Tapestry 2014 WITH NOTES

8/12/2019 Tapestry 2014 WITH NOTES

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AN INSIGHTFUL ART

Alberto Cairo University of Miamiwww.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

visualization to communicate with general audiences

Dear friends and colleagues, I would like to thank you and the organization of the Tapestry conference for having me here today. I am honored to be able to share some ideas about what I believe the future of visualization may be or,

better, said, about what I WOULDlike it to be. This is going to be a very personal, opinionated presentation, although Ill do my best to explain the reasoning behind all ideas Ill present.I will be sharing these slides with everybody today, so dont worry if you dont have enough time to write down a reference or copy any of the links that I will show. I will also share my notes. This is the first time in fifteen years that Ihave written detailed notes for a presentation, by the way. That says something about how worried I was about having you as an audience!Final side note: Im very sorry that you have to endure all this at 8.45AM. Its cruel, I know. Blame Robert Kosara. Actually, I dont think that it is a coincidence that his avatar on Twitter looks like Flash Gordons Emperor Ming


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, looks like Flash Gordons Emperor Ming. I think that the schedule of the Tapestry conference proves that he is i ndeed an evil mastermind.But Ill do my best to keep you awake, even if that involves dancing or screaming at some point during the presentation.Anyway, the future of visualizationIn the past few months, a number of conferences have tried to answer the following question: What lies ahead for us? Where should we put our resources, our e"orts? What new conceptual or technical developments will define thefields that comprise visualization information news graphics, data visualization, scientific visualization, and the like.I would like to share some thoughts about this matter. I will be focusing on the kind of visualization I am more interested in, which is visualization to communicate with non-specialized audiences. We can call it news visualization,although its not just journalists who produce them. Anybody who does a graphic to explain something to other citizens engages in this kind of activity.


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Is storytelling thefuture of visualization?

Let me begin with storytelling. After all, that word is part of the name of this conference, and it seems to be everywhere nowadays.As a journalist who reads and shares tons of good and also bad journalism every day, I can attest that shaping complex information as stories can certainly be powerful and e"ective.


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http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/beginning-psychology/s12-01-memories-as-types-and-stages.html

SOURCE: Beginning Psychology


We could argue that this also happens when the brain stores memories that are not episodic in nature. When we gain ANY kind of new EXPLICIT knowledge that can be described into mental words, encoded in the mental

language some psychologists call mentalese, the brain always relates it to pre-existing memories. In some cases, these relationships can be similar to stories.
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/beginning-psychology/s12-01-memories-as-types-and-stages.html


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So storytelling can be indeed a very powerful tool. But is storytelling the future of visualization? I believe that it may be, but only in part.

F i G


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http://www.chezvoila.com/blog/visualized14

Francis Gagnon


Is managingcomplexity thefuture ofvisualization?

According to Francis Gagnon, and Im quoting here: the foremost debate of the Visualized 2014 conference, which took place less than a month ago in New York City, was about storytelling, likely because no one defined the term.Yet it seemed like the true theme of the conference, the one to which every speaker was bringing a perspective, was the same: How to make complexity comfortable?
http://www.chezvoila.com/blog/visualized14


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http://hint.fm/projects/wind/

WIND MAPFernanda Viegas and Martin Wattenberg


And yes, I agree. Dealing with the increasing complexity of the world, and with the deluge of data, is a major challenge for visualization.It was a challenge twenty years ago, and it is an even larger challenge today, when digital data is everywhere, and it needs to be visualized to be understandable.But should be dealing with complexity our core goal or value as visualization designers?
http://hint.fm/projects/wind/


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http://fellinlovewithdata.com/reflections/data-soul


Finally, Enrico Bertini in one of his latest posts, mentioned that he recently attended the Aid Data Conference.Enrico was surprised by what political and social scientists would like to see in a visualization, compared to what we are creating for them.Enrico wrote a summary of his impressions. Im quoting: Its stunning for me to see how most (of our) visualization projects are organized around the detection and depiction of trends, patterns, outliers, groupings, and so seldomaround causation. Yet, in most scientific endeavors causal relationships is what matters the most.
http://fellinlovewithdata.com/reflections/data-soul


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Revealingcausation?

