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Assignment front sheet
Qualification Unit number and title
Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma Public
Services Unit 8: Psychology of Human and Criminal Behaviour
Student name Assessor name
John Dunphy Antonia Cartwright
Date issued Completion date Submitted on
Task one: 09/11/13
Task two: 29/11/13
Task three: 10/01/13
Task one: 29/11/13
Task two: 10/01/14
Task three: 31/01/14
Assignment title Psychology and Criminal Behaviour
Learning
Outcome
Learning
Outcome
Assessment
Criteria
In this assessment you will have the
opportunity to present evidence that
shows you are able to:
Task
no.
Evidence
(Page no)
LO1
Understand
different
approaches to
psychology.
1.1 Review major approaches to psychology. 1
1.2
Evaluate key personality theories. 1
LO2
Understand
how
psychology can
be used to
benefit the
individual and
the
organisation.
2.1 Analyse how knowledge of psychology can
benefit individuals. 2
2.2 Explain how knowledge of behaviour
theories can support organisations. 2
2.3
Evaluate approaches to conflict
management. 2
LO3
Understand
the causes and
consequences
of prejudice
and
discrimination.
3.1 Explain the origins of prejudice and
discrimination. 3
3.2 Evaluate the consequences of
discrimination and prejudice on individuals
and organisations.
3
3.3 Explain how an individual could
comprehend and control their own
prejudices.
3
LO4
Understand
the major
theories of
criminal
behaviour and
causal factors.
4.1 Review the major theories of criminal
behaviour. 1
4.2 Explain the causal aspects of criminal
behaviour.
1
4.3 Assess influences and factors, which may
account for criminal activity. 1
4.4 Evaluate the impact of crime on victims and
society. 1
Learner declaration
I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own and research sources are fully
acknowledged.
Student signature: John Dunphy Date: 03 December 2014
In addition to the above PASS criteria, this assignment gives you the opportunity to submit evidence in order to achieve the following MERIT
and DISTINCTION grades
Grade Descriptor
Indicative characteristic/s
Contextualisation
M1
Select/design and apply
appropriate methods/techniques
Shows relevant theories and techniques
have been applied.
To achieve M1 you must show that you have applied relevant theories
and techniques to the explanation of criminal behaviour (Task 1).
M2
Identify and apply strategies to find
appropriate solutions
Shows relevant theories and techniques
have been applied.
To achieve M2 you must show how relevant psychological theories and
techniques can be applied to individuals, organisations and conflict
management. (Task 2).
M3
Present and communicate
appropriate findings
Shows coherent, logical development
principles/concepts for the intended
audience.
To achieve M3 you must provide a coherent presentation, in which you
logically develop the principles and concepts around prejudice and
discrimination, for your audience. (Task 3).
D1
Use critical reflection to evaluate
own work and justify valid
conclusions
Shows conclusions have been arrived at
through synthesis of ideas and have been
justified.
To achieve D1 you must justify your conclusions about the effectiveness
of psychological and other explanations in explaining criminal behaviour.
(Task 1).
D2
Demonstrate
convergent/lateral/creative
thinking
Shows ideas have been generated and
decisions taken.
To achieve D2 you must make recommendations for how these
psychological theories and techniques could be used in practice, to
benefit individuals, organisations and conflict management.
(Task 2).
D3
Take responsibility for managing
and organising activities
Substantial activities, projects or
investigations have been planned,
managed and organised.
To achieve D3 you must demonstrate substantial planning, organisation
and management of this project. (Task 3).
Please note that for unit assignments assessors should use these or other exemplar indicative characteristics for the individual grade
descriptors from Annexe C of the HN specification or any other relevant indicative characteristics for the particular assignment. The
indicative characteristic should then be contextualised. Only one indicative characteristic per grade descriptor, M2, M2, M3, D1, D2, D3 is
required.
Assignment brief
Unit number and title Unit 8: Psychology of Human and Criminal Behaviour
Qualification Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Public Services
Start date Task one: 09/11/13, Task two: 29/11/13, Task three: 10/01/13
Deadline/hand-in Task two: 29/11/14, Task two: 10/01/14, Task three: 31/01/14
Assessor Antonia Cartwright
Assignment title Psychology and Criminal Behaviour
Purpose of this assignment
Examine how psychological approaches and theories relate to criminal behaviour. Understand how people behave
individually and within organisations the causes and impact of prejudice and discrimination. This assignment places
emphasis on developing a greater understanding how psychology influences behaviour and the impact this has on
criminals, victims and public service organisations.
Scenario
In your role as a consultant psychologist working for the police you have been tasked with creating a number of
documents to advance the professional use of psychology in the police, which may also be of use to other public
services.
Task 1 (1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, M1 and D1) - Explaining Criminal Behaviour
In your role as a psychology consultant you have been asked to create a written training package for staff working at
a public services training school on key psychological approaches and how these and other factors can affect criminal
behaviour.
Within this training package you must define psychology and review key psychological theories (at least three) and
their validity in explaining criminal behaviour. You need to explain how other fact ors (at least three) such as social
circumstances and other influences may cause crime, and evaluate the effect crime has on victims and society.
Guidance:
Psychological theories could include: cognitive (e.g. Loftus), behaviourist (e.g. Skinner), biological (e.g. Lombroso),
personality (e.g. Eysenck), psychodynamic (e.g. Freud), social learning (e.g. Bandura), or developmental perspectives
(e.g. Bowlby).
Other factors could include: socioeconomic pressures (e.g. poverty, drugs, education), influences (e.g. peers, religion,
media), individual factors (e.g. repeat victimisation).
Effects on victims and society could include: victim surveys (e.g. Crime Survey for England and Wales), costs (e.g.
rehabilitation, policing, courts), organisations (e.g. victim support, social services).
This information should be used to complete learning outcomes 1 and 4.
To achieve M1 you must show that you have applied relevant theories and techniques to the explanation of criminal
behaviour.
To achieve D1 you must justify your conclusions about the effectiveness of psychological and other explanations in
explaining criminal behaviour.
