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TATA Group Profile
The Tata Group comprises 98 operating companies in seven businesssectors: information systemsand communications; engineering; materials; services; energy;consumer products; and chemicals.The Group was founded by JRD Tata in the mid 19th century, a periodwhen India had just set out onthe road to gaining independence from British rule. Consequently, JRDTata and those who followed him aligned business opportunities withthe objective of nation building.
The Tata Group is one of India's largest and most respected businessconglomerates, with revenuesin 2006-07 of $28.8 billion (Rs129,994 crore), the equivalent of about3.2 per cent of the country'sGDP, and a market capitalization of $66.9 billion as on February 21,2008. Tata companies togetheremploy some 289,500 people. The Group's 27 publicly listed
enterprises among them stand outnames such as Tata Steel, Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Motorsand Tata Tea have a combinedmarket capitalization that is the highest among Indian business housesin the private sector, and ashareholder base of over 2.9 million. The Tata Group has operationsin more than 80 countriesacross six continents, and products and services are exported to 85 countries.
The Tata family of companies shares a set of five core values:integrity, understanding, excellence,unity and responsibility. These values, which have been part of theGroup's beliefs and convictions
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from its earliest days, continue to guide and drive the businessdecisions of Tata companies. TheGroup and its enterprises have been steadfast and distinctive in theiradherence to business ethicsand their commitment to corporate social responsibility. This is alegacy that has earned the Groupthe trust of many millions of stakeholders in a measure few businesshouses anywhere in the worldcan match.
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TATA MOTORS PROFILE:
Tata Motors Limited is India's largest automobile company, with revenues of Rs. 32,426 crores(USD 7.2 billion) in 2006-07. It is the leader by far in commercial vehicles in each segment, and thesecond largest in the passenger vehicles market with winning products in the compact, midsizecar and utility vehicle segments. The company is the world's fifth largest medium and heavycommercial vehicle manufacturer, and the world's second largest medium and heavy busmanufacturer.
The company's 22,000 employees are guided by the vision to be "best in the manner in
which we operate best in the products we deliv er and best in our value system and ethics." TataMotors helps its employees realize their potential through innovative HR practices. The company'sgoal is to empower and provide employees with dynamic career paths in congruence withcorporate objectives. All-round potential development and performance improvement is ensured byregular in-house and external training.
The company has won several awards recognising its training programs. Established in
1945, Tata Motors' presence indeed cuts across the length and breadth of India. Over 4 millionTata vehicles ply on Indian roads, since the first rolled out in 1954. The company's manufacturing
base is spre````ad across India - Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) in the east, Pune (Maharashtra) in the west,and in the north in Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) and Pantnagar (Uttarakhand). A new plant is beingset up in Singur (close to Kolkata in West Bengal) to manufacture the company's small car. Thenation-wide dealership, sales, services and spare parts network comprises over 2,000 touch
points. The company also has a strong auto finance operation, TML Financial Services
Limited, supporting customers to purchase Tata Motors vehicles.Tata Motors, the first
company from India's engineering sector to be listed in the New York Stock Exchange (September2004), has also emerged as an international automobile company. In 2004, it acquired theDaewoo Commercial Vehicles Company, Korea's second largest truck maker. The rechristenedTata Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company has launched sev eral new products in the Korean
market, while also exporting these products to several international markets. Today two-thirds ofheavy commercial vehicle exports out of South Korea are from Tata Daewoo. In 2005, Tata Motorsacquired a 21% stake in Hispano Carrocera, a reputed Spanish bus and coach manufacturer, withan option to acquire the remaining stake as well. Hispano's presence is being expanded in othermarkets.
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In 2006, it formed a joint venture with the Brazil-based Marcopolo, a global leader in Body-
building for buses and coaches to manufacture fully-built buses and coaches for India and selectinternational markets. Tata Motors also entered into a joint venture in 2006 with ThonburiAutomotive Assembly Plant Company of Thailand to manufacture and market the company's
pickup vehicles in Thailand. In 2006, Tata Motors and Fiat Auto formed an industrial joint ventureat Ranjangaon (near Pune in Maharashtra, India) to produce both Fiat and Tata cars and Fiat
power trains for the Indian and overseas markets; Tata Motors already distributes and marketsFiat branded cars in India. In 2007, Tata Motors and Fiat Auto entered into an agreement for aTata license to build a pick-up vehicle bearing the Fiat nameplate at Fiat Group Automobiles' Plantat Cordoba, Argentina. The pick-up will be sold in South and Central America and select Europeanmarkets.
These linkages will further extend Tata Motors' international footprint, established throughexports since 1961. While currently about 18% of its revenues are from international business, thecompany's objective is to expand its international business, both through organic and inorganicgrowth routes. The company's commercial and passenger vehicles are already being marketed inseveral countries in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Australia, South East Asia and South Asia. Ithas assembly operations in Malaysia, Kenya, Bangladesh, Ukraine, Russia and Senegal. The
foundation of the companys growth is a deep understanding of economic stimuli and customer
needs, and the ability to translate them into customer -desired offerings through leading edgeR&D. The R&D establishment includes a team of 1400 scientists and engineers. The company's
Engineering Research Centre was established in 1966, and has facilities in Pune, Jamshedpur andLucknow. The ERC has enabled pioneering technologies and products. It was Tata Motors, whichdeveloped the first indigenously developed Light Commercial Vehicle, India's first Sports UtilityVehicle and, in 1998, the Tata Indica, India's first fully indigenous passenger car. Within two yearsof launch, Tata Indica became India's largest selling car in its segment. The ERC in Pune, amongwhose facilities are India's only certified crash-test facility and hemi-anechoic chamber for testingof noise and vibration, has received several awards from the Government of India. Some of themore prominent amongst them are the National Award for Research and Development Efforts inIndustry in the Mechanical Engineering Industries sector in 1999, the National Award forSuccessful Commercialization of Indigenous Technology by an Industrial Concern in 2000, and theCSIR Diamond Jubilee Technology Award in 2004.
The company set up the Tata Motors European Technical Centre (TMETC) in 2005 in the
UK. TMETC is engaged in design engineering and development of products, supporting TataMotors' skill sets. Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company and Hispano Carrocera also have
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R&D establishments at Gunsan in South Korea and Zaragoza in Spain. The pace of new productdevelopment has quickened through an organisation-wide structured New Product Introduction(NPI) process. The process with its formal structure for introducing new vehicles in the market
brings in greater discipline in project execution.
