Table of Contents - Philippine Rice Research Institute · Table of Contents Foreword ... 33...

Tarlac iii

Table of Contents

Foreword................................................. 1The Simplifi ed Keys to Soil Series.......... 2Guide to Soil Series Identifi cation........... 3Soil Color Groups.................................... 6 Dark Gray......................................... 7 Very Dark Grayish Brown/ Grayish Brown................................. 9 Reddish Brown..................................10Soil Profi le Pictures.................................11Soil Properties that affect crop growth....15Soil Productivity....................................... 18Crop Suitability Analysis.......................... 20Soil Management Recommendations..... 24Soil Taxonomic Classifi cation.................. 32Appendices..............................................38 Steps in Identifying Soil Series......... 39 Soil Sampling............................. 39 Color Determination................... 40 Texture Determination................ 41 pH Determination....................... 42 The PalayCheck System.................. 43References.............................................. 45

No.1 Released Rice Varieties (1968-1994)2 Pagpaparami at Pagpupuro ng Binhi sa Sariling Bukid3 Paggawa ng Maligaya Rice Hull Stove4 PhilRice Micromill5 PhilRice Flourmill6 PhilRice Drumseeder7 PhilRice Rototiller8 Rice Food Products9 PhilRice-UAF Batch Dryer10 Integrated Management of the Malayan Black Bug11 SG800 Rice Stripper-Harvester 12 Dry-Seeded Rice-Based Cropping Technologies13 Maligaya Rice Hull Stove14 10 Steps in Compost Production15 Rice Tungro Virus Disease16 The Philippine Rice Seed Industry and The National Rice Seed Production Network17 10 Hakbang sa Paggawa ng Kompost18 10 nga Addang ti Panagaramid iti Kompost19 Characteristics of Popular Philippine Rice Varieties20 Rice Stem Borers in the Philippines21 Rice Food Products (revised edition)22 Leaf Color Chart (English)23 Leaf Color Chart (Ilocano)24 Leaf Color Chart (Filipino)25 Equipment for Rice Production and Processing26 Use of 40kg Certifi ed Seeds per Hectare27 Rice Wine28 Management of Field Rats29 Controlled Irrigation: Saving water while having good yield30 Minus-one Element Technique: Soil Nutrition Defi ciency Test Made Easy31 Management of the Rice Black Bug32 Management of Zinc-defi cient Soils33 Management Options for Golden Apple Snail34 Use of Evaporation Suppressant

35 Pagpaparami ng Purong Binhi ng Palay36 Management of Sulfur- Defi cient Lowland Rice Soils37 Management of Planthoppers and Leafhoppers38 Management Options for Ricefi eld Weeds39 Use of Indigo as Green Manure40 Management of Salt-affected Soils for Rice Production41 Wet-Seeded Rice Production42 Matatag Lines43 Hybrid Rice Seed Production44 Metarhizium anisopliae: Microbial Control Agent for Rice Black Bug45 Integrated Nutrient Management for Rice Production46 Management of Armyworms/Cutworms47 Carbonized Rice Hull48 Rice-based Microbial Inoculant49 Integrated Farm and Household Waste Management50 Rice Postproduction Practices51 Ecological Rice Farming52 Modifi ed Dry Direct Seeding Technology 53 Palayamanan: Making the Most out of Rice Farms 54 Practical Guidelines in Predicting Soil Fertility Status of Lowland Rice Soils55 Bakanae: The Foolish Disease of Rice56 Management of Rice Blast Disease57 Root-knot Management in Rice-Onion Cropping System58 Management of Yellow and White Stemborers59 The PhilRice Dapog Technology60 Rice Straw-Based Nutrient Management in Irrigated Lowland Rice 61 Biofertilizer Production: Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM)62 Trichoderma: Biofungicide for vegetables63 Barayti ng Palay handog ng PhilRice64 Management of Zinc-defi cient soils (revised edition)65 Soil Series Improving Productivity in Pampanga

Rice Technology Bulletin Series

iv Simplif ied Keys TO Soil Series Tarlac 1

This project was funded by the Knowledge Management and Promotion Program (KMP) of PhilRice®.