Tamingcomplexity?

Telling evidence-based stories?


So what is it? What should be the future of visualization? Storytelling, dealing with complexity, or revealing causation? Can those be considered ultimate goals for those who communicate with the general public through

visualizations?To answer that question, lets ask ourselves: Isnt complexityjust a challenge, storytellingjust a means to deal with that challenge, and revealing causation one of the possible results of meeting that challenge? I believe that theyare.As major goals in visualization, they are too narrow in scope.So what should be the ultimate goal of visualization for communication with general audiences, in my opinion?


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2012


To answer that question I need to talk a bit about what Im working on right now.I dont need to tell you that I wrote that book back in 2012. But what some of you probably dont know is that Im working on a follow-up, tentatively titled The Insightful Art


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2012 2015*

*Fingers crossed!


Thats the dummy cover. By the way, Kim Rees and the other folks at Periscopic still dont know that I might use their Gun Deaths visualization for the cover.And Stephen Few doesnt know that he will write that enthusiastic blurb, either. But he will. Eventually. Im pretty persuasive when I want toAnyway, the bookJust a bit of a warning: SPOILERS ahead, so leave the room if you dont want to know more.


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SPOILERSAHEAD!

warning

Ahead. A-headI could play with that word for a while but only fans of the Game of Thrones show will get my stupid j oke.


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What are the

features that define agreatinfographic or

data visualization?


Back on-topicThe book will be structured into five sections, each one corresponding to one of the features that in my opinion define great information graphics and visualizations for communication.And the last one of those five features is the core value that I believe we should all pursue and keep in mind.So here we go


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1.Truthful2. Functional3. Beautiful4. Insightful5. Enlightening


The first value or goal or feature: Any infographic or visualization should be truthful. I am not talking about the TRUTH, in all caps. THE TRUTH is unattainable even through the most sophisticated analysis techniques.We communicators should be humble enough to drop the word truth and use the word truthful instead. Being truthful implies conveying your best understanding of what the truth behind a phenomenon or a data set is.This smaller truth is not what you would like the truth to be, it is not what benefits your clients or employers, and it i s not what can help you advance your political ideals. It is an evidence-driven, provisional, understanding of the

truth.


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Second, a great visualization should be functional. This is: The visual shapes youll make your data adopt should not depend on your personal aesthetic preferences alone.Quite the contrary. The choice of shapes to encode your data should be tied to the tasks you predict your audience will try to to undertake using your visualization as a tool to gain knowledge. Function should not DICTATE form, butfunction MUST CONSTRAINT form, for sure.I believe that many designers still dont embrace this common sense notion.


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Third of all, a great visualization should be beautiful.I know that beauty is a slippery, subjective, and context-dependent term, but still, I think that we can all agree that a visualization that looks good, that is well designed, that uses type and color in a visually pleasant way, and thatis surprising in some sense, will be more e"ective and e$cient than another one that sticks to, say, Excels defaults.The next feature is, in my opinion, one of the most important ones, and its one that we visualization designers often overlook.


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Great infographics and visualizations are always INSIGHTFUL.That is, they dont just throw tons of data at you, or present just predictable messages, but force you to discover things that are surprising, unexpected, counterintuitive and, ultimately, useful.And to do that, in most cases they take you by the hand and guide you, rather than leaving you alone to let figure stu"out by yourself.


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1.Truthful2. Functional3. Beautiful4. Insightful5.


So we have the first four features that define great infographics. The fifth one is the consequence of paying attention at all those.When you create a graphic (1) that is based on your best understanding of the truth, (2) that is designed in a way that lets people do things with the data e$ciently, (3) that is beautiful and attractive, and (4) that tells me whatsrelevant, surprising, or unexpected, it is very likely that you will CHANGE MY MIND for the better. You will be increasing my knowledge in a significant way. You will be ENLIGHTENING ME.Therefore, feature number five is that any great infographic is


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Enlightening. And enlightening people, citizens, other human beings, is what we should always strive for when designing a visualization.Not to tell stories, or to deal with complexity, not to reveal causation, not to have fun, or be great artists, and so on, and so forth.All those are worthy goals, and we should think about them. But they are BYPRODUCTS.At their core, visualization and infographics should always be about increasing understanding about the world, and about changing peoples minds for the better based on an evidence-driven approach to information.Embracing these ideals is, in my opinion, what will define the future of visualization for communication much more than technological or conceptual innovation.


