Base Oils and Additives

Base Oils Additives+

ViscosityModifier

+

Finished lubricant

Composition of an Engine Oil

3

?

Choosing the Right Base Oils

.

.

Wear

Viscosity

Surface activity

Oxidation stability

Chemical activity

VolatilitySolvency

Corrosion properties

Acid & sludge formation

Residue formationSeal compatibility

Additive compatibility

Foaming tendency

Friction reduction

Low temperature behaviour

Demulsifying abilityBase Oil

Properties

Base Oil Properties Affecting Lubricant Characteristics

CONVENTIONAL MINERAL BASE OILS Group I & II

UNCONVENTIONAL BASE OILS Group III

• hydrocracked, hydroisomerised

SYNTHETIC BASE OILS• PAO: hydrogenated poly alpha olefins Group IV

• Esters

• Other Group V

Base Oil Categories

Base Oil70 - 99%

Pour Point Depressant0 - 2%

Visco Modifier0 - 15%

Performance Package1- 30%

Anti-wear

Composition of an Engine Oil

Antioxidant

Other

Detergent

Dispersant

Introduction to Total Products

What does it all mean?

SAE - Viscosity American International Gasoline and Diesel Specifications

Fuel Economy Product

Oil Grade

Product Category

Total Engine Oil Range (petrol/diesel)

Product Category

There are 3 different types of base oils which are used in lubricants

manufacturing process:

Mineral oils are made from petroleum-based products and undergo no

transformation.

Synthetic oils consist of chemicals compounds. Synthetic oils are

preferred to lubricants refined from petroleum when operating in extremes

of temperatures, as it provides superior mechanical and chemical

properties than those found in mineral oil.

Semi-synthetic oils which are blends of minerals and synthetic oils

(no more than 30%)

Engine Oil SAE Viscosity Classification

Viscosity grade provides information on oil viscosity when submitted

to temperatures variations. Multi-grade oil indicates a viscosity

grade at low and high temperatures.

EXAMPLE:

5W stands for viscosity grade at low temperatures.

W= Winter not weight

The lower the index is, the more fluid motor oil will be at low

temperatures, which ensures optimal lubrication when starting the

engine.

30 stands for viscosity grade at high temperatures.

The higher the grade is, the more viscous motor oil will be at high

temperatures, which enables better lubricating at high temperatures.

-30-25-20-15-10

-5

Starting Temp Summer Grade

The lower the winter grade, the lower temperature are accepted by the oil.

The higher the Summer Grade the higher the temperature the oil can accept (protect the engine at high temp).

Start up oil flow is very important!

Engine Oil SAE Viscosity Classification

0W5W10W15W20W25W

6050403020

International Specifications / OEMs

Total Lubricants meet international specifications as ACEA, API, JASO and ILSAC to ensure high technical performances.

In addition, some OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) set up quality certifications to protect and optimize their engines' performances. These homologations are more stringent than international standards.

The OEMs recommend the use of specific motor oil requirements (see your car maintenance guide)

International Specifications

ACEA (Association des Constructeurs Européens d’Automobiles)

API (American Petroleum Institute)/ILSAC

JASO (Japan Automobile Standards Organization)

OEMs Specifications

Ex: DC, PSA, VOLVO, MAN, CAT, Ford, GM, Mack etc

Homologation

Performance Specs of Automotive Lubricants

API – America Petroleum Institute

ILSAC – International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee

International Specifications API/ILSAC

.

Engines API classifications are characterised by 2 letters.

Latest specifications

Gasoline

Diesel

SJ / SL / SN

CF-2 2 stroke engines) / CG-4 < CH-4 < CJ-4

API Classification

SN/CF

Application Type: Service Level

S: Gasoline C: Industrial Diesel

1st letter indicates the type of service2nd letter indicates the performance level

API DONUT

S A...

S G

S H

S J

S L

S N

Gasoline Severity

1945

1988

1993

1996

2001

2011 Current

API/ILSAC Specifications

C A.....

C D

C F

C J

1945

1965

1995

Diesel Severity

API SJ Oxidation Control (IIIG)

More severe chemical limits

P & S limits

+ FE Oxidation Control (IIIF, TEOST)

Deposit control (IIIF)

More severe oil consumption (Noack)

API/ILSAC Evolutions

API SL API SM

ILSAC GF-2 FE (VIB) FE (VIB)

P : 600 à 800 ppm

ILSAC GF-3 ILSAC GF-4 ILSAC GF-5

200420011997 2011

API SN

For example

AECA 2004/2008 Specifications

The letter refers to the type of service and the number the performance level.

Generally, European specification are more severe than American specifications.