Word count: 1800
Accurately cite references throughout your work. Provide full references in Harvard APA format in a separate section,
titled ‘References’, at the end of your work.
Task 2 (2.1 2.2 2.3 M2 and D2) - Psychology for Individuals and Organisations
In your role as a psychology consultant you have been asked to create an information booklet about how psychology
can be used to benefit individuals and a public services organisation.
Within this booklet you must outline how psychology can benefit individuals (in at least two ways). You must also
explain how psychological knowledge of group dynamics may impact on a public service (in at least two ways) and
how psychological knowledge can be used in conflict management.
This information should be used to complete learning outcome 2.
Guidance:
Individual benefits could include: learning styles (e.g. Kolb, Honey & Mumford), learning theories (e.g. Piaget,
Bandura), behaviourism, communication techniques (e.g. assertiveness).
Group dynamics could include: group tensions, in groups and out groups (e.g. Guzzo), group performance (e.g.
Tavistock Institute), conformity.
Conflict management could include: attitudes, self-knowledge, strategies, models (e.g. Thomas & Kilmann), benefits
and costs.
To achieve M2 you must show how relevant psychological theories and techniques can be applied to individuals,
organisations and conflict management.
To achieve D2 you must make recommendations for how these psychological theories and techniques could be used in
practice, to benefit individuals, organisations and conflict management.
Word count: 1200
Accurately cite references throughout your work. Provide full references in Harvard APA format in a separate section,
titled ‘References’, at the end of your work.
Task 3 (3.1 3.2 3.3 M3 and D3) – Prejudice and Discrimination
In your role as a psychology consultant you have been asked to write and conduct an electronic presentation for a
local police (or other public service) training school on prejudice and discriminat ion.
You will need to complete a presentation lasting at least 10 minutes (in any electronic format), explaining causes and
consequences of prejudice and discrimination. You will need to include definitions, explanations and examples for
types of prejudice and discrimination. Include self-reflection of your own experience or values held. Use theories or
behavioural models (at least two) to inform your presentation.
You may use typed notes (to be submitted) to supplement your presentation.
Guidance:
Causes and consequences could include: types of prejudice/discrimination, situations, individual’s behavioural control,
other’s behaviour, external causes.
Self-reflection could include: values, beliefs and judgements, other influences (e.g. media, peers, family), stereotypes.
Theories and models could include: behavioural responses to discrimination or dominance, coping strategies, GW
Allport, Stephan and Stephan, Devine, Plant and Busswell.
Use this information to complete learning outcome 3.
To achieve M3 you must provide a coherent presentation, in which you logically develop the principles and concepts
around prejudice and discrimination, for your audience.
To achieve D3 you must demonstrate substantial planning, organisation and management of this project.
Word count: 1000
Accurately cite references throughout your work. Provide full references in Harvard APA format in a separate section,
titled ‘References’, at the end of your work.
Task 1 (1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, M1 and D1) - Explaining Criminal Behaviour
In your role as a psychology consultant you have been asked to create a written training package for staff working
at a public services training school on key psychological approaches and how these and other factors can affec t
criminal behaviour.
Within this training package you must define psychology and review key psychological theories (at least three) and
their validity in explaining criminal behaviour. You need to explain how other factors (at least three) such as social
circumstances and other influences may cause crime, and evaluate the effect crime has on victims and society.
Guidance:
Psychological theories could include: cognitive (e.g. Loftus), behaviourist (e.g. Skinner), biological (e.g. Lombroso),
personality (e.g. Eysenck), psychodynamic (e.g. Freud), social learning (e.g. Bandura), or developmental
perspectives (e.g. Bowlby).
Other factors could include: socioeconomic pressures (e.g. poverty, drugs, education), influences (e.g. peers,
religion, media), individual factors (e.g. repeat victimisation).
Effects on victims and society could include: victim surveys (e.g. Crime Survey for England and Wales), costs (e.g.
rehabilitation, policing, courts), organisations (e.g. victim support, social services).
This information should be used to complete learning outcomes 1 and 4.
To achieve M1 you must show that you have applied relevant theories and techniques to the explanation of criminal
behaviour.
To achieve D1 you must justify your conclusions about the effectiveness of psychological and other explanations in
explaining criminal behaviour.
Word count: 1800
Accurately cite references throughout your work. Provide full references in Harvard APA format in a separate
section, titled ‘References’, at the end of your work.
Task 2 (2.1 2.2 2.3 M2 and D2) - Psychology for Individuals and Organisations
In your role as a psychology consultant you have been asked to create an information booklet about how
psychology can be used to benefit individuals and a public services organisation.
Within this booklet you must outline how psychology can benefit individuals (in at least two ways). You must also
explain how psychological knowledge of group dynamics may impact on a public service (in at least two ways) and
how psychological knowledge can be used in conflict management.
This information should be used to complete learning outcome 2.
Guidance:
Individual benefits could include: learning styles (e.g. Kolb, Honey & Mumford), learning theories (e.g. Piaget,
Bandura), behaviourism, communication techniques (e.g. assertiveness).
Group dynamics could include: group tensions, in groups and out groups (e.g. Guzzo), group performance (e.g.
Tavistock Institute), conformity.
Conflict management could include: attitudes, self-knowledge, strategies, models (e.g. Thomas & Kilmann), benefits
and costs.
To achieve M2 you must show how relevant psychological theories and techniques can be applied to individuals,
organisations and conflict management.
To achieve D2 you must make recommendations for how these psychological theories and techniques could be used
in practice, to benefit individuals, organisations and conflict management.
Word count: 1200
Accurately cite references throughout your work. Provide full references in Harvard APA format in a separate
section, titled ‘References’, at the end of your work.
Psychology for Individuals and Organisations
2.1
Communication skills
The implementation of
psychology can enhance
body and verbal language
which can reinforce team
membership towards the
trait of shyness begin
abolished though out
members of the team that
are nervousness or
apprehensive form the
engagement of social
congregation.