Philippine Rice Research InstituteCopyright © 2010

ForewordThis guidebook on “Simplifi ed Key to Soil Series Identifi cation” was developed to make fi eld identifi cation of soils easier. Soil identifi cation is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identifi ed, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be effi cient.

This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck® System, a dynamic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks and improve crop yield and input-use effi ciency.

It features the different colors, textures, pH, coarse fragments, and mottles of the most common soils of Tarlac and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the fi eld. It also includes the soil productivity index, soil properties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classifi cation, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommendations. The concept of simplifi ed keys to soil series was fi rst used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the project “Simplifi cation of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Support System (NuMASS) to provide management recommendations for soils identifi ed in the fi eld.

We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and municipal and provincial agricultural offi cers for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

We hope that this publication can help you identify suitable crops in your area, learn the limitations of your soils for crop production, and subsequently know the corresponding management recommendations.

RONILO A. BERONIO Executive Director

2 Simplif ied Keys TO Soil Series Tarlac 3

The Simplified Keys The Simplified Keys to Soil Seriesto Soil Series

The “Simplifi ed Key to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the fi eld following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technicians, researchers, and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identifi cation of soil will be more accurate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and effi cient with the identifi cation of soil series. For instance, because same soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable in known soil name are expected to be adaptable in the same soil series of different region.

This guidebook is easy to use. Using only fi ve basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided in the guidebook, the soil series in the fi eld could be identifi ed. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity ratings, soil properties that limit production and soil management recommendations can be determined.

Seven soil series found in the province of Tarlac were included in this guidebook. These are Angeles, La Paz, Luisiana, Luisita, San Manuel, Tarlac and Zaragosa series.

Guide to Soil Series IdentificationGuide to Soil Series Identification

1. Choose a vacant area in your fi eld and dig up to 50 cm depth from the surface (see page 39).

2. Get bulk soil sample (500 g) between 30 cm and 50 cm depth.

3. Compare the soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook (see page 40).

4. Take a half handful of the same soil and check its texture by moistening the soil sample (neither too wet, nor too dry) (see page 41).


5. Take one spoonful of the same soil sample and put it in a test tube. Add 7 drops of reagent; shake gently, and compare it with pH chart (see page 42).

Lateritic nodules

Manganese concretions Quartz

6. Take note of the presence, or absence, of coarse fragments such as limestone, rock fragments, lateritic nodules, manganese/Mn (black) and iron/Fe (red) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from surfaces up to 50 cm depth.

7. Take note of other observable soil properties such as polished surfaces (cutans/slickensides), softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.

8. Use the Simplifi ed Keys to Soil Series Book and compare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil name is identifi ed.

slickensides / polished soil surfaces


SoilSoilColor GroupsColor GroupsDark Gray

Very Dark Grayish Brown/Grayish Brown

Reddish Brown

Tarlac (Tlc)

Coarse Fragments presence of quartz

pH 6.8-7.2

Others Fe and Mn mottles; slickensides

Zaragosa (Zg)

Coarse Fragments none

pH 6.8-7.4

Others Fe (dark greenish gray) and Mn (black) concretions

Texture: Sandy clay loam

go to page 12

go to page 12

Dark Gray/Yellowish Gray

Texture: Clay


Angeles (Ang)

Coarse Fragments gravels

pH 6.0-6.5

Others Fe (yellowish brown) and Mn (black) mottles

Texture: Sand

go to page 13

Dark Grayish Brown/ Dark Brown

La Paz (Lp)


pH 6.5-7.0

Others nodules; structureless

Texture: Loamy sand

go to page 13

Very Dark Grayish Brown/Grayish Brown

Luisita (Lst)


pH 6.9-7.2

Others Fe (yellowish brown) and Mn (black) mottles

go to page 14

Texture: Sandy clay loam

San Manuel (Smn)


pH 6.7-7.4

Others mottles (red spot); cutans (clay skin)

go to page 14

Texture: Clay loam


Texture: Clay

Reddish brown

go to page 14

Luisiana (Lsn)


