Tampa FAASTeam Welcome Today’s Presentation Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and...

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Welcome Today’s Presentation

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

Similarities and Differences

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New Rule Eliminates Restriction for CFI Flight Review Requirement

The FAA issued a new direct final rule, published September 16, 2013, that permits an airman who passes a practical test for issuance of a flight instructor certificate, a practical test for the addition of a rating to a flight instructor certificate, a practical test for renewal of a flight instructor certificate, or a practical test for the reinstatement of a flight instructor certificate, to meet the 24-calendar month flight review requirements. The rule overturns a previous legal interpretation from 2008 which concluded that a CFI practical test is not a pilot proficiency check and therefore not eligible to meet the 24 calendar month flight review requirements.

The rule was published as a direct final rule without prior notice and prior public comment since it alleviates unnecessary burdens by expanding the exceptions to flight reviews. It will go into effect on November 15, 2013, unless an adverse comment is received during a 30-day comment period ending October 16, 2013. To view the rule or submit a comment, go to http://www.regulations.gov/and reference docket number FAA-2013-0780.

http://www.regulations.gov/


Similarities and Differences Select Number SO3551764

Basic Knowledge 3 - 1 Credit

Advanced Knowledge 2 - 1 Credit

Master Knowledge 2 - 1 Credit

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Similarities and Differences• Similarities


Similarities and Differences• Similarities• Differences


Similarities and Differences• Similarities• Differences• Simplicity


Similarities and Differences• Similarities• Differences• Simplicity• Complexity


Similarities and Differences• Similarities• Differences• Simplicity• Complexity• Aerodynamics


Similarities and Differences• Similarities• Differences• Simplicity• Complexity• Aerodynamics• Safety


Similarities and Differences• Similarities• Differences• Simplicity• Complexity• Aerodynamics• Safety• Attitude


Personal Safety Standards


Personal Safety Standards

You Never Ever Want To See This


Attitude Flying


Attitude Flying


Attitude Flying

Pro


Attitude Flying

Pro Not So Pro


Attitude Flying

Raise your hand if you are a professional pilot (Airline, Corporate, etc).


Attitude Flying


Raise your hand if you are a Flight Instructor.


Attitude Flying


Raise your hand if you are a Flight Instructor.

Raise your hand if you are a Redneck.


Attitude Flying

What category do you fall into?


Attitude Flying

When someone ask you what category that you fall into, Answer as follows….


Attitude Flying

When someone ask you what category that you fall into, Answer as follows….

I am a professional pilot!

I am the person that “TEACHES” aviation to all of the above!!!




Similarities and Differences• Cessna 421…. The Pilot, 80 years of age, was in good

health, had no aviation violations and had been a pilot since 1985, with 23,000 hours of flight experience.


Similarities and Differences• Cessna 210N… The pilot held an Airline Transport Pilot

Certificate, with airplane single and multi-engine land and instrument ratings. In addition, he held a Flight Instructor Certificate with single engine and instrument airplane ratings.


Similarities and Differences• King Air B200… A fixed-wing single-engine-rated private

pilot and passenger, safely landed King Air B200




Similarities and Differences•Are multi-engine airplanes really safer?


Similarities and Differences•Are multi-engine airplanes really safer?

•Are single-engine airplanes really safer?


Similarities and Differences•Why require an additional rating to fly multi-engine airplanes?


Similarities and Differences•Why require an additional rating to fly multi-engine airplanes?

•Why require an additional rating to fly single-engine airplanes?


Similarities and DifferencesPer flying hour a Twin Engine Airplane

compared to a Single is:

• 2 times more likely to develop problems in ANY of its engines;

• 4 times less likely to develop problems in TWO of its engines.


Similarities and Differences• Approaches


Myths


Myths

•Multi Engine Airplanes are more complex


Myths

• If an engine fails in a twin, the remaining engine will only carry you to the scene of the accident quicker.


Myths

• If an engine fails in a twin, shut down the remaining engine and crash land. Better to land right side up, than otherwise.


Myths

•Bob just got his Private Pilot License


Myths

•Bob just got his Private Pilot License•Bob just bought a new Bonanza


Myths

•Bob just got his Private Pilot License•Bob just bought a new Bonanza•Bob just bought a Baron


Myths

•Bob just got his Private Pilot License•Bob just bought a new Bonanza•Bob just bought a Baron•Bob is going to kill himself in that thing!


FactsWhat Makes us safer ???


FactsWhat Makes us safer ???•Training


FactsWhat Makes us safer ???•Training•Continuing Education / Re-currency


FactsWhat Makes us safer ???•Training•Continuing Education / Re-currency•Additional Rating / Upgrade


FactsWhat Makes us safer ???•Training•Continuing Education / Re-currency•Additional Rating / Upgrade•Practice

FAR Part 61.31 (e)

• A Complex Aircraft is one which has manually or automatically controllable pitch propeller, flaps, and retractable landing gear.

• Note that these aircraft do not have to be over 200 HP.

• To be legal to fly a “Complex Aircraft" under 61.31, you need a sign off by a flight instructor.

