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Tax PreparationFinancial Literacy
Federal Income Tax Structure
The Federal income tax is a progressive tax The higher your income, the more you
pay, both as a dollar amount and as a percentage.
Tax Freedom Day (see Facts of Life, page 102) Almost four months of your yearly income goes to
pay various taxes (30%)
Tax Vocabulary
Tax Brackets: Income ranges in which the same tax rates
apply For example: 15%, 25%, 35%, etc.
Personal Exemptions: An allowed reduction in your income before
taxes are computed You get one for yourself, one for your spouse,
and one for each dependent
Tax Vocabulary, continued
Deductions are: Expenses that reduce taxable income, such
as: Some medical expenses Mortgage interest paid State and local income taxes Charitable contributions
Itemized Deductions (expenses): Deductions are calculated using Schedule A
Tax Vocabulary, continued
Standard Deduction: A set deduction allowed by the IRS regardless
of your actual expenses You can itemize deductions or take the
standard deduction, but not both
Taxable Income: Income subject to taxes after deductions and
exemptions are subtracted from gross income
Tax Example
Gross income – exemptions – deductions = Taxable Income
Assuming you are married filing jointly with gross income of $70,000 and taxable income of $49,423, your taxes would be $6,564 (see Figure 4.4 on page 109)
Marginal Tax Rate This chart shows the
highest tax rates charged for the highest incomes over the last 100 years.
The Fiscal Cliff agreement raised the highest tax rate to 39.6% on the highest earners
Average vs Marginal Tax Rates
Marginal tax rates are the percentage paid on your highest level of income Marginal tax rate in the example is 25%
Average tax rates are your actual taxes divided by your taxable income (will be lower than the marginal rate): $6,564/$49,423 = 13.28%
Or by your gross income: $6,564/$70,000 = 9.38%
Filing Status
Single: You are single at the end of the year with no
dependents Married filing jointly:
You and your spouse combine incomes Married filing separately:
You and your spouse file separate returns Head of Household:
You are unmarried but have at least one dependent child living with you
Other Taxes You Pay
Social Security (FICA) 6.2% for Social Security 1.45% for Medicare
State and local income taxes Excise taxes:
Sales taxes, gas taxes, property taxes, taxes on liquor, cigarettes, jewelry, air travel, etc.
Gift and estate taxes
Who Has To File A Return?
If your income is greater than $20,900
If it is less than that, you might not need to file, depending on your circumstances (check with your tax advisor)
However, if your income is less than that and if you had taxes withheld, you will not get a refund unless you file a return.
Itemizing Deductions
The most common deductions are: Medical and dental expenses exceed 7.5% of
adjusted gross income Tax expenses (state and local can be deducted, but
not Federal, Social Security, or sales taxes) Home mortgage interest Charitable contributions Casualty and theft losses
A deduction will lower your tax bill, but not dollar for dollar
Standard Deduction
The standard deduction is the government’s best estimate on what the average person would be able to deduct by itemizing
Remember that you can take the standard deduction or you can itemize, but not both
See Figure 4.2 for standard deduction amounts (page 106)
Exemptions
Personal Take one for yourself and one for your spouse
Dependents: Must have a qualifying relationship (child, grandchild,
parents, stepparents, uncles, nieces, etc.)• The dependent can’t earn more than the exemption
amountdoes not apply to children under 19 or to
children under 24 if full-time students Must provide more than half of dependent’s financial
support
Tax FormulaGross Income: Sum of Income from all sources
Less
Adjustments to gross income: tax-deductible expenses and retirement contributions (IRA, 401K), moving expenses, etc.
Equals
Adjusted Gross Income
Less
Exemptions and deductions
Equals
Taxable income
Calculating Your Base Income Tax
For most taxpayers, this is calculated using tax tables (see page 109)
Tax tables have tax brackets built in
Once taxes have been calculated, credits can be deducted
Common Income Tax Credits
Tax credits will lower your tax bill, dollar for dollar. Examples: Child Tax Credit (this can become a refund for parents
who don’t pay taxes) up to $1000 per child American Opportunity Credit
Credit for tuition, up to $2500 of the first $4,000 of educational expenses
Child and dependent care credit Credit for money paid for child or other dependent care
Earned income credit For low-income families, may result in negative taxes paid
Income Tax Due
Base Income Tax
Less
Tax Credits
Equals
Total Income Tax Due
Picking a Tax Form
Options: 1040EZ, 1040A, or 1040 1040EZ:
No dependents, taxable income less than $50,000, no itemizing deductions
1040A: No itemizing, alimony, capital gains, pension
or Social Security benefits; income less than $50,000
1040: everyone else