Taxonomy of Plant Genetic Resources – An Interaction of ... · pet 076 cub. pet 065 irq. pet 199...

Taxonomy of Plant Genetic Resources – An Interaction of Morphological, Molecular and Phytochemical Data

Ulrike Lohwasser Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK),

Gatersleben, Germany

AZ 372545

1. IPK Gatersleben

2. Examples: Parsley, Poppy, Thyme

3. Summary – Importance of Taxonomy

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersilie

Taxonomy of Plant Genetic Resources –An Interaction of Morphological,

Molecular and Phytochemical Data

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Illustration_Petroselinum_crispum0.jpg


Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)

Storage at -18 °C, 10% rH

Genebank Information System (GBIS)

http://gbis.ipk-gatersleben.de/gbis_i/

Reference collections

415,888 herbarium sheets

100,096 seeds & fruits

52,249 cereal spikes

The Genebank in Gatersleben

151,379 accessions

3,220 species

768 genera

Cereals and Grasses 65,87628,118

2,494wheat 769barley 23,673 771

Legumes 28,046 1,436beans (Phaseolus) 9,076 283peas 5,308 180

Vegetable 18,834 2,556tomatoes 3,689 90onions 3,203 1,421beet/Beta 2,316 180

Oil/Fibreplants 7,991 928rapeseed 2,481 134flax 2,326 104

Medicine/Spice Plants 8,278 1,476

Mutants 1,762 266

Forage crops 11,790 1,410forage grasses 10,464 1,115

Potatoes 6,124 2,991

Total 151,379 13,557

Cultivation/no of accessions

Inventory Total numberof acc.

rye 2,414 73

3 Questions:

• Is intraspecific taxonomy important and necessary?

• Are morphological data sufficient for intraspecific taxonomy?

• Do we get additional information for the taxonomy if we use molecular and/or phytochemical data?


1. IPK Gatersleben



Taxonomy of Plant Genetic Resources –An Interaction of Morphological, Molecular

and Phytochemical Data



Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman (Apiaceae)Parsley

Already known from the ancientworld (only leaf parsley):Egypt: death cult, parsley wreaths for burialGreece: Symbol of happinessand festiveness, parsley crown(instead of laurel wreaths), but also as tromb decorationUse:• Leaf parsley used as vegetable and spices• Root parsley used as a spice for soups but also as vegetable

(known in Germany since 1500)• As diuretic, in the pharmacy Petroselini Radix, Petroselini

Fructus, but high adverse effects

Leaf parsleyPetroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman

convar. crispum

var. vulgare(Nois.) Danert

var. neapolitanicumDanert

var. crispum

Parsley (Leaf and Root Parsley)

Reference: Kulturpflanze 7, 1959

Root ParsleyPetroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman

convar. radicosum (Alef.) Danert

var. radicosum var. breve(Alef.) Danert


Morphological Studies

Standardized Descriptor

• growth habit1 = prostrate 2 = semi-erect3 = erect • leaf curling1 = smooth, without curling2 = light curled3 = strong curled, crisp4 = lower surface turned to the top• type of leaflets1 = pinnatifid 2 = simply pinnate3 = bipinnate • length of the petiole (cm)• root swelling0 = absent 1 = present (root parsley)• root shape1 = undivided taproot2 = taproot with one or two secondary roots3 = with many secondary roots, highly branched• lignification0 = absent 1 = present

Api

ol

Inte

rnal

Sta

ndar

d

1,3,

8-M

enth

atrie

n

Dim

ethy

lsty

rol

Myr

istic

ine

(E)-

2hex

enal

Terp

inol

ene

β-M

yrce

ne

b-P

hella

ndre

neLi

mon

ene

Hex

analα

-Pin

ene

Analysis of the essential oil compounds

Phytochemical Studies

Gas chromatogram of one parsley accession

Neighbor Joining Tree (Nei & Li distance)

Curled leaf typesSmooth leaf typesRoot types (together with leaf types)

Molecular Studies(AFLP – amplified fragment length polymorphism)