The NPI process helped Tata Motors create a new segment, in 2005, by launching the Tata
ce, Indias first indigenously developed mini-truck. The years to come will see the introduction of
several other innovative vehicles, all rooted in emerging customer needs. Besides productdevelopment, R&D is also focusing on environment -friendly technologies in emissions andalternative fuels.
Through its subsidiaries, the company is engaged in engineering and automotive solutions,
construction equipment manufacturing, automotive vehicle co mponents manufacturing andsupply chain activities, machine tools and factory automation solutions, high-precision tooling and
plastic and electronic components for automotive and computer applications, and automotiveretailing and service operations.
True to the tradition of the Tata Group, Tata Motors is committed in letter and spirit to
Corporate Social Responsibility. It is a signatory to the United Nations Global Compact, and isengaged in community and social initiatives on labor and environment standards in compliancewith the principles of the Global Compact. In accordance with this, it plays an active role incommunity development, serving rural communities adjacent to its manufacturing locations.
With the foundation of its rich heritage, Tata Motors today is etching a refulgent future.
Manufacturing:
Tata Motors owes its leading position in the Indian automobile industry to its strong focus onindigenization. This focus has driven the Company to set up world-class manufacturing unitswith state-of-the-art technology. Every stage of product evolution-design, development,manufacturing, assembly and quality control, is carried out meticulously. Our manufacturing
plants are situated at Jamshedpur in the East, Pune in the West and Lucknow in the North.
Jamshedpur:
Established in1945, the Jamshedpur unit was the company's first unit and is spread over an area of822 acres. It consists of 4 major divisions - Truck Factory, Engine Factory, Cab & CowlFactories, and the Novus. Engineering Division, which has one of the most versatile tool makingfacilities in the Indian sub-continent.
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Lucknow:
Tata Motors Lucknow is one of the youngest production facilities among all the Tata Motorslocations and was established in 1992 to meet the demand for Commercial Vehicles in theIndian market.
Uttarakhand
The company has set up a plant for its mini-truck, Ace, at Pant Nagar in Uttarakhand. The plant will
begin commercial production during the course of the year.
Research:
Research & Development:
Research provides the much-needed inspiration for the birth of new ideas, which in turnbreathes new life into products. World-class automotive research and development are key
factors that contribute to the leadership of the Company.
Engineering Research Centre (ERC):
The Research Centre at Jamshedpur regularly upgrades components and aggregates. Awellequipped torture track enables rigorous and exhaustive testing of modifications before they
are used as regular fitments.
Safety (CRASH TEST FACILITY):
For Tata Motors, safety is of paramount importance. This avenue provides no room for the
slightest margin of error.
Tata Motors ERC is the only high-tech facility in India to evaluate the degree of passenger safety inthe event of any high-speed impact. Through a special crash test facility. Different types ofaccidents are simulated; the results analyzed, and put to use in the development of a vehicle that
satisfies stringent international safety norms.
Special high-speed cameras record test crashes at the rate of 1000 frames per second. Anaccident, for instance, at the speed of 50 kilometers per hour, lasts one eighth of a second.Thus, 125 frames recorded by these cameras are available for study with the completion of each
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individual test.
Minimizing Noise (ANECHOIC CHAMBER):
Anechoic chamber is a highly sophisticated noise andvibration laboratory, the nerve centre ofwhich is a vast chamber lined with 88,000 cones projecting atvarious angles from the walls andceiling. It is one of its kinds in India and is developed completelywith in-house facilities.
Designing and Styling (CAD CENTRE):
The CAD centre is equipped with 53 state-of-the-art CAD stations and the latest
software. The CAD centre is a vital organ of ERC's Cab Design Section. CAD designing involvesdevelopment of vehicle specifications, styling interiors and exteriors, reviewing the styling from the
engineering and aesthetic points of view, virtual prototyping to check for designacceptability and feasibility of manufacture.
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TATA NANO
Tata Mot ors' plans would produce, in real terms, by far the cheapest car ever made.
An Indian car may soon earn a parking place in history alongside Ford's Model T, Volkswagen'sBeetle and the British Motor Corp.'s Mini, all of which put a set of wheels within reach of millions ofcustomers after they rolled onto the scene. Tata Motors is developing a car it aims to sell for about$2,500 the cheapest, by far ever made.
# Source :(NYSE: TTM - news - people)
Tata Nano - The little car that might change the world
TECH SPECS:Length : 3.1 m
Width : 1.5 m
Height : 1.6 mTo seat : 4
Engine : 643cc, 2-cylinder, all-aluminumPower : 33 BHP
Position : Engine, battery at rear end
Boot : In front
Fuel : PetrolFuel injection : MPFI
Fuel consumption : 20 kmpl.AC : Only in deluxe version
Passenger side mirror : No
Power steering : NoPrice : $2500 at dealer + VAT + transport cost. Base version
approximate on-road price: $3000
Tyres : Tubeless tyres.Body : All-steel
Safety features : Crumple zones, intrusion-resistant doors, seat belts,2 A-Pillars
Suspension : Independent front and rear
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Seldom do we see cars that rewrite the history books even before they are seen running around onthe roads. And hardly ever do we see cars that vow to put the nation on four wheels. The Tata Nanois one such car - a car that has been in the news for quite a few years, for reasons good and evil.
Nano is a car which has breathed into life due to one man. Give credit to Mr. Ratan Tata for hisdetermination to build a low cost family car that has come true, finally! Took long it did, but the
Nano came in a beautiful form Touted as worlds cheapest car by a far cry, Nano has been the talkof the town around the globe. Head honchos of big organizations have been pouring in by numbersto have a look at this engineering masterpiece. We bring you some interesting bits.
Looks:
Length 3100mm
Width 1500mm
Height 1600mm
Wheelbase 2230mm.