pH 4.5-5.5

Others Strong brown mottles

SoilSoilProfile PicturesProfile Pictures


00 cm00 cm

2020

4040

5050

8989

120+120+

00 cm00 cm

2626

6262

110110

Tarlac (Tl) p. 17

Zaragosa (Zg)p. 17

00 cm00 cm

1616

2929

5050

104104

00 cm00 cm

1616

3232

107107

126+126+

Angeles (Ang)p. 16

La Paz (Lp) p. 16


00 cm00 cm

1515

2828

4848

8383

120+120+

00 cm00 cm

66

3636

6969

90+90+

00 cm00 cm

2020

3535

8989

130130

Luisiana (Lsn) p. 17

San Manuel (Smn) p. 16

Luisita (Lst) p. 16

Properties Properties of Different of Different Soil TypesSoil Typesthat affectthat affectthe growththe growthof cropsof crops


Table 1. Properties of Different Soil Series that Affect the Growth of Crops.

Soil Qualities in Relation to Crop Production

Lowland SoilsAngeles La Paz Luisita San Manuel

Soil pH 6.0-6.5 6.5-7.0 6.9-7.2 6.7-7.4 N Level low low low low P Level low low high low K Level low low low mediumSoil Texture sand loamy sand sandy clay

loamclay loam

Drainage well drained

poor moderately well

well drained

Permeability rapid rapid moderate moderately slow to slow

CoarseFragments

gravels none none none

Effective Soil Depth

shallow Moderately deep

deep deep

Flooding Hazard seasonal seasonal seasonal fl oodingTopography level level level levelInherent Fertility low low high moderate

Soil Qualities in Relation to Crop Production

Lowland SoilsZaragosa Luisiana Tarlac

Soil pH 6.8-7.4 4.5-5.5 6.8-7.2 N Level low low medium P Level medium low high K Level low low lowSoil Texture clay very fi ne clay sandy clay

loamDrainage somewhat

poorly drained

well drained moderately well

Permeability very slow to slow

moderate slow

CoarseFragments

none none presence of quartz

Effective Soil Depth

deep deep to very deep

deep

Flooding Hazard seasonal none noneTopography level rolling to

steeprolling to hilly

Inherent Fertility moderate low high


SoilSoilProductivityProductivity

Soil productivity is that quality of soil that summarizes its potential in producing plants or sequences of plants under defi ned sets of management practices; it is also a synthesis of condition of soil fertility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest control and physical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of amount of inputs of production factors required to correct soil limitation(s) in order to attain a certain level of production. It is expressed as average crop yield under defi ned sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990).

For making comparisons among soils, productivity index is used. The inherent productivity index is defi ned as the natural capacity of the soil to produce a given yield while potential productivity index refers to the capability of the soil to produce yield after correctible soil constraints had been remedied. The predicted inherent yield can be calculated by multiplying the inherent index to the maximum potential yield of rice. The predicted maximum possible yield will be computed by multiplying the potential index to the maximum potential yield of rice. For instance, the maximum potential yield in the dry season is 8 tons/hectare. The predicted inherent yield and predicted potential yield of rice in Zaragosa soils are 6.0 and 7.6 tons/ha, respectively.

Table 2. The soil productivity index for rice.

Soil Series Inherent Productivity

Potential Productivity

Angeles 0.11 0.36

La Paz 0.20 0.40

Luisiana 0.43 0.55

Luisita 0.78 0.88

San Manuel 0.75 0.85

Tarlac 0.47 0.72

Zaragosa 0.75 0.95


CropCropSuitability AnalysisSuitability AnalysisSoil suitability classifi cation refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis, based on physical and chemical properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of a soil survey and this may come up through good judgment and thorough evaluation of soil properties and qualities like soil depth, soil texture, slope, soil drainage, erosion, fl ooding and fertility. Based from these properties, the suitability of a certain tract of land for crop production was determined.

Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the potential of the soil to different crops. It implies what crop(s) would give the highest benefi t in terms of productivity and profi tability from a given soil type, indicated by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is either currently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limitations cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides information on soil properties that limits the production of specifi ed crop(s).

When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentage shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential yield of the crop when the soil index is highly suitable while less than 25% of the potential yield when the soil index is not suitable.

S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50S2: soil index 50-75 U: soil index <25

Crop Suitability Analysis


Tabl

e 3.

