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Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together Pfaff Introduction Data Analysis Forecasting Model Risk Model Linear Program Simulated Portfolio Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfaff [email protected] Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main The 2nd International R/Rmetrics User and Developer Workshop 29 June – 3 July 2007, Meielisalp, Lake Thune, Switzerland
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Page 1: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Tactical Asset Allocation:Putting the Pieces Together

Dr. Bernhard [email protected]

Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main

The 2nd International R/Rmetrics User and DeveloperWorkshop

29 June – 3 July 2007, Meielisalp, Lake Thune,Switzerland

Page 2: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Contents

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Page 3: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

IntroductionOverview

Cash-portfolio with futures strategy.

Long/short positions are allowed.

Should cover the major bond and equity markets.

Should include a protection mechanism.

Fully-hedged against currency risk.

Page 4: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

IntroductionThe Pieces and Packages

Forecasting model, e.g. vars and urca

Risk model, e.q. fExtremes and QRMlib

Linear integer program, e.q. glpk

Page 5: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Data AnalysisData

Continuous settlement (Wednesdays’ closing prices) of:

Exchange : Instrument DS-Mnemonic Multiple

Equity

CME: S&P 500 ISPCS00 250 USD / IPEUREX: DJ EURO STOXX 50 GEXCS00 10 EUR / IPLIFFE: FTSE 250 LSYCS00 10 GBP / IPOSX: NIKKEI 225 ONACS00 1000 JPY / IP

Bond

CBT: 10 YEAR US T-NOTE CTYCS00 1000 USD / 100 BPEUREX: EURO BUND GGECS00 1000 EUR / 100 BPLIFFE: LONG GILT LIGCS00 1000 GBP / 100 BPTSE: 10 YEAR T-BOND JGBCS00 1000000 JPY / 100 BP

Page 6: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Data AnalysisU.S. Equity

800

1200

1600

US

D

2000 2004 2008

Price of Future

−6

−2

24

6

Continuous Returns

Per

cent

2000 2004 2008

−3 −1 0 1 2 3

0.0

0.2

0.4

Density Plot of Returns

N = 2334 Bandwidth = 0.1785

Den

sity

●●

●●●●●●●●●

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●●●

−3 −1 0 1 2 3

−6

−2

02

4QQ−Plot of Returns

Normal Quantiles

Ord

ered

Dat

a

Page 7: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Data AnalysisEurobloc Equity

2000

4000

EU

R

2000 2004 2008

Price of Future

−10

−5

05

Continuous Returns

Per

cent

2000 2004 2008

−4 −2 0 2 4

0.00

0.15

0.30

Density Plot of Returns

N = 2356 Bandwidth = 0.2228

Den

sity

●●●●●●●●●

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−3 −1 0 1 2 3

−6

−2

24

6QQ−Plot of Returns

Normal Quantiles

Ord

ered

Dat

a

Page 8: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Data AnalysisU.K. Equity

4000

8000

1200

0

GB

P

2000 2004 2008

Price of Future

−4

−2

02

4

Continuous Returns

Per

cent

2000 2004 2008

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Density Plot of Returns

N = 2341 Bandwidth = 0.1347

Den

sity

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

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Page 9: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Data AnalysisJapan Equity

8000

1400

020

000

JPY

2000 2004 2008

Price of Future

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2000 2004 2008

−4 −2 0 2 4

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Page 10: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Data AnalysisU.S. Bond

9510

511

5

US

D

2000 2004 2008

Price of Future

−3

−2

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2000 2004 2008

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Density Plot of Returns

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Page 11: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Data AnalysisEurobloc Bond

105

115

EU

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2000 2004 2008

Price of Future

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−3 −1 0 1 2 3

−4

−2

02

4QQ−Plot of Returns

Normal Quantiles

Ord

ered

Dat

a

Page 12: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Data AnalysisU.K. Bond

100

105

110

115

GB

P

2000 2004 2008

Price of Future

−1

01

23

4

Continuous Returns

Per

cent

2000 2004 2008

−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

Density Plot of Returns

N = 2338 Bandwidth = 0.05647

Den

sity

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

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−3 −1 0 1 2 3

05

10QQ−Plot of Returns

Normal Quantiles

Ord

ered

Dat

a

Page 13: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Data AnalysisJapan Bond

130

135

140

145

JPY

2000 2004 2008

Price of Future

−1.

50.

01.

