policy and Interagency Relations Division of the Strategy and Policy Department (SPPI);Director of Public Management, Finance and Trade Unit in the Central and West Department
(CWRD);PrincipalFinancialSectorSpecialistinCWRD;SeniorFinancialSectorSpecialistinSoutheastAsiaDepartment;andFinancial SectorSpecialist in the formerEastandCentralAsiaDepartment.ShehasextensiveexperienceinADBoperations,businessprocessreforms,andstrategyandpolicy
preparation.
Prior to joining ADB, Ms. Kertzman was a securities lawyer at the United States Securities andExchange Commission (US SEC) in Washington D.C, practiced corporate law in New York, and
subsequentlyservedasanadvisertotheHongKongSecuritiesandFuturesCommission,andasanadviser/consultant on capital market development, including securities market regulation, in SriLanka,Kazakhstan,Lithuania,Latvia,Egypt,thePhilippinesandPakistan.
Ms.KertzmanisaUSnationalandholdsaJurisDoctorateinLawfromtheColumbusSchoolofLaw
at Catholic University in Washington D.C., an LLM in securities regulation from GeorgetownUniversityLawSchoolinWashington,D.C.,andaBachelor’sdegreeinPoliticalSciencefromBostonUniversity.
Yin Yin Lam isworking on trade logistics,maritime and transport projectsacrossAsia,asSeniorTransportSpecialist,WorldBank.Shehasworkedwithglobal port operator PSA, on Public-Private Partnerships in emerging
economies,andtheSingaporeEconomicDevelopmentBoard’sLogisticsHubDevelopment Team. As Director, Southeast Asia, International EnterpriseSingapore (formerly Trade Development Board), she managed a regional
team and facilitated Singapore-based companies to increase trade andoverseas investments. She holds a First Class Honors Degree in Economics
(NationalUniversityofSingapore),aMaster’sinEconomicsforDevelopment(UniversityofOxford)andaPost-GraduateDiplomainFinancialSectorManagement(UniversityofLondon).
Marco Fugazza is an Economist at theUnitedNationConference for Trade
and Development. Before his current position hewas an Economist at theFrench Ministry of Labour. He also worked as a Consultant for theWorldBank and the ILO. His research focuses on issues related to international
tradeanddevelopment.Hisworkhasdealtwiththedeterminantsofexportperformance,south-southtrade,non-tariffbarriers,thepoliticaleconomyoftrade agreements and the informal sector in labour markets. He has
authored several publications in the field of international trade andeconomicdevelopment.HeholdsaPhDinEconomicsfromtheEuropeanUniversityInstituteandaMaster in InternationalEconomics from theGraduate Instituteof InternationalandDevelopment
Studies.
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Charles Kunaka is a transporteconomistby trainingandLeadSpecialiston Connectivity based at the World Bank’s Singapore Hub. He has
expertise on trade connectivity, economic corridors and transport andlogistics services. Charles leads teams working on several World BankfinancedinvestmentoperationsinAfrica,SouthAsiaandSouthEastAsia
andnumeroustechnicalassistanceactivitiesinvariouscountriesincludingAfghanistan, Bangladesh, Bosnia, Cambodia and Vietnam. He haspublished on several topics surrounding logistics and connectivity
includingtheTradeandTransportCorridorManagementToolkitandtheQuantitativeAssessmentofRoadTransportAgreements.Charlesco-leadstheGICASecretariat,whichishostedbytheWorldBank.
Jenny J. Chao is a PPP Specialist in the Singapore office of theWorld Bank,where she advises governmentsworldwideonmobilizingprivate investmentin public infrastructure. In particular, Jenny is an expert on the enabling
environment for PPPs (including legal and institutional arrangements),developing bankable pipelines of PPP projects, and project structuring andcontracting. Jenny also leads the management of knowledge resources
includingthePPPinInfrastructureResourceCenter(PPPIRC).Jennyhasalmostten years of experience advising sponsors, lenders, governments and
multilateral institutions on the development and financing of infrastructure projects around Asia
and the Middle East. Prior to joining the World Bank, she was a project finance lawyer atinternationallawfirmsHoganLovellsandShearman&Sterling,basedinvariousofficesacrossAsia.
Shealso represented theEarth InstituteatColumbiaUniversityas the resident coordinatorofanadvisory project to the Government of Timor-Leste on the sustainable investment of its oilrevenues.SheholdsaB.S.inInternationalPoliticsfromGeorgetown'sSchoolofForeignServiceand
aJ.D.fromColumbiaLawSchool,andisadmittedtotheNewYorkBar.
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Formoreinformationonthe
GlobalInfrastructure
ConnectivityAlliance(GICA),
pleasevisitgica.global
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