Tay-Sachs disease is recessive A child is born without hexosaminidase (HEXA) resulting in fatty proteins building up in the brain, the baby will progressively lose the ability to see, hear, and move. Death usually occurs by age 5 What is the difference in the genes below? Carriers 1/27 Brazilian Ashkenazi Jewish 1/50 Irish Americans What is the chance that 2 parents who are carriers of Tay-Sachs will produce an offspring that has the disease?(review top 10 to know about genetics) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGK0xs4EXLwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGK0xs4EXLw (ted) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGK0xs4EXLw Describe 3 main factors that can determine if genes become more common in a population. EvolutionEvolution changes in populations over time Biological Evolution is driven by the struggle for organisms to survive and reproduce If a mutation increases the chance of survival and reproduction OR does not hinder survival and reproduction then the trait is likely to be passed on activity Natural Selection Evidence Discuss with your group and identify how scientists could test the theory evolution Evidence Discuss with your group and identify how scientists could test the theory evolution 1.Fossil evidence 2.Comparitive anatomy 3.DNA evidence 4.Experimentation Evidence Fossil record Fossil record Transition fossils between fish and tetrapod. Tiktaalik - technically a fish with scales and gills but with bones that would have allowed support in shallow water Ribs that would allow support over gravity (What Has the Head of a Crocodile and the Gills of a Fish Meyers 2006) Stratigraphy Layers of the Earth show the progression of life from simple to more complex animals without backbones appear before vertebrates, amphibians appear after fish, etc. Rock layers compared across the globe show complexity follows the same pattern e.g., fossils of mammals are never found before the Triassic period. Age of organic material & rocks Radiometric dating - By measuring the amount of the parent atom and the daughter atom in a sample, the age of the organic remains or rock can be determined. SD = 1% Parent Atom Daughter Atom Half-life (billion years) Uranium-235Lead Uranium-238Lead Potassium-40Argon Rubidium-87Strontium Samarium-147 Neodymium Thorium-232Lead Rhenium-187Osmium Carbon-14Nitrogen years Evidence Comparitive Anatomy Comparing the skeletal and embryo structure Shared ancestry or shared environment Activity /CStages.htm/CStages.htm Videos and other resources on Evolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHOjC4oxh8 (what is evolution)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHOjC4oxh8e=related (how evol. works)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkwRTIKXaxg&featur e=related https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjhI86grU (what is natural selection)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjhI86grUure=related (humans)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5NG8SYQSzE&feat ure=related(song)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B7zo2zY1Zqgdes08.pdf (excellent ppt)http://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/teaching/astr380f09/sli des08.pdf Resources Adams, J. "Genetics of Dog Breeding." Nature.com. Nature Publishing Group, Web. 27 Mar "Artificial Selection in the Lab." Evolution 101: Microevolution. University of California, Berkley, n.d. Web. 08 Apr Fossil Evidence." Understanding Evolution. Web. 31 Jan "Discovered: The Oldest Fossils on Earth." News RSS. University of Oxford, 22 Aug Web. 08 Apr Jensen, Judy Elgin. NSTA Tool Kit for Teaching Evolution. Arlington, VA: NSTA, Print. Resources Jensen, Judy Elgin. "NSTA Tool Kit for Teaching Evolution." NSTA, Web. 31 Jan Meyers, P. Z. "Tiktaalik Makes Another Gap." National Geographic, 5 Apr Web. 27 Mar Owen, James. "Fossil Fish With "Limbs" Is Missing Link, Study Says." Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News. 5 Apr Web. 31 Jan "PAX6." Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 7 Apr Web. 08 Apr Evidence - Genetics HOX genes set of genes that control the body plan of the embryo along the head-tail. HOX genes found in all animals Line = DNA with gene sequences (colors) when the mouse HoxB6 gene is inserted in Drosophila, legs form in place of antennae Evidence genetics related organisms will share similarities that are derived from common ancestors. Pax6, is one gene located on chromosome 11 involved in the development of eyes and other sensory organs. Pax6 has been identified in mice, fruit flies, humans, and squid. In one study, mouse Pax6 triggered eye formation in fruit flies, evidence of shared ancestry Aniridia the absence of an iris caused by a mutation in the PAX6 gene. 2/3 of the cases are inherited and dominant trait. 