Communication skills can
also obtain the endeavour
of formulating interpreted
messages. By the act of
body language for example
people that are deaf the
implication of body
language uses hand
movements for the purpose
of understanding an
individual’s emotions.
Communication skills are also indicated in
primates by the use of fundamental sign
language. For the purpose of warring off
predators. Or the implementation of human traits
e.g. sadness, happiness or friendship.
Koko-A Talking Gorilla-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NwCrXVU
m_Q
Learning style Stage associated with
Activist
Reflector
Theorist
Pragmatist
Having an experience
Reviewing the experience
Concluding from the
experience
Psychology for Individuals and Organisations
2.1
Honey and Mumford
Learning styles
Honey and Mumford
adapted David Kolb’s
learning styles model and
experiential learning theory
to develop their own
systematic model of
learning style, based on
research into manager’s
behavioural tendencies.
Unlike Kolb’s theoretical
view Honey and Mumford
uses four learning styles
summarised associated
stages upon the Learning
styles explained within the
diagram.
Planning the next steps
(Theorist) To know where
something fits into overall
ideas and concepts; analysis
and logic; begin stretched;
abstract concepts; structure,
clarity
(Theorist) Frivolity, mindless fun;
wasting time; wasting time; not
being able to question; lack of a
timetable and structure.
(Pragmatist) Practical problem
solving; relevance to the
relevance to the real world;
applying learning.
(Pragmatist) Anything theoretical;
learning that focuses too much on
past or future and not present.
Likes Dislikes
(Activist) doing and
experiencing games, practical
activities, anything that is
energetic and involving.
(Activist) sitting around for too long
working alone theorising having to
listen to others.
(Reflector)Time to think
observe take it all in; watching
others; solitude and time.
(Reflector)Being hurtled into
activity no time to think; crammed
timetables; lack of privacy, no time
to prepare
Psychology for Individuals and Organisations
2.1
Enhanced Understanding of
others
Psychology endeavours on
the venture of recognising
human emotions though
facial, body language, and
speech patterns. This helps
individuals understand the
human Medulla oblongata
architecture. While also
unlocking the methodical
network of Ecological
anthropology. This is
delineated by cultural
transformation towards
new environments. Humans
for many years have
adapted towards an
understanding of other for
example the odyssey of
human evolution. Where
Homo sapiens could only
communicate though
Neanderthal language with
the use of Phonology and
descriptive linguistics. This
must have characterized
facial emotions where in the
modern world we use facial
expressions to vent are
human traits for the
purpose of flagging are
human feelings.
Homo sapiens use facial expressions to Identify human traits
and the odyssey of silent commutation. Human emotions are
channelled through the limbic system or the paleo mammalian
brain. This network of human emotions is conducted within the
amygdala inside the brains cerebral hemisphere which controls
human emotions.
2.1
Bandura-social leaning
Theory
Albert Bandura (1977)
conducted the theory of
social leaning who sates that
learning is endeavoured
though environmental
observation. Unlike B.F
skinner who invented the
theory of operant
conditioning. Bandura
considers that humans are an
active (information process)
which is known as the heart
of cognitive psychology
where an individual
systematically processes
information in the same way
as an analytical engine
processing knowledge
numerous times though the
brains cerebellum Latin for
the little brain. This part of
the brains architecture
consist of information
systems that receive
coordinates from an
individual’s interaction with
an environment. The
cerebellums centre
endeavours on evolutionary
infrastructure.
Albert Bandura (1977) conducted the Bobo doll
experiment on the behaviour of children. The Bobo
experiment depicted the act of children mirroring violent
behaviour from media entities displaying the actions of
adults carrying out physical violence on an imamate
object called a “Bobo doll”. The children acted upon
physical symmetry towards the “Bobo doll”. The children
gratuitously beat the Bobo doll senseless until they were
out of energy. The Bobo doll experiment-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqNaLerMNOE
2.1
Bandura (1977) and Honey and Honey
and Munford (1982) are both learning
styles which hold the paradox of social
anthropology which refers towards an
analysis of human behaviour. This
benefits an individual in society or the
workplace to understand human
behaviourism if that individual is the
manager of a business or corporation.
This improves an individual’s industry
of knowledge towards the human
mind. Technics that summarize human
anthropology and cultural
conceptualisation. This improves the
theoretical rectification of human
behaviourism in the workplace. For
example the morphology of gratuitous
conflict management can appear
disturbing in the eyes of the by
standing subordinate. But this is
known as the anatomy of the
individual’s personality. E.g.
egomania, narcissism, Histrionic
personality disorder. The Techniques
of understanding commination skills
and human emotions helps the
employee identify these personalities’
disorders for the purpose of avoiding
conflict in the workplace
(Histrionic personality disorder) this person
disorder identifies human lust for vanity and
seductive behaviour which can add towards
antisocial behaviourism in the workplace.
This summarizes an individual’s need for
dramatic achievement and the power over
people’s emotions. This can also create
conflict with the personality of narcissism if
the histrionic congregates with the office
narcissist. This could lead to gossip or the
common cold shoulder if that individual
displays the need for conflict or attention.
Histrionic personality Gone with the wind
(1939) -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDiMHz
4nZwQ
2.1
Understanding Body language
skills
Body language skills can
improve an individual’s social
reading signals towards co-
workers or social endeavours.
This can unlock social
infrastructure by
understanding various
message clusters which
indicate an individual’s
emotions and metal status.
Body language is known as the
most important trait of
communication which
consumes more than 50% of
social communication.
Politicians will use body’s
language to domineer there
political opponents. For the
purpose of climbing the
campaign ladder by using
derogatory or disproving body
language towards their
political rival campaigner.
In The world of politics body language displays the
confidence of the candidate which could make or
break the candidate’s campaign.
The secrets of body language-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCB3ebJjI1Q
2.1
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) the
stages of Development
Jean Piaget was known as a
Phenomenon in the
physiological field. Piaget had
not one qualification within
Physiological studies. Piaget
invented the theory of cognitive
development epistemology
knowledge and child growth
upon observational tests. The
series of conducted tests
revealed multifarious stages of
a child’s view on society. There
are four stages of development
known as
sensorimotor/Preoperation/con
Concrete operationl/Formal
operational which is displayed
in the diagram. Piaget is
extremely influential in
developing primary education
towards children. The cognitive
theory conducted the
evaluation of child progression
which elucidated a child’s
adaptation throughout social
learning within academic
evolution.