Engine type:

A: Gasoline

B: Light Diesel

E: Heavy Duty Diesel

C: Catalyst Compatible Oil

Technical performance level:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

A 3

A 1

A 5

A 2

A 3

/

/

B 1

B 5

B 2

B 3

B 4

/

DIRECTInjection

High performance oils

Standard quality oils

A single category for gasoline and diesel

Fuel Economy categories maintained

Standard level not maintained

After-treatmentsystems

« C » Catalyst Compatible Category

Chemical limits for new categories(P, S, Ash )

Standard quality oils

High performance oils

FUEL ECONOMY

DIRECT Injection

High performance level maintained

Diesel direct injection performances required

ACEA Evolutions: A, B and C Categories

ACEA 2004ACEA 2002

gasoline diesel

Product Specs OEM Main Selling Point

API ACEA

Quartz 9000

5w40

SM/CF A3/B4 Peugeot Citroen B71 2296

MB 229.3

VW 502.00/505.00

BMW LL01

Porsche

- Withstand harshest operating

condition

- Maximum oxidation protection for

Gasoline and Diesel engines

Quartz 9000

SM 5w30

SM/CF For all vehicles requiring

SM/CF or ILSAC GF-4

specifications

- Fuel Economy

- Maximum protection under severe

driving conditionsILSAC GF-4

Quartz Ineo

MC3 5w30

SM/CF C3 MB 229.31, 229.51

BMW LL04

VW 502.00/505.00/505.01

- Euro IV vehicles

- Low SAPS, C3

API / ACEA & OEM

21

Product Specs OEM Main Selling Point

API ACEA

Rubia TIR 7900 15W40

CJ-4/SM E7/E9 Mack EO-O Premium Plus 07

Cummins CES 20081

Volvo VDS-4

Caterpillar ECF-3

Mercedes 228.31

Detroit Diesel DDC 93K218

Man M3275

- Latest engine technology- Designed for Low-Sulphur, Low-Emission engines and most severe operating conditions

Rubia TIR 8900 10W30

E4/E6/E7 Mercedes 228.51

MAN M 3477/M3277-CRT

Volvo VDS-3

Renault RLD-2

- Fuel Economy, Long Drain interval- Low SAPS

Rubia TIR FE 7200 15W30

CI-4 E5/E7 Renault RLD-2

Mercedes 228.3

Volvo VDS-3

Man M3275

Cummins CES 20071/72/77/78

Mack EO-M+

- Fuel Economy- Euro 2, Euro 3 and most Euro 4 engines

Global DHD-1

Rubia FE 20W30 CF-4/CF

- Reduce fuel consumption

- Superior protection

TOTAL – Featured Products

22

Sulphur NOx Trap

Sulphated ash

PF

Development of new lubricants called “Low Saps”

PhosphorousTWCSCROxycat

Why Low SAPS Oil?

A single lubricant

required for all post-treatment

systems

1. Turbocharger and EGR Valve

2. EGR Transfer Pipe (Hot)

3. EGR Cooler

4. EGR Transfer Pipe (Cool)

Source: Detroit Diesel

Impact on Lubricants:

High operating temperature;

EGR => more NOx & PM in oil => increase of nitro-oxidation & necessity of higher dispersant performance

EGR System (Exhaust Gas Recirculation)

Reduction of pollutant emissionsParticulate filter (DPF)

Particulate filter: Operating principle

Stage One: Filtration

Particulates accumulate in the silicon carbide filter medium.

Stage Two: Regeneration of the clogged filter

Combustion of accumulated particles in

the particulate filter.

DPF – Particulate Filter

CRT = DOC + DPF

DCO reduce CO & HC

DPF burns particulates

Require use of ULSD

( max 50ppm)

Source: Johnson Matthey Website

CRT® (Continuous Regenerating Technology)

Particulates Reduction of 30%

NOx Reduction of 80-90%

UREA = AdBlue (DIN 70070)

Use of approximately 5 - 6% UREA compared to fuel consumption

Reduction of fuel consumption by 4–8% reference to EURO III engines

Require a distribution networks for UREA (AdBlue)

The SCR System

Source: Johnson Matthey Website

SCRT® (Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology)

SCRT = CRT + SCR

CRT reduce CO,HC & PM & enhance low temp NOx reduction

SCR provides high temperature NOx reduction with in the presence of aq. urea

2NH3+ NO + NO2 2 N2 + 3H2O

FE (Fuel Economy Lubricants)

Fuel Economy lubricants are designed to provide maximum protection to vehicles' engines and enable major savings.

TOTAL Fuel Economy range is used today in numerous types of vehicles (cars, heavy duty, etc.) and industrial machinery (agriculture, public works, etc.).

Comparative Viscosity Classifications

How to read a data sheet