tcGihftvrf;rsm;ESifh ar#mfvihfrxm;aom tEW&m,frsm;? · 2019-04-29 · tcGihftvrf;rsm;ESifh...

tcGihftvrf;rsm;ESifh ar#mfvihfrxm;aom tEW&m,frsm;?

jrefrmEkdifiH pDyGm;a&; toGiful;ajymif;rItwGuf

toifhjyifqifjcif;?

,luD tmuDrdkwkd (Yuki Akimoto)

OSI’s Burma Project/Southeast Asia Initiative In cooperation with the Bank Information Center

Copyright © 2006 by The Open Society Institute All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. The Open Society Institute encourages wide distribution of this report. Anyone wanting to reproduce the report in large quantities should contact the Burma Project for permission. ISBN: 1-891385-52-6

978-1-891385-52-0 Published by Open Society Institute 400 West 59th Street New York, New York 10019 USA Website: www.soros.org For more information Burma Project/Southeast Asia Initiative Open Society Institute 400 West 59th Street New York, NY 10019 USA Email: [email protected] Website: www.soros.org/initiatives/bpsai Cover design and text layout by Judit Kovács | Createch Ltd. Printed in Thailand by Orchid Press Cover photo by Yuzo Uda

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,luDtmuDrkdwkd[m jrefrmEkdifiHudk zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; axmufyHhr_awG ay;&m rSm tcGihftvrf;eJ@ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m jy\emawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; aqmif&GufaewJh a&SŒaewOD;jzpf+yD;/ txl;ojzifh EkdifiHwum b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;awGudk tav; xm;ygw,f? tmuDrkdwkdu Burma Debate, The Irrawaddy eJ@ wjcm;ae&mawGrSm aqmif;yg;awG a&;cJh +yD;/ tEW&m,fusa&mufaeaom oHvGif/ ta&SŒawmiftm&SrS vGwfvyfpGmpD;qif;aeonhf t&SnfqkH;jrpfwGif a&umwmrsm; aqmufjcif; (The Salween Under Threat: Damming the Longest Free River in Southeast Asia) rSwfwrf;twGuf t,f'Dwm jzpfygw,f? tmuDrkdwkd[m Burma Information Network Japan (Burma Info) twGuf n‡dE_dif;aqmif&Gufaeolvnf;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ oufqkdifwJh EdkifiHwumb¾ma&; tzGJ@tpnf; IFI v_yf&Sm;r_awG qkdif&m aemufqkH;owif;awGeJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHu t"duzGH@+zdK;a&; pDrHudef;awGudk rSefrSefazmfjyaewJh IFI - Burma udk pkpnf;olvnf; jzpfygw,f? avmavmq,f rJacgifapmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@ Mekong Watch rSm tvkyfvkyfaeygw,f?

Burma Project/Southeast Asia Initiative jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd tajctaeawGudk EdkifiHwumu ydkrdkod&Sdzdk@eJ@ yGifhviff;wJh vl@abmif tzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf toGiful;ajymif;&mrSm taxmuftuljyKzdk@ Burma Project udk 1994 ckESpfrSm yGifhvif;wJh vl@abmiftzJG@tpnf; (Open Society Institute) u zJG@pnf; xlaxmif cJhygw,ff?

'ga=umifh Burma Project u jrefrmEdkifiHrSm yGif;vif;wJhvl@abmif ay:xGef; vmatmif vkyfaqmifaewJh urBmwvGm;u jrefrmhta&; vSKyf&Sm;aewJh tzJG@ tpnf;awGudk tm;ay; ulnDaeygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHu wdkif;&if;om;awGeJ@ vlr_ todkif;t0dkif;uae ab;z,fcHxm;&wJh tkyfpkawGtwGuf vl@tcGifhta&;/ EdkifiHa&;eJ@ vlr_a&; taetxm;awGudk jr‡ifhwifzdk@eJ@ ydkrdkwdk;wuf aumif;rGefvmzkd@/ EdkifiHwumeJ@ a'owGif;rSm jrefrm EdkifiHeJ@ ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawG@&J@ t&nftaoG;eJ@ jzef@jzL;r_ tqifhtwef; wdk;wuf aumif;rGefvmatmifzkd@/ EdkifiH wum todkif;t0dkif;u jrefrmEdkifiHrSm aumif;wJh tajymif;tvJawG jzpfay: vma&;twGuf zdtm;ay;zdk@eJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm toGiful;ajymif;a&;twGuf jyifqif &mrSm taxmuftulay;zkd@ udpPawGrSm Burma Project u axmufyHh ulnDyg w,f?

1990 ckESpf aESmif;ydkif;rSm Burma Project udk usefta&S@awmif tm&Sa'o awGrSmyg wdk;csJ@cJhygw,f? tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ql[mwdk jyKwfus+yD;aemufydkif; Burma Project u yGifhvif;wJh vl@abmifjzpfay:a&; aqmif&GufaewJh a'ocH tif'dkeD;&Sm; tzJG@tpnf;awGudk yHhydk;cJhygw,f/ txif&Sm;qHk;rSm &m&mqefwDzm y&[dw tzJG@tpnf; (TIFA Foundation) udk yHhay;r_ jzpfygw,f?

tajccHtm;jzifh Burma Project/Southeast Asia Initiative [m jrefrmeJ@ tif'dkeD;&Sm; wdk@udk axmufyHhay;+yD;/ yGifhvif;vGwfvyfwJh vl@abmiftzJG@tpnf; (OSI) u ta&S@awmiftm&S&Sd jrefrmeJ@ tif'dkeD;&Sm;wkd@omru tjcm;EdkifiHu tzJG@tpnf;awG udkvnf; aiGa=u; axmufyHhay;ygw,f?

r=umc%qdkovdk a'owGif; vl@tcGifhta&; jr‡ifhwif&ef }udKyrf;vkyfaqmif r_awGeJ@ 'Drdkua&pD wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;a&;eJ@ vlxktajcjyK tzGJ@tpnf;awGudk tm;ay;jr‡ifh wifzdk@udk taxmuftyHhawG ay;ygw,f?

,ae@tcsdefxd Burma Project/Southeast Asia Initiative [m jrefrm/ uarBm'D;,m;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ vmtdk/ rav;&Sm;/ zdvpfydkif/ puFmyl/ xdkif;eJ@ AD,uferf wdk@u tpDtpOfawGudk yHhydk;ay;cJhygw,f?

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Open Society Institute (OSI) yGifhvif;wJh vl@abmiftzJG@tpnf; yGifhvif;wJh vl@abmiftzJG@tpnf; (OSI) [m EdkifiHom;awGtay: wm0ef,l+yD; wufºuGwJh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& ay:aygufvm&ef vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufygw,f? 'Dvkyfief; atmifjrif&ef OSI u EdkifiHa&;/ Oya'a&;&m/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf wdk@rSm w&m;r#wr_ &Sda&;udk tmrcHum tajccH &ydkifcGifhawGudk umuG,fwJh jynfol@rl0g'awGudk yHkazmfzdk@ aqmif&Gufaeygw,f?

a'otqifhrSm tqifhrDwJh w&m;pD&ifa&;/ ynma&;/ vlxkusef;rma&;eJ@ vGwfvyfwJh owif;rD'D,m pwmawGudk OSI u vkyfaqmifygw,f? wcsdefwnf; rSmyif OSI u tusifhysuf t*wdvdkufpm;r_eJ@ owif;vGwfvyfr_awGeJ@ ywfouf&if e,fajr tydkif;tjcm; r&Sd/ EdkifiH a'ora&G; r[mrdwf zGJ@ygw,f?

vlr_todkif;t0dkif;uae ab;z,fcHxm;&olawGeJ@ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awGudk umuG,fum/ olwkd@ b0 wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;udk OSI u t"du OD;pm;ay; tjzpf xm;&Sdygw,f?