D10165 DEUPET 076 CUB

PET 065 IRQPET 199 FRA

PET 040 LBYPET 067 GEO

D10171 DEUPET 025 DEU

PET 201 DEUPET 024 UNPET 060 ITAPET 075 ITAPET 031 ITA

PET 069 P07/801 PET 066 IRQ

PET 194 UNPET 171 BGRP07/791

P07/606 DEUPET 014 HUN

PET 010 CSKP07/794 MEX

P07/619 UNPET 161 UN

PET 165 UNPET 157 PET 195 ITA

PET 055 PET 187 ESP

PET 150 MARPET 151 PRT

PET 193 FRAPET 073 GEO

PET 192 FRAPET 175 BGR

PET 057 GEOPET 137 HRV

PET 125 ALBPET 105 GEO

PET 145 TUNPET 124 UN

PET 049 GEOPET 142 TUNPET 127 TUN

PET 037 ITAPET 041 SVK PET 212 SUN

PET 009 CSKPET 072 KAZ

PET 035 ITAPET 136 HRVPET 141 ITA

PET 104 CUBPET 074 ITA

P07/797 TUNPET 129 ALB

PET 095 ITAPET 015 BGR

PET 030 SVKPET 143 TUN

PET 003 ITAPET 045 ITA

PET 138 HRVPET 140 HRV PET 135 HRV

PET 189 ESP PET 169 BGR

PET 159 HRVPET 001 UN

PET 110 TUNPET 181 BGR

PET 027 DDRPET 160 HRV

PET 043 GEOPET 168 BGR

PET 144 PET 173 BGR

PET 044 ITAPET 068 ITAPET 134 HRVPET 177 BGR

PET 039 SVKPET 071 GEOPET 034 ROM

PET 174 BGRPET 023 SVK

PET 153 ITAPET 214 DEU

PET 102 TJKPET 036 ITAPET 006 CSK

PET 191 BGRPET 016 HUN

PET 021 UNPET 170 BGR

PET 132 ROMPET 167 BGR

PET 020 SUNPET 108 GEOPET 097 ITA

PET 131 ROMPET 128 TUN

PET 133 ALBPET 033 ITA

PET 004 CSKPET 178 BGRPET 012 CSK

PET 013 CSKPET 154 ITA

PET 139 HRVPET 155 ITA

P07/785 TUNPET 022 BGRPET 026 SVK

PET 008 UNPET 038 SVK

PET 063 ITAPET 126 ALB146TUN G172BGR G

PET 029 GEOPET 115SYR

PET 050 LBYPET 085 SUNPET 051 LBY

PET 116 SYRPET 070 ITA

PET 007 UNPET 220 DEU

PET 056 SUNP07/510

PET 061 GEOPET 032 UN PET 062 ITA

PET 103 GEOPET 042 GEOP07/800 ESPPET 064 ITA

PET 092 ITAPET 090 ITAPET 091 ITA

PET 018 BGRPET 077A SYR

PET 019 FRAPET 209 TUR

PET 081 SYRPET 077B SYRPET 079 SYR

PET 080 SYRPET 188 ESP

P07/788 UZBPET 028 SUNPET 099 GEO

PET 210 TURPET 216 UN

PET 215 AZEPET 048 GEOPET 087 GEOPET 109 ITA

P07/789PET 163 UN

PET 123 SYRPET 180 BGR


PET 113 SYRPET 120 SYR


PET 122 SYRPET 114 SYRP07/802PET 117 SYRP07/793 ECU

PET 211 SUNPET 121 SYR

P07/792 BOLPET 047 GEOPET 183 ITA

PET 046 ITAPET 182 ITAPET 098 UN

PET 107 GEOP07/795 MEX

PET 149 ITAP07/796 MEXPET 198 ITA

PET 207 TURP07/787 P07/786

PET 053 GEOPET 054 GEOPET 106 GEO

PET 083 GEOPET 100 GEO

PET 084 GEOP07/790 JAM

PET 213 GEOPET 082 SYRPET 158 UNPET 179 BGRPET 176 BGR

PET 089 ITAPET 208 TUR





PET 196 ITAPET 088 GEO

PET 052 GEOPET 156 ITAPET 147 ITA

PET 217 DEU

ITAESP

ARG

UNITA

TUN

POL

BRA

ESP

ZIMARG


PET 065 IRQ PET 199 FRAPET 040 LBY

PET 067 GEOD10171 DEU

PET 025 DEUPET 201 DEU

PET 024 UNPET 060 ITAPET 075 ITA

PET 031 ITAPET 069 P07/801

PET 066 IRQPET 194 UNPET 171 BGRP07/791





PET 055 PET 187 ESPPET 150 MAR

PET 151 PRTPET 193 FRA

PET 073 GEOPET 192 FRA

PET 175 BGRPET 057 GEO

PET 137 HRVPET 125 ALB

PET 105 GEOPET 145 TUN

PET 124 UNPET 049 GEO

PET 142 TUNPET 127 TUNPET 037 ITA

PET 041 SVK PET 212 SUN


PET 035 ITAPET 136 HRV

PET 141 ITAPET 104 CUB

PET 074 ITAP07/797 TUN



PET 143 TUNPET 003 ITAPET 045 ITA

PET 138 HRVPET 140 HRV

PET 135 HRV PET 189 ESP

PET 169 BGRPET 159 HRV