Ground Clearance - 180mm
You will be wondering why I am talking about the dimensions of the Nano, since all of you know that it isa rather compact and tiny machine. It is because I have good reason to talk about thedimensions. You see, the Nano is going to be faced with Maruti 800 as its main rival. But you couldthrow in the Alto and Zen Estilo to mark out some design and packaging aspects. Just to get things in
perspective, Nano is over 230mm shorter than 800 in overall length but the wheelbase advantage of155mm over the offering from Maruti makes sure that the Nano is more accommodating than the 800.Tata has managed to squeeze out a 60mm advantage in width and Maruti 800 falls short of about
100mm in height. So in essence, you get more legroom, better shoulder room and room more thanenough for a turban, if you wear one! But before you enter inside, you are bound to gape inadmiration at the beautifully crafted curves of this micro car. I personally feel that the front has a lot ofZen Estilo written on it, but manages to look really funky and cool.The mono-volume design establishes a sea of change from the two-box layout of the 800. What itensures the Nano with is extremely short overhangs and tight packaging. For a car of this size andimage, the Nano is an extremely sexy looking car with futuristic design cues. The bonnet line is steepand unites together with the bumper in a seamless way Though there is no grille per se, the fronthas a smiling look which accentuates the happy feeling. The fog lamps are incorporated in the
bumper which has a distinct air dam running across in between them. In profile, the Nano resemblesMitsubishis latest small car i The rear of the Nano is somewhat recognizable The tail lamps areinspired from elder sister, Indica. So this is a very compact hatchback, yes? No my friend, you are
massively wrong. Even I was dumbfounded when I discovered that the Nano cannot be called a
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hatchback - a word so true to the way the small cars are. The reason forthis is because it does nothave a hatch! The tail gate cannot be opened owing to it being joinedtogether with the boot sill.This makes accessing the engine a pain in the bottom. But a hatchback itwill be called still. The backside of the Nano is made attractive by the mid mounted ex haust pipewhich peeps out of theaggressively designed bumper.
The ultra-secret people's car for India - the Tata Nano - ishere. How will thiscar change the way India, and the developing countries drive?
The Nano is disruptive tech - make no mistake.The world's car manufacturers have expressed all shades of opinion in the run-up to the Tata Nano.Suzuki has said that it is impossible V W said it is not what they want to do. DaimlerChrysler saidthey think it is an important market Tata is trying to tap.There was no way Tata could design a car the conventional way. So went at it on a clean slate. And
seems to have pulled it off. The rear engined car will have a small boot for luggage storage in thefront. In the process of developing the Nano, Tata Motors has added 40 patents to its kitty.
This car, if it becomes a hit, will make every auto company change the way it works and look at thevolume market. Not only in India, but in entire Asia and every third world co untry. Offeringmobility for the masses is big business. The VW Beetle did that, and so did Henry Ford.
Environmental ImpactIn India, a car like this can crowd the streets, forcing the government to improve infrastructure - and asthe evolution of the Western industrial society demonstrates, affordable cars can be a major force forchange. But till that happens, this is a car that can seriously crowd the streets - and make life a bittougher in the short-term.
The car will have a two-cylinder 624-cc petrol engine with 33 bhp of power.
It will also have a 30-litre fuel tank and four-speed manual gearshift. The car will come with airconditioning in the deluxe version, but will have no power steering. I know, that's pathetic power byAmerican and Western standards. But Indian maximum legal speeds are way lower than them - and
Tata Motors anyway claims that the car is as fast as the Maruti 800, India's original People's Car thatchanged things a couple decades back. And there are a million or more of them on the streets ofIndia already. The car will have front disk and rear drum brakes. The company claims mileage of 22kmpl in city and 26 kmpl on highway.The $ 2500 is the dealer price - the actual price on the road might be approx Rs. $3000. Thecar launched is being avidly watched by the auto industry around the world.
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As attractive as the Nano is on the outside, the same cannot be said for the interior. The plastics feelcheap and it is here that you begin to feel the concern towards the price that Tata was aiming at.The rudimentary knobs and switches point towards the use of materials which would be better off intractors twenty years old! Dreary and uninspiring by any measure, thats what one can say about theinterior quality and looks. What impressed me though was the layout. Spacious and functional, the
dashboard has a curved look which can prove beneficial when it comes to storing items. The ChevySpark started it for the small cars and the Nano continues on what seems to be the current trend.The instrument binnacle is mid-mounted and the centre console has a swooping form which housesall the important knobs and air con vents. Speakers for the audio system have been incorporated onthe rear bench just under the seat area.The speedo is calibrated to a top whack of 120kmph though we shall reserve our statements on thattill we test the car thoroughly Cash saving activity has gone a bit too far with the sun visor, theresonly one! Please Tata, please, have mercy on the people who will sit on the passenger seat, only tofind no sun visor to protect their skin from sun or no vanity mirror for women (men too, going by thecurrent fashion!) to put the make-up on. The centre console, forming a crest in the middle of thedash, can be worrisome if you happen to be as tall as Rajpal Yadav. The seats have integrated headrestraints, like in the hugely popular, Hyundai i10. Yes the Nano will be deprived of a lot of creaturecomforts but to satisfy your salivating mouth, Tata will offer the top end version with air con, powerwindows and power steering. This car is destined to be ex ported too, so provision for ABS andairbags will also be there for sure. The floor mounted four-speed gearbox wasnt smooth as silk butwould give the 800 something to take inspiration from. Roominess is what this com pact car fromTata is all about. Four average sized Indians will find themselves enjoying their ride.
SAFETY
Passes crash tests. Side impact test yet to be done, but Tata is confident about it. It has 2 A-pillars on oneside to better meet safety norms. No airbags. Airbags are still not a required feature in India. But youhave crumple zones, intrusion-resistant doors, seatbelts and anchorages.A four wheeler is safe than a scooter. So to begin with, the huge two wheeler population of Indiagains a safety benefit. But will it pass the safe ty requirements of a large car or even a high
technology compact? Unlikely. But that is not the o bjective - it is to improve the safety offourmember families like this one that rides scooters and at risk every day.And so here it is. If Tata Motors is right, we could be witnessing a serious disruptive force and onethat might kick-start India on to a high growth path. Successful mass market mobility does that to acountry.
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Mechanicals:Everyone, and it does not discount the motoring journos, expected the One Lakh Car to have a
plastic body But boy did Tata play it big there! Contrary to everyones belief, the Nano is a metal -bodied car with four full-blown doors to ease the ingress and egress. This is a uni-body constructionbut makes use of a sub-frame which adds to the strength in addition to providing support for drive
train and suspension units. The suspension has a story of its own altogether! Well, Tata engineerssaid that since the rear-biased weight distribution led to some scary moments while testing the car,they had to optimize the suspension setup and add a fair amount of other eccentric but equallyhelpful technical add-ons like fatter rear tyre while the battery box and fuel tank are placed rightunderneath front occupants.The engine is what has been the buzz word around the car. It is an all-aluminum two cylinder enginedisplacing 624cc with two valves per cylinder driven by a single overhead camshaft. The bore andstroke are nearly similar giving it a square form Making the Nano move w ill be the power of 33horses which will peak out at 5500rpm while 48Nm of turning force will be supplied at a meager2500rpm which should help the drivability of the car. The Nano will transmit its small amount of
power via a 4-speed cable operated gearbox with the fourth being an overdriven ratio. Tata isworking on developing an automatic gearbox as well but that will not be available when the car gets
launched later this year. In addition to the 624cc petrol engine, the Indian auto giant might alsobring out a common-rail diesel engine (700cc) which might be of the same architecture as the oneseen on Tata Ace.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Article 1 :What gave Nano a headstart ?The Nano could potentially challenge the conventional wisdom within the auto industry that whollynew concepts do not live long enough. New launches basically add a whistle here and a bell there to the
plethora of existing models. Indeed, in more than 70 car launches worldwide, there have been not morethan a handful of seminal shifts within this industry.