The
Sensorimotor
0-2 years
Key Feature
Object Permanence
Research study
Blanket and Ball study
The
Preoperational
2-7 years
Key Feature
Egocentrism
Research study
Three Mountains
The
Concrete Operational
7-11 years
Key Feature
Conservation
Research study
Conservation of Number
The
Formal
Operational
11 years+
Key Feature
Manipulate ideals in
head e.g. Abstract
Reasoning
Research study
Pendulum Task
2.2
Regret Theory
The Regret Theory summarises an individual foreseeing Regret
if that individual makes the wrong decision. The theory is
designed for the purpose of investigating the fear of regret in
the art of financial investing or impulse behaviour. The fear of
regret motivates an individual towards taken a risk without
thinking about the consequences. For example (Keynesians
economics) which displays the impulse of spending throughout
the economy. An individual whom spends various wealth into
the economy will help boost the aggregate demand. Other
people who save or invest their wealth into the economy will
have an abundance of wealth in there saving bounds.
Individuals whom spend towards the economy but are recently
hit by the recession will borrow money from organizations
that lend vast amounts of wealth towards capitalists who
spend without regret. This is known as a fiscal policy which is
used by the government to adjust its spending levels and tax
rates for the purpose of monitoring and influencing the
nation’s economy. Not so smart Capitalists will spend and
borrow without regret as smart capitalists will work and save
towards contributing towards investment organizations. This
could create a monetary policy where the government controls
the behaviour of spending by not so smart capitalists.
Capitalists whom create inflation by their habit of
consumerism. Can be affected by the rise and fall of economic
balance towards society. Hyperinflation can influence the
non-regret of capitalist theft towards the working-class
capitalist that saves and invests money for the dream of a
better life. Affluent capitalists will still go on spending without
remorse of hyperinflation affecting the working-class. This will
only benefit corporations and Monopoly’s towards Affluent
society. This summarises an individuals need to consume
towards capitalism without the regret of losing vast amounts
of wealth.
How does understanding the Regret Theory
Help organizations?
To emphasize the regret theory towards
organizations you must analyse the grip of
conformity upon the individuals mind. The
individual that works for an enterprise will
mainly focus upon the dream of one day
begin successful. Cynical organizations will
the regret theory to influence customers or
employees to fundraise there organization by
using the method of conformity. E.g. Dave
invested his wages within the company Dave
worked with for Ten years and received 50
thousand so Bob then invests 60 Thousand
out of the behaviour of conformity. If Dave or
Bob loses there investment the company still
wins.
2.2
Cognitive Psychology
B.F skinner- Operating
conditioning and free will conducted
on clade columbidaes displayed the
actions of operant conditioning. This
reinforces the on clade columbidaes
towards obeying movement and
instructions on demand. Operating
conditioning can also be used upon
Homo sapiens for example a human
will never work towards anything
without a goal in front of the
individual’s transcendence. Economic
or career path transcendence is only
just two of the goals that human
aspire to climb within their life time.
All Binominal nomenclature entities
aspire towards the goal of survival
drawn towards food substance or
shelters without these vital entities
are metal state or are purpose of
hierarchical endeavours will be the
victim of extinction. Homo sapiens in
the 20th century are known for the
consumption of commercialism
towards the state of western culture.
E.g. materialism which is known for
the birth of capitalism. Originations
will prey upon pathological
shopaholics for the purpose of the
customer regurgitating their need for
materialism. In fact people mirror B.F
skinners pigeons by attending a
ritual throughout their lives. The
pigeons where kept in a small box but
are well as Homo sapiens kept in a
small world confined towards
regurgitation.
B.F skinners operating conditioning-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhvaSEJtOV8
How does B.F skinners theory help organizations?
We as Homo sapiens release high levels of euphoria
within the brains cerebral cortex when we are
rewarded. Within the work environment we are aurally
conditioned weekly for example every Homo sapiens
within the work establishment is given a type of
agenda which helps us as Homo sapiens get though
work. For example having a cigarette break at lunch
time if the manger allows the individual to attend a
cigarette break then the individual will be conditioned
to work harder towards the next cigarette break.
2.2
Classic conditioning
Pavlov’s Dogs
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov conducted an
accidental experiment on dog which was later to
be known as classic conditioning. Pavlov noticed
that dogs salivated over food when Pavlov entered
the room. Pavlov began to conduct an experiment
on a germen shepherd. A tube was connected onto
the dog’s neck which was implemented towards
catching the dog’s saliva. Pavlov’s belied that the
dog’s salvia was produced by a fixed nervous
reflex. After hours of monitoring it was conformed
that the dog dewed when the dog had contacted
food. Pavlov named the reposed the salvation Felix.
Pavlov’s experiment started to discombobulate
after the dog salivated into the tube before the
experiment was conducted. Pavlov then placed
screens around the dog for the purpose of blocking
his eye sight. Pavlov then introduced a stimulus
towards the dog’s senses by the use of a ticking
metronome. Food upon a dog dish was placed
threw a hole between the screens. At first the dog
dripped saliva inside the tube when the food
appeared. But after a number of experiments the
dog began to connect the sound of the metronome
towards the indication that food would arrive
within seconds. The sound of the metronome
stared to make the dog produce salvia. Other
metronomes where later on produced into the
experiment and yet again the dogs stimulus began
to salivate over the sounds of the metronomes.