PET 001 UNPET 110 TUN

PET 181 BGRPET 027 DDRPET 160 HRV


PET 144 PET 173 BGR


PET 134 HRVPET 177 BGR

PET 039 SVKPET 071 GEO


PET 023 SVKPET 153 ITA

PET 214 DEUPET 102 TJK

PET 036 ITAPET 006 CSK


PET 021 UNPET 170 BGRPET 132 ROM

PET 167 BGRPET 020 SUNPET 108 GEO

PET 097 ITAPET 131 ROM

PET 128 TUNPET 133 ALB


PET 178 BGRPET 012 CSKPET 013 CSK

PET 154 ITAPET 139 HRVPET 155 ITA

P07/785 TUNPET 022 BGRPET 026 SVK

PET 008 UNPET 038 SVK

PET 063 ITAPET 126 ALB146TUN G

172BGR GPET 029 GEO

PET 115SYRPET 050 LBYPET 085 SUN

PET 051 LBYPET 116 SYR

PET 070 ITAPET 007 UN

PET 220 DEUPET 056 SUN

P07/510 PET 061 GEO

PET 032 UN PET 062 ITAPET 103 GEO

PET 042 GEOP07/800 ESP



PET 018 BGRPET 077A SYRPET 019 FRAPET 209 TUR






P07/789PET 163 UN

PET 123 SYRPET 180 BGR




PET 122 SYRPET 114 SYRP07/802

PET 117 SYRP07/793 ECU


P07/792 BOLPET 047 GEO



P07/795 MEXPET 149 ITA

P07/796 MEXPET 198 ITAPET 207 TURP07/787

P07/786 PET 053 GEO

PET 054 GEOPET 106 GEOPET 083 GEO

PET 100 GEOPET 084 GEOP07/790 JAM

PET 213 GEOPET 082 SYRPET 158 UNPET 179 BGRPET 176 BGR






PET 196 ITAPET 088 GEO

PET 052 GEOPET 156 ITAPET 147 ITA

PET 217 DEU

ITAESP

ARG

UNITA

TUN

POL

BRA

ESP

ZIMARG

< 4

< 8

< 12< 16

> 16

% Myrcene

Comparison with phytochemical data





PET 201 DEUPET 024 UN

PET 060 ITAPET 075 ITAPET 031 ITAPET 069

P07/801 PET 066 IRQ






PET 055 PET 187 ESP








PET 127 TUNPET 037 ITA










PET 140 HRV PET 135 HRV

PET 189 ESP PET 169 BGRPET 159 HRVPET 001 UN




PET 144 PET 173 BGR











PET 020 SUNPET 108 GEO




PET 178 BGRPET 012 CSK



P07/785 TUNPET 022 BGR

PET 026 SVKPET 008 UNPET 038 SVK


172BGR GPET 029 GEO





P07/510 PET 061 GEO

PET 032 UNPET 062 ITA


P07/800 ESPPET 064 ITAPET 092 ITA









P07/789PET 163 UN

PET 123 SYRPET 180 BGRPET 162 UN

PET 202 DEUPET 113 SYR


PET 119 SYR PET 122 SYR

PET 114 SYRP07/802






P07/795 MEX PET 149 ITAP07/796 MEX


P07/787 P07/786




PET 213 GEOPET 082 SYR


PET 176 BGRPET 089 ITAPET 208 TUR






PET 156 ITAPET 147 ITAPET 217 DEU

ITAESP

ARG

UNITA

TUN

POL

BRA

ESP

ZIMARG





PET 201 DEUPET 024 UN

PET 060 ITAPET 075 ITAPET 031 ITAPET 069

P07/801 PET 066 IRQ






PET 055 PET 187 ESP


















PET 140 HRV PET 135 HRV

PET 189 ESP PET 169 BGRPET 159 HRVPET 001 UN




PET 144 PET 173 BGR











PET 020 SUNPET 108 GEO




PET 178 BGRPET 012 CSK



P07/785 TUNPET 022 BGR

PET 026 SVKPET 008 UNPET 038 SVK


172BGR GPET 029 GEO





P07/510 PET 061 GEO

PET 032 UNPET 062 ITA


P07/800 ESPPET 064 ITAPET 092 ITA









P07/789PET 163 UN

PET 123 SYRPET 180 BGRPET 162 UN

PET 202 DEUPET 113 SYR


PET 119 SYR PET 122 SYR

PET 114 SYRP07/802






P07/795 MEX PET 149 ITAP07/796 MEX


P07/787 P07/786




PET 213 GEOPET 082 SYR


PET 176 BGRPET 089 ITAPET 208 TUR






PET 156 ITAPET 147 ITAPET 217 DEU

ITAESP

ARG

UNITA

TUN

POL

BRA

ESP

ZIMARG

< 5

< 10

< 15< 20

> 20

% β-Phellandrene

Comparison with phytochemical data

Results of Parsley

• Morphological, phytochemical and molecular data fit together.