But the Tata offering has come to topple all those casts by reordering the status-quo. The wholestory seems to strike two notes at once. The first one is true to the old adage among businesses that thewise profit from giving that which profits their customers; the second dares to contrarily create andnurture a space that others overlooked or even rejected.
Some known facts
Not too long ago, many pundits within the industry had held that small carssuch as the Maruti 800have outlived their use and must, therefore, pack up. Yet, just into 2008, aglowing Mr. Ratan Tatadrove on to the stage in his Nano, that sports a far lower powered engine andwhich may soon storm
the Indian roads.Surprisingly, many of the same pundits who had bemoaned the twilight ofMaruti 800 have nowbegun to celebrate the business sense that the Nano exudes. It looks like,in any case, the Tata Nanoproject has defied textbook constructs of successful venturing.In fact, we knew for good reasons that there is much less money to be made insmall cars. We also
knew that products conceived for specific markets have less possibility ofsuccess than thosevisualized on a global basis.And, admittedly, auto majors with a wider, deeper portfolio of cars are rightlybelieved to be able to gainmore profitably from a radical but relevant offering.Such manufacturers, it is often acknowledged, are able to reap from theeconomies of scale that canbe got from sharing the costs of design, manufacture and retail, among their
entire product line-up.
Small-car concept
The Tata project bore none of the above usual stamps of success. Yet it is pretty hard to term Nanoanything but a success going by the reception it received. This perhaps indicates that the real game isone of strategy.Indeed, it is not so much about cars or of experience as about getting clear the underlying conceptsand attitudes. Ironically, Tata's capture of the "small car concept" is in itself hardly path-breaking.
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One recollects that when the Maruti 800 was introduced around the mid-1980s, it was, even afteradjusting for the then stronger rupee, an immensely affordable car (wellbelow a lakh of rupees). Itwas, in fact, India's first small, sweet car.But, over time, the sweetness of Maruti 800 - rather than the real demandfor small cars - haddiminished. That was primarily because of its price, which kept on surging.What is certainly path-breaking is the price tag of the Nano. Even if we wentall the way back before allthose price rises and income growth spread over the past two consecutivedecades, Nano's price would
have still generated a landslide sales record in the mid-1980s.
The price element
And, what is important is, where a pre-liberalised mid-1980s represented
stunted buying power,"today's India" that is to receive the Nano, represents greatly enlarged buyingpower.This, in effect, gives the Nano an exceptional welcome thrust. Besides theelement of price-point -where Tata Motors led the pack on a wide margin - almost every other majorcar company in theworld seems to have otherwise just as seriously investigated small cars.If anything, notwithstanding the environment dimension, the persistently high
oil prices ofthe present decade have, in fact, made all makers gravitate toward more fuel-efficient, smaller cars. Thekey question, then, is: With so many auto firms zeroing in on small cars, howdid Tata Motors achievesuch astounding price levels? Indeed, when global industry majors were talkingabout a small car withtrendy, tiny engines, they were all, in effect, attempting to scale down on what
they were traditionallygood at: Medium and big cars.
Two perspectives
Unlike Tata Motors, almost none of the global majors had paid due attention to the thought of anall-new small car. There is, for sure, a big difference between scaling down a big-sized car to a viablesmall size.The gamut of idea generation, concept, design, making, retailing, and so on, differs a great deal
between the two perspectives. The first perspective tweaks to fit what is already on hand, whereas thesecond creates afresh to fulfill what is widely sought.
Consequently, the processes that colour the making of an inexpensive and cheerful car are not at all'cheap'. Understandably, those processes have to be richer in innovation, bolder in imagination,nimbler in evaluating and, of course, shrewder in putting together the pieces (ideas, hardware, andcosts) appealingly.
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Taking the lead
The stalwarts of the car industry never quite saw 'small cars' as 'small cars'. Here is where TataMotors strode ahead, giving Mr. Tata and his team a head-start. The Nano, then, brings home thetruth that lacking certain advantages can actually prove more rewarding.
The car industry, unlike the insurance industry, which enjoys safety cover from reinsurance, hasnever been able to obtain a guaranteed cover for assured success.
One could say that the future Nanos would certainly get their shots of incremental improvement. So, too,would be the approaches of many other aspiring small-car makers, after taking note of this
primordial shift.
# Source : The Hindu Business Line February 5th, 2008
Article 2: Tata to ride Nano to Geneva Motor ShowTata Motors' Nano, easily the world's most talked-about car these days, will make its internationaldebut at the 78th Geneva Motor Show in the first week of March. The five-door hatchback that costs
just Rs 100,000 ($2,500), making it the world's cheapest, was unveiled in January this year at theAuto Expo here. Nano would be among Tata Motors' exhibits at the show, a company spokespersonsaid here.Sales of Nano, nicknamed the people's car for its affordable pricing that will make four-wheelersavailable to millions of middle-class people who hitherto rode two-wheelers, is expected to start in thesecond half of this year.Although the car has its share of critics, it has undeniably put India on the global automotive map andhas triggered a race among leading car makers to match the Nano price-point. Already, carmanufacturers Renault and Nissan are eyeing a $3000 car.
The Nano, which Tata Motors has said meets all safety and emission norms, will share the limelightwith top marques from around the world that are expected at the show. This year's edition of theGeneva Motor Show will mark the 11th year of participation for Tata Motors. Tata Motors' Nano, easilythe world's most talked-about car these days, will make its international debut at the 78th GenevaMotor Show in the first week of March.
