Taxonomy Bio200

8/18/2019 Taxonomy Bio200

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Chapter 2

Taxonomy*


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Devil CatDevil Cat

Ghost CatGhost Cat


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Florida PantherFlorida Panther CougarCougar


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Domain:Eukaryota

Kingdom:Plantae


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iNtroduction

•Classifcation – organizing organisms into group based

on their similarities !hich re"ecthistorical relationships among ancestry

• Biological Diversity /Biodiversity – the #ariety o$ li#ing organisms li#e in

particular area or region – also means the number or abundance

o$ di%erent species li#ing !ithin anyparticular region

– &cientist sometimes re$er to thebiodi#ersity o$ an ecosystem

• Eg: tropical rain$orest sea''


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• The scienti(c study o$ the diversity o$ organisms and their evolutionaryrelationship is called systematics

– To classi$y species re"ecting theire#olutionary relationship based onshared characteristic

– )mportant aspect o$ systematic is

taxonomy• Taxonomy

– branch o$ biology dealing !ith theidentifcation, naming and

classiying the di#erse $orm o$ li$e – ordered di#ision o$ organisms into

categories based on a set ocharacteristics used to assess

similarities and dierences


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• odern:

– +se genetics to studytaxonomy classi(cation

• Earlier Era: – +se physical

characteristics

– though classi(cation by

innaeus !as only basedon resemblances many$eatures o$ his system stayuse$ul

– The systems are:• Binomial system o

nomenclature ,or binomialdesignations $or species -

• !ierarchical classifcation


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The binomial system• De#eloped by Carolus .innaeus

• .innaeus/ 0b1ecti#e:

• or scientists !ho speak and!rite in di%erent languagescould communicate clearly

• 3inomial : because it has 2 parts

• Eg: Panthera tigris ,tiger- andPanthera Leo ,lion-

• 4anthera is a genus aclassi(cation category that caninclude many species

• The second !ord that is speci(c

epithet re$ers to one species


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• .innaeus also rationalized thenomenclature by: – +sing the same name $or both sexes

– +sing the same name $or adults and 1u#eniles – +sed .atin language

• .atin !as used because it is the

uni#ersal and !ell kno!n language bymost scholar at that time – Eg: an ,English-

• &panish : 5ombre• 6erman : 5err

• Chinese : 7en• rench : asculan• .atin : 5omo

– )$ a scientist re$ers today to 5omo all

scientists kno! !hat organism8taxon heor she means'


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Confusion in sing Different !anguagesConfusion in sing Different !anguages

for "amesfor "ames


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!atin "ames are nderstood by all!atin "ames are nderstood by all

#axonomists#axonomists


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5ierarchical classi(cation

• based on the idea that : – the species !as the smallest unit – each species or taxon nested !ithin a

higher category

– these groups become increasinglyinclusi#e as they become larger going$rom species to kingdom or domain

– the taxa are dynamic changing as our

kno!ledge o$ organisms ande#olutionary relationships change'


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Each is more general than

the one belo!:

Kingdom 4hylum Class 0rder amily 6enus

&pecies3ecomes more speci(c as onemo#es do!n the taxonomicladder

5ere domestic cat


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Classifi$ation hierar$hy of organismsClassifi$ation hierar$hy of organisms

D%&'("D%&'(" are divided into kingdomare divided into kingdom

)("GD%&)("GD%& are divided into phyla are divided into phyla

P*+!'P*+!' are divide into $lassare divide into $lass

C!'C!'

%-D.-%-D.-

F'&(!(.F'&(!(. G.".-'G.".-' $ontain $losely related spe$ies$ontain $losely related spe$ies

P.C(.P.C(.