• They are useful for an intraspecific taxonomical classification.


1. IPK Gatersleben







• Cultivated since the Neolithic- fossil records in stilt houses- origin probably in Southern Europe

• Usage of opium poppy:- opiates- poppy seeds, oil- ornamentals- vegetable

• In Germany cultivation of opium poppyis forbidden or needs special permit

Papaver somniferum L. (Papaveraceae)Opium Poppy

Differentiation: » 3 subspecies (somniferum, songaricum, setigerum)» 4 convarieties» 52 varieties

Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Papaver somniferum L. subsp. songaricum Basil. convar. rothmaleri K.Hammer var. rubricundum Vess.

Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferumconvar. alefeldii K.Hammer var. rutilum Danert


Taxonomical classification based on morphological characters - shape of stigma lobes- colour of flowers and seeds- capsules

(dehiscence)

subsp. songaricum

subsp. somniferum

hairiness of pedicel shape of outer petals flower diameter 1 glabrous 1 obovate in cm2 setose 2 round (3 measurements)

3 reniform4 laciniated5 andropetalous

flower colour basal mark colour basal mark1 white 0 absent 1 white2 red 1 present 2 red3 light violet 3 violet4 red-violet to violet 4 dark violet5 pink

Morphological Studies

Standardized Descriptor (Part)

20062007

AU

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

Minuten

8,00 10,00 12,00 14,00 16,00 18,00 20,00 22,00 24,00 26,00 28,00 30,00 32,00 34,00 36,00 38,00 40,00 42,00 44,00

Mor

phin

e

Code

ine

Theb

aine

Papa

verin

e Nos

capi

ne3 samples of one accessionstandard - black

HPLC-chromatogram of one poppy accession

Phytochemical Studies

Analysis of the five main alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, and noscapine)

related Papaver speciessubsp. setigerum

subsp. songaricum

subsp. somniferumand songaricum

Paup* 4.0b10Swofford (2002)

Phylogram

Molecular Studies (AFLP – amplified fragment lengthpolymorphism)

71H800RO

848aFIN848bFIN

89P683I

674E756A

67CS712SU

176RO758I

288SV398SV

173D380SV

623CS556NL

635CS636CS

870aA870bA

874aA874bA

861aA861bA

893aA893biA

893biiA713iA713iiA

875aA875bA

895aA895bA

868aA868bA

445SV446SV

884aA884bA

524SV430SV

741RO787RO

536SV500I

660I396SV

325SV530SV345SU

702SU863aA

863bA518B

715B479PL

834aD834bD

739I663SV770RO

808RO814RO

578SV298SV526SV

819RO681A

714PL764NK

765NK768NK

766NK767NK

452GB608CS662I

576SV830biHR830biiHR

830aHR487AH

823aRO823bRO

842aD733VN773DK

M87

8M

878

M88

2M

882

M86

9M

869

M90

1M

901

M90

1M

721

M88

3M

883

M90

3M

903

M87

6M

876

M45

3M

454

M89

2M

892

M53

2M

438

M74

9M

795

M54

4M

508

M66

8M

404

M33

3M

538

M35

3M

710

M87

1M

871

ThebaineCodeine

PapaverineNoscapine

Morphine

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

alka

loid

con

tent

in µ

g/g

DM

accessions

Results of Poppy• Morphological, phytochemical and molecular data fit not together.

• They are not useful for an intraspecific taxonomical classification, but very important as additional information.


1. IPK Gatersleben







Summary – Importance of Taxonomy

• Is intraspecific taxonomy important and necessary?

YES, if possible and reasonable• Are morphological data sufficient for intraspecific taxonomy?

NOT ALWAYS• Do we get additional information for the taxonomy if we use molecular and/or phytochemical data?

NOT ALWAYS

• Morphological, phytochemical and molecular datanecessary for characterising and evaluating largecollections• Essential for identification and documentation ofthe diversity of genebank material

and• In some cases helpful for intraspecific taxonomy

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Holger BudahnEdelgard HobergHans KrügerFrank MartheOtto SchraderTobias StruckmeyerDetlef Ulrich

Andreas BörnerMyriam Declercq Anke DittbrennerRenate Kurch

Julius Kühn Institute, Quedlinburg

IPK Gatersleben,Genebank Dept.

Martin Luther University,Halle-Wittenberg

Jette SchimmelJörg Degenhardt

Thank you for your attention

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