Th

e cr

op s

uita

bilit

y an

alys

is o

f the

soi

ls o

f Tar

lac

for

diff

eren

t cr

ops.

Soil

Serie

sSl

ope

Ric

e Irr

igat

ed

Low

land

Ric

e R

ainf

ed

Upl

and

Ric

e R

ainf

ed

Low

land

Mai

zeSo

rghu

mO

nion

Ang

eles

0-2%

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

La

Paz

0-2%

S3w

sfS

3wf

S3w

sfS

3wf

S3w

fS

3wf

Lui

sian

a3-

10%

S2w

fS

3tf

S3t

fS

3fS

3fN

2f L

uisi

ta0-

2%S

3wS

3wS

3wS

2sS

3sw

S2s

San

Man

uel

0-2%

S3s

fS

2cf

S3s

fS

1S

1S

1 T

arla

c8-

16%

S3w

sS

3wS

3tw

S3w

S3w

S3w

Zar

agos

a0-

2%S

2wf

S3f

S2c

wf

S2w

fS

1S

2f

Lim

itatio

ns d

ue to

:

t -

topo

grap

hy; s

lope

w -

dra

inag

e; fl

oodi

ng

s

- te

xtur

e; c

oars

e fra

gmen

ts; s

oil d

epth

f -

soil

ferti

lity

c -

clim

ate

Suita

bilit

y ra

tings

:

S1

- H

ighl

y su

itabl

e

S2

- M

oder

atel

y su

itabl

e

S3

- M

argi

nally

sui

tabl

e

N1 -

Cur

rent

ly n

ot s

uita

ble

N

2 - P

erm

anen

tly n

ot s

uita

ble

Lim

itatio

ns d

ue to

:

t -

topo

grap

hy; s

lope

w -

dra

inag

e; fl

oodi

ng

s

- te

xtur

e; c

oars

e fra

gmen

ts; s

oil d

epth

f -

soil

ferti

lity

c -

clim

ate

Suita

bilit

y ra

tings

:

S1

- H

ighl

y su

itabl

e

S2

- M

oder

atel

y su

itabl

e

S3

- M

argi

nally

sui

tabl

e

Tabl

e 3.

(co

ntin

uati

on)

Soi

l Ser

ies

Slop

eTo

bacc

oSw

eet

Pota

toSu

garc

ane

Pean

utW

ater

M

elon

Man

go

Ang

eles

0-2%

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

La

Paz

0-2%

S3w

fS

3wf

S3w

fS

3wf

S3w

fS

3wf

Lui

sian

a3-

10%

S3f

cS

3fS

3fc

S3w

fS

3fS

3f L

uisi

ta0-

2%S

3fS

3fS

2sS

3sw

S2s

S2s

San

Man

uel

0-2%

S1

S1

S1

S1

S1

S1

Tar

lac

8-16

%S

3wS

3wS

3wS

3wS

3wS

3w Z

arag

osa

0-2%

S3s

fS

2wf

S2w

fS

1S

2sS

2s


SoilSoil ManagementManagementRecommendationsRecommendations The goal of soil management is to protect and

enhance its performance to increase farm profi tably and preserve environmental quality. It is the combination of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while leaving the soil in a productive state. It involves: maintaining the soil in good physical condition, maintaining soil fertility status, and infl uencing the biological aspect of the soil so that maximum benefi ts result (Harpstead, et.al. 1997).

Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identifi ed were enumerated in the succeeding pages. Soil factors such as slope, texture, and climate cannot be changed. However, control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments, and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, chemical content of soil can be altered and later on infl uence erosion rates, pest population, and nutrient availability and crop production.

Soil Management Recommendations


Tabl

e 4.

Th

e so

il se

ries

of T

arla

c w

ith

thei

r lim

itat

ions

for

crop

pro

duct

ion

an

d co

rres

pond

ing

man

agem

ent

reco

mm

enda

tion

s fo

r cr

ops.

