Although the United States has professed its dedication to peace, much of its history
has been shaped by armed conflicts with other countries. Most of the nineteenth-
century clashes resulted from America’s attempt to establish and enhance its place
in the world. On the other hand, as it matured in the twentieth century, the United States
fought principally to maintain its position in the world community and to defend its many
overseas interests.
The following two charts present the eight wars the United States has been involved
in its 230-year history. The chart should be studied in conjunction with the materials on
“Freedom of Seas” in Lesson 11, “Expansion of the United States” in Lesson 15, and
“Major Treaties in United States History” in Lesson 20. As you study the two charts of
warfare, compare the conflicts of the nineteenth century with those of the twentieth
century. What similarities do you see in them? What differences do you notice? How did
America’s opponents change in the two centuries? How did the causes of the conflicts
change? Would you have difficulty defending the proposition that Americans are a
peaceful people?
LLEESSSSOONN 1166
11. Both the Mexican War and Spanish-American War resulted in((AA)) little territory lost or gained by the
belligerents.((BB)) completion of America’s drive for
Manifest Destiny.((CC)) stopping European aggression in the
Caribbean and South America.((DD)) the United States gaining clear title to
Cuba and Texas.((EE)) the United States gaining significant
territorial acquisitions.
22.. In terms of objective and outcome the warthat most resembled the Korean War was((AA)) Vietnam.((BB)) World War II.((CC)) the Spanish American War.((DD)) World War I.((EE)) the Mexican War.
33.. The War of 1812, Spanish-American War,and World War I all involved((AA)) disputes over land claims in the
western hemisphere.((BB)) toppling foreign leaders who
threatened United States security.((CC)) maritime incidents that led to war.((DD)) border incidents that started the
conflicts.((EE)) large territorial gains for the United
Germany, Italy andJapan gave upFascist philosophiesand methods
Japan and Germanyoccupied by Alliedforces
Atomic age began atHiroshima
USSR/U.S. beganCold War
United Nationsfounded
U.S. became international superpower
1950–1953
H. Truman
D. Eisenhower
Communist NorthKorea attackedSouth Korea and theUnited States senttroops to containcommunism.
Pusan siege
Inchon landing
Chinese communistintervention
Panmunjom Accords
South Korearemained free ofcommunism
Communismremained in theNorth
First test of militarycontainment
First limited war
Hardened relationsbetween the U.S.and CommunistChina
1950–1975
H. Truman to G. Ford
Failure to holdGeneva Accord’selections in 1956caused communistinsurgency in SouthVietnam and attacksby North Vietnameseforces U.S. respondedwith economic andmilitary aid to stopcommunism.
Gulf of Tonkin
Pleiku
Tet Attacks
Invasion ofCambodia
Paris Accords
Cease fire
Communist troopsremained in South
Americans withdrew
South Vietnam temporarilyremained free ofcommunism
Six U.S. presidentstried to contain communism
War divided nation,left legacy of distrustof government andforeign intervention
In 1975 North conquered Southand communism triumphed
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1344-5-Lessons 1-20.qxp 11/4/2004 4:46 PM Page 39
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UNITED STATES HISTORY
Three hours and 5 minutes are allotted for this examination: 55 minutes for Section I, and 2 hours and 10minutes for Section II, which is the essay section. 15 minutes in Section II should be devoted to reading andplanning the DBQ.
SECTION I
Time—55 minutes
Number of questions—80
Percent of the Grade—50
DDiirreeccttiioonnss:: Each question or incomplete statement below is followed by five possible answers or completions.Select the one answer/completion that is best in each case.
1. In the 1790s, which of the following ele-ments of Hamilton’s financial plan createdthe greatest Constitutional debate?
(A) assumption of the states’ debts at parvalue
(B) creating a National Bank(C) levying a tax on whiskey(D) levying custom duties on imports(E) taxing the slave trade
2. The Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, andGeorge Kennan’s “Mr. X” article were all partof America’s response to
(A) communist aggression after World WarII.
(B) Soviet subversion in Latin Americaafter the war.
(C) Soviet acquisition of the atomic bomb.(D) the Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948.(E) Nikita Khrushchev’s peaceful
coexistence campaign.
3. During the Civil War era, the slave states ofMaryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouriall
(A) participated in the Northern blockadeof the South.
(B) remained in the Union.(C) agreed to end slavery before the end of
the war.(D) voted for Lincoln in 1860 and 1864.(E) eventually joined the Confederacy.
4. The principal reason the Whig Party formedin the 1830s was to
(A) oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson.(B) send a stronger religious message to the
nation.(C) oppose immigrants, especially Irish
Catholics.(D) spread slavery into the western
territories.(E) counter the growing influence of the
“slave power.”
5. After the Civil War, the Freedmen’s Bureauhad its greatest success in
(A) halting the rise of the Ku Klux Klan.(B) enforcing the 14th Amendment.(C) distributing land to former slaves.(D) arbitrating labor disputes between
former slaves and their masters.(E) providing educational opportunities for
former slaves.
6. The growth of the market economy between1815 and 1850, caused farmers to
(A) gear their production to family needsand local markets.
(B) depend on government regulation ofrailroads.
(C) barter for goods they could not producethemselves.
(D) specialize in only one or two crops tosell.
(E) purchase fewer manufactured goods.
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AAPP UU..SS.. HHiissttoorryy PPrraaccttiiccee TTeesstt AA ★ 7799
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32. Which of the following was a result of theWar of 1812 in the United States?