/roadest taxon/roadest taxon

&ost pe$ifi$&ost pe$ifi$

%rganisms $lassify%rganisms $lassify

under the hierar$hy areunder the hierar$hy are

based on similarities0based on similarities0


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Diagram !ierarchy

Example

Dumb

)ing

Phillip

Came

%ver

For

Gearbox

oup


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Kingdom Eumycota

Phylum Basidiomycota

Class Holobasidiomycetes

Order Agaricales

Family Cortinariaceae

Genus Cortinarius

Species Cortinarius archeri

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Malvales

Family: Malvaceae

Genus: Hibiscus

Hibiscus syriacus &pecies


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• " #ey characteristics o taxa$

– embers o$ lo!er

le#el taxa are moresimilar to each otherthan are members o$higher le#el taxa

• embers o$ di%erentgenus in the sameKingdom 9nimalia egEquus burchelli ,zebra-and Equus caballus,domestic horse- aremore similar thanmembers o$ di%erentClass eg ammals and

3irds

Equus

burchelli

Equus

caballus


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• " #ey characteristics o taxa$

– embers o$ speci(c taxa aremore similar to each otherthan any members o$di%erent speci(c taxa $ound

at the same hierarchicalle#el• embers among the same

genus eg Canis Dingo ,Dingo-and Canis latrans ,Coyote-more resembles each otherthan !ith Sus scrofa ,ildboar ) e#enthough there are inthe same Kingdom but they

are $rom di%erent genus'

Canis latrans

Canis dingo

Sus scrofa

% l !i hi l Cl if ti


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%xample o !ierarchical Classifcation


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*uman $lassifi$ation*uman $lassifi$ation11

the $hara$teristi$sthe $hara$teristi$s


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Classi(cation &chemes 7e"ect &cienti(cKno!ledge and Technology

• 0riginally all organisms classi(ed as plants oranimals

• )ntroduction o$ microscope $orced biologists torecognize unicellular organisms: 4rotists ,5aekel- ;became a third kingdom ; this no! unicellulareukaryotes

• Early 2


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Classi(cation system

>?


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i#e=kingdom system

• hittaker indicate that plants animals

and $ungi are all multicelular eukaryotesbut each has it/s o!n mode o$ nutritionsuch as:

– plants are autotrophic,photosynthesis-

– animals are heterotrophic ,ingestion-

– $ungi are heterotrophic saprotrophs'

• onera and protista are unicellular'


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Three=domain system• domains are )rchaea, Bacteria and

%u#arya• 3acteria and 9rchaea include prokaryotic

unicellular organisms that reproduceasexually

• Eukarya includes unicellular tomulticellular organisms !hose cells ha#e amembrane=bounded nucleus' ost o$ themin#ol#e in sexual reproduction !ith #arioustypes o$ li$e cycles'


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The )mportance o$3iodi#ersity

uality o$ li$e is dependent upon tightlyinter!o#en !orld!ide !eb o$ li$e

5umans ,$or example- depend upon

Composition o$ atmosphereisheries !hich are critical $ood sourcesany pharmaceuticals are dependent upon li#ing

systems ,many $rom rain $orests-

any many other resources taken $or granted

3iodi#ersity currently challenged by humanimpact at a multitude o$ le#els


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• 9t present :

• = identi(ed species : >'B million

2


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4rotist

• 4aramecium


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• >@A@: 7'5' hittaker proposed B=kingdom schemeby adding the kingdom ungi

• .ate >@?


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The Kingdom o$ .i$e

• ' two2kingdom system 342kingdom5 6 !innaeus' two2kingdom system 342kingdom5 6 !innaeus

• ' five2kingdom 372kingdom5 6 Whittaker' five2kingdom 372kingdom5 6 Whittaker

•' three2domain system 382domain5 6 Woese' three2domain system 382domain5 6 Woese

. l Cl ifi i f !i i. l Cl ifi ti t f !i i


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Plant )ingdomPlant )ingdom 'nimal )ingdom'nimal )ingdom