0

Continuous Returns

Per

cent

2000 2004 2008

−0.5 0.0 0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Density Plot of Returns

N = 2236 Bandwidth = 0.04195

Den

sity

●●●

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●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

−3 −1 0 1 2 3

−6

−2

24

6QQ−Plot of Returns

Normal Quantiles

Ord

ered

Dat

a

Page 14: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Forecasting ModelVector Error-correction Model (VECM)

VECM specified in transitory form with one laggeddifference.

Logarithmic transformation applied.

Full sample period from 1999-01-06 until 2008-04-30.

Pseudo ex ante forecasts starting 2002-11-06.

One-step ahead forecasts are obtained from impliedlevel-VAR.

Page 15: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Forecasting ModelERS Tests, Equities

variable statistic 1% 5% 10% lags

U.S. level −1.39 −3.48 −2.89 −2.57 8U.S. difference −5.57 −2.57 −1.94 −1.62 8Eurobloc level −1.27 −3.48 −2.89 −2.57 8Eurobloc difference −5.45 −2.57 −1.94 −1.62 8U.K. level −1.29 −3.48 −2.89 −2.57 8U.K. difference −13.50 −2.57 −1.94 −1.62 8Japan level −1.37 −3.48 −2.89 −2.57 8Japan difference −4.81 −2.57 −1.94 −1.62 8

Page 16: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Forecasting ModelERS Tests, Bonds

variable statistic 1% 5% 10% lags

U.S. level −1.98 −3.48 −2.89 −2.57 8U.S. difference −6.33 −2.57 −1.94 −1.62 8Eurobloc level −1.46 −3.48 −2.89 −2.57 8Eurobloc difference −15.57 −2.57 −1.94 −1.62 8U.K. level −2.25 −3.48 −2.89 −2.57 8U.K. difference −5.22 −2.57 −1.94 −1.62 8Japan level −1.54 −3.48 −2.89 −2.57 8Japan difference −3.35 −2.57 −1.94 −1.62 8

Page 17: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Forecasting ModelKPSS Tests, Equities

variable statistic 1% 5% 10% lags

U.S. level 5.49 0.216 0.146 0.119 8U.S. difference 0.11 0.739 0.463 0.347 8Eurobloc level 4.66 0.216 0.146 0.119 8Eurobloc difference 0.14 0.739 0.463 0.347 8U.K. level 5.51 0.216 0.146 0.119 8U.K. difference 0.15 0.739 0.463 0.347 8Japan level 5.40 0.216 0.146 0.119 8Japan difference 0.13 0.739 0.463 0.347 8

Page 18: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Forecasting ModelKPSS Tests, Bonds

variable statistic 1% 5% 10% lags

U.S. level 3.73 0.216 0.146 0.119 8U.S. difference 0.07 0.739 0.463 0.347 8Eurobloc level 2.18 0.216 0.146 0.119 8Eurobloc difference 0.13 0.739 0.463 0.347 8U.K. level 1.45 0.216 0.146 0.119 8U.K. difference 0.05 0.739 0.463 0.347 8Japan level 4.21 0.216 0.146 0.119 8Japan difference 0.12 0.739 0.463 0.347 8

Page 19: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Forecasting ModelResults of Trace Test

rank statistic 10% 5% 1%

r ≤ 7 0.39 6.50 8.18 11.65r ≤ 6 6.82 15.66 17.95 23.52r ≤ 5 17.95 28.71 31.52 37.22r ≤ 4 32.91 45.23 48.28 55.43r ≤ 3 54.48 66.49 70.60 78.87r ≤ 2 83.30 85.18 90.39 104.20r ≤ 1 123.52 118.99 124.25 136.06r = 0 177.79 151.38 157.11 168.92

Conclusion: Cointegration rank of r = 2 cannot be rejected.

Page 20: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelSettings and Quantitative Risk Measures

Usage of expected shortfall (ES) numbers.

Rolling window of 1000 observations per instrument.

Estimates based on EVT (POT-method).

Backtest period from 04-11-2002 to 29-04-2008.

KISS: No combined GARCH & ES forecast.

Instead, ES of last trading day used as forecast fortoday’s ES.