Producing 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine and
euphoria within the dogs cerebral cortex
processing information that the dog will receive
food upon the sound of the metronome.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54h
o
Pavlov’s Dogs benefiting organizations
The experiment conducted on dogs by Pavlov can relate
towards Homo sapiens by not the implantation of a
metronome but the desire towards an animate object or
the lust of friendship or relationship towards an
individual. In my opinion people in the workplace
actually work within the manner of potency if that
person feels an influence by an animate object or
individual tantalizing the person repeatedly this will
draw an individual to repeatedly seek out there goal
within the workplace. E.g. subject one named (Andy) is
in love with subject two named (scarlet) scarlet has
histrionic personality disorder that enjoys tantalizing
men. Andy try’s very hard towards getting scarlet’s
attention but senses that scarlet enjoys cholate every
time scarlet enters the room Andy lusts for her presents.
Andy runs over towards scarlet and gives her cholate as
scarlet just ignores the dear boy and does not even
thank Andy for his kind offer. Andy continuities to give
scarlet cholates every Friday believing that scarlet will
one day talk to Andy.
2.2
Group Dynamics
Belbin’s Team roles
Belbin’s Team roles are defined
by the identification of an
individual’s strengths and
weaknesses within an
organization. This improves
the work environments
architecture by raising self-
awareness and personal
effectiveness. There are nine
team roles depicted within the
workplace which are an
essential towards building a
productive work environment.
Plant
Strengths
Creative
Imaginative
Free-thinking
Solves
problems
Weaknesses
Ignores
incidentals
Too
preoccupied
to
communicate
effectively
Resource
Investigator
I
Strengths
Outgoing
Enthusiastic
Communicative
Explores
opportunities
Develops
contacts
Weaknesses
Over-optimistic
Loses interest
once intel
enthusiasm has
passed
Co-ordinator
Strengths
Mature
Confident
Identifies talent
Clarifies goals
Delegates effectively
Weakness
May seem manipulative
Offloads own work
Shaper
Dynamic
Challenging
Courage
Prone to
provocation
Offends
people’s
feelings.
Monitor Evaluator
Sober
Strategic
Discerning
Judges
accurately
Monitors all
options
Weakness
Lacks drive and ability to
inspire others.
Can be over critical
Weakness
Team worker
Co-operative
Perceptive
Diplomatic
Good listener
Averts friction
Strengths
Weaknesses
Avoids
confrontation
Indecisive in
crunch situations
Implementer
Strengths
Practical
Reliable
Efficient
Organized
Weaknesses
Inflexible
Slow to respond
to new
possibilities
Completer finisher
Strengths
Painstaking
Conscientious
Anxious
Searches out
errors
Weaknesses
Inclined to
worry unduly
Reluctant to
delegate
Specialist
Strengths
Single-minded
Self-starting
Dedicated
Provides
knowledge and
skills in rare
supply’s
Weaknesses
Contributes only
on a narrow
front
Dwells on
technicalities
2.2
The Tavistock institute
The Tavistock institute of human relations
supports the development of organisations
under evaluated research into social science.
The institute has offered the development of
social science research towards a range of
clients and partners internationally or within
the United Kingdom. The institute are known
for their actions which adapt towards
significant changes inside the work
environment and the evolution towards new
technology entering the work environment.
The institute uses these settings inside of the
work environment.
Organisational issues
Inter-organisational relations
Leadership
The emergence of the knowledge
society
Issues arising from cultural
differences and diversity
The delivery and implementation
of public policy
The institute’s systematic network caters
towards sociocultural anthropology for the
purpose of designing effective environmental
work architecture towards the Homo sapien
while ensuring that the development of the
organization and the human is both benefited
from the research conducted by The Tavistock
institute.
The History of the Tavistock institute
The Tavistock institute was formed in 1947 for the
purpose of the research into elements of the way Homo
sapiens operate together as collaboration into
organizational and social research monitoring. Based
outside London England the Tavistock institute is also
the nerve centre for psychological warfare and
propaganda purposes. The Tavistock institute was
known to have close connections with Sigmund Freud
and Carl Jung in 1938 there study’s where named mass
psychology.
How does Tavistock research help organizations?
The Tavistock institute endeavours upon the journey of
sociological research around the work environment. The
institute creates theoretical summaries conducted on
human behaviourism. This unlocks the expansion of
human interaction towards the work environment By
helping organizations towards the understanding
human science.
2.2
Group Dynamics
By Sigmund Freud
The Behaviour theory of group Dynamics
conducted by Sigmund Freud (1856-
1939) on group psychology and the
Analysis of the ego. Chapter x of the
theory summarises the group and the
primal Horde. Freud mentions that (the
conjecture of Charles Darwin to the
effect that the primitive form of human
society was that of a horde ruled over
despotically by a powerful male). This
unlocks the theory of the Alpha male in
monkeys which mirrors Homo sapien
traits. The Alpha male holds the
psychological totalitarianism by
controlling the group’s common
direction and human emotions. This type
of behaviourism summarises the
knowledge of an organizations
leadership style in this case the
totalitarian manger or Boss whom
controls the organizations
infrastructure. By ruling under
autocracy which is mostly used within
political systems to endeavour
dictatorship mechanisms within society.
Organizations can use Sigmund Freud’s
Analysis of the ego for the purpose of
identifying a leadership style which can
rule the masses without empathy or
feeling towards the individuals the
Manger or Boss is leading.
Fact: Primates rule under hierarchy dominance which
endeavours a ranking system of social grouping. The
manifestation hierarchy within the primate kingdom
identifies alpha male leadership by engaging into
conflict with other primates. If the primate wins the
battle of primitive conflict. The female primate will
target that males testosterone levels for the purpose
of procreation.
