TABLES OF MUSCLE ACTIONS, INNERVATIONS, AND ATTACHMENTS

Adapted from Clinical Anatomy: The Logical Approach. © T. Van Houten, 1997. All rights reserved

TABLES OF MUSCLE ACTIONS,

INNERVATIONS, AND ATTACHMENTS

Table 1-1

ERECTOR SPINAE MUSCLES Intrinsic muscles producing extension and/or lateral flexion of the spine

Muscle Joint and Action Innervation Inferior Attachment Superior Attachment

Iliocostalis group

Spine intervertebral and facet joints: extension and lateral flexion

Dorsal rami Pelvis (iliac crest); sacrum,

and lumbar vertebrae (spinous processes)

Ribs (angles), and thoracic and cervical vertebrae (transverse processes)

Longissimus group Spine intervertebral and

facet joints: extension and lateral flexion

Dorsal rami Lumbar and thoracic

vertebrae (transverse processes)

Ribs (lateral to tubercles), cervical vertebrae (transverse processes), and skull (mastoid process)

Spinalis group Spine intervertebral joints:

extension Dorsal rami

Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae (spinous processes)

Thoracic and cervical vertebrae (spinous processes) and skull (occipital bone).

Table 2-1

POSTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES I Muscles moving the scapula on the trunk

Muscle Joint and Action Innervation Proximal attachment Distal attachment

Trapezius

Superior to scapular spine

Opposite scapular spine

Inferior to scapular spine

Scapula on trunk: retraction, elevation

Scapula on trunk: retraction

Scapula on trunk: retraction, depression

Spinal accessory

Skull (occiput), T2-C2 vertebrae (spinous processes)

T3 to T7 vertebrae spinous processes)

T8-T12 vertebrae (spinous processes)

Scapula (acromion and spine)

Levator scapulae Scapula on trunk:

elevation Dorsal scapular

C4-C1 vertebrae (transverse processes)

Scapula (medial border superior to spine)

Rhomboideus minor Scapula on trunk:

retraction and elevation Dorsal scapular

T1-C7 vertebrae (spinous processes)

Scapula (medial border opposite spine)

Rhomboideus major Scapula on trunk:

retraction and elevation Dorsal scapular


Scapula (medial border inferior to spine)

APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 2

2

Table 2-2

POSTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES II Shoulder joint extension and other motions


Latissimus dorsi Shoulder: extension,

adduction, and medial rotation

Thoracodorsal


Thoracolumbar fascia

Humerus (intertubercular groove)

Teres major Shoulder: extension and medial rotation Subscapular Scapula (inferior angle) Humerus ( intertubercular

groove)

Deltoid

Scapular part

Acromial part

Clavicular part

Shoulder: extension

Shoulder: abduction

Shoulder: flexion

Axillary

Scapula (spine)

Scapula (acromion)

Clavicle (lateral 1/3)

Humerus (deltoid tuberosity)

Table 2-3

POSTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES III Posterior rotator cuff muscles, shoulder joint stabilization, and rotation


Supraspinatus Shoulder: stabilization,

abduction (first 15 to 30o), and lateral rotation

Suprascapular Scapula (supraspinous fossa) Humerus ( greater tubercle)

Infraspinatus Shoulder: stabilization and

lateral rotation Suprascapular Scapula ( infraspinous fossa) Humerus (greater tubercle)

Teres minor Shoulder: stabilization and

lateral rotation Axillary Scapula ( lateral border) Humerus (greater tubercle

* The fourth anterior rotator cuff muscle is subscapularis, which appears below under anterior shoulder muscles.

Table 2-4

POSTERIOR BRACHIAL MUSCLE Elbow joint extension


Triceps brachii

Long head

Lateral head

Medial head

Elbow: extension

Elbow: extension

Elbow: extension

Radial nerve

Scapula (infraglenoid tubercle)

Humerus (lateral shaft)

Humerus (medial shaft)

Ulna (olecranon process)


3

Table 2-5

POSTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES, SUPERFICIAL GROUP

Elbow and/or wrist and/or digital joint extension, other motions including supination

Muscle Joint and Action Innervation Distal attachment

Anconeus Elbow: extension Radial Humerus (lateral

epicondyle Ulna (olecranon process)

Brachioradialis Elbow: flexion Radial Humerus (lateral

supracondylar ridge) Radius (styloid process)

Extensor carpi radialis longus Wrist: extension and

radial deviation Radial

Humerus (lateral supracondylar ridge)

Digit 2 metacarpal (base)