&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHolwOD;jzpf y&[dw'ge&Sifvnf;jzpfwJh a*smhqdkvf&yfpf (George Soros) A[dkOa&myeJ@ ta&S@Oa&myeJ@ qdkAD,uf,leD,Ha[mif;&Sd ol@&J@ azmifa';&Sif; awGudk axmufyHhzkd@ 1993 ckESpfrSm OSI udk aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_ay;wJh yk*~vdu pDrHcef@cGJwJh tzGJ@ tpnf;tjzpf wnfaxmifcJhygw,f? 1984 wkef;u tJ'DEdkifiHawGrSm uGefjrLepfpepfuae toGiful;ajymif;&mrSm taxmuftulay;zkd@ 'Dazmifa';&Sif; awGudk wnfaxmifcJhwm jzpfygw,f? OSI u qdkvf&yfpf y&[dw tzJG@tpnf;&J@ uGef&ufudk tar&duef tygt0if Oa&my/ tm&S/ tmz&dueJ@ vufwiftar&du wdk@u EdkifiHaygif; (60) ausmfrSm wkd;csJ@ v_yf&Sm;cJhygw,f?

qdkvf&yfpf tzJG@wdkif;rSm tm;udk;&+yD; u|rf;usifwJh EdkifiHom;awG yg0ifwJh }uD;=uyf uGyfuJa&; bkwftzJG@ &Sdygw,f? 'DbkwftzGJ@udk tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKum/ a'owGif; OD;pm;ay;&rJh t&mawGudk tajccHwJh tpDtpOfawG csrSwf vkyfaqmifyg w,f? www.soros.org

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2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvrSm 0g&Sifwef'DpDrS the Bank Information Center, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Open Society Institute eJ@ Woodrow Wilson International Center for Schoolars wkd@ yl;aygif;+yD; "Managing Economic Transitions: The Role of Global Institutions and Lessons for Burma/Myanmar" (pD;yGm;a&; toGiful;ajymif;r_ pDrHcef@cGJjcif;? urBmhtzGJ@tpnf; rsm;. tcef;u¾eJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf oifcef;pmrsm;) vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rsm;udk wm0ef,l usif;yay;cJhygw,f? 'gudk 2001 ckESpfeJ@ 2002 ckESpfrSm yGihfvif;onhf vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf; (The Open Society Fund - Bosnia and Herzegovina) u usif;ycJhwJh “ta&SŒawmif Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;twGuf EkdifiHwum axmufyHha&; rl0g'rsm;? abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@wGif (roif,lvdkuf&wJh) oifcef;pmrsm;” (Developing New Policies of International Support - Lessons (not) Learned in Bosnia and Herzegovina) uae t}uH&cJhwm jzpfygw,f? wm0efay;olrsm; ukd,fpm; pma&;olu 'DrSwfwrf;jyK&mrSm ulnDoltm;vkH;udk aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajymvkdyg w,f? 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv vkyfief;cGifoifwef; pDpOf&mrSm ulnD+yD;/ 'DrSwfwrf;yg ta=umif;t&mawGudk wifjy&mrSm pDpOfay;wJh rD&SSJvfuD*if (Michele Keegan) udk txl;aus;Zl;wifygw,f? yDwm&pf*fZf (Peter Riggs) [m wcgw&H a00g;aewJh tawG;tac:awGudk vufqkyfvufudkifjyEkdifwJh vkyfief;cGif oifwef;twGuf tqkdjyKcsufawGtjzpf toGifajymif;&mrSm trsm;}uD; ulnDcJhyg w,f? arm&if; atmifoGif (Maureen Aung-Thwin) [m vkyfief;cGifoifwef; twGufa&m/ rSwfwrf;twGufyg tm;ay;cJhygw,f? *suf'f *&D;,m; (Jed Greer) u rSwfwrf;rl=urf;awG trsm;}uD;zwf+yD; taxmuftuljzpfwJh wnf;jzwfr_/ t}uHay; csufawG ay;cJhygw,f? trnfrazmfvkdolawG&JŒ a0zefcsufawGa=umifhvJ tcsuf tvufawG ykdxif&Sm;vm+yD; trSm;awG jyifEkdifcJhhygw,f? uJhcfawmvf bwf (Kirk Talbott) eJ@ First Voice International u 0efxrf;awG[m 'DrSwfwrf;a&;ae pOfrSm &ufa&mpGmyJ ±kH;ae&ma&m/ tjcm;vkdtyfwJh taxmuftyHhawGyg ay;cJhygw,f?

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2

xyfajymcsifygw,f? 'Dvkdr[kwf&if IFI awGuyJ tpDtpOfawG csrSwf+yD;/ EkkdifiHeJ@ EkdifiHom;wkd@u csrSwfEdkifjcif; r&Sdygbl;? txufyg ta=umif;t&mawGt& jrefrmEkdifiHrSm avmavmq,f 'Drkdua&pD/ Oya'pkd;rkd;r_eJ@ aumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;wkd@ r&Sdwma=umifh IFI awGu yl;aygif; raqmif±Gufbl;vkd@ rqkdEkdifygbl;? jrefrmEkdifiH jynfwGif;eJ@ jynfyrSm v_yf&Sm; aeolawG tajymif;tvJ jzpfa&;twGuf pdwftm;xufoefaeol/ u|rf;usifol ynm&SifawGeJ@ jynfya&muf 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmifrsm;u jrefrmEkdifiH om;awGtwGuf taumif;qkH; tusKd;jzpfatmif IFI awGeJ@ qufqHzkd@ enf;vrf; awG pwif}uHpnfzkd@ ,cktcsdefu ta&;}uD;wJh umvjzpfygw,f? 'Dvkdvkyfzkd@ jrefrmEkdifiH tem*wf acgif;aqmifykdif;u EkdifiHtoGiful; ajymif;a&;enf;pOfrSm EkdifiH wum tzJG@tpnf;awG&JŒ tcef;u¾eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ enf;AsL[mcsrSwf taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm ‚if;wkd@&JŒ tcef;u¾awGudk aumif;aumif; ykdem; vnfzkd@ ta&;}uD;ygw,f? IFI awGu jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ b,ftcsdefrSm jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrvJ? IFI awGukd jrefrmEkdifiHu ay;zkd@usefaewJh taºuG;awGudk b,fvkd&Sif;rvJ/ EkdifiH wkd;wufr_ enf;AsL[mawGudk tpkd;&u wu,fydkifqdkifzkd@ b,fvkdvkyfrvJ? tusKd; &SdqkH; ae&mawGrSm okH;zkd@ IFI awG&JŒ b¾ma&;eJ@ enf;ynm taxmuftulawG vufcHzkd@ b,fvkdtzJG@tpnf;awG &Sdae&rvJ? EkdifiHwdk;wufr_ 'grSr[kwf qif;&Jr_ avsmhcsa&; enf;AsL[mawGrSm jrefrmEkdifiHom;awG&JŒ ajymqkdcsufawGygatmif tpkd;&u b,fvkdvkyfrvJ? obm0t&if;tjrpfawG xkwf,lwmu xkwf,laewJh ukr`%DawGwifru EkdifiHukdyg tusKd;tjrwf&Sdapzkd@ jrefrmEkdifiHu ºuG,f0wJh o,H ZmwawGudk b,fvkd pDrHcef@cGJEkdifrvJ? 'DvkdtcuftcJawGeJ@ &ifqkdif&wJhtcg tjcm; EkdifiHawGu b,fvkd vkyfcJh=uovJ? 'Dvdkar;cGef;awGudk 2004 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm 13 &ufu 14 &uftxd 0g&Sifwef 'DpDrSm the Bank Information Center, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Open Society Institute eJ@ Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars wkd@ yl;wGJusif;y ay;cJhwJh "Managing Economic Transitions: The Role of Global Institutions and Lessons for Burma/Myanmar" (pD;yGm;a&; toGiful;ajymif;r_ pDrHcef@cGJjcif;/ EkdifiHwum tzJG@tpnf;rsm;. tcef;u¾eJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf oifcef;pmrsm;) qkdwJh vkyfief;cGif oifwef;rSm ar;jref;aqG;aEG;cJhygw,f? 2004 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv vkyfief;cGifoifwef;&JŒ t"du &nf&G,fcsufawGu qif;&Jr_ avsmhcsa&;eJ@ yÉdyuQaemufykdif; pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfwnf aqmufr_wkd@rSm IFI awG&@J

