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TAKING SWING CHANGES TAKING SWING CHANGES TO THE COURSETO THE COURSE
TAKING SWING CHANGES TAKING SWING CHANGES TO THE COURSETO THE COURSE
Eric Alpenfels and Dr. Bob ChristinaEric Alpenfels and Dr. Bob Christina
Pinehurst Golf AcademyPinehurst Golf Academy
TAKING SWING CHANGES TO TAKING SWING CHANGES TO THE COURSETHE COURSE
TAKING SWING CHANGES TO TAKING SWING CHANGES TO THE COURSETHE COURSE
DEPENDS ON MANY FACTORS SUCH AS THE HOW COMPLEX THE SWING CHANGES ARE TO LEARN
HOW EFFECTIVELY THEY ARE TAUGHT
STUDENT’S LEARNING CAPABILITIES, PREVIOUS LEARNING, MOTIVATION, etc.
WAY AND CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THEY ARE PRACTICED
TODAY’S PRESENTATION TODAY’S PRESENTATION FOCUSES ON FOCUSES ON
TODAY’S PRESENTATION TODAY’S PRESENTATION FOCUSES ON FOCUSES ON
THE WAY AND CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH SWING CHANGES ARE PRACTICED
THE THE WAYWAY AND AND CONDITIONSCONDITIONS UNDER UNDER WHICH SWING CHANGES ARE WHICH SWING CHANGES ARE
PRACTICED AFFECTS HOW WELL PRACTICED AFFECTS HOW WELL THEY ARETHEY ARE
LEARNEDLEARNED
REMEMBEREDREMEMBERED
TRANSFERRED TO PLAYTRANSFERRED TO PLAY
IN OTHER WORDS IN OTHER WORDS
ALL ALL WAYSWAYS AND AND CONDITIONSCONDITIONS OF OF PRACTICE DO NOT PRODUCE THE PRACTICE DO NOT PRODUCE THE SAME LEARNING, RETENTION AND SAME LEARNING, RETENTION AND TRANSFER BENEFITSTRANSFER BENEFITS
SOME SOME WAYSWAYS AND AND CONDITIONSCONDITIONS ARE ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN OTHERSMORE EFFECTIVE THAN OTHERS
FOR EXAMPLE, ONE STUDY FOR EXAMPLE, ONE STUDY WE ASKEDWE ASKED
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO PRACTICE USING A DRILL TO PRACTICE USING A DRILL TO LEARN A SWING CHANGE?LEARN A SWING CHANGE?
(Alpenfels & Christina, 2007)(Alpenfels & Christina, 2007)
STUDY METHODSTUDY METHOD
Participants – 78 adults (48 males & 30 Participants – 78 adults (48 males & 30 females); handicaps ranged from 4 to females); handicaps ranged from 4 to 38 (M = 18.6)38 (M = 18.6)
Randomly assigned to six different Randomly assigned to six different practice groups (13 per group) with practice groups (13 per group) with groups balanced for handicap, gender groups balanced for handicap, gender & age & age
Participant’s used their own six iron Participant’s used their own six iron and practiced the Hit-the-Tee Drilland practiced the Hit-the-Tee Drill
STUDY METHSTUDY METHODOD
A total of 54 swings per practice methodA total of 54 swings per practice method
Warm-upWarm-up
Pre-Test Pre-Test
Practice Practice
Post-TestPost-Test
Swing and shot performance measured Swing and shot performance measured by a launch monitor & IClubby a launch monitor & IClub
WHY DID GROUP 1 HIT IT SO MUCH LONGER?
SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THEIR SWING PATH & SWUNG CLUBHEAD MORE DOWN THE TARGET LINE FOLLOWING DRILL PRACTICE
IMPROVED SWING PATH CREATED BETTER CONTACT, GREATER CLUBHEAD & BALL SPEED, WHICH PRODUCED MORE YARDS
RETURNING TO THE RETURNING TO THE QUESTION OF THIS STUDYQUESTION OF THIS STUDY
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO
PRACTICE USING A DRILL PRACTICE USING A DRILL
OR TRAINING AID TOOR TRAINING AID TO
LEARN A SWING CHANGE?LEARN A SWING CHANGE?