– GrassesGrasses

– *erbs*erbs

– #rees#rees

– /a$teria /a$teria

2 -igid $ell wall, $hloroplast,2 -igid $ell wall, $hloroplast,

unable to moveunable to move

– FishFish

– Creeping $reaturesCreeping $reatures

– FowlFowl

– /easts/easts

– CattleCattle

– ni$ellular mi$roorganismni$ellular mi$roorganism

2 move and ingest food2 move and ingest food

.arly Classifi$ation ystems for !iving.arly Classifi$ation ystems for !iving

#hings#hings


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'ristotlea 'ristotlea

9:: /C'ttempted a $lassifi$ation

system for over 7::spe$ies of animals

Categori;ed animals as airdwellers, land dwellers,and water dwellers

Classified the dolphin as a

land dweller )een observer of nature


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#heophrastus#heophrastus

PhilosopherPhilosopher

Grouped more than 7::Grouped more than 7::

spe$ies of plants a$$ording tospe$ies of plants a$$ording to

stem stru$ture0stem stru$ture0


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Carolus !innaeusCarolus !innaeus

• Founder of &odern #axonomy

• Plant and 'nimal kingdoms

• (nstituted binomial nomen$lature

• 'rranged related genera into orders orders into

$lasses

• his $lassifi$ation system is still used today

however, we use a 7 kingdom system


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Five2kingdom of lifeFive2kingdom of life

• !ate


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domain

• The classi(cation Domain is abo#ekingdoms' – 9rchaea

– Eubacteria

– Eukarya


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• A kingdoms are still maintained by mostbiologists:

– 9rchaebacteria

– Eubacteria

– 4rotista

– ungi

– 4lantae

– 9nimalia


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Domain

• #he#he domain is the most in$lusive taxonomi$ $ategoryis the most in$lusive taxonomi$ $ategory

larger than a kingdomlarger than a kingdom

• #he three domains are>#he three domains are>

• Domain 'r$haea Domain 'r$haea

– (n$ludes newly dis$overed $ell types(n$ludes newly dis$overed $ell types

– Contains < kingdom 6 the 'r$haeba$teria Contains < kingdom 6 the 'r$haeba$teria


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• Domain /a$teria Domain /a$teria

– (n$ludes other members of old kingdom &onera(n$ludes other members of old kingdom &onera

– *as < kingdom 6 the .uba$teria*as < kingdom 6 the .uba$teria

• Domain .ukarya Domain .ukarya

– (n$ludes all kingdoms $omposed of organisms made up of(n$ludes all kingdoms $omposed of organisms made up ofeukaryoti$ $ellseukaryoti$ $ells

66 ProtistaProtista

66 FungiFungi66 'nimalia'nimalia

66 PlantaePlantae

l d h l i f iCl d h l i f i


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*ingdoms

bacteria

Archaebacteria

Protista

Plantae

F ngi

Animalia

D&+)-%.*)0)

D&+)-)C!)%)

D&+)-B)CT%)

Cladogram phylogeneti$ tree of ixCladogram phylogeneti$ tree of ix)ingdoms and #hree Domains)ingdoms and #hree Domains

6o to&ection:

) Ch i i f )i d d) Ch t i ti f )i d d


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D&+)-D&+)-

*-1D&+*-1D&+

C% T0P%C% T0P%

C%C%

2T.CT.%2T.CT.%

22

-.+B% &3-.+B% &3

C%2C%2

+&D% &3+&D% &3

-.TT&--.TT&-

Bacteria

%ubacteria

4rokaryote

Cell !alls!ith

peptidoglyca

n

+nicellular

9utotroph or

heterotroph

)rchaea

)rchaebacte

ria

4rokaryote

Cell !alls

!ithout

peptidoglycan

+nicellular

9utotroph or

heterotroph

Protista

Eukaryote

Cell !alls o$

cellulose insomeF someha#echloroplasts

ostunicellularFsome

colonialFsomemulticellular

9utotroph or

heterotroph

moeba,

Paramecium,

3ungi

Eukaryote

Cell !alls o$

chitin

ostmulticellularF some

unicellular

5eterotroph

ushroomsyeasts

Plantae

Eukaryote

Cell !alls

o$celluloseFchloroplasts

ulticellular

9utotroph

)nimalia

Eukaryote

No cell !alls

orchloroplasts

ulticellular

5eterotroph

&ponges!ormsinsects

%u#arya

Classifcation o iving Things

)ey Chara$teristi$s of )ingdoms and)ey Chara$teristi$s of )ingdoms andDomainsDomains

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Taxonomy Bio200

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