Soil

Serie

s Li

mita

tions

for c

rop

prod

uctio

n

Soil

Man

agem

ent R

ecom

men

datio

ns

Ric

eD

iver

sifi e

d cr

ops

Roo

t cro

pTr

ee/F

ores

t/Pl

anta

tion

crop

Ang

eles

Stru

ctur

eles

s,

poor

wat

er

hold

ing

capa

city

, low

fe

rtilit

y; s

ubje

ct

to s

easo

nal

fl ood

ing;

gra

vel

is p

rese

nt

thro

ugho

ut th

e pr

ofi le

Sui

tabl

e fo

r ric

e du

ring

wet

sea

son

but n

eeds

am

ple

amou

nt

of fe

rtiliz

ers

to a

ddre

ss

ferti

lity

prob

lem

; ph

osph

orus

ap

plic

atio

n

App

licat

ion

of

orga

nic

mat

ter;

prac

tice

timin

g of

pla

ntin

g;

deep

plo

win

g;

phos

phor

us

appl

icat

ion

Sui

tabl

e fo

r ro

ot c

rops

du

e to

san

dy

text

ure

Pla

nt lo

cally

ad

apte

d tre

e sp

ecie

s;

suita

ble

for

citru

s

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e- s

ugar

cane

/root

cro

ps/v

eget

able

s

r

ice-

fallo

w

f

ruit

trees

like

citr

us

Soil

Serie

s Li

mita

tions

for c

rop

prod

uctio

n

Soil

Man

agem

ent R

ecom

men

datio

ns

Ric

eD

iver

sifi e

d cr

ops

Roo

t cro

pTr

ee/F

ores

t/Pl

anta

tion

crop

Luis

iana

Hig

hly

leac

hed;

ve

ry a

cidi

c;

iron

and

alum

inum

to

xici

ty; l

ow

base

sat

urat

ion

and

low

C

EC

; run

-off;

to

pogr

aphy

Lim

ing;

ferti

lizer

ap

plic

atio

n;

best

sui

ted

for

rice

beca

use

fl ood

ing

incr

ease

soi

l pH

Pra

ctic

e co

ntou

r fa

rmin

g, s

trip

crop

ping

and

co

ver c

ropp

ing;

ap

plic

atio

n of

fe

rtiliz

er

Sui

ted

for r

oot

crop

sS

uite

d fo

r pe

rman

ent

crop

s an

d tre

es

to re

stor

e th

e fe

rtilit

y of

the

soil

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: upl

and

rice-

dive

rsifi

ed c

rops

/root

cro

ps

f

ruit

trees

/fore

st tr

ees


La P

azH

igh

wat

er

tabl

e an

d lo

cal

fl ood

ing

in

wet

sea

sons

pr

eclu

des

dry

land

cro

ps, r

apid

pe

rmea

bilit

y pr

eclu

des

grav

ity

irrig

atio

n ex

cept

w

hen

wat

er ta

ble

is s

easo

nally

hi

gh, l

ow fe

rtilit

y

Sui

tabl

e fo

r ric

e du

ring

wet

sea

son

but n

eeds

am

ple

amou

nt o

f fe

rtiliz

ers

to a

ddre

ss

the

ferti

lity

prob

lem

; ph

osph

orus

app

licat

ion;

co

nstru

ctio

n of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge, i

rrig

atio

n an

d fl o

od c

ontro

l sys

tem

due

to

sea

sona

l fl o

odin

g ha

zard

and

hig

h se

ason

al w

ater

tabl

e

App

licat

ion

of

orga

nic

mat

ter;

timin

g of

pla

ntin

g;

cons

truct

ion

of a

dequ

ate

drai

nage

, irr

igat

ion

and

fl ood

co

ntro

l sys

tem

; ph

osph

orus

ap

plic

atio

n

Sui

tabl

e fo

r roo

t cr

ops;

due

to

san

dy

text

ure

Pla

nt lo

cally

ad

apte

d tre

e sp

ecie

s;

suita

ble

for

citru

s

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e- s

ugar

cane

/root

cro

ps/v

eget

able

s

r

ice-

fallo

w

t

rees

like

citr

us, c

ocon

ut

Soil

Serie

s Li

mita

tions

for c

rop

prod

uctio

n

Soil

Man

agem

ent R

ecom

men

datio

ns

Ric

eD

iver

sifi e

d cr

ops

Roo

t cro

pTr

ee/F

ores

t/Pl

anta

tion

crop

San

M

anue

lE

xces

sive

ly

wet

and

an

nual

fl o

odin

g fo

r sh

ort p

erio

ds

and

exce

ssiv

e dr

ough

tines

s fro

m M

arch

to

May

; low

ph

osph

orus

co

nten

t

App

licat

ion

of p

hosp

hate

fe

rtiliz

ers;