Page 21: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelOverview Long-Positions, 99%-Level

Instrument Expected VaR-GPD ES-GPD VaR-NormEquity

U.S. 14 20 6 23Eurobloc 14 12 4 18U.K. 14 21 9 36Japan 14 18 7 28

BondsU.S. 14 17 6 28Eurobloc 14 13 6 25U.K. 14 13 4 21Japan 14 12 3 25

Page 22: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelU.S. Equity: VaR & ES (Long, 99%)

−4

−2

02

4

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

U.S. Equity

2.0

3.0

4.0

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

6 shortfalls

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

20 shortfalls

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

23 shortfalls

Page 23: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelEurobloc Equity: VaR & ES (Long, 99%)

−5

05

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

Eurobloc Equity

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

4 shortfalls

2.5

3.5

4.5

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

12 shortfalls

2.0

3.0

4.0

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

18 shortfalls

Page 24: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelU.K. Equity: VaR & ES (Long, 99%)

−4

−2

02

4

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

U.K. Equity

2.6

3.0

3.4

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

9 shortfalls

2.2

2.6

3.0

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

21 shortfalls

1.7

1.9

2.1

2.3

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

36 shortfalls

Page 25: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelJapan Equity: VaR & ES (Long, 99%)

−6

−2

02

4

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

Japan Equity

4.0

4.4

4.8

5.2

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

7 shortfalls

3.0

3.4

3.8

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

18 shortfalls

2.6

3.0

3.4

3.8

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

28 shortfalls

Page 26: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelU.S. Bond: VaR & ES (Long, 99%)

−3

−2

−1

01

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

U.S. Bond

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

6 shortfalls

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

17 shortfalls

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

28 shortfalls

Page 27: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelEurobloc Bond: VaR & ES (Long, 99%)

−1.

00.

01.

0

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

Eurobloc Bond

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

6 shortfalls

0.65

0.75

0.85

0.95

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

13 shortfalls

0.60

0.70

0.80

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

25 shortfalls

Page 28: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelU.K. Bond: VaR & ES (Long, 99%)

−1.

00.

01.

0

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

U.K. Bond

0.8

1.0

1.2

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

4 shortfalls

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

13 shortfalls

0.65

0.75

0.85

0.95

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

21 shortfalls

Page 29: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelJapan Bond: VaR & ES (Long, 99%)

−1.

5−

0.5

0.5

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

Japan Bond

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

3 shortfalls

0.6

0.8

1.0

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

12 shortfalls

0.55

0.65

0.75

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

25 shortfalls

Page 30: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelOverview Short-Positions, 99%-Level

Instrument Expected VaR-GPD ES-GPD VaR-NormEquity

U.S. 14 14 8 16Eurobloc 14 13 7 13U.K. 14 24 6 30Japan 14 14 5 14

BondsU.S. 14 21 8 18Eurobloc 14 19 9 16U.K. 14 14 3 13Japan 14 16 5 18

Page 31: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelU.S. Equity: VaR & ES (Short, 99%)

−4

−2

02

4

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

U.S. Equity

2.0

3.0

4.0

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

8 exceedances

2.0

3.0

4.0

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

14 exceedances

2.0

2.5

3.0

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

16 exceedances

Page 32: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelEurobloc Equity: VaR & ES (Short, 99%)

−5

05

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

Eurobloc Equity

34

56

7

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

7 exceedances

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

13 exceedances

2.5

3.5

4.5

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

13 exceedances

Page 33: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelU.K. Equity: VaR & ES (Short, 99%)

−4

−2

02

4

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

U.K. Equity

2.6

3.0

3.4

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

6 exceedances

1.8

2.2

2.6

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

24 exceedances

1.9

2.1

2.3

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

30 exceedances

Page 34: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelJapan Equity: VaR & ES (Short, 99%)

−6

−2

02

4

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

Japan Equity

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

5 exceedances

2.6

3.0

3.4

3.8

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

14 exceedances

2.8

3.2

3.6

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

14 exceedances

Page 35: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelU.S. Bond: VaR & ES (Short, 99%)

−3

−2

−1

01

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

U.S. Bond

1.05

1.15

1.25

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

8 exceedances

0.80

0.90

1.00

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

21 exceedances

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

18 exceedances

Page 36: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelEurobloc Bond: VaR & ES (Short, 99%)

−1.

00.

01.

0

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

Eurobloc Bond

0.70

0.80

0.90

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

9 exceedances

0.60

0.70

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

19 exceedances

0.60

0.70

0.80

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

16 exceedances

Page 37: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelU.K. Bond: VaR & ES (Short, 99%)

−1.

00.

01.

0

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

U.K. Bond

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

3 exceedances

0.65

0.75

0.85

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

14 exceedances

0.65

0.75

0.85

0.95

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

13 exceedances

Page 38: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Risk ModelJapan Bond: VaR & ES (Short, 99%)

−1.