Extensor carpi radialis brevis Wrist: extension and

radial deviation Radial (deep

branch) Humerus (lateral

epicondyle) Digit 3 metacarpal (base)

Extensor digitorum

Wrist: extension

Digit 2-5 MCP*, PIP, DIP joints: extension

Radial (posterior interosseous branch)

Proximal

attachment Digit 2-5 extensor

expansions

Extensor digiti minimi

Wrist: extension

Digit 5 MCP. PIP, DIP joint: extension


Humerus (lateral epicondyle)

Digit 5 extensor expansion

Extensor carpi ulnaris Wrist: extension and

ulnar deviation



Digit 5 metacarpal (base)

Supinator Radioulnar joints:

supination Radial (deep

branch)


Ulna (proximal)

Radius (anterior shaft)

Table 2-6

POSTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES, DEEP GROUP Extension or abduction of digit I (pollux) or extension of digit II (index)


Abductor pollicis longus

Digit 1 CMC joint: abduction

Wrist: abduction


Ulna (midshaft)

Radius (midshaft)

Interosseous membrane

Metacarpal 1

Extensor pollicis brevis

Digit 1 CMC, PIP joint: extension

Wrist: abduction


Radius (distal shaft)


Digit 1 proximal phalanx

Extensor pollicis longus

Digit 1 CMC, PIP, DIP joints: extension

Wrist: extension


Ulna (distal shaft)

Interosseous membrane Digit 1 distal phalanx

Extensor indicis Digit 2 CMC, PIP joint:

extension Radial (posterior

interosseous) branch) Ulna (distal shaft)

Digit 2 extensor expansion

CMC = carpometacarpal joint, PIP = proximal interphalangeal joint, DIP = distal interphalangeal joint


4

Table 3-1

POSTERIOR HIP MUSCLES I Gluteal muscles, hip joint abduction and other motions


Gluteus medius Hip: abduction Superior gluteal Ilium (external surface) Femur (greater trochanter)

Gluteus minimus Hip: abduction Superior gluteal Ilium (external surface) Femur (greater trochanter)

Gluteus maximus Hip: extension and lateral

rotation Inferior gluteal

Ilium (external surface)

Sacrum and coccyx

Sacrotuberous ligament

Femur (gluteal tuberosity)

Iliotibial tract, a condensation of the fascia lata

Tensor fasciae latae Hip: assists in abduction Superior gluteal Ilium (lateral iliac crest) Iliotibial tract

Table 3-2

POSTERIOR HIP MUSCLES II (Hip `Rotator Cuff’) Hip joint lateral rotation


Piriformis Hip: lateral rotation Nerve to piriformis Sacrum (anterior surface) Femur (greater trochanter)

Obturator internus Hip: lateral rotation Nerve to obturator

internus

Pelvis (edges of obturator foramen and obturator membrane)

Femur (greater trochanter)

Superior gemellus Hip: lateral rotation Nerve to obturator

internus Pelvis (ischial spine)

Femur (greater trochanter)

Internal obturator tendon

Inferior gemellus Hip: lateral rotation Nerve to quadratus

femoris Pelvis (ischial tuberosity) Femur (greater trochanter)

Quadratus femoris Hip: lateral rotation Nerve to quadratus

femoris Pelvis (ischial tuberosity)

Femur (intertrochanteric crest)


5

Table 3-3

POSTERIOR THIGH MUSCLES Hip joint extension, knee joint flexion, and rotation


Biceps femoris

Long head

Short head

Hip: extension and lateral rotation

Knee: flexion

Knee: flexion

Tibial

Fibular

Pelvis (ischial tuberosity)

Femur, linea aspera

Fibula (head)

Semitendinosus Hip: extension and medial rotation

Knee: flexion

Tibial

Pelvis (ischial tuberosity) Tibia (proximal)

Semimembranosus Hip: extension and medial rotation

Knee: flexion

Tibial

Pelvis (ischial tuberosity) Tibia (medial condyle)

Table 3-4

POSTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES, SUPERFICIAL GROUP Knee joint flexion and/or ankle joint plantarflexion


Gastrocnemius

Lateral head

Medial head

Knee: flexion

Ankle: plantarflexion

Tibial

Femur (lateral condyle)

Femur (medial condyle)

Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

Plantaris Knee: flexion

Ankle: plantarflexion Tibial

Femur (superior to the lateral epicondyle)

Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Soleus Ankle: plantarflexion Tibial

Tibia (soleal line)