su

ited

for

padd

y ric

e du

ring

wet

se

ason

an

d w

ith

adeq

uate

irr

igat

ion

durin

g dr

y se

ason

Con

stru

ctio

n of

ad

equa

te d

rain

age,

irr

igat

ion

and

fl ood

co

ntro

l sys

tem

du

e to

sea

sona

l fl o

odin

g ha

zard

an

d hi

gh s

easo

nal

wat

er ta

ble;

use

br

oadb

eds,

and

rid

ges;

sui

ted

for

dive

rsifi

ed c

rops

su

ch a

s co

rn

vege

tabl

es a

nd

wat

er m

elon

Est

ablis

hmen

t of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge

and

irrig

atio

n sy

stem

; re

gula

r ad

ditio

n of

or

gani

c m

atte

r an

d an

imal

m

anur

e to

im

prov

e so

il fe

rtilit

y

Ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge

and

irrig

atio

n sy

stem

; cov

er

crop

ping

with

le

gum

es; p

rope

r fe

rtiliz

atio

n, ti

min

g of

cul

tivat

ion

and

plan

ting;

use

of

loca

lly a

dapt

ed h

igh

yiel

ding

var

ietie

s is

re

com

men

ded

to

impr

ove

the

grow

th

and

yiel

d of

tree

cr

ops

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e-ric

e

rice-

dive

rsifi

ed c

rops

/veg

etab

les/

root

cro

ps


Tarla

cW

hen

dry,

ha

rd a

nd

com

pact

and

fo

rmed

into

big

cl

ods

Tim

ing

of p

lant

ing;

co

nstru

ctio

n of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge, i

rrig

atio

n an

d fl o

od c

ontro

l sys

tem

due

to

sea

sona

l fl o

odin

g ha

zard

; fer

tiliz

atio

n

Tim

ing

of p

lant

ing;

co

nstru

ctio

n of

ad

equa

te d

rain

age,

irr

igat

ion

and

fl ood

co

ntro

l sys

tem

due

to

sea

sona

l fl o

odin

g ha

zard

; mul

chin

g,

cons

truct

ion

of

beds

and

ridg

e fo

r veg

etab

les;

ap

plic

atio

n of

fe

rtiliz

ers

Not

sui

tabl

e fo

r roo

t cr

ops

due

to te

xtur

e co

nstra

ints

Use

of l

ocal

ly

adap

ted

high

yi

eldi

ng v

arie

ties

is re

com

men

ded

to im

prov

e th

e gr

owth

and

yie

ld

of tr

ee c

rops

; ip

il-ip

il th

rive

best

in th

is s

oil

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e-ve

geta

bles

/cor

n

t

rees

like

legu

mes

Luis

itaS

easo

nal

fl ood

ing;

har

d an

d co

mpa

ct

whe

n dr

y

Tim

ing

of p

lant

ing;

cons

truct

ion

of a

dequ

ate

drai

nage

, irr

igat

ion

and

fl ood

con

trol s

yste

m d

ue

to s

easo

nal fl

ood

ing

haza

rd a

nd h

igh

seas

onal

wat

er ta

ble

Tim

ing

of p

lant

ing;

fe

rtiliz

atio

n;

mul

chin

g,

cons

truct

ion

of

beds

and

ridg

e fo

r ve

geta

bles

; sui

ted

for s

ugar

cane

Tim

ing

of

plan

ting

Sui

ted

for f

ruit

trees

but

use

lo

cally

ada

pted

va

rietie

s

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e/su

garc

ane-

fallo

w

c

orn/

vege

tabl

es-fa

llow

fru

it tre

es

Soil

Serie

s Li

mita

tions

for c

rop

prod

uctio

n

Soil

Man

agem

ent R

ecom

men

datio

ns

Ric

eD

iver

sifi e

d cr

ops

Roo

t cro

pTr

ee/F

ores

t/Pl

anta

tion

crop

Zar

agos

aS

easo

nal

fl ood

ing

haza

rds

and

high

sea

sona

l w

ater

tabl

e;