3

tcef;u¾udk a&SŒqufaqG;aEG;zkd@ tvm;tvm&SdwJh jrefrmEkdifiH pD;yGma&; jyefvnf wnfaqmufr_eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkdk;wufr_ tpDtpOfawGudk wjcm;EkdifiHawG&JŒ tawG@t}uKH awGuwqifh E_dif;,SOf=unhfzkd@eJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHom;awG[m tcsuftvufawG od+yD;/ vkyfief;pOfudk ppfrSefwJh ykdifqkdifr_eJ@ rdrdwkd@&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; jynfvnfwnfaqmufr_eJ@ EkdifiHwkd;wufr_vrf;a=umif; csrSwfzdk@enf;vrf;awG pwifpOf;pm;zkd@ jzpfygw,f?

tcGihftvrf;rsm;eJ@ ar#mfvihfrxm;aom tEW&m,frsm;? jrefrmEkdifiH pD;yGm;a&; toGiful;ajymif;r_twGuf toihfjyifqifjcif;qkdwJh atmufygrSwfwrf;u 2004 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv vkyfief;cGifoifwef;u &v'fwck jzpfygw,f? 'DrSwfwrf;rSm tvm;tvm &SdwJh jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; toGiful;ajymif;r_eJ@ IFI awG&JŒ tcef;u¾wkd@eJ@ ywfouf+yD; vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rSm aqG;aEG;cJhwJh t"du ta=umif;t&mawGudk wifjyxm;ygw,f? 'D rSwfwrf;rSm IFI awGeJ@ vkyfudkifzl;wJh EkdifiHawGeJ@ zG@H+zdK;wkd;wufr_ tay:olwkd@&JŒ t}uHay;csufawGyg+yD;/ tJ'DEkdifiHawGeJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHwkd@&JŒ wlnDwJh ta=umif;t&mawGeJ@ tajctaeawGudk rD;armif;xkd;jy xm;ygw,f? c? rSwfwrf;

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4

aqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdwJh urBmhb%fa&m/ tm&SzGH@+zdK;r_b%fyg r=umao;cifu vkyfief; jyefvnfpwifcJhwJh EkdifiHwEkdifiHudk azmfjyxm;+yD;/ aºuGG;+rD&Sif;zkd@eJ@ tvSL&Sif trsm; ygwJh &efykHaiGawGta=umif; txl;azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tydkif; 4 rSm urBmhb%feJ@ wjcm; IFI awGu EkdifiHwkd;wufr_rSm =oZm v$rf;rkd;ykHudk aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f? tykdif; 4-u rSm urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@&JŒ csOf;uyfykHeJ@ EkdifiH wkd;wufr_rSm pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_udk ta&;}uD;qkH;tcsufw&yfvkd tav;xm;ykHudk ppfaq; xm;ygw,f? tykdif; 4-c rSm EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm urBmhb%f&JŒ jyefvnf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ taxGaxGvkyfief;pOfudk azmfjyxm;ygw,f? ppf+yD; umv abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;udk avhvmxm;csufrSm Dayton Accords qkdwJh EkdifiHa&;ajz&Sif;r_ oabmwlnDcsufe@J IFI axmufyHhr_wkd@aygif;+yD; EkdifiHwkd;wuf r_tay: xdckdufykHawGudk &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f? aemufqkH;tydkif;tjzpf 'kwd,avhvm csufrSm abmpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em;eJ@ wjcm;ae&mawGu tawG@t}uKHawGudk wefjyefwJh aumif;wJh jzpf&yftaeeJ@ ta&SŒwDarmu trsKd;om;aqG;aEG;yGJ enf;pOf udk azmfjyxm;ygw,f? ºuG,f0wJh obm0 o,HZmwawGa=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ppftpkd;& qufvuf wnf&SdaeEkdif+yD;/ t=urf;zufwdkufyGJawGeJ@ vl@tcGihftvrf;awG csKd;azmuf r_rSmvnf; taxmuftul jzpfaeygw,f? 'Dobm0 o,HZmwypPnf;awGu &wJh0ifaiGawGu EkdifiH qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_awGudk avsmhenf;atmifvnf; rvkyfEkdif/ aumif;wJh tkyfcsKyfr_ tavhtxawGudkvnf; ay:aygufatmif rvkyfEkdifygbl;? tydkif; 4-u rSm “t&if;tjrpfusdefpm” qkdwJht&m jzpfay:apwJh taxGaxG vuQ%mawGeJ@ ta=umif;&if;awGudk ppfaq;ygr,f? EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm o,HZmwawG ºuG,f0wJhtcg IFI awG tygt0if &if;ESD;jrKyfESHolawG trsm;tjym;udk qGJaqmif ygw,f? cs'feJ@ uarBm'D,m;EkdifiHwdk@udk avhvmxm;csufawGt& tJ'D EkdifiHawGu o,HZmwawGeJ@ xkwfukefawGu&wJh 0ifaiGawGudk pDrHcef@cGJ&mrSm urBmhb%f&JŒ vkyfaqmif csuf OyrmawG ay;xm;ygw,f? 'DavhvmcsufawGt& 'Daqmif&Guf csufawG[m t+rJvkH;0 atmifjrifw,fvkd@ r&Sdwm awG@&ygw,f? aemufqufwGJawGrSm pum;vkH;awG&JŒ a0g[m&awG/ zGH@+zdK;r_ taxmuf tulawG ay;wJh vlr_tzJG@tpnf;awG pm&if;eJ@ aqG;aEG;zkd@twGufeJ@ a&SŒquf avhvmzkd@ ta=umif;t&mawG ay;xm;ygw,f?

5

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2004 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv vkyfief;cGifoifwef; wufcJholwa,mufu

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6

“vGefcJhwJhtESpf 50 u +yKdifyGJtprSm acwftrDqkH;um;awG ( 1950 zkd'fh ay:jyLvm um;awG) armif;aew,f? teD;ta0;u vltrsm;u 'DtysHpm; um;udk tm;us=uw,f? a'owGif;u wjcm;EkdifiHawGa&SŒ trsm;}uD; apm+yD; yef;wkdifa&mufzkd@ tvm;tvmt&SdqkH; EkdifiHvkd@ ajymcJh=uygw,f?”6

'kwd,urBmppf+yD;vkd@ r=umcifrSmyJ EkdifiHjcm;u wkduf±kduf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_awG jyefpcJh+yD;/ a&eH/ u|ef;opfeJ@ wjcm;pufr_vkyfief;awGrSm 1960 ckESpfawG tapm ykdif;rSm EkdifiHjcm; ukr`%DawGu ta&;ygwJhae&mawG ,lxm;=uygw,f?7 'ghtjyif 1956 ckESpfeJ@ 1961 ckESpf awGt=um;rSm jrefrmEkdifiH[m urBmhb%fu axmufyHha=u; a':vmoef; 30 ausmf &cJhygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;t& aumif;rGefcJhayrJh/ 'DEkdifiHwum &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_eJ@ axmufyHhr_ awGa=umihf trsKd;om;a&;qefwJh wefjyefr_awG ay:xGufvm+yD;/ oD;jcm;0g' usihfokH; wJhumv ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? 1962 ckESpf OD;ae0if; tm%m&wJh tm%modrf; ,lr_t+yD;rSm tpkd;&topf[m pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' ajymif;vJcJh+yD;/ EkdifiHjcm; tultnD rygbJ 'grSr[kwf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ rygbJ EkdifiHawmfzlvkHa&;udk &nfrSef;wJh A[kdu csKyfudkifwJh pD;yGm;a&; pDrHudef;AsL[m (“jrefrmh qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf”) usihfokH;cJh ygw,f? c|if;csufenf;enf;yJxm;+yD; tpkd;&u EkdifiHjcm;wkduf±kduf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_awGudk wm;jrpfcJh+yD;/ urBmhb%fu taxmuftulawGudk vufcHwm &yfpJcJhygw,f? tpkd;&[m yk*~vdu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aygif; waomif;ig;axmifavmufudk odrf;ykduf vkduf+yD;/ twif;t=uyf armif;xkwfvkdufwJh tdENd,vlrsKd; 2 odef; avmufqDu pD;yGm;a&; ykdifqkdifr_awGukdvnf; odrf;ykdufvkdufygw,f?8 'ga=umifh 1960 eJ@ 1970 ckESpfawGrSm wjcm;EkdifiHawGu wkd;yGm;aewJh urBmh pD;yGm;a&;udk tcGihfaumif; ,lcJhwJhtcsdefrSm jyifyurBmuae tusKd;tjrwf&r,hf tquftoG,fawGuae jrefrmEkdifiHpD;yGm;a&;u oD;jcm;&yfwnfaechJygw,f? 1960 ckESpfawG aESmif;ydkif;rSmawmh oD;jcm;pD;yGm;a&; &yfwnfr_0g'awGu ratmifjrifbl; qkdwm xif&Sm;vm+yD;/ 1973 ckESpfrSm tpkd;&u urBmhb%f&JŒ taxmuftyHhawG jyefvnfvufcH cJhygw,f? 1973 ckESpfrSmyJ jrefrmEkdifiH[m ADB rSm tzJG@0ifcJh+yD;/ ESpfEdkifiH tvSL&SifawGqDu taxmuftulawG pwifawmif;qkdcJhygw,f? yk*~vdu EkdifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_awGudkawmh ydwfyifqJjzpf+yD;/ tpkd;&u xkwfvkyfa&;eJ@ ukefoG,fa&;udk csKyfudkifcJhygw,f? trsKd;om; 0ifaiGvnf; wnf+idrfae+yD; 1980 ckESpf tv,fykdif;rSm pwifusqif;cJhygw,f? 1987 ckESpfrSm ukvor*~u jrefrm EkdifiHudk “zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ tenf;qkH;EkdifiH” tjzpf owfrSwfcJh ygw,f?9