# Source :The Economic Times February 7th, 2008
Article 3: Indian people's carIndia is one of those developing countries whose economies are expected to be among the worldleaders by the middle of this century. Its technological skill and financial clout have already made animpact in the IT industry and the international cricketing arena, to take just two examples. But theunveiling of Tata Motors' Nano car in New Delhi yesterday
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The headline news is that the Nano will cost only pounds 1,300, thus opening a potentially hugemarket in the developing world. But Tata has also stolen a march on giant vehicle manufacturers suchas GM, Ford, Toyota, V W, Mitsubishi and Renault-Nissan, all of which are looking to expand sales inAsia, Africa and Latin America at a time when the European and American markets are, respectively,flat and declining.
Tata has produced a car that not only costs pounds 500 less than the cheapest Chinese model, butalso breaks technological ground by having a rear-mounted two-cylinder engine, which both savesfuel and creates interior space. It has taken out more than 34 patents on technologies used in itsmanufacture. The Tata Group, the country's largest conglomerate, epitomizes the global outreach ofmodern India; having acquired the Corus metals company last year, it is now seeking to buy JaguarCars and Land Rover.The world's second most populous nation presents a striking contrast between that kind of industrialclout and the poverty in which most Indians still live. At one end of the scale are billionaires such asVijay Mallya, who is promoting India as a Formula 1 racing power. At the other are the inhabitantsof Mumbai's periphery who lack decent housing, education and healthcare. The Nano lies betweenthose two extremes: a car built to attract members of the urban middle class who at present perchon motorcycles. That it will add to India's already acute traffic problems should remind thegovernment of how far it has fallen behind in infrastructure development, whether roads, electricity orwater. The Nano is a remarkable first from a country that still exasperates for its failure to provide basicservices.
# Source : As published in The Daily Telegraph, London on January 11th, 2008.
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PROBLEMDEFINITION
Marketing Research Problem:
To find out the consumer perception on T T S N NO in Bangalore city.
T T s N NO will be launched on 23r d March 2008 There has been lots ofexcitement andenthusiasm among the mass for the product. To find out how thecommon mass perceives theproduct and how should T T Motors position N NO it is important to conducta researchObjective of the Study:
To know the consumer perception on T T N NO
To find out the awareness level about T T N NO To
find out the Acceptance level of people.
To know about factors affecting purchase decision of T T N NOTo find out the target segment for TATA NANO
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RESEARCHMETHODOLOGYRESEARCH DESIGN:
Descriptive Research Method
SAMPLING PROCEDURE:
Sampling Plan: Convenient Sampling (Non-Probabilistic Sampling Method)
Sample Size: 100 respondents
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN:
The research was done on the basis of a structured questionnaire
FIELD WORK PLAN:
100 respondents were interviewed in and around the Alliance Central campus, Anekal,
FORUM Mall, BTM Stage 1 & 2 and Kormangala areas of Bangalore. Thegroup was divided into threegroups of 2 interviewers each who interviewed respondents at the abovementioned locations.The respondents were interviewed from 4thMar-7th Mar 2009.LIMITATIONS:
The accuracy of the responses given by the respondents.
Data was collected from the limited locations of Bangalore; therefore findings cannot begeneralized for the whole city or country.
Language was a barrier between the interviewer and the respondents to collect theresponses.
DATA COLLECTIONData was collected from the following two sources:
PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION:Primary Data was collected thro ugh SURVEY using a structured questionnaire through
which the research was able to get an insight in to the consumers mindand to learn aboutperception towards N NOSECONDARY DATA COLLECTION:
Secondary Data was collected through magazines, journals, articles and earlier reports.
Secondary Data helped in finding the variables that has an effect on the perception made by thepeople towards TATA Nano.
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DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
1. DEMOGRAPHIC
ANALYSISGENDERTable 1.1
Gender Type Frequency
Male 64
Female 36
Total 100
Graph 1.1The above mentioned chart clearly shows that out of 100 respondents 64 were males and 36 werefemales.
AGE DISTRIBUTION
Table 1.2
Age No.of Respondents
18-30 yrs 64
30-50 yrs 32
Above 50 yrs 4
Total 100
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Graph 1.2
The above mentioned chart clearly shows that majority of the respondents lies between the agegroup of 18-50 yrs.
PROFESSION
Table 1.3
Profession No.of RespondentsGovt. Employee 10
Pvt. Sector Employee 44
Student 31
Businessman 12
Professional 3Any other 0
Total 100
Graph 1.3The above mentioned chart shows that data was collected from respondents having varied types ofoccupation. The majority of the respondents were pvt. sector employee and students.
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INCOME GROUP
Table 1.4
Monthly Income No.of Respondents
Rs.5000-Rs.10000 10Rs.10000-Rs.15000 16
Rs.15000-Rs. 20000 14
Above Rs. 20000 29
Not Earning 31
Total 100
Graph 1.4
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2. FACTOR ANALYSIS
To understand the various parameters affecting the perception of the mass towards TATA
Nano, the respondents were interv iewed with the help of questionnaire
mentioned in the appendixhaving the variables found from the secondary data. Further analysis wasdone through factoranalysis with the help of SPSS software. The goal of the factor analysis is toreduce the no. of original setof variables to a smaller set of comprehensive factors for use insubsequent multi-variantanalysis. Therefore through the factor analysis the 13 variables that the
perception of the mass can bereduced to lesser no. of comprehensive factors that can explain the othervariables. This shall reducethe complexity. The output we get after compiling the input data is:
KMO and Bartlett's Test
Table 2.1Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure ofSampling Adequacy. .669
Bartlett's Test of Approx. Chi-Square 709.908
Sphericity df 78
Sig. .000
From this table it can be interpreted that the value of KMO is greater than0.5, which means that ourresearch data is appropriate and valid. KMO value is greater than 0.5because no. of respondentswere more than 5 times the no. of the decision variables.Table 2.2 Total Variance ExplainedComponent Initial Eigenvalues Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
% of Cumulative % of Cumulative
Total Variance % Total Variance %
1 3.808 29.294 29.294 3.780 29.076 29.076
2 2.095 16.119 45.413 2.095 16.115 45.191
3 1.772 13.629 59.042 1.769 13.608 58.799
4 1.272 9.784 68.826 1.304 10.027 68.826
5 .932 7.172 75.998
6 .904 6.951 82.949
7 .796 6.119 89.068
8 .546 4.197 93.266
9 .303 2.329 95.595
10 .239 1.841 97.436
11 .153 1.175 98.612
12 .122 .941 99.553
13 .058 .447 100.000
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
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Now from the above table of SPSS output the total no. of factors in which the variables can beclassified can be realized. From the Eigen values of each factor in the table, the factors having Eigenvalue greater than 1, shall be considered for further analysis.