PRACTICE CYCLE OF THREE
PERFORM THE SWING1. DRILL-NO BALL = UNDER THE GUIDANCE
OF THE DRILL OR TRAINING AID WITHOUT HITTING A BALL
2. DRILL- BALL = UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF THE DRILL OR TRAINING AID WHILE HITTING A BALL
3. NO DRILL-BALL = WITHOUT THE DRILL OR TRAINING AID WHILE HITTING A BALL
IN ANOTHER STUDY WE ASKEDIN ANOTHER STUDY WE ASKED
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TOWHAT IS THE BEST WAY TOPRACTICE WITH A DRILL TO TAKE PRACTICE WITH A DRILL TO TAKE THAT LEARNING TO THE THAT LEARNING TO THE COURSE?COURSE?
Christina, Alpenfels & Santiago (2008)Christina, Alpenfels & Santiago (2008)
TWO MAJOR METHODS OF PRACTICE WERE STUDIED
TRADITIONAL – SKILL IS PRACTICED UNDER NON-PLAYING CONDITIONS
TRANSFER – SKILL IS PRACTICED UNDER PLAYING CONDITIONS
COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL AND COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL AND TRANSFERTRANSFER METHODS OF PRACTICEMETHODS OF PRACTICE
TRADITIONAL METHODTRADITIONAL METHOD
ATTENTION FOCUSED ATTENTION FOCUSED ON PRACTICING THE ON PRACTICING THE DRILL-GUIDED SWING IN DRILL-GUIDED SWING IN A PRACTICE CONTEXT A PRACTICE CONTEXT
COGNITIVELY COGNITIVELY CHALLENGED TO THINK CHALLENGED TO THINK ABOUT & LEARN HOW ABOUT & LEARN HOW TO PERFORM THE TO PERFORM THE SWING WHILE SWING WHILE PRACTICING THE DRILL PRACTICING THE DRILL
TRANSFER METHODTRANSFER METHODATTENTION FOCUSEDATTENTION FOCUSED
ON PRACTICING THE ON PRACTICING THE DRILL-GUIDED SWING INDRILL-GUIDED SWING IN A PLAYING CONTEXT A PLAYING CONTEXT
COGNITIVELYCOGNITIVELY CHALLENGED TO THINKCHALLENGED TO THINK ABOUT & DO PLAYINGABOUT & DO PLAYING THINGS WHILETHINGS WHILE PRACTICING THE DRILLPRACTICING THE DRILL TO LEARN THE SWING TO LEARN THE SWING
COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL AND TRANSFERAND TRANSFER METHODS OF METHODS OF
PRACTICE PRACTICE (CONT’D)(CONT’D)
TRADITIONAL METHODTRADITIONAL METHOD
PRODUCES APRODUCES A
SWING THAT WAS SWING THAT WAS
LEARNED IN LEARNED IN
ISOLATION OF AISOLATION OF A
PLAYING CONTEXTPLAYING CONTEXT
TRADITIONAL METHODTRADITIONAL METHOD
PRODUCES APRODUCES A
SWING THAT WAS SWING THAT WAS
LEARNED IN A LEARNED IN A
PLAYING CONTEXTPLAYING CONTEXT
STUDY METHODSTUDY METHODParticipantsParticipants = 30 (male = 25; female = 5); handicaps = 30 (male = 25; female = 5); handicaps ranged from 1 to 15 (M = 6.6); age range = 18 – 22 ranged from 1 to 15 (M = 6.6); age range = 18 – 22 yearsyears
Transfer and Traditional Practice GroupsTransfer and Traditional Practice Groups = = Participants randomly assigned to the groups with the Participants randomly assigned to the groups with the restriction that n = 15 per group & there be a balance restriction that n = 15 per group & there be a balance of handicap, gender & age. of handicap, gender & age.