7

“vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif; 50 u +ydKifyGJrSm t}uHaumif;awG/ 0d&d,eJ@ }udK;pm;r_ wdk@a=umifh tdrfeD;csif;awGu ykdaumif;whJum;awG wwfEkdifcJhw,f? armf',f awG ajymif;cJh+yD; vGefcJhwJh q,hfig;ESpfavmufuwnf;u yg*sJ±kd;awG w0D0D ppD;vmw,f? usaemfwkd@ uawmh udk,fhenf;ukd,hf[efeJ@yJvkyf+yD; 1950 zdk@'fay:jyLvmarmf',fyJ pD;cJhw,f?”10 1988 EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) tpkd;&

tm%m odrf;+yD;aemufykdif; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk w&m;0if vufv$wfvkduf ayrJh EkdifiHawmfu pD;yGm;a&;udk wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfudkifwmawGuawmh usefcJh ygw,f?11 1988 ckESpfrSm 25 ESpfwm umvtwGif; yxrqkH;taeeJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm EkdifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ Oya't& EkdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ cGihfjyKcJhayrJh/ urBmhb%feJ@ ADB wdk@u aiGacs;wm&yfoGm;+yD;/ 1988 rSm 'Drkdua&pD axmufcHolawGudk tpkd;&u t=urf;zuf zdESdyf+yD;aemufydkif; tvSL&SifEkdifiHawGu taxmuftyHhawG uef@owfcJhygw,f? pDrHcef@cGJr_ t&rf;nhHzsif;wm/ owif;tcsuftvuf uif;rJhwmeJ@ a&&SnfpDrHudef; uif;rJhwmwkd@a=umihf 1990 ckESpfawGrSm jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; qufvuf usqif;cJhygw,f?

“tESpf 50 vrf;ay:rSm&Sd+yD;aemuf wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,foGm;zkd@ pjzpfvm+yD; yGef;&m yJh&mawGvnf; ay:vmwmuawmh odomygw,f? 'gayrJh um;ukd ajymifajymif a&mifa&mif&Sdatmif aq;c%c%okwf+yD;/ a[vkd*sif a&SŒrD; awG/ r*fbD;awGwyf/ 'gawGvkyfvkd@ vkyfwmukdifwmu ykdraumif;vmayrJh vnf; auseyfyDwd jzpfaewmaygh? … r=umao;cif ESpfawGu tcuftcJ awG &Sdvmw,f? … xkdifckHawG aqmihfvGef;vkd@ aemufuxkdifaewJh c&D; onfawGuvnf; a,mifvnfvnf jzpfvmw,f? cyf=urf;=urf;okH;wm rsm;vGef;+yD; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vspfvsL±_ xm;awmhvnf; a&Smhxdef;wJh[mawG uvnf; raumif;awmhbl;? 'ghtjyif pyfpyif;&Sif;awGuvnf; okH;EkdifwJh umvxuf q,fpkESpfawGausmf+yD; okH;xm;awmh jyKwfxGufukefa&m? … vrf;uvJ taygufawGeJ@/ ausmufwkH;awGvnf; jynhfvkd@/ 'ghtjyif "mwfqD vnf; ukefawmhr,f? … 'D=um;xJ rkdifwHuwnf; vGefcJhwJh okH;av;ESpf uwnf;u uyfaew,f? (ukef;qif;vdrfhaeawmh um;oGm;aerSef; odw,f vkd@ vlawGajymw,f) 'Dawmh um;oGm;aew,fqkdwm odayrJh b,fudk OD;wnfoGm;aerSef; rod/ b,favmuf oGm;cJhrSef;rod/ +yD;awmh b,fESpfrdkif qufoGm;&rSef;vJvnf;rod/ yef;wkdifa&mufzkd@ b,fESpfESpfavmuf 'D'%f awG qufcH&rSef;vnf;rod?”12

8

q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pDrHcef@cGJr_nhHzsif;+yD;/ wkd;wufr_t&Sdef jrifhwifzkd@ tcGihftvrf; awG qkH;±_H;cJhayrJh jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmu }uD;rm;qJyg? rxkwf,l &ao;wJh obm0 o,HZmwawGeJ@ pkdufysKd;EkdifwJh ajrae&mawGu trsm;}uD;yg? 'ghtjyif vkyfief;cGifoifwef;u avhvmoltenf;qkH; wa,mufu jrefrmEkdifiH wkd;wufr_ wGef;tm;taeeJ@ pkdufysKd;a&;eJ@ obm0 o,HZmwawGudk tav;ay; &muae vltiftm;udk tav;ay;ajymif;zkd@ vkda=umif; axmufjycJhygw,f?

“jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ wefzkd;t&SdqkH; t&if;tjrpfu ºuG,f0wJh pkdufysKd;ajr,m/ opfawmawG/ owWKawG/ 'grSr[kwf [dkuf+'dKumAGefawG/ r[kwfbl;qkdwmudk jrefrmEkdifiH od&ifaumif;r,f? wefzkd;t&SdqkH;u jynfolawGyJ? 'Dvkdajymif; pOf;pm;&if obm0 t&if;tjrpfawG xkwf,lwmeJ@ ±kyf0wˆKtajccH tkwfjrpfawG wnfaqmufae±kHeJ@ r&bl;qkdwJh tcsuf[m odomvmr,f? wnfaqmufaewJh ±kyf0wˆK t&if;tESD;awGudk xdxda&mufa&muf okH;Ekdifzkd@ vl@pGrf;&nf wkd;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&r,f? um;vrf;awG/ rD;&xm;vrf; awGazmuf/ wHwm;awG/ qnfawG aqmufwmtjyif ykdta&;}uD;+yD; wnfaqmufzkd@ ykdcufcJwJh vlr_pD;yGm;a&; tzGJ@tpnf;awG/ ynma&; pepfawG/ usef;rma&;eJ@ vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_awG/ Oya'abmif/ xda&mufwJh trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; pDrHcef@cGJr_eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' csrSwftaumiftxnf azmfjcif;/ apmihf=uyf=unhf&_@jcif;/ ydkrdkwdk;wufonfh jynfol@0efxrf;tzGJ@/ b%feJ@ b¾ma&;tzGJ@ pepfawG/ tkyfcsKyfr_eJ@pDrHcef@cGJr_/ ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;r_ ykdrkdaumif;atmif vkyfzkd@/ tzGJ@tpnf;,EW&m;awG&dSzkd@ pwJh tmqD,HEkdifiHawGeJ@ wjcm;wkd;wufqJ tm&SEkdifiHawG ±kef;uef }udK;pm;aewJh tcsufawGudk jrefrmEkdifiH[m ta&;ay; &ygr,f?”13

c? EkdifiHwum b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;eJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHqufqHa&;