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TRUTHFUL


Being truthful


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Alberto CairoUniversity of Miami www.thefunctionalart.comTwitter: @albertocairo

We all like to laugh at graphics like these.There are even websites that are devoted to that. They are great fun and they play an important role in our community.But these are easy targets Most visual lies or half-truths nowadays are more insidious, subtle.In my opinion, they are tied to a WELL-KNOWN PHENOMENON that worries journalists a lot

Journalists vs. Public RelationsSpecialists and Managers in the U.S. Chart:


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0

25

50

75

100

1980 1990 2000 2009

per 100,000 people

p g

Public Relations

Specialists and Managers

Radio and TV

Newspapers

Total editorial

workforce

The Insightful Art. PrologueSource:

Which is the rise of P.R. and marketing as a force in the world of communication. This is a chart that I am including in the prologue of The Insightful Art. It is based on research described in the book that you have on screen right now. If the chart doesnt worry you, please think again.Its the comparison of the number of PR specialists per 100,000 people versus the number of journalists per 100,000 people.Of course, we can argue that most P.R. professionals are honest and that some journalists lie. This is true.But massaging data and information in ways that advance certain goals is in the DNA of P.R. while the same approach is considered a mortal sin in journalism.Let me show you a definition of P.R.

htt // llb i h /10 i i l bli l ti 10661 ht l
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/10-principles-public-relations-10661.html


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Never deceive the public (but)present the facts in a way thatsheds as much positive lightonyour company as possible


Every organization and firm and company has a story to tell. And they want to do i t in a way that benefits them the most. So heres the most common definition I have found:(READ)Call me a cynic if you want, but I believe that this definition needs to be re-written.Its second section contradicts the first one. They are telling you, dont lie, BUT So here goes my version

http://smallbusiness chron com/10 principles public relations 10661 html
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/10-principles-public-relations-10661.htmlhttp://smallbusiness.chron.com/10-principles-public-relations-10661.html


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Never deceive the publicunless you cannotpresent thefacts in a way that sheds asmuch positive light on yourcompany as possible

I believe that this a more accurate description of what P.R. is really about.(READ)This worries me.


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http://www.thefunctionalart.com/2014/01/article-about-infographics-gets.html
http://www.thefunctionalart.com/2014/01/article-about-infographics-gets.html


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The thought starts with the message and then gets into putting other relatedinformation together to support it instead of starting with the data and thinkingof what to make of it the message. The advantage of taking this route is alsothat you are not just restricted by topics or numbers or just presenting news.You can go a step further and air your views too to make a point.

Raj Kamal

Just one example of where this could lead us, to illustrate that theres real danger here.This is a quote from an article intended to explain good practices in infographics. But its quite the opposite. Its promoting VERY BAD practices.(READ)Horrendous. If you work with data and evidence, you should NOT begin with an idea and then look JUST for data to support that idea. That goes against what rational thinking is about. You should look also for the evidence thatcould POTENTIALLY disprove your most cherished ideas, no matter how just and beautiful they are.What this article reveals is that when you think like an activist instead of trying to be truth-teller, you will be consciously or even worse unconsciously prone to cherry-pick the evidence that better pushes your personalpolitical agenda. This is dangerous, and it is wrong, and it should be avoided at all costs.We need to fight against these practices. All of us in this room.