1/3 of the cases result from a random mutation occurs in 1 in 50,000 to 100,000 newborns worldwide Evidence genetics & DNA Comparing chromosome number Banding patterns on chromosomes Chromosomes, when stained reveal characteristic banding patterns, according to their molecular makeup. Where the chromosome proteins (histones)are tightly packed, they stain very darkly. Activity alpha Evidence - Activity Comparing nucleotide sequences of similar proteins in different organisms Example: Cytochrome c - a protein chain made of 104 amino acids and found in all aerobic organisms. chickens and turkeys have an identical sequence but in ducks the sequence differs by one amino acid. both humans and chimpanzees have an identical sequence, while in rhesus monkeys the sequence differs by one amino acid. Pigs, cows and sheep also share identical cytochrome c molecules. Human evolution youtube.co m/watch?v =POJAQX7 60VYyoutube.co m/watch?v =POJAQX7 60VY (fetus)youtube.co m/watch?v =POJAQX7 60VY Still Evolving? researchers have detected some 700 regions of the human genome where genes appear to have been reshaped by natural selection within the last 5,000 to 15,000 years. The genes that show this evolutionary change include some responsible for the senses of taste and smell, digestion, bone structure, skin color and brain function (Wade 2006) Based on skull measurements, the human brain appears to have been shrinking over the last 5,000 or so years. "from archaeological data pretty much everywhere we can measure Europe, China, South Africa, Australia brains have shrunk about 150 cubic centimeters, from an average size of 1,350. That's roughly 10 percent decrease" (Choi 2009). Future Species?? Videos and other resources on Evolutione=related (evidence)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewtw_nZUIDQ&featur e=related (evidence)e=related (how evol. works)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkwRTIKXaxg&featur e=relatedure=related (humans)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5NG8SYQSzE&feat ure=related(song)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B7zo2zY1Zqg(meiosis)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0des08.pdf (excellent ppt)http://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/teaching/astr380f09/sli des08.pdf Resources Choi, Charles Q. "Humans Still Evolving as Our Brains Shrink | LiveScience." Science News Science Articles and Current Events | LiveScience. 13 Nov Web. 01 Feb Fossil Evidence." Understanding Evolution. Web. 31 Jan Jensen, Judy Elgin. NSTA Tool Kit for Teaching Evolution. Arlington, VA: NSTA, Print. Jensen, Judy Elgin. "NSTA Tool Kit for Teaching Evolution." NSTA, Web. 31 Jan Owen, James. "Fossil Fish With "Limbs" Is Missing Link, Study Says." Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News. 5 Apr Web. 31 Jan Sickle Cell Anemia. Rep. no. EB117/34. WHO. Print.22 December 2005 Wade, Nicholas. "Still Evolving, Human Genes Tell New Story." NY Times [New York] 7 Mar Web. 1 Feb "What Is a Gene Mutation and How Do Mutations Occur? - Genetics Home Reference." Genetics Home Reference - Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions. Web. 29 Jan Wolchover, Natalie. "How Many Genetic Mutations Do I Have? | LifesLittleMysteries.com." Home | LifesLittleMysteries.com. 16 June Web. 29 Jan Citations Global Health - Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria. "Impact of Malaria." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 09 Nov Web. 27 Mar Meyers, P. Z. "Tiktaalik Makes Another Gap." National Geographic, 5 Apr Web. 27 Mar Williams, Thomas N., Tabitha W. Mwangi, David J. Roberts, Neal D. Alexander, David J. Weatherall, Sammy Wambua, Moses Kortok, Robert W. Snow, and Kevin Marsh. "An Immune Basis for Malaria Protection by the Sickle Cell Trait." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 31 May Web. 27 Mar "What Has the Head of a Crocodile and the Gills of a Fish?" Understanding Evolution. University of Berkley, June Web. 27 Mar (review)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVk0twJYL6Y&feature=endscreen&NR=1 Additional videos and websitesNR=1 (Chernobyl)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLrMS_zs1kE& NR=1(US radiation monitoring)http://www.radiationnetwork.com/2011/03/Radiation-health-risk-in-Japan-called- low/ /1 (Japan)http://yourlife.usatoday.com/health/medical/story/ 2011/03/Radiation-health-risk-in-Japan-called- low/ /1ers (defect list)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetic_disord ers