Golf SkillGolf Skill = Driver Swing (launch monitor & IClub = Driver Swing (launch monitor & IClub measures) & Drive Accuracy (number of drives in measures) & Drive Accuracy (number of drives in fairway (33 yards wide, rough 15 yards on each side & fairway (33 yards wide, rough 15 yards on each side & beyond rough)beyond rough)
FEET-TOGETHER DRILL
HEELS WERE ABOUT 6 INCHES APART
WIDER STANCE TAKEN FOR A DRIVER SWING
BALL WAS TEED UP
PRACTICE GROUP CONDITIONSPRACTICE GROUP CONDITIONSTRADITIONAL GROUPTRADITIONAL GROUP
FEET-TOGETHER DRILLFEET-TOGETHER DRILL
PRACTICE CYCLE OF 3PRACTICE CYCLE OF 3
NO PRE-POST-SHOT NO PRE-POST-SHOT ROUTINESROUTINES
NOT INSTRUCTED TO NOT INSTRUCTED TO PLAY TO ANY TARGET ON PLAY TO ANY TARGET ON THE RANGETHE RANGE
NO SHOT NO SHOT ACCOUNTABILITY, BUT ACCOUNTABILITY, BUT
NOTED THE COMPLETION NOTED THE COMPLETION OF THE CYCLE OF 3OF THE CYCLE OF 3
TRANSFER GROUPTRANSFER GROUPFEET-TOGETHER DRILLFEET-TOGETHER DRILL
PRACTICE CYCLE OF 3PRACTICE CYCLE OF 3
PRE-POST-SHOT PRE-POST-SHOT ROUTINESROUTINES
PLAYED TO A TARGET IN PLAYED TO A TARGET IN EACH OF 3 DIFFERENT EACH OF 3 DIFFERENT FAIRWAYSFAIRWAYS
SHOT ACCOUNTABILITY; SHOT ACCOUNTABILITY; NOTED THE ACCURACY NOTED THE ACCURACY OF EACH DRIVEOF EACH DRIVE
““PRACTICE CYCLE OF 3” USED PRACTICE CYCLE OF 3” USED FOR BOTH GROUPSFOR BOTH GROUPS
1. 1. DRILL – NO BALLDRILL – NO BALL = ONE FULL PRACTICE = ONE FULL PRACTICE SWING WITH FEET TOGETHER SWING WITH FEET TOGETHER
2. 2. DRILL – BALLDRILL – BALL = ONE FULL PRACTICE = ONE FULL PRACTICE SWING DRIVING A BALL WITH FEET SWING DRIVING A BALL WITH FEET TOGETHER TOGETHER
3. 3. NO DRILL – BALLNO DRILL – BALL = ONE FULL SWING = ONE FULL SWING DRIVING A BALL USING REGULAR DRIVING A BALL USING REGULAR STANCE STANCE
PRACTICEPRACTICE PROCEDURES FOR PROCEDURES FOR BOTH GROUPSBOTH GROUPS
15 PRACTICE CYCLES OF THREE PER 15 PRACTICE CYCLES OF THREE PER DAY = 45 TOTAL SWINGS PER DAYDAY = 45 TOTAL SWINGS PER DAY
3 CONSECUTIVE DAYS OF PRACTICE 3 CONSECUTIVE DAYS OF PRACTICE TOTALING 135 DRIVER SWINGSTOTALING 135 DRIVER SWINGS
NO PLAY OR ADDITIONAL PRACTICE NO PLAY OR ADDITIONAL PRACTICE DURING THE 3 DAYSDURING THE 3 DAYS
TESTING PROCEDURESTESTING PROCEDURES_________________DAYS 1, 2, 3__________________________________DAYS 1, 2, 3_________________ PRE-TEST - PRACTICE – POST-TESTPRE-TEST - PRACTICE – POST-TEST ON RANGE ON RANGE
____________________DAY 3_______________________________________DAY 3___________________
TRANSFER TESTTRANSFER TEST ON 1ON 1STST TEE OF COURSE TEE OF COURSE 10 MINUTES AFTER POST-TEST10 MINUTES AFTER POST-TEST
3 PRACTICE SWINGS IN LAUNCH MONITOR & ICLUB 3 PRACTICE SWINGS IN LAUNCH MONITOR & ICLUB TEST CONDITIONS; 3 DRIVES MEASURED; EACH DRIVE TEST CONDITIONS; 3 DRIVES MEASURED; EACH DRIVE
PLAYED TO A TARGET AS IN A MEDAL ROUND PLAYED TO A TARGET AS IN A MEDAL ROUND