extre

me

clim

atic

lim

itatio

n;

som

e de

posi

tiona

l pr

oble

m

Sui

ted

for

low

land

rice

pr

oduc

tion

durin

g dr

y se

ason

App

licat

ion

of p

hosp

hate

fe

rtiliz

ers

and

orga

nic

mat

ter;

artifi

cia

l irr

igat

ion

and

drai

nage

re

quire

d du

e to

se

ason

al fl

oodi

ng

haza

rd a

nd h

igh

seas

onal

wat

er

tabl

e; a

llow

pro

per

drai

nage

sys

tem

; gr

ow fl

ood

tole

rant

cr

ops

durin

g w

et

seas

on

Est

ablis

hmen

t of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge

and

irrig

atio

n sy

stem

Ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge a

nd

irrig

atio

n sy

stem

; pl

ant w

ith fl

ood

tole

rant

cro

ps

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e-di

vers

ifi ed

cro

ps/v

eget

able

s/ro

ot c

rops


Soil TaxonomicSoil TaxonomicClassificationClassification

Soil Taxonomic Classification

Soil Taxonomy is a system of naming, describing, and categorizing soils. It helps us to understand the types of soils we have, how they were formed, how they may be changing and the effect of soil on crops and natural resource management. It employs a specifi c nomenclature that both classifi es the soil and gives a distinctive name to the individual soil. Names are constructed from the formative elements (generally originating from Greek and Latin) which are used in specifi c combinations to provide a highly descriptive name to a specifi c soil type.

Scientist have developed different system of soil classifi cation to group soil of similar properties in one class, allowing them to exchange information on soil found in different areas. In the classifi cation scheme, soil characteristics and information about the soil become more specifi c as one continuous from order to series level. For this purpose, the USDA Soil Taxonomic Classifi cation system was applied for technical uses. Soil Taxonomic Classifi cation that implies the general features of a given soil indicating its texture, climate, moisture regime, soil temperature, diagnostic horizons, and soil order were presented in the next page with interpretation.


Table 5. Soil taxonomic classifi cation of each soil series in Tarlac with interpretation

Soil Series

Taxonomic Classifi cation

Interpretation

Angeles Coarse loamy, isohyper-thermic TYPIC USTIPSAM-MENT

Coarse loamy-textured soil with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Entisol (-ent), meaning it is a young soil with only slight development which the properties are determined largely by the parent material. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Ustipsamments. This entisol has sandy texture (psamm-) occurring in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (usti-).

La Paz Sandy, mixed (ca.), isohyper-thermic,TYPICPSAM-MAQUENT

This is a sandy-textured soil (psamm-) with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Entisol (-ent), meaning it is a young soil with only slight development which the properties are determined largely by the parent material. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Psammaquent. This soil is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles.

Soil Series


Interpretation

Luisiana Very fi ne, kaolinitic (ca.), isohyperthermicUSTIC PALEHUMULT

This is a very fi ne-textured soil with high clay content of >60% and has isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Ultisol (-ult) which is a highly leached soil that has clay illuviation and low base saturation. This is a very deep (pale-) soil found in highlands (hum-) with pronounced wet and dry seasons (ustic).

Luisita Fine loamy, mixed (ca.), isohyperthermicAERICEPIAQUEPT

Fine loamy-textured soil with moderate amount of clay (18-35%) with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Inceptisol (-ept), i.e. it is in the incipient development towards mature soils but have not yet fully developed their diagnostic horizons. This is a representative of the great group Epiaquepts. It is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) but not typically wet, i.e. it is better aerated, usually because either groundwater is deep or the period of saturation is shorter (aeric).


Soil Series


Interpretation

San Manuel

Fine loamy, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, FLUVAQUENT EPIAQUEPT

Fine loamy-textured soil with moderate amount of clay (18-35%) with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Inceptisol (-ept), i.e. it is in the incipient development towards mature soils but have not yet fully developed their diagnostic horizons. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) due to river fl ooding (fl uvaquentic) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles.