Primate hierarchy-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8_zVRC5AaI
2.2
Group Dynamics Part 2
By Sigmund Freud and Gustave Le Bon
Sigmund Freud’s theory of Group Dynamics can be
also found within chapter II of Sigmund Freud’s book
on Le Bon’s Description of the group mind. Gustave Le
Bon a social psychologist, sociologist, anthropologist
inventor, and abecedarian physicist. Elaborates an
infrastructure of physiological group conformity. By
summarising an individual’s characteristics within a
chosen group when an individual joins a group the
individuals mind will feel, think, and act if that
individual where in the state of isolation. An
individual with heterogeneous traits will conform to
shear unity towards their chosen group. This will
enforce conformity towards a person’s mind changing
their actions or systematic ideology. Le Bon explains
that an individual’s feeling or ideas do not in the
slightest fact transform themselves into acts except in
the case of individuals forming a group. Freud
elaborates on Le Bon theory by taking it in liberty to
summarise that Le Bon’s theory does not mention that
an individual joining a conformed group are formed
in unity then there must be some type of element
which draws that individual to conform towards that
chosen group. And that the bound between the
individual and group must accurately define the
individual and group characteristics. This theory Le
Bon summarises connects towards co-worker
conformity which mirrors mundane American high
school movies. For example the Stanger arrives onto
the school grounds in this theoretical summery. The
individual actions identity’s with group leaders and
this allows the individual to conform which group
dynamics if that individual is accepted towards that
sub-culture. Work relationships maintain
organizational independence which develops
friendship within the establishment creating an
anatomy of loyal workers help one another
throughout their time with their chosen work buddy’s
or sub-culture.
Fact: The movie Fight club elaborates on
group conformity multifarious times.
Summarising the factor of white collar males
joining an underground fight club/ Terrorist
group against the ideology capitalism in
modern America.
2.2
Group tensions
By Lawrence Frey and Kevin Barge
Lawrence Frey and Kevin Barge
theory of managing group life:
communication in decision-making
groups (1998). This explains a
collection of group behaviour when
team members are given a task
towards accomplishing their goal. A
group member struggling with a
particular task will go through four
stages of group life (entering,
encountering, engaging and ending)
an individual within a chosen group
will be torn between dimensions of
two ideas which are equally valid but
also dispute with each other creating
group tension. A hypothetical
example can relate towards an
individual entering a room the
individual is assigned towards a
group of five. The group is given a
task towards building a rocket ship
for their science class. To make the
rocket ship fly they are given two
elements bio alcohol CnH2n+OH and
Biodiesel. The team members
verbally fight over who takes charge
of the Task Bob has a PHD in Biofuel
and Harry has a Diploma in
engineering. This summarises the
theory two rival elements clash no
matter what their options are.
The theory of group tensions can help
organizations understand the
knowledge behind group debates.
Every individual will quarrel about
any decision if there are two sides
towards the assigned task.
2.2
The Theory of Conformity
Richard crutchfield (1955) Crutchfiled conducted a team of 5
participants side by side within individual booths with a panel
of lights and switches in front of their person. An individual
set of lights was set to be illuminated for the purpose of
indicating the responses of 4 participants. Another set of
switches provided the provided the test subjects with the
means of giving their own responses. The test subjects were
also giving multiple choice questions quoted by Crutchfiled
“The slides call for various kinds of judgements-lengths of
lines areas of figures, logical completion of number series,
vocabulary items, estimates of the opinions of others,
expressions of his own attitudes on issues, expressions of his
own preferences for line drawings……” The test subject where
assigned to always give their response last, having already
seen the supposed responses of the other 4. The lights where
actually manipulated by the experimenter to create a bogus
majorly of responses. Over 600 subjects from different
backgrounds participated in the test Including student’s
women and army officers for 3 days.
The results
46% conforming towards the incorrect majority
response when asked to compare the size of a circle
and a star –the circle was much larger
37% of the army officers agree with a bogus majority
statement that they would not make a good leader-
having all said privately beforehand that they
believed that they would make good leaders
58% of the student test subjects agreed with bogus
majorly statement
The results mirrored the Asch experiment as 30%
conformed towards bogus answers
17% of test subjects at rumbled the experiment and
knew what was going on. Crutchfield did not
comment on how this would affect the test
Conformity in organizations
Within organizations the knowledge of
conformity is an endeavour towards order and
employee transcendence. For example
conformity summarises the segregation of
group mentality on enterprise levels which lock-
down any interference from outside entities.
Conformity identity’s loyal employees from
rebellious subordinates whom are considered
communists towards the levels of
transcendence and fundamental orders
summoned by the manger or boss.
Low class
2.2
In groups and out groups
In the field of social
anthropology in groups and
out groups reveal the
characteristics of social
identity. Tajfel (1979)
Proposed that groups e.g.
(social, class, family, football
teams etc.) which people
belonged to where an
important source of pride and
self-esteem. A group gives us a
sense of social identity: a sense
of belonging to the social
world. This unlock the social
identity Theory outline
categorizing sub-cultures
within their social environment
a social group membership
gives an individual a feeling of
belonging which can improve a
person’s self-esteem and social
endeavour. In (1979) a movie
called the warriors
summarised fictional gangs
based upon the real gangs of
New York’s underworld. The
film identified gang warfare
over territories around New
York against in and out groups.
The Warriors-
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=1ycpmrEl-9E
An example of in and out groups
High class
Punks Yobs
Christians Jews
Males Females
Labour Conservatives
Protestants Catholics
How does understanding the Theory of social identity help
organizations?
The Theory helps amplify the stature of social identity
within the work environment. There are various sub-
cultures within society some get along some don’t. How
does it help the work environment? By identifying what
group the individual belongs to help that individual work
within a productive manner if that individual is paired
with their own sub-culture.
2.2
Group performance
Group performance is defined by social
psychology summarised by Baron, Byrne,
and suls (1989). By quoting that “the
scientific field that seeks to understand the
nature and causes of individual behaviour in
social situations”. Social psychology deals
with the behaviourism of the individual in
the presence of others. Group dynamics and
group performance creates an industry of
social influence. Theoretically an individual
is controlled by minority influence. Moscovici
(1976, 1980) summarised the Asch
experiment and stated that in many forms of
conformity studies there was a minority
group who were conforming towards the
majority. He claims that Asch had placed an
abundance of emphasis towards the theory
of the group’s majority having magnitude of
influence on the minority. He stated that it
could be possible for an individual to
influence group option. This unlocks the
history of political movements. For example
Vladimir Lenin founder of the Russian
communist party. During the Bolshevik
Revolution Lenin was a minority of
communists against the Bolshevik ruling
class. Lenin quoted “the worse things are the
better things are” at the time of famine and
shear poverty hit his local village. People
under the Bolshevik government began to
discontent from the Bolshevik government
towards Lenin’s views which helped the
working class of Russia. Many Russians
conformed towards his views as an
individual.