Fibula (head, neck, and proximal shaft)

Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon


6

Table 3-5

POSTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES, DEEP GROUP Ankle joint plantarflexion and other motions


Popliteus Knee: flexion Tibial Femur (lateral condyle) Tibia (proximal surface)

Flexor hallucis longus


Digit 1 MCP, PIP, DIP joint: flexion

Tibial Fibula (distal shaft)

Interosseous membrane Digit 1 (distal phalanx)

Flexor digitorum longus*


Digit 2, 3, 4, 5 MCP, PIP, DIP joint: flexion

Tibial Tibia (middle shaft) Digits 2, 3, 4, 5 (distal

phalanges)

Tibialis posterior Ankle: plantarflexion

Intersal: foot inversion Tibial

Tibia (proximal surface)

Fibula (proximal surface)

Tarsals (navicular and cuneiform)

*Functionally similar to the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in the upper limb

Table 3-6

LATERAL CRURAL MUSCLES Ankle joint plantarflexion and intertarsal joint eversion


Fibularis longus Ankle: plantarflexion

Intertarsal: eversion Superficial fibular Fibula (proximal shaft)

Tarsus (medial cuneiform)

Digit 1 metatarsal

Fibularis brevis Ankle: plantarflexion

Intertarsal: eversion Superficial Fibular

Fibula (middle and distal shaft)

Digit 5 metatarsal


7

Table 4-1

ANTERIOR THIGH MUSCLES Hip joint flexion, knee joint extension, and other actions


Sartorius Hip: flexion, lateral rotation

Knee: flexion

Femoral Pelvis (anterior superior iliac spine)

Tibia (proximal shaft)

Rectus femoris Hip: flexion

Knee: extension

Femoral Pelvis (anterior inferior iliac spine) Tibia (tuberosity) via the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament

Vastus lateralis Knee: extension Femoral Femur (lateral shaft) Tibia (tuberosity) via the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament

Vastus intermedius Knee: extension Femoral Femur (anterior shaft) Tibia (tuberosity) via the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament

Vastus medialis Knee: extension Femoral Femur (medial shaft) Tibia (tuberosity) via the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament

Table 4-2

ANTERIOR HIP MUSCLES Hip joint flexion and other actions


Iliopsoas

Psoas major

Iliacus

Lumbar intervertebral joint: flexion

Hip: flexion

Hip: flexion

Lumbar ventral rami (L1, L2, L3) and femoral

Femoral

Lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs

Pelvis ( iliac fossa)

Femur (lesser trochanter)

Pectineus Hip: flexion and adduction

Femoral Pubis (superior ramus) Femur (pectineal line)


8

Table 4-3

MEDIAL THIGH MUSCLES Hip joint adduction and other motions


Gracilis Hip: adduction

Knee: flexion

Obturator Pubis (body and ischiopubic ramus)

Tibia (proximal shaft)

Adductor longus Hip: adduction Obturator Pubis (body) Femur (linea aspera)

Adductor brevis Hip: adduction Obturator Pubis (body) and ischiopubic ramus

Femur (linea aspera)

Adductor magnus Hip: adduction Obturator Ischium (ischial tuberosity) and ischiopubic ramus

Femur (linea aspera and adductor tubercle)

Obturator externus Hip: adduction and lateral rotation

Obturator Pelvis (obturator foramen and obturator membrane)

Femur (trochanteric fossa)

Table 4-4

ANTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES Ankle joint dorsiflexion and other motions


Tibialis anterior Ankle: dorsiflexion

Intersal: inversion

Deep fibular Tibia (proximal shaft)


Tarsus (medial cuneiform)

Digit 1 metatarsal (base)

Extensor hallucis longus

Ankle: dorsiflexion

Digit 1 MCP, PIP joints: extension

Deep fibular Fibula (middle shaft)


Digit 1 distal phalanx

Extensor digitorum longus

Ankle: dorsiflexion

Digits 2-5 MCP, PIP, DIP joints: extension

Deep fibular Fibula (head and proximal shaft)

Tibia (lateral condyle)

Digits 2-5 middle and distal phalanges

Fibularis tertius Ankle: dorsiflexion

Intersal: eversion

Deep fibular Fibula (distal shaft) Digit 5 metatarsal


9

Table 5-1

ANTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES II Shoulder flexor and other motions


Pectoralis major

Shoulder joint: adduction, flexion, and medial rotation.