1952 ckESpfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH[m IMF eJ@ urBmhb%fwkd@rSm tzJG@0if jzpfvmyg

w,f? 1956 ckESpfu p+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH[m urBmhb%fuae oef;aygif; 700 ausmf acs;cJhayrJh/ 1987 Zlvdkifvup+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHudk aiGracs;awmhygbl;? 1998 ckESpf up+yD; urBmhb%frSm jrefrmEkdifiH[m “twkd;r&aewJh taetxm;” a&mufaecJh ygw,f? ay;p&m&SdwmawG (aºuG;+rDawG) udk qyf+yD;rS topfacs;,lEkdifygw,f?14 urBmhb%frSm jrefrmEkdifiH qyfp&m taºuG;a':vm 142 oef;avmuf&Sdygw,f?15 urBmhb%f[m jrefrmjynfrSm jzpfaewmawGudk apmihf=unhf+yD; ukvor*~

9

vufatmufcH tzGJ@tpnf;awG pwJh wjcm;zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufr_ tzJG@tpnf;awG eJ@vnf; jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; qufoG,faeygw,f?

urBmhb%feJ@ tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&;b%f ADB 0efxrf;awGeJ@twl jrefrmEkdifiHrSm EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ IMF [m ESpfpOf “Article IV consultation” (yk'fr 4 t}uHay;aqG;aEG;yGJ) rvkyfrae vkyfygw,f? 'DaqG;aEG;yGJvkyfzkd@ IMF &JŒ pD;yGm;a&; ynm&SifawGu pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' trsKd;rsKd;udk ppfaq;zkd@ tzGJ@0ifEkdifiH wckpDudk oGm;yg w,f? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm r=umao;cifuvkyfwJh t}uHay; aqG;aEG;wifjycsufawGudk rxkwfjyef&ao;ygbl;?16

jrefrmEkdifiHu 1973 ckESpfrSm ADB tzJG@0if jzpfoGm;ygw,f? 'Dae@txd ADB u jrefrmEkdifiHudk pDrHudef; 28 cktwGuf pkpkaygif; a':vm 530.9 oef;eJ@ 32 }udrf aiGacs;cJhygw,f? 1986-87 ckESpf uwnf;u jrefrmEkdifiHtwGufqkd+yD; wdwd usus acs;aiG 'grSr[kwf enf;ynm taxmuftyHhawG ray;cJhygbll;? ADB ukd jrefrmEkdifiHu qyfzkd@ usefwJhtaºuG;u a':vm 28 oef;avmuf &Sdw,fvkd@ cef@rSef; &ygw,f?17 'gayrJh jrefrmEkdifiH[m r[mrJacgifa'ocGJtwGif; (GMS) pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ pDrHudef; tzJG@0if jzpfygw,f? (tydkif; 2-* udk=unhfyg)18 ADB u GMS pDrHudef;udk jyif;jyif; xefxef axmufcHum yHhydk;+yD;/ GMS tzJG@0ifjzpfwJh jrefrmEkdifiH[m ADB u enf;ynm axmufyhhHa=u;ay;wJh GMS pDrHudef;wcsKd@rSm yg0ifygw,f?19

*? jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ a'owGif; pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;yg0ifr_

1? a'owGif; pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;yg0if&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;

r=umao;cifu ESpfawGrSm jrefrmEkdifiHu w±kwf/ tdENd,eJ@ xkdif;EkdifiHvdk tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGeJ@ pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@ t&rf;}udK;pm;cJhygw,f? txl;ojzihf jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ w±kwfEkdifiHt=um; pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_u 1988 ckESpfrSm ESpfEkdifiHtpkd;& e,fpyful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; oabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfxkd;+yD;uwnf;u t&Sdefjr‡ihfcJhygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ tdrfeD;csif; ,leef jynfe,fwkd@ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_[m 2002 ckESpf w±kwf-jrefrm ul;oef; a&mif;0,fr_&JŒ 47 &mckdifE_ef; &Sd+yD;/ jrefrmEkdifiH[m ,leef&JŒ t}uD;qkH; ul;oef; a&mif;0,fol jzpfygw,f?20 ESpfEkdifiH ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; wkd;jr‡ihfzkd@ w±kwfEkdifiHu jrefrmEkdifiH aqmufvkyfa&; pDrHudef;awGtwGuf aiGa=u;ay;cJhygw,f?21 jrefrmEkdifiH

10

tay: w±kwfEkdifiH&JŒ v$rf;rkd;r_udk wefjyefzkd@ 1990 ckESpfawG tapmykdif;rSm tdENd,u jrefrmEdkifiHudk txD;usefxm;wJh rl0g'uae jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;tquftoG,f jrihfrm;apwJh “tjyKoabmeJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;” rl0g'udk ajymif;vkduf ygw,f?22 wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ jrefrmEkdifiHu GMS r[mrJacgifa'ocGJ pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_ pDrHudef;vkd/ a'opDrHudef;awGrSm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;ygw,f?23 pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufr_udk axmufcHolawGu 'Dvdkaqmif&Gufr_uae jrefrmEkdifiH tygt0if tzGJ@0ifawGu pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wuf+yD; ºuG,f0vmr,fvdk@ qkdygw,f? Oyrm GMS OD;pm;ay; aqmif&GufcsufwckjzpfwJh ta&SŒ-taemuf wEdkifiHeJ@wEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ qufoG,fa&;vrf;ajr‡mif pDrHudef; (EWEC) u AD,uferfEkdifiH 'eef+rdK@uae/ jrefrmEkdifiH armfv+rKdiftxd ta&SŒawmiftm&S ukef;ajrrSm vrf;azmufzkd@ &nf&G,fygw,f? GMS pDrHudef;udk t"duulnD axmufyHholjzpfwJh ADB u EWEC +yD;wJhtcg tJ'Dvrf;a=umif;u a'oawGrSm ukef=urf;&Ekdifr_ ykdaumif;wm/ qif;&Jr_avsmhcswm/ e,fpyfukeful;r_ ykdrsm;wm/ pD;yGm;a&;e,fajrudk ydkIxda&mufpGm tokH;csEdkif+yD;/ pkdufysKd;a&;/ pufr_a'oeJ@ c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rSm &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ukd ykdxdxda&mufa&muf okH;wm pwJh tusKd; aus;Zl;awG trsm;}uD;vm&r,fvdk@ qkdygw,f?24 b,fpD;yGm;a&;twGufrqkd ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_ yrm%rsm;wm/ EkdifiHjcm; &if;ESD;r_ ykdrsm;wmeJ@ tvkyftukdifeJ@ 0ifaiGwkd;yGm;wm pwJh tusKd;aus;Zl;awG pD;yGm;a&; aqmif&Gufr_u&zkd@ tvm;tvm&Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh tck&zkd@ }udK;pm;aewJh a'oqkdif&m pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_u jrefrmEkdifiHudk a&&SnfºuG,f0atmif vkyfay;Edkifyghrvm;/ ykdwm&Snf cH+yD; tjyKoabmaqmifwJh tajymif;tvJ&zkd@u aumif;wJhtkyfcsKyfr_ usihfxkH;awGeJ@ jynfwGif;jynfyeJ@ oufqkdifwJh/ jynfhpkHwJh vlr_a&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' tpDtpOfawGvnf; &Sdzkd@vkdw,fvkd@ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Sifwa,mufu axmufjyygw,f?25 2? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_u&rnfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;? ? jynfhpkHonhf rl0g' tpDtpOf vkdtyfcsuf26

pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_uae wnfwhHaewJh a&wkdtusKd;tjrwf

awGeJ@ ajymif;vJaewJh a&&SnftusKd;tjrwf ESpfrsKd; &Ekdifygw,f? yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf r_tprSm wdk;csJ@ vmwJh ukefoG,fr_eJ@ &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ &&SdvmrJh wnfwHhaewJh a&wkd