How does the knowledge group performance
benefit organizations?
An individual’s view or ideology amplifies
group option and group decision making. For
example if an individual is the leader of a
conformed group then the possibility of
group decisions will be delegated by the
individual not the manger This does create
conflict with the manger . But on the other
hand it benefits the manager for the purpose
of the individuals leadership begin in charge
of the groups division giving the manger less
work to handle.
2.2
Group dynamics within the
The Police
Example 1
The police are known for their
hostile encounters with
members of the public. Group
dynamics with the police helps
the police understand the
system of behaviours within
social anthropology. For
example understanding body
language of a group’s
behaviour ciphers an
abundance of knowledge
within a social group. For
example a post-riot if a group
of delinquents gathers outside
a city centre and within men’s
rea the group show the
dynamics of criminal behaviour
then the police will identify the
morphology of criminal
behaviour though the
dimension of visual group
dynamics.
Fact: people imitate an anatomy of evolution formatting
the structure of human physics. People are like of
Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons conducting various
emotions throughout society. When an ideology or view
synopsizes group opinion it releases capaciousness range
among the crowd creating an angry mob.
The depiction of an angry mob-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLvGnro4Cgw
2.2
Group Dynamics within the
police
Example 2
Group Dynamics within the
police understands the
automation of behavioural
economics. For example within
the police force a group of
officers are better than one
officer if the officer is
outnumbered by a group of
undesirable individuals. Group
dynamics productively
influences communication and
social economics. Group
dynamics upholds industrial
dimensions towards the
architecture of Team
management. While using a
network of sociology that can
influence a peace of mind
towards the officer it that
officer feels in danger when
engaging a dangerous
situation.
2.3
M2
Part 1 Sherif et al. (1988) (Muzafer sherif) was a Turkish-American social psychologist. He conducted an experiment called Robbers Cave which involved a group of boys at summer camp who had never met before. The Boys were separated into two teams and where asked to engage in completive tasks with conflicting goals. The dilemma with the tasks where that the goal could only be achieved only at the other team’s expense the tasks included sports and tournaments. Inter group deliberation escalated quickly leading towards verbal conflict. This theory can relate towards various organizations e.g. the public service. Which could involve members of an operation fighting over formatted a task. This can lead towards a mutiny against authoritarian leaders Resulting in inter group conflict. By theoretically identifying group conflict which Sherif summarized the problem behind the task is not the task itself but the group’s options in front of the task. Every group given an assignment must be given a delegated role to ensure that everyone has a democratic say on the matter of the task given at hand. Ensuring that a mutiny does not expand throughout the group.
Fact: Mutiny on the bounty depicts the configuration of the
war of the upper and lower classes as a ship is taken over by
a Mutiny taken over the captain’s ship.
Mutiny on the Bounty-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3vtKU9bi10
2.3
M2
Part 2
The John Dunphy Theoretical approach towards Conflict
Management
The Sociological spectrum (2014)
We as Homo sapiens within the 20th century live inside a sociological
spectrum that defines are emotional automation within the
contraception of how we perceive others though are Medulla
Oblongata morphology. The brains cerebral cortex processes are
emotional status mirroring a roulette table’s ping pong ball landing
on a random number. Within clusters of society we share conflict
with random personalities within the public infrastructures
sociological spectrum. The public service e.g. the police delegates
order throughout civilization. In my option by examining the
criminal mind we could tap into their traits. Criminal architecture is
built upon high levels of testosterone directed at the police because
they represent a system that failed there sociological needs. We can
use new techniques of conflict management over archaic techniques
by allowing these groups to vent their anger towards an enclosed
society if debauched behaviour is displayed by the individual. Now
we could regurgitate the prison system locking the individual within
an aggressive domain or we could educated that individual within a
program depicting that person’s view on society displaying their
behaviour on screen showing the individuals rage upon society. Any
Homo sapien will feel embarrassed of their public outrage recorded
in front of their very eyes. We need to push the education of verbal
abuse upon organizations or the public service cultivating citizens
and staff members that uncivilized behaviour will not be tolerated
within society and that an individual can be fined or placed within
an education system to develop there negative behaviour into
positive behaviour which will monitor there psychodynamic
emotions though step by step anger management or social economic
behavioural classes which will shape their aggressive emotions into
positive emotions.
Fact: we live within highways of hypersonic
conflict. For example we could clash we the
mechanics of aggressive social science upon
the street if an individual takes an
uncivilized liken towards are ideology or
presents which unravels bully or primitive
behaviourism towards new characteristics.
Conflict battles are quite nimble at first e.g.
road rage or bumping into a person
anciently. But it could expand into the rage
dynamics leading into physical or verbal
conflict between two individuals crossing
over towards criminal behaviourism.
Fact: there are numerous characteristics
within societys spectrum. From the view of
social anthropology conflict management is
displayed all around us. For example a court
hearing displays two warring factions over a
dispute. But within the court holds the key
towards supressing the agreement the
autocratic Judge whom has control over the
environments anatomy. This asks the
question could a level of power stop the
configuration of an argument from arising?
2.3
M2
Part 3
Rahim and Bonoma (1979)
Rahim and Bonoma
constructed a theory of the
styles of handling interpersonal
conflict on two basic
dimensions which contested of
the concern for self and the
concern for others. The first
dimension explains the degree
of (High or Low) to which an
individual attempts to mollify
his or her concern. The second
dimension explains the degree
of (high or low) to which an
individual wants to satisfy the
concern of others. Both
dimensions portray
motivational direction which of
a given individual towards a
conflict. The dimensions
summarise individualistic
human behaviourism within
contrast towards the
workplace. The dichotomy of
the dimensions synopsizes
human narcissism vs empathy
which can create abundance
within the work environment.