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Sternum (manubrium and body)

Costal cartilages 1-7

Clavicle (medial half)

Humerus (intertubercular groove)

Table 5-2

ANTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES I Muscles moving the scapula on the trunk


Pectoralis minor Scapula on trunk: protraction, depression

Medial pectoral

Ribs 3-5 near costo-chondral joints

Scapula (coracoid process)

Serratus anterior Scapula on trunk: protraction, draws vertebral border of scapula toward thoracic wall.

Long thoracic Ribs 1-9 laterally Scapula (medial border)

Table 5-3

ANTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES III Anterior rotator cuff muscle*, shoulder stabilization and medial rotation


Subscapularis Shoulder: stabilization

Shoulder: medial rotation

Subscapular Scapula (subscapular fossa) Humerus (lesser tubercle)

*The posterior rotator cuff muscles appear above.


10

Table 5-4

ANTERIOR BRACHIAL MUSCLES Shoulder joint and/or elbow joint flexion


Coracobrachialis Shoulder: flexion Musculocutaneous Scapula (coracoid process) Humerus (midshaft)

Biceps brachii

Long head

Short head

Shoulder: flexion

Elbow: flexion, sSupination when the elbow is flexed

Elbow: flexion, supination when elbow is flexed

Musculocutaneous

Scapula (supraglenoid tubercle)

Scapula (coracoid process)

Radius (tuberosity)

Antebrachial fascia

Brachialis Elbow: flexion Musculocutaneous, contribution from radial

Humerus (anterior surface) Ulna (tuberosity)

Table 5-5

ANTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES, SUPERFICIAL GROUP Wrist joint and/or digital flexion, and other motions including pronation


Pronator teres Radioulnar joint: pronation

Median Humerus (medial epicondyle)

Ulna (coronoid process)

Radius (midshaft)

Flexor carpi radialis Wrist: flexion

Wrist: abduction


Digit 2 metacarpal

Palmaris longus Wrist: flexion Median Humerus (medial epicondyle)

Palmar aponeurosis

Flexor digitorum superficialis Wrist: flexion

Digit 2-5 MCP and PIP joints: flexion


Ulna (coronoid process)

Radius (proximal shaft)

Digit 2-5 middle phalanges

Flexor carpi ulnaris Wrist: flexion

Wrist: adduction

Ulnar Humerus (medial epicondyle)

Ulna (olecranon and proximal shaft)

Carpus (pisiform and hamate)

Digit 5 metacarpal


11

Table 5-6

ANTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES, DEEP GROUP Wrist and/or digital flexion and other motions including pronation


Flexor pollicis longus Wrist: flexion

Digit 1 MCP, IP joints: flexion

Median Radius (proximal shaft)


Digit 1 distal phalanx

Flexor digitorum profundus

Tendons to digits 2 and 3

Tendons to digits 4 and 5

Wrist: flexion

Digit 2-3 MCP PIP, and DIP joints: flexion

Digit 2-3 MCP PIP, and DIP joints: flexion

Median

Ulnar

Ulna (most of shaft)


Digit 2-5 distal phalanges

Pronator quadratus Radioulnar joints: pronation

Median Ulna (distal shaft) Radius (distal shaft)

Table 6-1

INTRINSIC DORSAL HAND MUSCLES MCP joint flexion and extension, DIP and PIP extension


Dorsal interossei (2 heads)

Digit 2-4 MCP joints: abduction and flexion

Digit 2-4 PIP and DIP joints: extension

Ulnar Digit 1-5 metacarpals

(adjacent surfaces) Digit 2-4 extensor

expansions

Table 6-2

INTRINSIC PALMAR HAND MUSCLES, THENAR GROUP Digit 1 CMC joint abduction and opposition and CMC and MCP joint flexion


Abductor pollicis brevis

Digit 1 CMC joint: abduction Median Carpus (scaphoid and

trapezium) Digit 1 proximal

phalanx

Flexor pollicis brevis Digit 1 CMC, MCP joint:

flexion Median Carpus (trapezium) Digit 1 proximal phalanx

Opponens pollicis Digit 1 CMC joint: opposition Median Carpus (trapezium) Digit 1 metacarpal


12

Table 6-3

INTRINSIC PALMAR HAND MUSCLES, HYPOTHENAR GROUP

Digit 5 MCP joint abduction, flexion, and opposition


Abductor digiti minimi Digit 5 MCP joint: abduction Ulnar Carpus (pisiform) Digit 5 proximal phalanx

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Digit 5 MCP joint: flexion Ulnar Carpus (hamate) Digit 5 proximal phalanx