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The first principle is that you must

not fool yourself--and you arethe easiest person to fool

Richard Feynman, 1974, Caltech Graduation Addresshttp://www.lhup.edu/~DSIMANEK/cargocul.htm

Conscious decisions are not the only risk. Cognitive biases and political ideals can lead us astray, as well. They are much more dangerous, in fact.When we are strongly ideologically or politically motivated, we are also more likely to find patterns in the data that confirm our preconceived ideas. Theres research about this,and I will be happy to point out some references afterthis presentation if you want me to. We journalists like to say trust your instincts! Well, thats very bad advice. PLEASE, DONT. Dont trust your instincts. Your instincts are a source like any other. And you should always try to double-check your sources.We should fight against our instincts with reason and logic. And with common sense.We need to develop what Kaiser Fung, who writes the JunkCharts blog, calls a NUMBERSENSE in his most recent book. Thats a book recommendation, by the way.
http://www.lhup.edu/~DSIMANEK/cargocul.htm


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Just remember Doctor John Snows 1854 map of cholera.The story of this map has so often been mistold, that we have forgotten that what what makes it wonderful is not just that it so beautifully displays a pattern of clustering of cholera deaths around the Broad Street water pump. Itssomething else.During his research, Snow paid attention at the cases which could potentially DISPROVE his waterborne hypothesis.


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Why did some people who didnt live close to the water pump died anyway? Why were there buildings in which no deaths were recorded? Those were data points that could disprove his hypothesis about the connection between

cholera spread and the consumption of contaminated water.Snow looked into those cases, and discovered that sometimes people living close to the pump had access to their own private wells (see the brewery in the middle of the map) and some people who lived far from the pump but diedof cholera anyway were people who passed by Broad street on their way to work or to school.John Snows cholera map is, therefore, not just a landmark of epidemiology or thematic mapping, but also of data or evidence-driven reporting or journalism.

http://www.periscopic.com/
http://www.periscopic.com/


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So, by all means, Do good with data. Be an activist for just causes that can improve healthcare, politics, the rights of minorities, or the environment. I am all for that. One hundred percent.But only if we strive to be TRUTHFUL first.And if by being truthful and exploring the data you discover that the evidence contradicts your cherished, preconceived ideals and goals and just causes, youll need to be prepared to change them. Or to drop them.-Be open-minded enough to be able to do that.


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FUNCTIONALAND BEAUTIFULAlberto Cairo University of Miamiwww.thefunctionalart.com Twitter: @albertocairo

Next, I would like to talk about the relationship between purpose and beauty. I will not bore you with tips on how to choose graphic forms for your graphics. My book already does that.I would like to focus on the topic of creativity, as I have noticed that many of us in visualization, some of them in this room, are very interested in pushing the boundaries of the field. Thats great.However, heres my message: Embrace creativity, but be skeptical of creativity.

The great innovator - William Playfair


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Playfair

First of all, creativity plays a crucial role in visualization. Trying new things, inventing new graphic forms, etc.I usually joke that if William Playfair had lived today, instead of in the 18th Century, and if he had worked as a news designer, he would never had invented charts. His editors would have said these things are TOO COMPLICATEDfor our readers!!! They WONT understand this complex-looking graphic!!! Lets do a numerical table, a spreadsheet, instead!! They know how to read that!!!News editors are one of the most reactionary species Ive ever met.That said, believe that too many of us, visualization designers, are too focused on being creative rather than on being clear.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Playfair


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"We need to fear theconsequences of our work

more than we love thecleverness of our ideas.Mike Monteiro - How Designers Destroyed the World

http://t.co/Kfegq3ldj6

Related to that, this is a quote that I love, from a talk by designer Mike Monteiro.(READ)I have been recently accused of attacking straw men when I say that many designers put their personal aesthetic preferences before their obligation to serve the public.I disagree. Having worked in newsrooms for many years, I have observed the following attitude many times: Oh, I like this new, cool graphic form, lets use it; Oh, I like this typeface or this color palette Rather than thinking aboutif that graphic form, typeface, or color palette fits the purpose of your visualization.May I give you an example of this?

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/sports/2014-olympics/winter-vs-summer-olympics/
http://t.co/Kfegq3ldj6http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/sports/2014-olympics/winter-vs-summer-olympics/


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This comes from The Washington Post. Let me tell you first that Im a big fan of their infographics. I praise them constantly.-This is a FUN and well-designed graphic. I love it, really! It got my attention right away. Unfortunately, it frustrated me a bit afterwards.It seems to me that this example illustrates that the priority of some visualization designers nowadays is to have fun or to prove how skillful they are at using D3.js, Processing, R, or other trendy scripting languages, rather thanmaking my life easier.Perhaps we are becoming self-indulgent. We get carried away by our own aesthetic impulses.Here, we have a visualization showing that low-income countries are less likely to medal in the Olympics. It does that with a chaotic arrangement of dots. Purple is rich countries. Green is for poor countries. A little black dot in themiddle of the circle indicates countries that won medals.Can you clearly see the patterns here? I cant. My eyes and my brain need to make a huge e"ort to estimate the proportions, sizes, amounts, and to make comparisons.