5−

0.5

0.5

Con

tinuo

us r

etur

n, p

erce

ntag

es

2003 2005 2007

Japan Bond

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

ES (GPD)

5 exceedances

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (GPD)

16 exceedances

0.55

0.65

0.75

perc

enta

ges

2003 2005 2007

VaR (Normal)

18 exceedances

Page 39: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Linear integer programTarget function

Maximize:

z =n∑

i=1

|∆pfi |mixi , (1)

whereby |∆pfi | is the absolute expected price change of

the i-th future contract, mi is the correspondingmultiple and xi is the integer number of contracts tobuy or sell.

The expected price changes are denominated in Euro.

Page 40: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Linear integer programRestrictions, I

Budget:

w ≥n∑

i=1

pimixi . (2)

whereby w is the portfolio wealth.

Buffer:

p ≥n∑

i=1

pimi rixi , (3)

whereby p assigns the risk buffer and ri is the risk factor.

Equity share:

qa1 ≤1

w

nequity∑j=1

pjmjxj ≤ qa2 , (4)

whereby qa1 and qa2 are the equity bounds.

Page 41: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Linear integer programRestrictions, II

Bond share:

qr1 ≤1

w

nbonds∑j=1

pjmjxj ≤ qr2 (5)

whereby qr1 and qr2 are the fixed income bounds.

Shorts:

qs ≥ 1

w

nshort∑j=1

pjmjxj , (6)

whereby qs is the upper bound on short positions.

Page 42: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioAssumptions and sample, I

Begin of simulation: 2002-10-30.

End of simulation: 2008-04-23.

Risk-free rate: 1-week Euribor.

Usage of 99% ES-rate derived from GPD-distribution(POT-method).

Scaling of daily ES by√

7.

No transaction costs and fully hedged.

Page 43: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioAssumptions and sample, II

Initial wealth, w , 1,000,000 Euro.

Risk buffer: 90% of the highest wealth amount(high-watermark).

Equity share between 10% and 90% of wealth.

Bonds share between 10% and 90%.

Maximal amount of short positions as high as 50% ofwealth.

Only trade if expected return is greater than 200 BPabove 1 week risk-free rate.

Page 44: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioPortfolio vs. Cash

1000

000

1400

000

1800

000

EU

R

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

PortfolioMoney Market

Page 45: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioCash rate

020

4060

80

Per

cent

age

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Page 46: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioEquity Contribution

−60

000

040

000

EU

R

2003 2005 2007

U.S. Equity

−60

000

040

000

EU

R

2003 2005 2007

Eurobloc Equity−

6000

00

4000

0

EU

R

2003 2005 2007

U.K. Equity−

6000

00

4000

0

EU

R

2003 2005 2007

Japan Equity

Page 47: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioCumulated Contribution from Equity Futures

U.S. Eurobloc U.K. Japan

0e+

001e

+05

2e+

053e

+05

4e+

05

Page 48: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioNumber of Traded Equity Futures

U.S. Eurobloc U.K. Japan

050

010

0015

0020

0025

00

Page 49: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioAverage Return from Equity Futures

U.S. Eurobloc U.K. Japan

020

040

060

080

0

Page 50: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioBond Contribution

−50

000

5000

EU

R

2003 2005 2007

U.S. Bond

−50

000

5000

EU

R

2003 2005 2007

Eurobloc Bond−

5000

050

00

EU

R

2003 2005 2007

U.K. Bond−

5000

050

00

EU

R

2003 2005 2007

Japan Bond

Page 51: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioCumulated Contribution from Bond Futures

U.S. Eurobloc U.K. Japan

050

0010

000

1500

020

000

2500

030

000

Page 52: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioNumber of Traded Bond Futures

U.S. Eurobloc U.K. Japan

050

010

0015

0020

0025

00

Page 53: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioAverage Return from Bond Futures

U.S. Eurobloc U.K. Japan

020

040

060

080

0

Page 54: Tactical Asset Allocation: Putting the Pieces Together · Putting the Pieces Together Dr. Bernhard Pfa bernhard_pfaff@fra.invesco.com Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt

Tactical AssetAllocation:

Putting the PiecesTogether

Pfaff

Introduction

Data Analysis

Forecasting Model

Risk Model

Linear Program

Simulated Portfolio

Simulated PortfolioPortfolio Characteristics

Sharp ratio: 1.42

Number of futures traded: 5348.

Average return per single future: 155 EUR.

Maximal draw down equities: -66310 EUR.

Maximal draw down bonds: -8939 EUR.

Contribution from tactical allocation: 831985 EUR.

End value of portfolio: 2042979 EUR.


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