As in this case the Eigen value of 4 factors is more than 1, so the no. of factors shall be 4. The
percentage of variance column shows that the total variance explained byeach factor. As in this casethe 1st factor explains the total variance up to 29.294 %, similarly theentire factors explains thevariable. Upto 68.826% of the variables are explained by the 4 factors. Itmeans 31.174% areexplained by other factors which have not been taken into account.Table 2.3 Rotated Component Matrix(a)
Variables Component
1 2 3 4
BrandName .171 .501 -.065 -.517
Design .952 -.075 -.011 .003
Safety .919 .047 -.040 -.171
Afffordability .882 .157 -.083 -.231
Comfort -.055 .927 .061 .006
Status -.022 .048 .924 -.034
Lifestyle -.010 .898 .005 .133
Mantainence .830 .008 .049 -.011
Inspace -.122 -.148 -.140 .822
Accessories .021 -.025 .930 -.073
Power .704 -.106 .090 .273
Powersteering .130 .147 .045 .695
Brakes -.025 .297 -.050 .442
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
a) Rotation converged in 4 iterations.
From the above table of output we can identify the distributio n of each variable in o ur selectedfactors. Our 4 factors are as follows -
Factor1 = Design (L value = .952) + Safety (L value = .919) + Affordability (L value = .882) +
Mantainence (L value = .830) + Power (L value = .704) shall be combinedtogether to get our 1stmajor factor, we may name as . This factor is explaining 129.076 % ofthe variation.Factor2 = Comfort (L value = .927)+ Lifestyle (L value = .898) shall be combined together to get
the 2nd major factor, we may name as This factor is explaining 16 115 % of totalvariation.
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Factor3 = Status (L value = .924) + Accessories (L value = .930) shall be combined together to get
the 3rd major factor, which we may name as This factor is explaining 13 608% of totalvariation.
Factor4 = Interior Space (L value = .822). This factor is explaining 10.027% of total variation.
Design
Comfort
Safety
Factor 2Factor 1 Affordability
MantainenceLifestyle
Power
Status
Factor 4 Interior SpaceFactor 3
Accessories
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3. AWARENESS OF TATA NANO
Table 3.1 (Responses over Awareness)
Awareness No. of Respondents
Aware 92
Unaware 8
Total 100
Graph 3.1The above mentioned pie -chart (Graph 3.1)and table (Table 3.1) shows that majority of therespondents were aware of the T T s Nano
4. CCEPT NCE LEVEL OF T T S N NO
To find out the acceptance level, the respondents were interviewed overtheir liking towards TATANano and their Plan to buy on a likert scale. Following were the responses:Table 4.1(Responses over Acceptance)
Responses Liking Plan to buy
Definitely 27 16
Somewhat 56 24
Neutral 12 28
Somewhat not 5 20
Definitely no 0 12
Total 100 100
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Graph 4.1
From the above mentioned chart it can be realised that liking of the respondents towards TATANano is very high i.e. TATA Nano is liked by most of the respondents. But there is mixed responses overtheir plan to buy TATA Nano. There were around 40 respondents who may buy TATA Nano and there 32respondents who may not buy. The rest 28 were neutral.
5. NAME JUSTIFIES THE PRODUCT
Graph 5.1
The Graph 5 1 shows that most of the respondents believe that the name N NO justifies theproduct.
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6. NANO OVER BIKE
Graph 6.1
Most of the respondent will not prefer purchasing Bike over Nano
7. FEATURE THAT INSPIRES THE MOST TO BUY NANO
Graph 7.1
Price is the major feature of N NO that inspires respondents the most
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8. COLOUR
Graph 8.1
Most of the respondents preferred yellow and red colour as their preferred colour for N NO
9. RECOMMENDATION OF NANO
Graph 9.1
From the above mentioned graph it can be observed that most of the respondents shall recommendN NO to others
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10. N NO S DRE M C R
Graph 10.1
It can be observed from the chart that majority of the respondents do not see NANO astheir dream car.
11. CLUSTER
ANALYSISCluster Analysis is performed to assign the objects into groups (called clusters) so that objectsfrom the same cluster are more similar to each other than objects from differentclusters. Thereforein this research, the sample of 100 respondents can be classified into certain no.of groups orclusters showing the same attributes. This form of analysis will basically helpthe marketer toposition their product in a much effective way by targeting a certain group of
individuals. Thereforeit is important for the research to find as to which cluster of people TATA Nanoshould be targeted.Here the grouping variables are age, sex, profession, monthly income, familymembers, awarenessof TATA Nano, liking and plan to buy Nano. After running cluster analysisthrough SPSS softwareusing the above mentioned grouping variables, following output was obtained:
Agglomerative hierarchical clustering
First step for clustering shall be Agglomerative hierarchical clustering which breaks up (divisiv e) ahierarchy of clusters. Therefore through hierarchical clustering an idea of the no. of clusters intowhich the sample should be classified can be obtained This is done using gglomeration Schedulementioned in Appendix.
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From this agglomeration schedule it can be observed that the no. ofclusters should be 2 or 3.The next step of classification of sample into clusters is done through K-meansclustering.K-means Clustering
After running the K-means clustering by entering the no. of clusters as 3, following output was
obtained:
Table 11.1 Final Cluster Centers
Table 11.2Cluster
31 2
SEX 1.62 1.28 1.35
1.45
2.98
4.42
4.051.11
4.09
1.62
AGE 1.54 1.25
PROFESSION 2.69 1.72
MONTHLYINCOME 3.85 1.94
FAMILYMEMBERS 6.62 4.19
AWARENESS 1.00 1.06
LIKING 3.92 4.03
PLANTOBUY 1.92 1.75
CLUSTER 1:This cluster includes 13 respondents. The major characteristics of this cluster are that most of themare females, the age group is between 18-50yrs, the major profession is Pvt. Sector employee andstudents, monthly income is above Rs. 20000, Avg. no. of family members are 6, all are aware of the
T T s Nano, they somewhat like T T s Nano but they dont plan to buy it
CLUSTER 2:This cluster includes 32 respondents. The major characteristics of this cluster are that most of themare males, the age group is between 18-30yrs, the major profession is Pvt. Sector employee andgovt. employee, average monthly income is around Rs. 10000-Rs.15000, Avg. no. of family membersare 4, all are aware of the T T s Nano, they somewhat like T T s Nano but they dont plan to buyit.