11

tusKd;tjrwfawGuae ukefoG,fr_ yrm%wkd;jrihfwmeJ@ EkdifiHjcm;0ifaiGawG wkd;jrihf wmvkd pD;yGm;a&;udk w}udrfwcgyJ jr‡ihfwifay;ygw,f? 'Djr‡ihfwifr_awGtwGuf EkdifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;rSm tajccHtaqmuftOD ajymif;vJp&m rvkdygbl;? wzufrSmawmh a&&SnftusdK;jrwfawGjzpfwJh wckeJ@wck tjyeftvSef tusdK;jyKwJh pufr_vkyfief;awG 'grSr[kwf v_yf&Sm;r_ ponfwdk@udk zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf vmzdk@ ydk+yD;cufcJygw,f? 'DtusKd;tjrwfawGu ay:xGufvmavh&Sdwmu pD;yGm;a&; taqmuftOD tajymif;tvJawG/ t&if;tjrpfawGudk ajymif;vJcsrSwfay;wmeJ@ tompD;awG&wJh ae&mopfawGrSm t&if;tjrpfawG a&$Œajymif;csxm;ay;wm pwJh tusdK;aus;Zl;a=umifh jzpfygw,f? 'Da&&Snf tusKd;tjrwfawG&zkd@ EkdifiHwEkdifiH[m tajccHtkwfjrpfeJ@ vltiftm; wkd;wufr_wkd@vkd ta&;ygwJhae&mawGrSm tpkd;&rl0g' awG csrSwfzkd@vkdygw,f? avmavmq,f jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 'DdvkdjynfhpkHwJh vlr_a&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' tpD tpOf r&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHu pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_uae a&wkd tusKd;tjrwf awGyJ&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_a=umihf ay:aygufvmwJh ukefoG,fr_ ukefypPnf;tay: tckcsdeftxd txl;tm;xm;aeygw,f? (Oyrm - opfeJ@ pkdufysKd;ukef awGvkd) ukefypPnf;awG[m a&&Snfukefaps;E_ef; usqif;Edkif+yD;/ aps;uGuf tajymif;tvJ vG,fwma=umif@ jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_twGuf 'DvdkukefypPnf;tay: tm;xm;r_ u wnf+rJwJhtajccHr[kwfygbl;?27 aemufqHk; vuf&Sdyl;aygif;r_ enf;pOfuay:vmwJh a&wdk tusdkK;tjrwfawGawmif jzef@a0r_u t&rf;rr#rwjzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHolawGeJ@/ ppfwyfeJ@ &if;ESD;olawGyJ tusKd; cHpm; aeygw,f?

ukefoG,fr_u a&&SnftusKd;cHpm;zkd@/ tusKd;tjrwfawG jzef@a0r_ ykdaumif; zkd@eJ@ ykdus,fjyef@wJh wkd;wufr_ykHpH zefwD;zkd@ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jynhfpkHus,fjyef@+yD; r[m AsL[muswJh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ykHpH tpDtpOfvkdygw,f? ukefoG,fr_/ aiGvJvS,f E_ef;eJ@ EkdifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡Kyf ESHr_wifru tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfwJh ynma&;/ vl@pGrf;&nf zGH@+zdK;a&;eJ@ pufr_zGH@+zdK;a&; pwJh jynfwGif;udpP trsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; xnhfoGif;pOf;pm; &ygr,f? jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ a'oqkdif&m ukefoG,fbufawGrSm ajymif;vJjzpfay:aewJh wkd;wufr_eJ@ ukefoG,fr_ykHpHeJ@tnD tompD;&wJh taetxm;awG jzpfay:apzkd@ jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf r[mAsL[muswJh ukefoG,fr_rl0g'&JŒ tpdwftydkif;w&yftaeeJ@ 'DjynfwGif;udpP&yfawG yg0if&ygr,f? 'DvkdjynfhpkHwJh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'tpDtpOfwck csrSwftaumiftxnf azmfzkd@ jrefrmtpkd;&[m a&&Snftajrmftjrif/ tcsuftvufawGeJ@ okH;oyfr_

12

pGrf;&nfawGeJ@twl vkyfief;pOfudk apmihf=uyf=unhf±_ ppfaq;vkdpdwfeJ@ pGrf;&nfawG &Sdzkd@vkdygw,f? rl0g'csrSwfr_[m EkdifiHa&; 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_eJ@ a&wkdEkdifiHa&; owfrSwfcsufawGeJ@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf oD;jcm;&yfwnf&ygr,f? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm wu,hfvlr_pD;yGm; wkd;wufr_enf;pOf &Sdzkd@twGuf aumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfr_w&yf&JŒ t"duuswJh tcsufawGjzpfwJh 'DtcsufawGudk r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfygw,f?

13

3? taxmuftul &Ekdifonhfae&mrsm;? taxmuftul tokH;jyKykHeJ@ urBmhb%f. aqmif&GufykH

u? taxmuftul b,fu&ovJ

EkdifiHwumu aiGa=u; 'grSr[kwf enf;ynm taxmuftuludk wjcm;EkdifiH awG 'grSr[kwf a'owGif; 'grSr[kwf EkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;awGu wkduf±kduf&Ekdif ygw,f? 'ghtjyif (Oyrm - tpdk;&r[kwfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ wGJvkyfaewJh ukv or*~ tzGJ@tpnf;awG/ vSL'gef;&SifawGtrsm;ygwJh &efykHaiGuwqifh vkyfief;vkyfudkif aewJh tvSL&SifEkdifiHawGeJ@ EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; b%fawG pwJh) qufqHa&; trsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufvmEkdifygw,f? atmufyg t&if;tjrpfawGwcsKd@ 'grSr[kwf tm;vkH;xHu taxmuftul trsKd;rsKd;udk vufcHEkdifiHwEkdifiH &Ekdifygw,f? 1? ESpfEkdifiH ,EW&m;rsm; zHG@+zdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;okd@ taxmuftulay;aeonhf tzJG@tpnf;rsm;

zHG@+zdK;qJ EkdifiHtrsm;pkrSm qif;&JwJhEkdifiHawGtwGuf vlom;csif; pmemr_ taxmuftyhHawGeJ@ zHG@+zdK;r_ taxmuftyHhawGay;wJh tpDtpOfawG &Sdygw,f? 'DtpDtpOfawGudk tpkd;&0ef}uD;Xme 'grSr[kwf tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;u pDrHcef@cGJ+yD;/ jynfolvlxk taumufcGefawGeJ@ axmufyHhxm;avh&Sdygw,f? ESpfEkdifiH=um; taxmuftulu t+rJvkdvkd aiG&wm r[kwfygbl;? (aiGa=u;tpm; u|rf;usifr_ ay;wmvdk) 'Dvdk taxmuftyhhHawGu enf;ynm ykHpHeJ@ vmEkdifygw,f? 'gtjyif ESpfEkdifiH taxmuftyHhawGu tpkd;&qD t+rJwkduf±kdufoGm;wm r[kwfbJ tJ'D EkdifiHrSm vkyfukdifaewJh NGO awGudk axmufyhHcsif axmufyHh ygr,f? aemufqkH; ESpfEkdifiHaxmufyhHa&; tzJG@tpnf;awGu owfrSwfxm;wJh pDrHudef;awG taumif txnfazmfzkd@ tvSL&SifEkdifiHu ukr`%DawGudk uefx±kdufawG ay;avh&Sdygw,f?

Oyrm ? ? tar&duef EkdifiHwumzGGH@+zdK;a&;tzJG@/ EkdifiHa&;wumzG@H+zdK;a&;Xme (+AdwdefEkdifiH)

jrefrmEkdifiHrS Oyrm ? ? 1998 ckESpfrSm zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGudk vlom;csif; pmemr_eJ@ zGH@+zdK;r_ taxmuftyHhay;wJh *syefEkdifiH zGH@+zdK;a&; taxmuftyHh pDrHudef;&JŒ tpdwftykdif; w&yftaeeJ@ &efukef EkdifiHwumavqdyf wkd;csJ@a&; pDrHudef;twGuf