Ruble and Thomas (1976) and
Van de Vliert and Kabnoff
(1990) have supported the idea
of two dimensions conflicting.
The combination of these two
dimensions summarises five
multifarious styles of handling
interpersonal conflict.
Integrating style
This style indicates high concern for self and
other. This style is also known for its problem
solving skills. This also involves collaboration
between two parties e.g. openness exchange
of information and examination of differences
to reach a goal acceptable towards both
Parties.
Obliging style
This style summarises Low concern for self and
high concern for others. This is also as
accommodating people’s needs. This style is
highly known for emphasizing there formation
for the purpose of satisfying the other party.
Dominating style
This style summarises the system of narcissism
dominating low level subordinates though an
autocratic style. The narcissist will use a win-
lose formation towards conflict management
by using a structure of power towards the
warring party. The style is extremely Dogmatic
towards the subordinate imposing an
accumulation of no concern for an individual’s
feelings.
Avoiding style
This style for the individual’s self-esteem and
others which is known as self-suppression. An
individual with this style will avoid conflict at all
costs. Which will summarize back-stepping or
postponing an issue with the rival party for a
number of days until the party contact again.
Compromising style
This style indicates intermediate in concern for
the individuals self-gain and others. It involves
the leadership style of a give-and-take nature
towards management conflict. This may also
accumulate trading concession or seeking a
quick middle group position between the two
parties.
2.3
M2
Part 2
Rahim and Bonoma (1979)
Rahim and Bonoma theory
summarises organizational
conflict by monitoring the
architecture of the individual’s
emotions. Within the public
services e.g. the police will
conflict within immense status
of confrontational situations.
Group conflict can arise within
any moment within the
environment of verbal or
physical violence. For example
the chief of police will have to
identify these five styles of
human anthropology for the
purpose of foreseeing social
conflict within the team of
police officers. The theory
upholds vital keys towards
cultural phenomena which can
endeavour a chain of ethnics
towards battling conflict
management within the work
environment
2.3
D1
How does The Sociological spectrum (2014) help individuals
and organisation in conflict Management work?
The individual that displays narcissistic trait hypothetically”
try’s to rule the roost”. The work place is built on highways of
sociological differences traveling around imitating protons,
electrons and neutrons. We are built upon the status of human
science within the rebounds of society’s changing evolutionary
structure. But a summary of negative emotions can stop are
evolutionary growth leading towards sociological break down if
the world was a negative the positive will be the victims of
extinction. Now if I was to elaborate upon my created theory I
believe that most individuals that are born a negative will only
responded towards a negative within controversial terminology
“power is only fought towards power if that individual lacks
emotion towards hurting an individual’s emotions”. To stop
conflict management within the area of an autocrat you will
have to summarise your status by playing the autocrat at their
own game without using conflict. The autocrat will normally be
a narcissist. Vindictive narcissists are just one vehicle upon the
highway of the Sociological spectrum. You must first catch the
narcissist of guard. This is discovered within the debate of
where David Frost catches Richard Nixon on a lie. If you catch
the narcissist out upon their own logic they feel demeaned and
frightened within their contested of intellectual wit but all
narcissist have a boiling point so be careful of you engagement
with the narcissist. Psych analyzation of the narcissism within
the negative side of the Sociological spectrum helps
organizations e.g. The Public services or corporations to identify
human emotions or Reading lies and bulling type behaviourism.
This will help an individual at the work environment to fight
negative narcissism with positive emotion with the
incorporation of positive wit and a strong poker face. The police
will accumulate a greater knowledge towards conflict
management if the anatomy of human science is educated
toward members of the police department. This will educate the
gift of summarising the world as protons, electrons and
neutrons for the laymen positive and negative entity’s within
the world’s stratosphere.
How to stop the Narcissist:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtkRM0LS
wx8
Fact: Narcissism is created though the
childhood of the affluent or the sociably
neglected. This creates the vehicle of the
negative upon the highway of the sociological
spectrum creating a controversial monopoly
between opposed classes. Narcissism is in fact a
trait of a serial killer the trait was found in (Ted
Bundy) an American serial killer.
2.3
D1.
How does Rahim and Bonoma
(1979) theory help individuals
and organisation in conflict
Management work?
Rahim and Bonoma theory
(1979) elaborates upon two
dimensions of emotions the first
elaborating on the empathy
towards concerning towards
others and the second dimension
summarising the lack of empathy
towards concerning towards
human emotions. Both unlock
five elements of human
leadership skills clashing a
formation of human social
anthropology. How does it deal
with organisational conflict
management within the work
environment? The theory
summarises the dogmatic
totalitarians from the democratic
or non-confrontational
personalities. The theory helps
enterprises or the public service
endeavour the anatomy of
human economics. By
categorizing individuals by their
personality’s configuration such
as Belbin’s Team roles. It
constructs systematic order by
gathering Intel on emotional
actions. While unlocking
hypersonic automation towards
categorizing people into groups
that fit their personality avoiding
conflict with other cultures or
rival personality’s.
2.3
D1
How does The Robbers Cave experiment
help individuals and organisation in
conflict Management work?
The Robbers cave experiment known as
the Realistic conflict Theory elaborates
upon stereotypical completion between
Homo sapiens and fighting for survival
within the era of prehistoric birth. Today
within the 20th century we live within the
survival of ego. This normally leads
towards conflict within large
organisation to the public services. The
experiment displayed two warring
factions over task dynamics within the
common sear antics of young men. Now
this is all in good humour to see people
fighting even within their adult hood
without the affable approach towards
the situation. We can learn an
abundance of techniques from robbers
cave towards individuals within
enterprises or the public service by
presenting a leader towards the group’s
morphology assigning roles towards the
Groups team members ensuring that
every group member has their appointed
view summarised by the leader before it
is placed into action. Summarising the
inventory of Charles Darwin’s
evolutionary theory we are not that
different to animalistic behaviourism. “If
I was to be so crude” I would compare
the transcendence of human culture to
wolfs fighting for survival over food
resources. Summarising the quote
“survival of the fittest”.
harvard referencing
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