TAKS Review

Taxonomy, Evolution and Adaptations

Binomial Nomenclature

Organisms are given two term names:

genus and species

Humans are :

Homo sapiensGenus is always capitalized

species is not!

Either italicize or underline the name

Levels of Taxonomy

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

GGenus

Species

Kangaroo

Parents

Clapped

Obediently

For

GGreen

Shoes

The Six KingdomsAnimalia

Protista

Archaebacteria

Plantae

Eubacteria

Fungi

Six KingdomsEubacteria Protista Fungi Plants Animals

Cell type?

Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Cell wall?

Yes Yes(peptido-glycan)

Some(cellulose)

Yes(chitin)

Yes(cellulose)

NO

Cell numbers

Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular

or Multi-cellular

Unicellular

or Multi-cellular

Multi-cellular

Multi-cellular

Cellular energy

Both hetero- and autotrophs

Both hetero- and autotrophs

Both hetero- and autotrophs

heterotrophs autotrophs heterotrophs

Archaebacteria

Examples from the 6 KingdomsArchaebacteria

Halophiles, methanogens

Eubacteria E. Coli, Streptococcus

ProtistaEuglena, diatoms, amoeba

Fungi Mushrooms, yeast

PlantaeMoss, ferns, flowering plants, trees

AnimaliaBirds, humans, reptiles, sponges, worms

Practice Question

A laboratory investigation included examining prepared slides of pond water. Single-celled organisms with a nucleus and either cilia or flagella were visible. These organisms probably belong to the kingdom —

F AnimaliaG EubacteriaH PlantaeJ Protista

J

Practice Question

Which of these classifications is most specific?

A Family

B Genus

C Phylum

D Order

B

Practice Question

According to this information, three of these organisms should be placed in the same kingdom. Which organism should be placed in a different kingdom?

F Q

G R

H S

J T

G

Practice Question

Knowledge of which of these is most important in classifying this new organism into a kingdom?

F The color of light absorbed by the organismG The type of radiation emittedH The use of photosynthesisJ The color of the organism

H

Practice Question

The picture shows a piece of rotting wood. Which of these does the picture demonstrate?

F Photosynthesis occurring

G Wood regenerating

H Decomposers growing

J Genes transforming

H

Practice Question

The chart shows the classification of four organisms found in Texas. Which organism is most closely related to Organism X?

A Anolis carolinensis

B Bufo americanus

C Poecile gambeli

D Grus americana C

Practice Question

Which is a characteristic of members of the plant kingdom that distinguishes them from members of the animal kingdom?

A Storage of energy in chemical bondsB Exchange of H2O with the environment

C Use of mRNA during protein productionD Use of chlorophyll for solar-energy

transformation

D

Practice Question

The table above shows percent differences in Cytochrome c in four different animals. According to the table, which two animals are most closely related to each other?

A Horse and dogB Dog and kangarooC Horse and penguinD Penguin and kangaroo

A

Evolution

• Means change over time

• Organisms are suited to their environment, but as their environment changes they also must change or adapt in order to survive.

• Adaptations are characteristics that increase an organisms chances for survival.

Adaptation Questions

• TAKS likes adaptation questions.• For these, think about the environment the

organism is in and what its MOST important needs are!

• Examples– Desert species need water, cooling system

– Tundra species need to keep warm

– Saltwater species need to remove extra salt, breathe underwater

Who is more fit to their environment?

• Polar bears are not naturally found where there are brick walls and dirt.

•The brown bear blends in with the flora found in the Canadian wilderness.

• That’s better!

Speciation: Separation into new species

• Geographic, Temporal and Behavioral isolation can all lead to reproductive isolation.

Bird of paradise mating dance is a distinct behavior of this species

Mountains, rivers even roads can separate two populations of the same species.

Temporal refers to timing. Timing for mating, migrating, feeding etc.

Reproductive Isolation

• When two variations of the same species can no longer interbreed because they are separated by time, behavior or location…

• …they have experienced reproductive isolation. They are no longer part of the same species. They are two different species.

• Speciation has occurred.

Natural Selection

• “Survival of the Fittest”• Organisms that survive long enough to reproduce

have favorable traits.• These traits get passed on to offspring.• They are naturally selected for and become more

common as time goes on.

• FYI: unfavorable traits don’t get passed on as often and are seen less frequently as time goes on.

Practice QuestionWhich of the following is an

adaptation most likely observed in plants growing along Aransas Bay (red dot on map)?