RESULTS: EQUALITY OF RESULTS: EQUALITY OF GROUPS AT THE OUTSET OF GROUPS AT THE OUTSET OF
THE STUDYTHE STUDY
SWING PERFORMANCE AND SWING PERFORMANCE AND DRIVING ACCURACY WERE DRIVING ACCURACY WERE STATISTICALLY THE SAME FOR STATISTICALLY THE SAME FOR BOTH GROUPSBOTH GROUPS
RESULTS: OVER 3 DAYS OF RESULTS: OVER 3 DAYS OF DRILL PRACTICE DRILL PRACTICE
SWING SPEED, BALL SPEED, ANGLE SWING SPEED, BALL SPEED, ANGLE OF APPROACH, & CLUB-FACE ANGLE OF APPROACH, & CLUB-FACE ANGLE SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGED ABOUT SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGED ABOUT THE SAME FOR BOTH GROUPSTHE SAME FOR BOTH GROUPS
BOTH GROUPS SIGNIFICANTLY BOTH GROUPS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED ABOUT THE SAME IN IMPROVED ABOUT THE SAME IN DRIVING ACCURACYDRIVING ACCURACY
RESULTS: TRANSFER FROM RESULTS: TRANSFER FROM THE POST-TEST ON DAY 3 TO THE POST-TEST ON DAY 3 TO
THE FIRST TEE THE FIRST TEE
NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OR NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OR GROUP DIFFERENCES IN SWING GROUP DIFFERENCES IN SWING PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE
TRANSFER GROUP MAINTAINED TRANSFER GROUP MAINTAINED THEIR DRIVING ACCURACY, BUT THEIR DRIVING ACCURACY, BUT THE TRADITIONAL GROUP GOT THE TRADITIONAL GROUP GOT APPRECIABLY WORSEAPPRECIABLY WORSE
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
GREATER POSITIVE TRANSFER OF GREATER POSITIVE TRANSFER OF LEARNING FROM THE RANGE TO A LEARNING FROM THE RANGE TO A GOLF COURSE ENVIRONMENT GOLF COURSE ENVIRONMENT OCCURS WHEN A DRILL TO MAKE OCCURS WHEN A DRILL TO MAKE SWING CHANGES IS PRACTICED IN SWING CHANGES IS PRACTICED IN MORE OF A MORE OF A PLAYING CONTEXTPLAYING CONTEXT THAN THAN A NON-PLAYING CONTEXTA NON-PLAYING CONTEXT
RETURNING TO THE RETURNING TO THE QUESTION OF THIS STUDYQUESTION OF THIS STUDY
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO
PRACTICE WITH A DRILL TO PRACTICE WITH A DRILL TO
TAKE THAT LEARNING TO TAKE THAT LEARNING TO
THE COURSE?THE COURSE?
WE ACKNOWLEDGE THAT WE ACKNOWLEDGE THAT MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED
TO REPLICATE OUR FINDINGS & EXTEND THEM TO REPLICATE OUR FINDINGS & EXTEND THEM BEYOND IMMEDIATE TRANSFERBEYOND IMMEDIATE TRANSFER
TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY CAN TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY CAN BE GENERALIZED TO HIGHER HANDICAP BE GENERALIZED TO HIGHER HANDICAP GOLFERS & BEGINNERS GOLFERS & BEGINNERS
TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH PRACTICING IN MORE OF A PLAYING CONTEXT IS PRACTICING IN MORE OF A PLAYING CONTEXT IS APPROPRIATE & EFFECTIVE FOR USE WITH APPROPRIATE & EFFECTIVE FOR USE WITH OTHER DRILLS OR TRAINING AIDSOTHER DRILLS OR TRAINING AIDS