FAR Part 61.31 (f)

• A High Performance Aircraft is one which has engine of more than 200 horsepower.

• Note that these aircraft do not have to have retractable gear.

• To be legal to fly a “High Performance Aircraft" under 61.31, you need a sign off by a flight instructor.

FAR Part 61.31 (g)

• A Pressurized Aircraft capable of operating at high altitudes. (certificated above 25,000)

• Note that these aircraft do not have to have retractable gear or more than 200 HP.

• To be legal to fly a “High Altitude Aircraft" under 61.31, you need a sign off by a flight instructor.

FAR Part 61.31 (a)

(a)A person who acts as a pilot in command of any of the following aircraft must hold a type rating for that aircraft:

• (1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air). • (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes. • (3) Other aircraft specified by the

Administrator through aircraft type certificate procedures.

FAR Part 61…

• Sec 61.103 - Eligibility • Sec 61.105 - Aeronautical

Knowledge • Sec 61.107 - Flight Proficiency • Sec 61.109 - Aeronautical

Experience

FAR Part 61…

• Pilots may take their original private pilot or other practical tests in a multi-engine airplane, in which case they will be subject to additional experience requirements.

• A pilot certificate obtained in such a manner will not include single engine piloting privileges (ability to deal with a total power loss is not demonstrated during multi engine certification).

FAR Part 61…

• To add a multi engine rating to a private, commercial, ATP, or CFI certificate, the FAA requires an instructor endorsement and a practical test. A Knowledge test (written) is not required. The practical test includes a detailed oral test.

FAR Part 61…

• To add a single engine rating to a private, commercial, ATP, or CFI certificate, the FAA requires an instructor endorsement and a practical test. A Knowledge test (written) is not required. The practical test includes a detailed oral test.

FAR Part 61.109 (a)

• (a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating must log at least

• 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in §61.107 (b)

http://www.risingup.com/fars/info/part61-107-FAR.shtml


FAR Part 61.109 (b)

• (b) For an airplane multi-engine rating. Except as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and multi engine class rating must log at least

• 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in §61.107 (b) (2)


Beech Baron Take Off Distance

Beech Baron Accelerate To Stop Distance

Accelerate To Stop Distance

• First Response– 3273 and a half feet Sir


• Best Response– 3273 and a half feet Sir– But that’s with a new airplane and a test

pilot– And, if I start stopping exactly when the

engine fails.– Besides, it pretty hot today, and my

brakes, tires, and brain are old.– We better look at the chart and add a

little distance to the 3273 and a half feet!


Accelerate-Stop Distance is the runway required to accelerate to either Vr or Vlof (as specified by the manufacturer) and, assuming an engine failure at that instant, to bring the airplane to a complete stop.

Accelerate To Go Distance

Accelerate-Go Distance is the runway required to accelerate to either Vr or Vlof (as specified by the manufacturer) and, assuming an engine failure at that instant, to continue the takeoff on the remaining engine and climb to a height of 50 feet.

Cessna 172 Take Off Distance

Cessna 172 Take Off Distance• First Response

Cessna 172 Take Off Distance• First Response

– 1125 Feet Sir

Cessna 172 Take Off Distance• Best Response

– 1125 Feet Sir– However, that’s at Standard

temperature with a new airplane and a test pilot

– Let’s look at the AFM and see what it is today for my airplane

– A worst case would be at 5000 ft DA and a temperature of 97 degrees

Cessna 172 Accelerate To Stop Distance

Multi Engine Climb Performance• The loss of an engine in a multi

engine airplane can result in more than 50% of its climb capability.

Multi Engine Climb Performance• The loss of an engine in a multi

engine airplane can result in loss of more than 50% of its climb capability.

• Matter of fact, the loss can be 80% or greater!

Multi Engine Climb Performance• When one engine on a twin fails, you

typically lose 80% to 90% of your excess thrust.

• Which means that if you were climbing at 1200 fpm with both engines, if you configure and fly the aircraft perfectly after an engine failure, you will likely see around 200 fpm, which is pretty bad. !

Multi Engine Climb Performance Aircraft ME roc SE roc

Loss• Seminole 1,340 212

82.78• Navajo 1,390 230

83.45 • Aztec 1,490 240

83.89• Cessna 310 1,495 327 78.13 • Beech Baron 1,694 382

80.70 • Cessna 421 1,850 305 83.51

• Cheyenne ll1,750 470 73.15• King Air 200 2,460 740 70.00• Citation CJ13,290 906 72.50

Cessna 421

• Aircraft ME roc SE rocLoss

• Cessna 421 1,850 305 83.51

• Empty Weight 4700• 75 Gallons 450 75 gal (Max 262

gal)• Pilot 200• TO Weight 5350

• GTOW 6480• Under 1130 **

Cessna 421

• Flight experience of 23,000 hours.• 5,000 hours of flight experience in the

accident airplane,

Cessna 421

• Flight experience of 23,000 hours.• 5,000 hours of flight experience in the

accident airplane,

• Witnesses reported pilot ran the engines to full power for about 20 minutes prior to departure.

