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Take a guess…
Which type of animal are most vertebrates?
Chordates
Chordate Example:
Mrs. Holden’s 17 year old childhood pet cat “Mookie” (class Mammalia) after a trip
to the groomer for a “lion cut”…
Trends in animal evolution- as animals get more advanced they have more features than the prior phylum
PHYLUM CHORDATA
4 characteristics present AT SOME TIME during life cycle1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
2. Notochord – long, supportive rod, below nerve cord*
3. Pharyngeal gill slits – in neck or throat region
4. Post-anal tail – extends beyond anus
Nonvertebrate ChordatesTwo groups do NOT have backbones:
1. Tunicates:filter feeders, larval form has chordate characteristics, adults do not2. Lancelets:small, fish-like, live on sandy
ocean bottom
Chordate OriginsMany studies suggest that the most ancient
chordates were closely related to echinoderms
Most Chordates are Vertebrates…
Vertebrate: a chordate that has a strong supporting structure called the vertebral column or backbone which is made up of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae
In vertebrates, the dorsal, hollow nerve cord is the spinal cord
Vertebrates have an endoskeleton which grows as the org grows, and is made up of living cells which produce non-living material
Chordate Diversity
PHYLUM CHORDATA – 7 CLASSESCLASSES
CLASS AGNATHA – jawless fishCLASS CHONDRICHTHYES –
cartilaginous fishCLASS OSTEICHTHYES – bony fishCLASS AMPHIBIA - amphibiansCLASS REPTILIA - reptilesCLASS AVES - birdsCLASS MAMMALIA - mammals
Figure 34.8 A hagfish
Agnatha
Figure 34.11 Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray (bottom right)
Chondrichthyes
Figure 34.13 Anatomy of a trout, a representative ray-finned fish
Osteichthyes
Figure 34.18 “Dual life” of a frog (Rana temporaria)
Amphibia
Figure 34.24 Extant reptiles: Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right)
Reptilia
Section 31-2
Esophagus
Crop
Liver
Firstchamberof stomach
Gizzard Smallintestine Cloaca
Pancreas
Air sac
KidneyHeart
Lung
Brain
When a bird eats,food moves downthe esophagus andis stored in the crop.
1
As digestion continues,the food moves throughthe intestines.
4
Undigested food isexcreted through thecloaca.
5
Large intestine
The muscular wallsof the gizzard squeezethe contents, while small stones grind the food.
3
Moistened food passes to the stomach, a two-part chamber. The first chamber secretes acid and enzymes. The partially digested food moves to the second chamber, the gizzard.
Figure 31–14 The Anatomy of a Pigeon
2
Aves
Figure 34.37 Apes: Gibbon (top left), orangutan (top right), gorilla (bottom left), chimpanzee (bottom right)
Mammalia
Evolutionary Trends in VertebratesFrom Water to Land
Land specific adaptations Overcome problems posed by
living on landFrom Simple to Complex
More organized systemsMore efficient systems Increase in size of systemsAppearance of successful
adaptations – such as jaws and paired appendages – has launched adaptive radiations in chordate groups
Temperature Control in Chordates
Notice as the environment temperature changes, so does the temperature for certain ectothermsFish,
Amphibians
The Digestive System of Chordates
Note differences between carnivores and herbivores!
Which has a straighter track?
Which has a larger liver?
Which has a longer intestine?
Chordate Respiration
Aquatic chordates – gillsLand vertebrates - lungs
Chordate Circulation
Those that use gills for respiration have a single-loop circulatory systemBlood travels from the heart to the gills, then to the rest of
the body, and back to the heart in one circuit
Those that use lungs for respiration have a double-loop circulatory system1st loop carries blood between the heart and lungs, oxygen
poor blood from the heart is pumped to the lungs, while oxygen rich blood from the lungs returns to the heart
2nd loop carries blood between the heart and the body – oxygen rich blood from the heart is pumped to the body, while oxygen poor blood from the body returns to the heart
Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-LoopCirculatory System
FISHES MOST REPTILES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,AND MAMMALS
Circulatory Systems of VertebratesWhich type of heart prevents oxygen poor blood from mixing with oxygen rich blood?
Chordate Hearts
Chambers and partitions that help separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood traveling in the circulatory systemGilled vertebrates: 2 chambered heartsAmphibians: 3 chambered heartsReptiles: 3 chambered hearts with partitionsBirds, mammals, crocodiles: 4 chambered
hearts that are completely partitioned
Chordate ExcretionHow to get rid of wastes without losing too
much water?Fishes and aquatic amphibians:
Excrete ammonia directly from gills, skin via diffusion
Mammals, land amphibians, and cartilaginous fishes:Ammonia is changed into urea before excreted using
kidneys
Reptiles and birds:* saves most waterAmmonia is changed into uric acid before excretion
through kidneys
Chordate ResponseNonvertebrate chordates have a relatively simple nervous
system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brainVertebrates have a more complex brain with distinct regions,
each with a different function
Chordate Movement
Nonvertebrate chordates lack bones but have muscles for movement
The skeletal and muscular systems support a vertebrate’s body and make it possible to control movement
Chordate ReproductionOviparous (eggs develop outside mother’s body)Unprotected egg
Most fishes and amphibiansAmniotic egg
Some reptiles, birdsOvoviviparous (eggs develop within the mother’s
body)Sharks, some reptiles
Viviparous (born alive)* most advancedMost mammals
AKS Log Book
Use the notes and CP Ch 33Answer question 6Some of the Vocab will NOT be in the
back of the book!