Tarlac Fine loamy, kao-linitic (ca.), isohy-perthermic,OXICHAPLUSTEPT

This is a fi ne loamy-textured soil with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Inceptisol (-ept), i.e. it is in the incipient development towards mature soils but have not yet fully developed their diagnostic horizons. This soil has minimum complexity in its soil horizonation (hapl-) found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). It is a representative of the great group Haplustepts which has low CEC (oxic).

Soil Series


Interpretation

Zaragosa Fine,smectitic(ca.),isohyperthermicVERTICEPIAQUEPT

Fine-textured soil with moderate amount of clay (18-35%) and isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Inceptisol (-ept), i.e. it is in the incipient development towards mature soils but have not yet fully developed their diagnostic horizons. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles. This is a representative of the great group Epiaquepts vertic properties, i.e. it is dominated by clays that shrink and swell producing wide cracks and slickensides due to repeated wetting and drying.


AppendicesAppendicesChoose a vacant area in your fi eld. Using a spade/auger, dig up to 50cm from the soil surface.

Depth of soil is important. The surface/top soil is not a good basis since it is always cultivated.

11 Soil sampling

Get bulk soil sample (½ kilo) from a 30-50cm depth; place it in a container (plas-tic/pail). This sample will be used for soil series identifi cation.

APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES


22 Soil color determination

Soil color is an indirect mea-sure of other characteristics such as drainage, aeration, and organic matter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity. Gray indicates a fairly constant water-saturated condition. Bright brown and red colors are indicative of good aeration and drainage.

Get an ample amount of soil from the sample. The soil should be moist (neither too wet, nor too dry).

Compare the color of the soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook. Take note of the classifi cation of the soil color.

33 Texture determination


pH Determination (UPLB procedure)44Get soil sample from a 30-50cm depth. Fill the test tube with soil sample up to the scratch mark.

Add 7 drops of CPR (chlorphenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube.

If soil pH is 6 or greater, repeat the steps using BTB (brom thymol blue).

If the soil pH is 5 or less, repeat the steps using BCG (brom cresol green).

Match the color of the solution on top of the soil with the corresponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.

APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK SYSTEMAPPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK SYSTEM

The Palaycheck System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the technologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weaknesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next season to increase grain yield, input use effi ciency, and profi t with environmental concerns.

The PalayCheck System describes the crop management practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):

1) Used certifi ed seeds of a recommended variety.

2) No high and low soil spots after fi nal leveling.

3) Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period.


Badayos, R. B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classifi cation in relation to productivity. Inaugural Professiorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.Beinroth, F. H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classifi cation. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19.MI Hampstead, TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science Simplifi ed. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.“Simplifi ed Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize Production), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site-Specifi c Agriculture in Small Farms of Tropics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand.Soil Survey of Tarlac Province. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philippines. Bureau of Printing Manila.Soil Survey Manual. US Deartment of Agricultural Handbook No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agricultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture.

References4) Suffi cient number of healthy

seedlings.

5) Suffi cient nutrients at tillering to early panicle initiation, and fl owering.

6) Avoided excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth and the yield of the crop.

7) No signifi cant yield loss due to pests.

8) Cut and threshed the crop at the right time.


Subject Matter Specialists

PhilRice Wilfredo B. Collado Mary Rose O. Obico Rona T. Dollentas Jeny V. Ravis Jesiree Elena Ann P. dela Torre Constancio A. Asis, Jr. Jovino L. de Dios

UP Los Baños Rodrigo B. Badayos Armando E. Soliman

Managing Editor/Layout Artist Marc Elvin T. Lozano Judith Carla P. dela Torre

Editorial Advisers Atty. Ronilo A. Beronio Andrei B. Lanuza

Acknowledgement

We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

For more information,text the Farmers’ Text Center (0920) 911-1398);write, visit, or call: Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3119 Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 217, 215, or 212

Readers are encouraged to reproduce the content of this bulletin with acknowledgment. Suggested citation:

PhilRice. “Soil Series:Improving Agricultural Productivity in Tarlac.” Rice Technology Bulletin No. 66: 52p., February, 2010.

48 Simplif ied Keys TO Soil Series

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