• The pilot appeared to be troubleshooting an engine issue.

Cessna 421

• Witnesses near the accident site observed the airplane in a shallow climb from runway 8, flying low, with the right engine on fire. Some of the witnesses reported that the flames were yellow in color and no smoke was observed. The airplane then banked right and descended into a residential area.

Torque

Torque

P - Factor

P - Factor

P – Factor Overhead View

Critical Engine

Critical Engine

Critical Engine

No Critical Engine

VMC – Minimum Controllable Airspeed

• Calibrated Airspeed at which it is possible to control the aircraft when the critical engine becomes inoperative.

VMC – Minimum Controllable Airspeed

• Max Gross Weight• Most AFT CG• Max Power on operating engine• Less than 5 degrees of bank• Flaps In take off position• Gear up

VMC Considerations

• Performance– Gear Up– Flaps Up– Aft CG– Altitude

• Stability– Gear Down– Flaps Down– Fwd CG– Altitude

V Speeds

• Vso Stall Speed (clean) (Green Arc)

• Vs1 Stall (Spec. Config) (White Arc)

• Vmc Min Control Speed (Red Line)• Vne Max Speed (Red Line)

• Vx-Vxse Best Angle (Multi) • Vy-Vyse Best Rate (Multi) (Blue Line)

• Vref Approach Speed (1.3 Vso)

V Speeds

• V1 Decision Speed (Red Line)

• VR Rotation Speed (>V1 <Vx)

• V2 (Vyse) (Blue Line)

• Vfe Flap Operating Speed• Vlo Gear Operating Speed• Vref Approach Speed (1.3 Vso)

V Speeds (Call Outs)

SEL MEL

• Airspeed Alive Both Both• V1 >Vs or Vs1 Red Line• VR >Vs <Vx >Red Line

<V2• Positive Rate Both Both• Gear Up Vlo Vlo• V2 Vy Vyse• Flaps Up Vfe Vfe• 1000 Ft Check List Check List

Engine Failure After Take Off

• Airspeed Maintain Vyse • Mixtures Rich• Props High RPM • Throttles Full Power • Flaps Retracted • Gear Retracted • Identify Which engine failed? • Verify Close inop. engine

throttle • Feather Feather Inop engine

prop


• Which Engine Failed?• Which Engine has not Failed?


• Manifold Pressure• RPM • Oil Pressure• Fuel Flow• Warning Light


• Working Foot – Working Engine• Dead Foot – Dead Engine

• Ball Moves towards Good Engine• Ball Moves away from the Dead

Engine

• Step on the Ball


• Failed Engine• Ball is a good indicator


• Failing Engine• Ball is not a good indicator• Ball will be moving left and right


• IDENTIFY !!!

• VERIFY !!!

• FEATHER !!!


DACH-6

• Airspeed 80 Knots • Throttles MAX Power • Flaps 10 degrees • 1500 ft. Check List


Citation

• Maintain Directional Control• No action until 400 ft• Memory Items only • 1500 ft Checklist


Single

• Speed Best Glide Speed • Action Land

Cruise Flight

Cruise Flight

• Know Your Airplane

• Be familiar with Single Engine Service Ceiling

Single Engine Absolute Ceiling

Cruise Flight

• The single engine service ceiling is the altitude at which twins can no longer climb at 50 feet per minute in smooth air, with one engine feathered, at maximum certificated takeoff weight.

• The single engine absolute ceiling is where the rate of climb is zero.

Cruise Flight

• VMC at altitude– Lower VMC at higher altitude– Lower VMC with lower power

Cruise Flight

Fuel Considerations

• Fuel Needed• Fuel Available• Fuel Available under certain failures

Cruise Flight

• Piper Seminole

• Service Ceiling 15000 ft• Service Ceiling SE 3800 ft

• Stall Speed 55 KIAS• VMC 56 KIAS• Yyse 88 KIAS

Approach and Landing



• Notify ATC or CTAF• Plan for Instrument Approach• Straight In Final Approach

• Go Around Early and High


Bottom Line SEL / MEL


Bottom Line SEL / MEL •Know your airplane


Bottom Line SEL / MEL •Know your airplane•Know your airplane’s limitations


Bottom Line SEL / MEL •Know your airplane•Know your airplane’s limitations•Know your limitations


Bottom Line SEL / MEL •Know your airplane•Know your airplane’s limitations•Know your limitations

•Practice - Practice - Practice


• Proficiency– Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly

multi engine airplanes, but not safely. In normal operations they would be at least twice safer flying a single engine airplane.

– This is due to the higher probability of any of the engines failing in a multi and the consequences of not being prepared to handle those cases.


• Proficiency– Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly

single engine airplanes, but not safely. In normal operations they would be at least twice safer flying a multi engine airplane.

– This is due to the higher probability of an engine failing in a single and the consequences of not being prepared to handle those cases.

Thank You

•Thank you for coming this evening•Thank you for your participation

FLY SAFELY !!!

Date post:	27-Dec-2015
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Tampa FAASTeam Welcome Today’s Presentation Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and...

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