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Taxonomy & Classification
Lecture 2
Overview
• What is taxonomy?• History of Classification• What is a species? • Reproductive strategies in plants• Specialized Terminology• Dichotomous Keys• Electronic Keys• Herbarium Specimens/Collecting
Taxonomy
• Defn: classification of things (plants, animals). Requires NAMES.
• 3x105 sp of plants
• Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Subsp, Var. (Authority)
• Binomial Nomenclature (Systema Naturae) – Carolus Linnaeus
Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Genus Juncus L.
Click on names to expand them, and on P for PLANTS profiles.
Up to the Kingdom
Kingdom Plantae -- Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta -- Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants
Class Liliopsida -- Monocotyledons
Subclass Commelinidae
Order Juncales
Family Juncaceae -- Rush family
Genus Juncus L. -- rush P
Contains 117 Species and 167 accepted taxa overall
http://plants.usda.gov/
Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Genus Juncus L.
Click on names to expand them, and on P for PLANTS profiles.
Up to the Kingdom
Kingdom Plantae -- Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta -- Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants
Class Liliopsida -- Monocotyledons
Subclass Commelinidae
Order Juncales
Family Juncaceae -- Rush family
Genus Juncus L. -- rush P
Contains 117 Species and 167 accepted taxa overall
http://plants.usda.gov/
Juncus roemerianus ScheeleGroup - Monocot - Family - JUNCACEAE - Rush Family
Published in: Linnaea 22(3): 348. 1849. {Linnaea ; BPH 532.04}
Annotation: as "Roemerianus" Type - specimen(s) •T: Roemer s.n., USA: Texas: Mustang Island at Galveston (?). Next Higher Taxon:
Juncus L. Species Plantarum 1: 325-330. 1753.
http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html
History
• Greeks: – 4 elements (air, earth, fire, water). – Rational explanations for natural phenomena– Theophrastus (student of Plato & Aristotle) = “Father
of Botany”, 370-285 B.C.• Romans:
– Applied Botany – agriculture and pharmacy (herbal).– Pliny – Natural History, A.D. 23-79– Dioscoides – Materia Medica (drug plants), widely
used in Middle Ages• Islamic Scholars:
– Ibn Sina – Canon of Medicine, A.D. 980-1037
History• Renaissance:
– resurgence in natural history– Age of Herbals (1470-1670)– Driven by northern Europeans
• Need for taxonomy based on “natural” relationships, and system of naming.
• Carolus Linnaeus (von Linné) 1707-1778.– Species Plantarum 1753– based on doctrine of “the constancy of
species”
History• 1859: Origin of Species (Darwin & Wallace)• 1866: Laws of Inheritance (Mendel)• 1866: “Phylogeny” (Haeckel): genealogical relationships
through evolution• 1930-40: Neo-Darwinism (Morgan, Fisher, Haldane,
Huxley, Mayr, etc.)– combination of theory of the evolution of species by
natural selection, and theory of genetics as the basis for biological inheritance and mathematical population genetics
– Mechanism still lacking• 1959: DNA molecule (Watson & Crick)• Recent: Mechanisms of Replication and Transcription,
mutations, inheritance, speciation, biotechnology, gene manipulation, cloning, etc.
Species
• “Fundamental unit” of Taxonomy• Reproductively compatible: Mayr (1904-
2005) – “groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups” BUT see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species
• Sexual vs Asexual reproduction• Alternation of Generations
Alternation of
Generations
Phytoplankton
Macroalgae - Chlorophyta
Macroalgae - Phaeophyta
Macroalgae - Rhodophyta
Porphyra sp. = Haploid Gametophyte vs. Conchocelis sp. = Diploid “sporophyte”
Vascular Plants
Life - Histories
• Cyano & Phytoplankton:– Asexual (N) vs cysts (2N)
• Macroalgae: alternation of generations– Gametophyte (N) & gametes (Motile) vs.
Sporophyte (2N) and spores,
• Vascular Plants: Sporophyte (2N)– Flowers are specialized “gametophyte”
Terminology
• Cyst, frustule, Thallus, root, rhizome, shoot, stem, leaf, flower
• Branching patterns: dichotomous, alternate, radial/whorled, etc
• “Stem”: terete, moniliform, cylindrical, etc
• Leaf: shapes…
• Flower: petals, color, stamen, pistil, etc
Dichotomous
Moniliformencrusting
THALLUS
SHEET
COARSLEY - BRANCHED
JOINTED -CALCAREOUS
THICK -LEATHERY
FILAMENT
ENCRUSTING
Keys
• Dichotomous – 2 choices: – A dichotomous key is an organized set of couplets of
mutually exclusive characteristics of biological organisms.
– The couplets can be presented using numbers (numeric) or using letters (alphabetical).
– The couplets can be presented together or grouped by relationships.
– There is no apparent uniformity in presentation for dichotomous keys.
Sample keys to some common beans used in the kitchen Numeric key with couplets presented together. The major advantage of this method of presentation is that both characteristics in a couple can be evaluated and compared very easily.
Alphabetical key with couplets grouped by relationship. This key uses the same couplet choices as the key above. The choices within the first and succeeding couplets are separated to preserve the relationships between the characteristics.
Kidney beanBean reddish-brown4b.
Black beanBean black4a.
Pinto beanBean pigmentation mottled3b.
Go to 4Bean evenly pigmented3a.
Go to 3Bean has dark pigments2b.
White northernBean white2a.
Go to 2Bean elliptical or oblong1b.
Garbanzo beanBean round1a.
Kidney beanBean reddish-brown4b.
Black beanBean black4a.
Pinto beanBean pigmentation mottled3b.
Go to 4Bean evenly pigmented3a.
Go to 3Bean has dark pigments2b.
White northernBean white2a.
Go to 2Bean elliptical or oblong1b.
Garbanzo beanBean round1a.
Keys
• Electronic Keys – online, PDA downloadable.
• http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/ActKey/
• http://www.amnh.org/learn/biodiversity_counts/resources.html
• http://www.stingersplace.com/SLIKS/
Keys
• Electronic Keys – online, PDA downloadable.
• http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/ActKey/ http://www.amnh.org/learn/biodiversity_counts/resources.html
• http://www.stingersplace.com/SLIKS/
Keys
• Electronic Keys – online, PDA downloadable.
• http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/ActKey/ http://www.amnh.org/learn/biodiversity_counts/resources.html
• http://www.stingersplace.com/SLIKS/
Collecting
• Actual plant parts – reproductive structures, leaf.
• Dried, pressed, glued• Label: Genus, Sp, Date, location, who• Collection = Herbarium• Observational records – confidence?• Digital Herbaria and Observations• D-GPS, Dig Camera, PDA
http://herbarium.uvsc.edu/methods.shtml
http://www.mobot.org/mobot/imls/equipment.asp
Digital Herbariahttp://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html
http://collections2.eeb.uconn.edu/collections/herbarium/database.html
Exercise
• Herbarium Sheets and “fresh” specimens
• Use keys to I.D. 3 species found in marsh habitats on the GCRL campus.
• http://ocean.st.usm.edu/~w546990/MarBot/index.html