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What about if, after showing all those little circles bounce around, which is great fun, and attractive, and eye-catching, we add another slide in which we arrange them graphic like this? (I did this very quickly i n Illustrator)?The desire to be creative, as respectful and admirable as it might be, doesnt free us from the obligation of respecting what the human visual brain can or cant do.Any innovation must happen within certain constrains imposed by human visual perception and cognition.If the goal of the graphic is to let readers compare, shape your data in a way that allows for accurate comparisons.Again, form doesnt follow function. But function should constraint form.

!"#$%&'# &' $)*+, $-- $)*". -&+&%/ .0*"/0.1"--2 $%3&%.,--&/,%.-24 $)*". 5&'&%/ .* .0, 3,#$%3 .* ), &%1*5#,34

$-,5. $%3 5,'6*%'&+,4 $)*". ),&%/ $)-, .* #$7, $ '*"%3

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8$', 1*5 $ 80*&8, *1 +$-",' $%3 /*$-'4 $%3 $)*". &%.,/5&.2

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I like to reason based on analogies. On screen you have a paragraph of the best book I read in 2013. Dont be misled by its title, its not a book about atheism, but about Humanism. The paragraph is beautiful. The way its designed

visually makes it easy for me to read it. Its not particularly original or eye-catching.Now think about what a creative designer could do with something like this, to make it look more interesting

!"#$%&'# &' $)*+, $-- $)*". -&+&%/ .0*"/0.1"--2 $%3&%.,--&/,%.-24 $)*". 5&'&%/ .* .0, 3,#$%3 .* ), &%1*5#,34

$-,5. $%3 5,'6*%'&+,4 $)*". ),&%/ $)-, .* #$7, $ '*"%3

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8$', 1*5 $ 80*&8, *1 +$-",' $%3 /*$-'4 $%3 $)*". &%.,/5&.2

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This SURELY DOES bring attention to the words. But not to the message. After my initial curiosity and surprise are gone, this display frustrates me. It makes it much harder to decode the message.

My students sometimes complain that I try to curb their creative impulses in class. I do. A lot. And for a reason.


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The Picasso approach to innovation in visualization


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Here you have an amazing painting made when he was just fourteen or fifteen-years old. In The Insightful Art I may include a chapter titled You cannot be a mandolin player before being an old fisherman, or something similar.Its message will be: Sorry, creative visualization designers. Bar graphs, dot plots, t ime series charts, scatter graphs THEY ROCK, no matter how dull and boring you think they are (they arent). And they should be the foundationsof your work. You better LEARN HOW TO USE THEM REALLY WELL before you VENTURE TO CREATE something new (which you most certainly should, at some point in your career.)

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07/31/business/20080801-metrics-graphic.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07/31/business/20080801-metrics-graphic.html


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And even if youre going to use a creative, unusual graphic form, something that no one has seen before, please give me the option to switch to another, more traditional means of representation.Say that youre going to do a stream graph or an area time-based chart, like the one on screen right now, by The New York Times. It displays how di"erent groups spend their day in the US, and its beautiful and fun. Its also notvery helpful if you want to go beyond a mere overview of the data. You cannot accurately see the change on each one of those categories, as their baselines are shifting constantly.


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http://50yearsofchange.com/Made by graduate students of cartographyUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison
http://50yearsofchange.com/


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This idea was very well understood by a group of cartography students from the University of Wisconsin Madison. They designed a website called 50YearsOfChange, on legislation in favor or against gays and transgender people in

the US.When you visit it, notice that the data is visualized in multiple ways: A map to see geographic patterns, and two di"erent interactive timelines.Its the same data, but shown throw multiple representations. By creating di"erent charts and maps based on the same numbers, these smart students are l etting me access multiple angles in the story. They are helping meunderstand the story better.