A Sensitivity to green lightB Tolerance of saltwaterC Extension of root lengthD Resistance to predation

B

Practice Question

Cacti grow slowly compared to most other plants. The fact that cacti keep their stomata closed for much of the day can help explain this growth characteristic. Which of these best explains the advantage of keeping stomata closed during the day?

F It limits water loss through transpiration.G It conserves oxygen produced in photosynthesis.H It recycles carbon dioxide within plant systems.J It protects plant tissues from predators.

F

Practice QuestionBackground

Stomata are the little holes mainly on the bottom side of leaves that control H2O loss and CO2 intake.

They can open and close depending on plant needs.

Practice Question

The myxoma virus was used to control an overpopulation of European rabbits in Australia. When first introduced in the mid-1900s, the virus greatly reduced the European rabbit population. Today the virus is not an effective control of the European rabbit population. Fewer European rabbits are affected by the virus today because they have —

F learned to avoid the virus

G moved away from infected areas

H undergone a change in diet

J developed resistance to the virus

J

Practice Question

The guppy is a species of small freshwater fish. Scientists observed that the average size of guppies in a pond decreased over a few years after a guppy predator was introduced into the pond. Which of the following best explains the change in guppy size?

F SpeciationG Convergent evolutionH InbreedingJ Natural selection

J

Practice Question

Some mesquite trees have deeper roots than any other plant in the desert. How are deep roots an adaptation for survival in the desert?

F Deep roots can protect the tree from predators.G Roots encounter cooler conditions far below the

desert surface.H Roots can extend great distances to reach water.J Deep roots interact with beneficial bacteria below

the surface. H

Practice QuestionA man treated his home with a pesticide that kills

roaches. The first application of the pesticide killed 92% of the roaches. Two months later he applied the pesticide to his home again, but the second application killed only 65% of the roaches. What would best explain the decrease in the effectiveness of the pesticide?

F The pesticide is effective only against mature roaches.G Once roaches learned how to fight the pesticide, they taught

others.H The surviving roaches were naturally resistant to the pesticide,

and that resistance was inherited by their offspring.J The pesticide caused some of the roaches’ digestive systems to

mutate and metabolize the pesticide.

H

Practice Question

F Birds become confused by the bug’scoloration, so the bug has time to escape.

G Birds associate the bug’s coloration with its bad taste and avoid eating it.

H Birds are unable to locate the bug’s head, so the bug can escape.

J Birds cannot locate the bug because it appears to be part of the plant.

Which of the following best explains how the milkweed bug’s coloration helps it avoid being eaten by birds?

G

Practice Question

The benefits of spines on a cactus are similar to the benefits of the —

F scales on a butterfly wingG talons on a hawkH whiskers on a catJ shell on a tortoise

J

Practice QuestionSome species of kelp anchor themselves to the

seafloor. These species have small air sacs, called air bladders, at the base of each leaf. The air bladders raise the top of the kelp to the water’s surface. What advantage do air bladders give the kelp?

A They allow the kelp to obtain more salt from the water.B They prevent the kelp from breaking during a storm.C They allow kelp leaves to receive greater amounts of

sunlight.D They provide the kelp with protection from herbivores.

C

Fossils

• Imprints or remains of living things• In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the

deeper it is, the older it is• Gives information about extinct species

What is extinction and what causes it?• A population is extinct when the last of that species is

dead. • Example: There are no more dinosaurs. • What happened? Their habitat was destroyed. When

they no longer have what they need to live, they die.

Analogous and Homologous Features Metacarpals

HumerusUlnaRadius

Homologous structures are derived from a common ancestor structure, but may or may not serve the same purpose.

The bones are homologous.

Analogous structures serve the same purpose. The moth with is analogous to bat and bird wings.

Practice Question

During a severe drought a dry lake

was explored for fossils. The diagram

represents the fossils uncovered and

the layers they were in. According to

this information, this area was once a —

A forest that was replaced by a freshwater lake

B freshwater lake that was replaced by a desert

C saltwater sea that was replaced by a forest

D freshwater lake that was replaced by a forest

A

Practice Question

Birds and reptiles are similar in that they are vertebrates and lay eggs. They differ in that reptiles have teeth and birds have beaks. Some birds do possess teeth. However, these teeth are present only in the embryonic stage. Which conclusion is best supported by the presence of teeth in bird embryos?

A Birds and reptiles share a common ancestor.B Modern reptiles are the ancestors of modern birds.C Birds and reptiles eat similar types of food.D Ancestors of reptiles had beaks similar to those of birds.

A