14

*syefEkdifiHu a':vm 23 oef;avmuf acs;cJhygw,f? aqmufwmudkawmh *syefEkdifiH u taxGaxG uefx±kdufwmuyJ vkyfcJhygw,f? ykd@ukeftaºuG; tzJG@tpnf;rsm; (Export Credit Agencies - ECA)

pufr_txGef;um;qkH; EkdifiHawGrSm ykd@ukeftaºuG;tzGJ@tpnf; (ECA) tenf;qkH; wck&Sdygw,f? ECA awG[m zGH@+zdK;qJ EkdifiHjcm;EdkifiHawGeJ@ ay:xGuf vmaewJh aps;uGufawGudk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvkdwJh ukr`%DawGudk acs;aiGawG tmrcH csufeJ@ tmrcHa=u;awG ay;avh&SdwJh jynfol@tzGJ@tpnf;awG jzpfygw,f? ECA awG&JŒ t"duwm0efu aps;uGuftopfawGeJ@ rwnf+idrfwJh aps;uGufawGrSm &if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHwJhtcg usa&mufEkdifwJh tEW&m,fawGudk avsmhenf;ap+yD;/ rdcifEkdifiH&JŒ wifykd@r_ u¾eJ@ EkdifiHjcm;rSm vkyfudkifvkdwJh ukr`%DawGudk axmufyHhzkd@ jzpfygw,f? Oyrm - EkdifiH “u” u ECA wcku “u” rSm tajcpdkufxm;wJh ukr`%DtwGuf EkdifiH “c” u a&eHwkd;wufr_ pDrHudef;rSm &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHzkd@tmrcH ay;csifay;ygr,f? ECA awGudk taxmuftyHhay;zkd@ pDrHxm;wm r[kwfayrJh zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiH awGrSm olwkd@[m }uD;rm;wJh oufa&mufr_awG &SdcJhygw,f? wjcm; aiGa=u;tzJG@ tpnf;awGxuf pm&if ECA awG tpktaygif;u zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGu yk*~vduu¾ pDrHudef;awGudk aiGa=u; ykdaxmufyHhxm;ygw,f? 'DpDrHudef; trsm;tjym;[m a&eH/ obm0"mwfaiG@eJ@ owWKwl;azmfa&;vkd obm0o,HZmw xkwf,lwJh pufr_vkyf ief;awGrSm jzpfygw,f?28 'gayrJh ECA trsm;pku olwkd@axmufyHhwJh pDrHudef;awG a=umifh ay:aygufvmwJh vlr_a&;eJ@ ywf0ef;usif xdckdufr_awGudk umuG,fzkd@ 'grS r[kwf enf;atmifvkyfzkd@ ,EW&m;awG r&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifh ECA axmufyHhwJh pDrHudef;awGa=umihf ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_eJ@ toufarG; 0rf;a=umif;ysufpD;r_ 'grS r[kwf vl@tcGihftvrf; csKd;azmufr_awGvkd vlr_a&;qdk;usKd;awG ay:vmygw,f?

Oyrm ? ? ydk@ukef-oGif;ukefb%fawG/ jynfyyk*~vdu &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ ukr`%D (tar&duefrSm OPIC) jrefrmEkdifiHrSm Oyrm ? ? &wem"mwfaiG@ykdufvkdif;uae "mwfaiG@ykdufvdkif;

ya&m*sufrSm &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHwJh *syefukr`%DawGudk EkdifiHwum ukr`%Drsm;twGuf *syefEkdifiH wumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;b%f (JBIC) u (Oyrm? odrf;,lwm 'grS r[kwf EkdifiHa&; rwnf+idrfwmvkd) EkdifiHa&;tEW&m,f tmrcHawG ay;xm;ygw,f?

15

2? a'owGif; tzJG@tpnf;rsm;

a'owGif; tzJG@tpnf;awGu tzJG@0ifEkdifiHawGudk taxmuftyHhay;ygw,f? Oyrm/ 2004 ckESpfrSm Oa&myor*~rSm tzJG@0ifEkdifiHopf 10 EdkifiH yg0ifvmwJhtcg tzGJ@0ifopfawGu ykdcsrf;omwJh Oa&myor*~ tzJG@0ifawGuay;wJh taxmuftyHh awGudk vufcHEkdifcJhygw,f? tvm;wlyJ ouU&mZf 2000 rSm tmqD,Hu tmqD,H tzJG@0ifa[mif;awGeJ@ (uarBm'D;,m;/ vmtkd/ jrefrmeJ@ AD,uferfwkd@vkd) tzJG@0ifopf awGt=um; “zGH@+zdK;r_ uGm[csuf” enf;apzdk &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ “tmqD,Hyl;aygif;r_ aqmif&Gufcsuf” (IAI) udk pwifcJhygw,f?29 vuf&Sd (2002-2008) IAI vkyfief; tpDtpOfu tajccHtkwfjrpf wnfaqmufa&;/ vl@pGrf;&nfzHG@+zdK;r_/ owif;eJ@ quf oG,fa&;enf;ynmeJ@ a'owGif; pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;r_wkd@udk tav;xm;ygw,f?

jrefrmEkdifiHrS Oyrm ? ? jrefrmEkdifiH[m r[mrJacgifa'otwGif; pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;r_ pDrHudef; GMS uvkyfwJh aqG;aEG;yGJawGeJ@ pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufr_ vkyfief; cGifoifwef;awG rSm yg0ifygw,f? (GMS ywfouf+yD; tao;pdwfudk tykdif; 2 rSm =unhfyg?) 3? ukvor*~ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

ukvor*~ (UN) tpDtpOfxJu txl;tzGJ@tpnf;wcsKd@u taxmuftyHh ay;ygw,f? 'DtaxmuftyHhu tzJG@tpnf;u owfrSwfxm;csuftay: rlwnfyg w,f?

Oyrm ? ? ukvor*~ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ tpDtpOf (UNDP)/ urBmh usef;rma&;tzGJ@ (WHO)?

UNDP &JŒ ajymqkdcsuft& UNDP [m “vlawG&JŒb0 ykdrkdaumif;rGefa&; twGuf todynm A[kokw/ tawG@t}uKHeJ@ t&if;tjrpfawG” &zkd@ EkdifiHawGudk ulnDygw,f? UNDP u axmifpkESpf zGH@+zdK;a&;yef;wdkifrsm; (MDG) (Z,m;uGufudk =unhfyg) &zkd@ jynfwGif;jynfy }udK;yrf;csufawGudk n‡dE_dif;aqmif&Gufygw,f? 'D&nf rSef;csufawGu 'Drkdua&pDustkyfcsKyfr_/ qif;&Jr_avsmhcsapa&;/ tEW&m,fumuG,f r_eJ@ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;/ pGrf;tifeJ@ywf0ef;usif/ HIV/AIDS tcuftcJawG twGuf tajz&Smzkd@eJ@ 'DtajzawG zvS,fzkd@ tav;xm;ygw,f?

jrefrmEdkifiHrS Oya' ? ? vlr_tzJG@tpnf; tokdif;t0kdif;ukd tajccH+yD; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ aqmif&GufcsufawG csrSwftaumiftxnfazmfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awG

16

ukd +rdK@e,f 24 ck rSm zGJ@pnf;zkd@ UNDP vlom;zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufr_ aqmif&Gufcsufu a'ocHvlr_ tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ wkduf±kdufvkyfukdifygw,f? 30

axmifpkESpf zGH@+zdK;a&;yef;wdkifrsm; (MDG)

ouU&mZf 2000 pufwifbmvrSm usif;ycJhwJh ouU&mZf 2000 xdyfoD; aqG;aEG; yGJrSm urBmhacgif;aqmifawGu axmifpkESpf zGH@+zdK;a&;yef;wdkifrsm; (MDG) udk qif;&Jr_ avsmhcsa&;eJ@ vl@b0wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOftjzpf oabmwlcJhygw,f? qif;&Jr_ avsmhcsa&;/ vlwkdif; tajccHynm&&Sda&;/ vdifuGJjym;r_wef;wla&;eJ@ trsKd;orD;awG pGrf;&nfjznhfqnf;a&;/ uav;i,faoqkH;r_ avsmhenf;apa&;/ ywf0ef;usif wm&Snf cHa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&; twGuf EkdifiHwum yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; &nfrSef;csuf csrSwfzkd@qkd+yD; &nfrSef;csuf 8 ck&Sdygw,f? 'D&nfrSef;csufawG&zkd@ UN &JŒ zGH@+zdK;r_ uGef,uftaeeJ@ UNDP u urBmeJ@ EkdifiHawG&JŒ }udK;yrf;csufawGudk n‡dE_dif;aqmif &Gufygw,f?31 urBmhae&mtrsm;pkrSm qif;&Jr_ avsmhcszkd@ vdktyfwm&JŒ w0uf avmufyJ qif;&Jr_avsmhenf;aewmu qkd;ygw,f? qm[m& atmufykdif; tmz&du/ awmiftm&S/ vufwiftar&duefwkd@u 0ifaiGenf;wJh vlOD;a&u 1990 uwnf; ESpfpOf 10 oef; wkd;cJhygw,f? vGefcJhwJh tESpf20 rSm EkdifiH'gZifaygif; rsm;pGm[m ysrf;r#vlaer_ tqihftwef; vkH;0usqif;cJhygw,f? wjcm;&nfrSef;csuf awGvJ wkd;wufr_&Sdovkd/ rwkd;wufwmawGvJ &Sdygw,f? t&rf;ykd+yD; r}udK;pm;&if MDG enf;enf;yJ 2015 rSm atmifjrifr,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f?32

4? EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;a&;b%frsm;

EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;r_b%fawG (MDB)33 [m tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHawGudk acs;aiGawG axmufyHha=u;awGeJ@ enf;ynmqkdif&m taxmuftulawGay;zkd@ EkdifiHwumu wnfaxmifxm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGjzpfygw,f? zGH@+zdK;r_taxmuftuleJ@ qif;&Jr_ avsmhcsa&;wkd@twGuf MDB awGudk txl;zGJ@pnf;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? (tydkif; 4 udk =unhfyg) olwkd@ay;wJh taxmuftyHhawGa=umihfomruyJ ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;u EkdifiHwumudk ay;wJh taxmuftyhHawGudk n‡dE_dif;ay;wJhtwGufvnf; MDB u ta&;}uD;ygw,f? 'ga=umihf EkdifiHwum&JŒ taxmuftyhHeJ@ taxGaxGzG@H+zdK;r_ vkyfief;pOftay: =oZmv$rf;rkd;r_ }uD;ygw,f?