CLUSTER 3:This cluster includes 55 respondents. The major characteristics of this cluster are that most of themare males, the age group is between 18-30yrs, the major profession is Pvt. Sector employee andstudents, average mo nthly income is above Rs. 20000, Avg. no. of family members are 4, all areaware of the T T s Nano, they somewhat like T T s Nano but they have larger orientationtowards buying TATA Nano.Therefore, TATA Nano should target cluster 3 due to higher intend to purchase, family members are4 which are suitable for TATA Nano.
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Conclusion & Research Findings
T T Nanos awareness level is very high (92%) i.e. most of the people are aware about Tata
Nano This has been due to many reasons like controversy in Singur, first peoples car in justRs. 1 lakh, brand name of TATA linked with NANO etc. This is a very good sign for TATA Nano tocapitalize on their public relations.
Private Sector employees and students have higher degree of acceptance level for TATA
Nano.
The most important factors that affect the purchasing decision of the people to purchase a
small car like N NO are Design, Safety, ffordability, power, comfort, lifestyle, accessoriesstatus and interior space.
Research shows that the name N NO is very well accepted by the people as most of them
believe that Nano justifies the product
It was also observed in the research that majority of people shall not prefer Nano over
Bike as they believe that bike has some additional benefits over N NO
Price was the most important feature that shall inspire most of the people to purchase
N NO s the car is available in Rs 1 lakh only therefore most of the people believe that it isaffordable to them.
Blue and Yellow are the most demanding color that shall be preferred by most of the
people for their N NO
It has also been found out through research that most of the people shall recommend
T T s Nano to other which is a very good sign for T T Motors
lso, most of the respondents believe that N NO is not their dream car
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Bibliography & References
Exploratory Factor Analysis - A Book Manuscript by Tucker, L. & MacCallum R. (1993).
Retrieved June 8, 2006, from: http://www.unc.edu/~rcm/book/factornew.htm
Raymond Cattell. Retrieved July 22, 2004, fromhttp://www.indiana.edu/~intell/rcattell.shtml
E. B. Fowlkes & C. L. Mallows (September 1983). "A Method for Comparing Two Hierarchical
Clusterings". Journal of the American Statistical Association 78 (383): 553-584.doi:10.2307/2288117
Schutt, Russell K. 2006. "Investigating the Social World: The Process and Practice of
Research". SAGE Publications
Mohanty, Mrituinjoy (2008-01-10). "Why criticising the 1-Lakh car is wrong". Rediff News.
http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/jan/04tatacar.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.
Tata's High-Stakes Bet on Low-Cost Car". The Wall Street Journal, Eric Bellman, Jan 10, 2008.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119993102461279857.html.
First Look: Ratan Tata unveils Nano". IBN. 2008-01-10. http://www.ibnlive.com/news/first-
look-ratan-tata-unveils-nano/56038-7.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.
"Deutscher Konzern verdient am Tata krftig mit" (in German). Die Welt. 10 January 2008.
http://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article1536886/Tata_Nano__der_indische_Volkswagen.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-22.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Auto/Automobiles/Rahul_B
ajaj_says_Mamata_fought_for_farmers_not_politics/articleshow/3456250.cms
http://www.autoexpo.in/news_jan_23.asphttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News_by_Industry/Nano_to_rollout_from_Pantnagar
/articleshow/3523806.cms
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/driving/news/article3168303.ecehttp://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-35844720081007 2008 Issues
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/driving/article3164205.ecehttp://www.cbc.ca/consumer/story/2008/01/10/nano-tata.html
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Appendix
APPENDIX 1 QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION - IPERSONAL DETAILS
Name: __________________________________________________________________
Sex : Male Female
Age : 18 - 30 yrs 30 - 50 yrs Above 50 yrs
Profession: Govt. EmployeeBusinessman
Pvt. Sector Employee Professional
Student Any other _______________
Monthly Income: Rs.5,000 - Rs.10,000 Rs. 10,000-Rs.15000
Rs.15,000 - Rs.20,000 Above Rs. 20,000
Family Members: ___________________
(1) Do you have any Vehicle ?
Yes No
If Yes than Specify,
Two Wheeler Four Wheeler Both
(2) re you aware of Tatas N NO car ?
Yes No
(3) Do you like the Tatas N NO ?
Very muchSomewhatSomewhat not
Not at all
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say(5) Which model would you go for ?
Deluxe (with AC) Standard (without AC)
(6) Do you think name N NO justifies the product like car?
DefinatelyProbably
Might or might not
Probably notDefinitely not
(7) Instead of purchasing a Bike, will you prefer to go forthe N NO?
Yes No cant say
(8) Which feature of N NO attracts you most, that inspires you to go for N NO?
Price Interior space
Design All the above
Cant sayMileage
(9) Which colour of N NO would you prefer?
Red Yellow
Blue Silver
White Other, Specify ............
(10) For what purpose would you like to use N NO?
Will offer it to your children to use it in place of a two wheeler. Will
use as family car for shopping and travel.
Will prefer as a taxi.
Would like to offer as gift.
Any other, specify .................................
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(11) Do you think N NO is people's car?
Very much Somewhat not
Somewhat Not at all
(12) Will you recommend N NO to your friends and relatives?
Probably will not recommendDefinitely will not recommend
Definitely will recommendProbably will recommend
Not sure
(13) Which small car would you prefer to buy?
OtherMaruti 800Tata N NO
(14)Will there be traffic problem with the introduction of N NO on Indian roads?
Definately Probably not
Probably Definitely not
Might or might not
(15) Can you trust N NO for safety?
DefinatelyProbably
Might or might notProbably notDefinitely not
(16) What do you think of its mileage of21km/l ?Very Good & reason to buy Not enough
Good enough for small town(17) Do you think that Purchase decision ofN NO will affect your status?
DefinatelyProbably
Might or might notProbably notDefinitely not
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(18) Rate the following attributes of in order of your preference , while buying N NO, on a scale of 1to 7 (7=very good, 1= very poor)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Brand Name I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
Shape/Design I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
Safety I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------IAffordability I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
Comfort I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
Status I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
Lifestyle I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
Mantainence I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
Interior space I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
Accessories I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
Power I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
power steering I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
brakes I------I-------I-------I-------I------I------I
(19) Do you believe that N NO is a dream car of yours?