Opponens digiti minimi Digit 5 MCP joint: opposition Ulnar Carpus (hamate) Metacarpal 5

Table 6-4

INTRINSIC PALMAR HAND MUSCLES, INTERMEDIATE GROUP

Digit 1 CMC joint adduction or MCP joint adduction and flexion and PIP and DIP extension


Adductor pollicis Digit 1 CMC joint:

adduction Ulnar

Carpus (capitate), digit 2 and 3 metacarpals

Digit 1 proximal phalanx (base)

Palmar interossei

Digit 2, 4, 5 MCP joint: adduction and flexion

Digit 2,4,5 PIP and DIP joint: extension

Ulnar Digit 2,4, 5 metacarpals

(palmar axial surfaces) Digit 2,4,5, extensor

expansions

Lumbricals to digits 4 and 5

Digit 4 and 5 MCP joint: flexion

Digit 4 and 5 PIP joint: extension

Ulnar Flexor digitorum

profundus tendons Digit 4 and 5 extensor

expansions

Lumbricals to digits 2 and 3

Digit 2 and 3 MCP joint: flexion

Digit 2 and 3 PIP and PIP joints: extension

Median Flexor digitorum

profundus tendons Digit 2-3 extensor

expansions


13

Table 7-1

INTRINSIC DORSAL FOOT MUSCLES

Digital extension, other motions

Muscle Action Innervation Proximal attachment Distal attachment

Extensor digitorum brevis*

Digits 2-4 MTP, PIP, DIP joints: extension

Deep fibular Calcaneus (dorsolateral

surface) Digit 2-4 extensor expansions

Extensor hallucis brevis Digit 1 MTP joint:

extension Deep fibular

Calcaneus (dorsolateral surface)


Dorsal interossei (4) (2 heads)

Digit 3-5 MTP joint: abduction and flexion

Digits 3-5 PIP and DIP joints: extension

Lateral plantar nerve

Digit 1-5 metacarpals (adjacent surfaces)

Digits 3-4 extensor expansions

Table 7-1

INTRINSIC PLANTAR FOOT MUSCLES, `HALAR’ GROUP Digit 1 MTP joint abduction or abduction


Abductor hallucis Digit 1 MTP joint:

abduction, flexion Medial plantar

Calcaneus, medial process of tuberosity


Flexor hallucis brevis Digit 1MTP joint: flexion Medial plantar Small tarsal bones,

cuboid and lateral cuneiform


Table 7-1

INTRINSIC PLANTAR FOOT MUSCLES, `HYPOHALAR’ GROUP Digit 5 MTP joint abduction or flexion


Abductor digiti minimi Digit 5 MTP joint: abduction,

flexion Lateral plantar

Calcaneus, lateral process of tuberosity


Flexor digiti minimi Digit 5 MTP joint: flexion Lateral plantar Digit 5 metatarsal Digit 5 proximal phalanx


14

Table 7-1

INTRINSIC PLANTAR FOOT MUSCLES, INTERMEDIATE GROUP Digit 1 CMC joint adduction or MCP joint adduction and flexion and PIP and DIP extension

Digital flexion, other motions


Flexor digitorum brevis* Digit 2-4 MTP and PIP

joints: flexion Medial plantar Calcaneus (tuberosity) Digit 2-4 middle phalanges

Quadratus plantae

Supports longitudinal arch of foot

Digit 2-4 digital flexion

Lateral plantar Calcaneus (tuberosity) Flexor digitorum longus

tendon

Adductor hallucis

Oblique head

Transverse head

Digit 1 CMC joint: adduction Lateral plantar

Cuboid, lateral cuneiform

Digit 2-4 MTP joint capsule


Plantar interossei

Digit 3,4,5 MCP joints: adduction and flexion

Digit 3,4,5 PIP and DIP joints: extension

Lateral plantar Digit 3-5 metatarsals

(axial surfaces) Digit 3-5 extensor

expansions

Digit 4 and 5 lumbricals

Digit 4 and 5 MTP joint: flexion

Digit 4 and 5 PIP and DIP joint: extension

Lateral plantar Flexor digitorum longus

tendons Extensor expansion

Digit 2 and 3 lumbricals

Digit 2 and 3 MTP joint: flexion

Digit 2 and 3 PIP and DIP joint: extension

Medial plantar Flexor digitorum longus

tendons Extensor expansion

*Functionally similar to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle in the upper limb

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TABLES OF MUSCLE ACTIONS, INNERVATIONS, AND ATTACHMENTS

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