(A) Manufacturing increased as the UnitedStates became less dependent onEuropean goods.
(B) Support for the Federalist Party increasedbecause of its opposition to the war.
(C) Victories in the South and Westallowed Native Americans to regainland lost earlier.
(D) The United States began exportingwheat and corn for the first time.
(E) The American military establishmentwas weakened and almost dismantled.
33. This cartoon criticizes America’s response to
(A) the Kaiser’s rejection of Allied peaceproposals.
(B) Germany’s failure to repay war loans.(C) Germany’s submarine attacks.(D) Germany’s blockade of England.(E) Germany’s sending the Zimmerman
Telegram.
34. Which of the following beliefs was shared bythe authors of the Articles of Confederation?
(A) Individual rights are endangered by anyform of government.
(B) Individual rights can be protected onlyby a strong executive.
(C) Unalienable rights ceased to exist afterthe Revolution.
(D) Individual rights must be protected by anational legislature.
(E) Individual rights are most secure whenprotected by the states.
35. In calling for Black Power, StokelyCarmichael expressed the view that blacks
(A) should reject integration and asserttheir racial pride and independence.
(B) should reject the preaching of MalcolmX and rally to support Martin LutherKing Jr.
(C) must elect black members of Congressto achieve civil rights.
(D) should join the antiwar movement andunify with white radicals.
(E) must seek their heritage by returningen masse to Africa.
36. In passing the War Powers Act in 1973,Congress was reclaiming authority it hadsurrendered to the executive branchthrough the
(A) Marshall Plan.(B) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.(C) Eisenhower Doctrine.(D) National Security Act.(E) Atlantic Charter.
37. Which of the following was true of rock androll music in the 1950s?
(A) It was enjoyed by both children andadults of the middle class.
(B) It drew heavily from African-Americanrhythm and blues.
(C) It reinforced the conventional sexualand cultural values of the postwar era.
(D) Most of the performers were AfricanAmericans who had previouslyperformed only in segregated venues.
(E) It was a temporary craze, and teenagersquickly moved on to protest music.
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Document C
Source: Henry Demarest Lloyd, Wealth Against Commonwealth, 1894.
. . . the syndicates, trusts, combinations cry of “overproduction” - too much of everything. Holding back the richesof earth, sea and sky from their fellows who famish and freeze in the dark, they declare to them that there is toomuch light and warmth and food. They assert the right, for their private profit, to regulate the consumption by thepeople of the necessaries of life, and to control production, not by the needs of humanity, but by the desires of a fewfor dividends . . . The coal syndicate thinks there is too much coal. There is too much iron, too much lumber, toomuch flour - for this or that syndicate . . .
. . . If the tendency to combination is irresistible, control of it is imperative. Monopoly and anti-monopoly . . .represent the two great tendencies of our time: monopoly, the tendency to combination; anti-monopoly, the demandfor social control of it.
Document E
Source: William Allen Rogers, Harper’s Weekly, March 28, 1896.
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ANNOTATED ANSWER KEY
1. B is correct. Hamilton’s financial plan called for: (a) the assumption of thestates’ debt of $25 million and combining it with the debt of about $48 millionleft from the Articles of Confederation government; (b) a series of excise taxes;(c) a tariff on imported goods; (d) a National Bank. The assumption of thedebt at par was controversial because the original holders of the bonds hadsold them at a discount to speculators. The real Constitutional question, how-ever, involved the National Bank. Jefferson claimed that the Constitution,which did not explicitly provide for the Bank, must be strictly interpreted.Hamilton argued that a loose interpretation of the “elastic clause” in theConstitution gave Congress the Constitutional right to create the Bank.President Washington and the Supreme Court eventually supportedHamilton’s position.
2. A is correct. The Truman Doctrine called for $400 million in aid to Greeceand Turkey after World War II to stop Communist guerrillas. In 1947,Secretary of State George Marshall asked Congress for $12 billion for aid toEurope to boost economic development there and to strengthen wavering pro-American governments in Western Europe. All this grew from GeorgeKennan’s “Mr. X” article “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” published in thejournal Foreign Affairs, in which he proposed the policy of containment.
3. B is correct. These four states were called Border States because they borderedthe North and the South. They were slave states that did not leave the unionand join the Confederacy. The North maintained the loyalty of these states byforce and by retaining the allegiance of the many citizens in these states whosupported slavery but opposed secession. President Lincoln was obsessed withkeeping these states loyal to the Union, especially Kentucky. His reluctance toemancipate the slaves was in large part dictated by his fear of alienating theBorder States.
4. A is correct. The Whig Party was formed during the early 1830s specificallyto oppose Andrew Jackson and his policies. The Whigs embraced HenryClay’s American System, which called for tariff protection, internalimprovements, and the rechartering of the National Bank. But as Jacksonand his disciples faded in influence, the Whigs lost their target. By the mid-1850s, their agenda had been overtaken by the growing sectional disputesover slavery, and the Whig Party split into a northern and southern factionand eventually withered away.
5. E is correct. The Bureau founded over 4,000 schools in the South, whichbecame the basis of the first public school system in that region. By 1877more than 600,000 African Americans were enrolled in elementary schoolsin the South. The Freedmen’s Bureau also established Howard Universityin Washington, D.C., to provide blacks with a college education. TheBureau was only temporarily able to provide land for the former slaves andhad only limited success in mediating labor disputes in the South. TheBureau was disbanded in 1874 after a series of scandals tarnished itseffectiveness.