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INSIGHTFUL


Insightful in the sense of not just showing the obvious, but of revealing the relevant, the unexpected, the counterintuitive. In the sense of not just throwing data at readers for them to figure them out on their own, but of pointing out

first what they should be focusing on, and then let them explore at will.Layering and annotating are extremely important.Unfortunately, plenty of beautiful visualizations nowadays are not particularly insightful. Before I show you some of them, let me tell you in advance that I believe that they are wonderful, they look great, and they should probably beconsidered the cutting edge in terms of using the technology available. But theres an important component missing in all of them

Fischer, Eric - Language Communities of Twitter


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Is that surprising that people in Spain are tweeting in Spanish and folks in Russia tweet in Russian?What is missing here is explaining to me who the exceptions and outliers are. For instance, who are those people in the middle of France who are NOT tweeting in French?Point those out, and explain that to me. Thats the story. Thats the unexpected part. Thats the story that I want to know about.

http://workshop.chromeexperiments.com/projects/armsglobe/
http://workshop.chromeexperiments.com/projects/armsglobe/


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This one, by Google, is very disco, isnt it?Again, dont get me wrong. I appreciate what all these visual experiments are trying to accomplish, which is to push the boundaries of the field. They are opening doors that everyone else will go through at some point in the future.This looks great but, still, it overwhelms me. And if it overwhelms ME, someone who creates visualizations and infographics for a living, and who teaches how to design them try to imagine what the reaction of a non-specializedvisitor may be.

Ben Fry - All Streets


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And all streets in the US, which is probably just a population density map.When I criticize these beautiful examples Im accused of not understanding what they really are for. Im told that I am missing the point. And I agree. Wholeheartedly.My answer is: Indeed. WHATS THE POINT OF YOUR GRAPHIC, EXACTLY?And why investing so much energy in designing something as wonderful as this and then not using some of that energy to point out the interesting stories in the data, by annotating them, by writing about them, by layering orsequencing the information in a way that I can absorb it and understand it?


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http://graphics.wsj.com/health-care-explorer


I guess that my message is that, as I grow older, I may be becoming more impatient. So the visualizations that impress me the most are not those that bring attention to themselves, or the ones in which I perceive that the designers

are just trying to show o"their technical skills.Instead, the visualizations that impress me are the ones that function as windows through which I can observe complex data. Visualizations that may make my life easier, like this one by the Wall Street Journal, which lets youcompare health care plans all over the U.S. Its simple, but not simplistic. Its engaging and fun, in its own dry, humble, honest way. And its useful. USEFUL. I would keep that word in mind.
http://graphics.wsj.com/health-care-explorer


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ENLIGHTENING


FINALLY, great infographics are enlightening in the sense of changing peoples minds for the better. In the sense of increasing knowledge about relevant issues. All my section slides, as you have probably noticed, showcase John Snows cholera map. I believe that Snows masterpiece is a good example of all the five virtues working together, strengthening each other. Its truthful, itsfunctional, its beautiful, and its insightful. And, as a consequence, its enlightening.It has the potential to change my understanding of the world in a fundamental way.

Our first responsibility istowards the planet humankind


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towards the planet, humankind,citizens, and only after that

towards clients and employersor even towards your artsy

inner world. You must be acreator of devices that make

this Earth a better place beforeyou can even think ofbecoming a fine artist.http://www.thefunctionalart.com/2014/02/against-irresponsible-design-and-blind.html

Call me a romantic or naive journalist, but I sti ll believe that theres value in those words that you have on screen on screen.I wrote them after watching the lecture by designer Mike Monteiro that I mentioned before. Its titled How Designers Destroyed the World, and it was inspired by Victor Papaneks classic Design for the Real World, a book that Irecommend to everybody in this room.(READ SLIDE)Thats it. Thats the summary. Thats what I believe the future of visualization for communication with the general public should (AND WILL) look like.Its been an honor to share all these preliminary ideas with you.
http://www.thefunctionalart.com/2014/02/against-irresponsible-design-and-blind.html


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THANK YOU

THANK YOU


Its been an honor to share all these preliminary ideas with you.Thank you so much.

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