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• Identifying, naming, and classifying species
• Why does everything need a scientific name?
Catfish Crayfish Silverfish
Taxonomy
Linnaean System
• Two-part Latin name for each species
• Species categorized into broader and broader groups– According to similar characteristics
Salamander ClassificationKingdom Anamalia Eukaryotic, multicellular,
heterotrophic, motile
Phylum Chordata Having a backbone or nerve cord
Class Amphibia Both kinds of life (water and land)
Order Caudata Salamander characteristics (absence of middle ear, large footplate, presence of ribs and teeth, etc)
Family Plethodontidae (1 of 10) Lungless
Genus Ensatina Sword-shaped (teeth)
Species Eschscholtzii Named for Johann Eschscholtz
(subspecies) Oregonensis Belonging in state of Oregon
Taxonomy
Domain Eukarya Eukarya EukaryaKingdom Animalia Animalia AnimaliaPhylum Chordata Chordata ChordataClass Mammalia Aves AvesOrder Primates Gaviiformes PasseriformesFamily Hominidae Gaviidae CardinalidaeGenus Homo Gavia CardinalisSpecies sapiens stellata cardinalis
Humans Red-th. Loon No. Cardinal
Carl Linnaeus ~ 1735 - 1758
Classification and Evolution
• Species can be shown as groups within groups in a phylogenetic tree– “phylogeny” means “evolutionary history”
• Each branching point represents a common ancestor of the species above the point A B C A B C
May be slanted or bracket style
Clades and Cladograms (aka phylogenetic trees)
• A clade is a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendents of that ancestor
Create a Cladogram
• You will create a cladogram by– Organizing shared traits– Creating a venn diagram– Creating a cladogram
Misconceptions Addressed
• Evolutionary relationships are like trees, not ladders
•At the first speciation event in this cladogram, one lineage led to mosses, the other to the fern, pine, and rose
•Living moss species are not ancestral to other land plants--they are cousins!
• For any speciation event, it does not matter which lineage goes to the right and which to the left
– Biologists often put the clade they are most interested in on the right side