DefinitelyProbably
Might or might notProbably notDefinitely not
Place Sign
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APPENDIX 2
Agglomeration Schedule
Cl us t er Co m b in e d S ta g e Cl u st e r Fir st Ap p e a rs
St a g e Cl us t e r 1 Cl us t e r 2 Co e f fi ci e nt s Clu s te r 1 Clu s te r 2 Nex t S t a ge
1 9 7 1 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 1 4
2 2 7 9 9 .0 0 0 0 0 1 2
3 7 1 9 6 .0 0 0 0 0 6
4 2 5 9 2 .0 0 0 0 0 2 9
5 7 2 7 9 .0 0 0 0 0 2 4
6 4 6 7 1 .0 0 0 0 3 3 2
7 2 0 7 0 .0 0 0 0 0 1 9
8 5 6 6 8 .0 0 0 0 0 1 0
9 1 6 6 6 .0 0 0 0 0 3 2
10 3 0 5 6 .0 0 0 0 8 1 1
11 3 0 5 5 .0 0 0 10 0 3 5
12 2 6 2 7 .0 0 0 0 2 5 4
13 2 1 5 .0 0 0 0 0 3 0
14 2 2 9 7 1 .0 0 0 0 1 4 6
15 4 5 9 4 1 .0 0 0 0 0 5 6
16 7 8 9 3 1 .0 0 0 0 0 5 9
17 8 1 8 7 1 .0 0 0 0 0 4 0
18 3 5 8 6 1 .0 0 0 0 0 4 3
19 2 0 8 5 1 .0 0 0 7 0 3 9
20 3 7 8 4 1 .0 0 0 0 0 4 5
21 8 2 8 3 1 .0 0 0 0 0 6 2
22 4 4 7 6 1 .0 0 0 0 0 4 4
23 5 1 7 3 1 .0 0 0 0 0 4 2
24 2 3 7 2 1 .0 0 0 0 5 4 5
25 5 3 6 9 1 .0 0 0 0 0 4 1
26 4 2 6 7 1 .0 0 0 0 0 8 0
27 1 4 6 4 1 .0 0 0 0 0 7 9
28 6 0 6 2 1 .0 0 0 0 0 7 0
29 2 5 6 1 1 .0 0 0 4 0 4 4
30 2 5 9 1 .0 0 0 13 0 4 7
31 1 2 5 7 1 .0 0 0 0 0 4 6
32 1 6 4 6 1 .0 0 0 9 6 3 8
33 3 6 4 1 1 .0 0 0 0 0 4 0
34 2 8 4 0 1 .0 0 0 0 0 7 8
35 3 0 3 3 1 .0 0 0 11 0 3 9
36 1 3 3 2 1 .0 0 0 0 0 6 1
37 4 2 9 1 .0 0 0 0 0 4 7
38 1 6 3 1 1 .4 0 0 32 0 6 0
39 2 0 3 0 1 .4 0 0 19 35 6 2
40 3 6 8 1 1 .5 0 0 33 17 5 7
41 5 2 5 3 1 .5 0 0 0 25 5 6
42 1 5 1 1 .5 0 0 0 23 7 2
43 1 9 3 5 1 .5 0 0 0 18 7 8
44 2 5 4 4 1 .8 3 3 29 22 6 1
45 2 3 3 7 1 .8 3 3 24 20 5 7
46 1 2 2 2 1 .8 3 3 31 14 5 8
47 2 4 1 .8 3 3 30 37 7 1
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48 1 1 8 8 2 .0 0 0 0 0 6 8
49 4 8 8 0 2 .0 0 0 0 0 6 7
50 4 3 6 5 2 .0 0 0 0 0 6 8
51 1 7 6 3 2 .0 0 0 0 0 6 3
52 3 8 5 0 2 .0 0 0 0 0 8 7
53 3 4 4 9 2 .0 0 0 0 0 6 7
54 1 8 2 6 2 .0 0 0 0 12 6 3
55 6 1 0 2 .0 0 0 0 0 8 9
56 4 5 5 2 2 .1 6 7 15 41 6 5
57 2 3 3 6 2 .2 0 0 45 40 6 9
58 1 2 9 5 2 .4 0 0 46 0 7 0
59 7 8 8 9 2 .5 0 0 16 0 7 3
60 1 6 7 7 2 .5 0 0 38 0 6 4
61 1 3 2 5 2 .5 0 0 36 44 7 4
62 2 0 8 2 2 .6 2 5 39 21 6 9
63 1 7 1 8 2 .7 5 0 51 54 7 4
64 8 1 6 2 .8 5 7 0 60 7 1
65 4 5 9 1 3 .0 0 0 56 0 8 2
66 2 4 5 8 3 .0 0 0 0 0 8 1
67 3 4 4 8 3 .0 0 0 53 49 8 5
68 1 1 4 3 3 .0 0 0 48 50 8 0
69 2 0 2 3 3 .1 5 6 62 57 7 6
70 1 2 6 0 3 .1 6 7 58 28 7 6
71 2 8 3 .2 0 0 47 64 8 3
72 1 7 5 3 .3 3 3 42 0 7 5
73 4 7 7 8 3 .6 6 7 0 59 8 4
74 1 3 1 7 3 .7 6 2 61 63 8 2
75 1 7 4 4 .5 0 0 72 0 9 5
76 1 2 2 0 4 .9 0 1 70 69 8 5
77 3 5 5 .0 0 0 0 0 9 0
78 1 9 2 8 5 .1 6 7 43 34 8 6
79 1 4 9 8 5 .5 0 0 27 0 8 8
80 1 1 4 2 5 .5 0 0 68 26 8 3
81 7 2 4 5 .5 0 0 0 66 9 3
82 1 3 4 5 5 .6 0 3 74 65 8 4
83 2 1 1 6 .0 6 4 71 80 8 9
84 1 3 4 7 6 .4 0 8 82 73 9 1
85 1 2 3 4 6 .8 7 0 76 67 8 6
86 1 2 1 9 7 .6 8 4 85 78 9 1
87 3 8 3 9 8 .0 0 0 52 0 9 3
88 9 1 4 8 .0 0 0 0 79 9 2
89 2 6 8 .2 6 3 83 55 9 2
90 3 5 4 8 .5 0 0 77 0 9 4
91 1 2 1 3 8 .9 9 2 86 84 9 6
92 2 9 9 .5 9 5 89 88 9 5
93 7 3 8 9 .7 7 8 81 87 9 6
94 3 2 1 1 0 .6 6 7 90 0 9 7
95 1 2 1 0 .8 3 2 75 92 9 8
96 7 1 2 1 3 .7 9 1 93 91 9 7
97 3 7 1 4 .3 0 0 94 96 9 8
98 1 3 1 5 .5 8 6 95 97 9 9
99 1 9 0 3 0 .8 9 9 98 0 0
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