17

Oyrm ? ? urBmhb%f/ tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&;b%f ADB/ tifwm-tar&duef zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_b%f

jrefrmEkdifiHrS Oyrm ? ? 1974 ckESpfrSm opfxkwf,lr_eJ@ opfawmawGqD ta&mufoGm;zkd@/ vrf;awGazmufzkd@/ opfo,fzkd@ ukefwifum;awGeJ@ avSawG/ tpkd;& opfawmXmeu um;awGeJ@ opfawmXmerSm tem*wfzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ pDrHudef;awG avhvmzkd@ jrefrmEkdifiHudk urBmhb%fu a':vm 24 oef; acs;cGihfay;vkdufygw,f?34

5? tv_&Siftrsm;tjym;yg axmufyHha=u;rsm; (MDTF)

zGH@+zdK;wkdk;wufr_ taxmuftyHhtaeeJ@ ajym&&if MDTF qkdwmu tvSL&Sif trsm;tjym; vSL'gef;aiGawGudk owfrSwfxm;wJh zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiHwEkdifiH&JŒ tusKd;twGuf z,fxm;wm jzpfygw,f? MDTF awG[m EkdifiHwEkdifiHudk tvSL&Sif trsm;tjym;u taxmuftyHhawG ay;wJhtcg okH;avh&SdwJh tpDtpOfw&yfjzpf+yD;/ yÉdyuQt+yD; jyefvnf wnfaqmufa&; tygt0if ta&;w}uD; &efykHaiGvkdtyf aewJh EkdifiHawGudk taxmuftul ay;zkd@ zGJ@pnf;xm;avh&Sdygw,f? omreftm;jzifh MDTF awGrSm pDrHtkyfcsKyf oleJ@ t"du tvSL&SifawGtcsKd@yg0ifwJh !$ef=um;a&; aumfrwDw&yf &Sdygw,f? urBmhb%f 'grSr[kwf UNDP u tkyfcsKyfol tcef; u¾rSm aeavh&Sdygw,f?35

MDTF wckrSm tvSL&SifawGqDu tv_aiGawGtm;vkH;ukd &efykHaiGpm&if; wck xJrSmyJ pkxnhfvkdufygw,f? 'Dvkdvkyfjcif;tm;jzihf vufcH&,lr,hf tpkd;&u pDrHudef;awG trsKd;rsKd; pDrHcef@cGJzdk@ rvkdawmhwJhtwGuf tpkd;&twGuf 0efxkwf0efykd; avsmhoGm;w,f? a,bk,stm;jzihf tvSL&Sifwa,mufu MDTF udkay;wJhaiGudk oD;oef@pDrHudef; vkyfaqmifcsufawG 'grSr[kwf oD;oef@ukefusp&dwf tydkif;awG qkd+yD; owfrSwfEkdifpGrf; odyfr&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifh MDTF wck zGJ@pnf;+yD;&ifawmifrS tvSL&SifawGu (MDTF ukd vSLwJhaiGawGtjyif) &nf&G,fcsufwckcktwGuf ESpfEkdifiH taxmuftyHhawGudk wkduf±kduf ay;csifay;ygr,f?

Oyrm ? ? tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; &efykHaiG (ARTF/ tykdif; 4 - C udk =unhfyg) ta&SŒwDarm twGuf tyfESH&efykHaiG (TFET)?

18

6? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;

bmoma&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGtygt0if vlr_tzJG@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;u aiGa=u; 'grS r[kwf wjcm;ykHpHH wenf;enf;eJ@ owfrSwfcsuftay: rlwnf+yD; tultnD ay;csifay;ygr,f? 'DtzGJ@tpnf;awGu olwkd@tpkd;&awGqDu (okd@) MDB awGqDu (vlom;csif;pmemr_ tultnD 'grSr[kwf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ taxmuftyHh tpDtpOf tpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf) &efykHaiGeJ@ wjcm;taxmuftyHhawG &csif&ygr,f?

Oyrm ? ? Oxfam, Catholic Relief Services jrefrmEkdifiHrS Oyrm ? ? usef;rma&;/ uav;oli,f}uD;xGm;zGH@+zdK;r_/

pD;yGm;a&; wkd;wufr_/ u,fq,fa&;eJ@ HIV/AIDS wkd@eJ@ ywfouf+yD; jrefrmjynfrSm World Vision u vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufygw,f? vlr_todkif;t0kdif;awGtwGuf aq;eJ@ wjcm;ukor_awG ay;+yD;/ usef;rma&;ukor_/ usef;rma&;qkdif&m ynma&;/ a&m*g umuG,fa&;wkd@eJ@ ywfouf+yD; t&yfxJu apwem0efxrf;awGudk oifwef;ay; ygw,f? c? taxmuftyHhawGudk tokH;jyKykH36

&efykHaiGay;olawGukd bmtwGuf axmufyHhwmvJqkdwm wdwdusus

ajymavh&Sdygw,f? wcsKd@taxmuftyHhawGudk vufqkyfvufukdifjyvdk@&wJh pDrHudef; awGtwGuf okH;EkdifayrJh wcsKd@udkawmh EkdifiHpD;yGm;a&;eJ@ wjcm;rl0g'awG 'grSr[kwf EkdifiHawmf tzJG@tpnf;awG ajymif;vJzkd@twGuf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ okH;csifokH;ygr,f? 1? vufqkyfvufukdifjyEkdifaom pDrHudef;rsm;

“tjrif&qkH;” ykHpH&SdwJh taxmuftyHhawGu aqmufvkyfa&; (Oyrm - vrf;awG/ qnfawG) a&/ rD; ykdaumif;atmifvkyfwm (Oyrm - a&) 'grSr[kwf pGrf;aqmif&nf wnfaqmufwm (Oyrm - usef;rma&; 0efxrf;awGudk oifay;wm) pwJh pDrHudef;awGeJ@ qufpyfaeygw,f? 'DtaxmuftyhH&JŒ&v'fu wdus+yD; vufqkyfvufukdifjyEkdkifvkd@ 'DtaxmuftyHhta=umif; wifjy&wmvG,f+yD;/ tvSL &SifEkdifiHawGu olwkd@udk aiGay;olawG (taumufcGefay;olawG) qDu axmufyHhr_ &zkd@ vG,fulygw,f?37 'gayrJh vlr_a&;eJ@ ywf0ef;usifxdckdufr_awG umuG,fzkd@ 'grSr[kwf avsmhenf;apzkd@ aqmif&GufcsufawG rvkHavmufbJ aqmufvkyfa&;

19

pDrHudef;awGudk taumiftxnfazmfygu 'Dxdckdufr_awG jzpfcsifjzpfygr,f? vufcH EkdifiHrSm vlr_a&;eJ@ ywf0ef;usif umuG,fzkd@ tzJG@tpnf;awG tm;enf;wJhtcg a'ocH vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awGu (Oyrm - urBmhb%fvkd) &efykHaiGay;olawGudk pDrH udef;ykHpHa&;qGJpOfeJ@ pDrHudef;wnfaqmufpOf vlr_a&;eJ@ ywf0ef;usifumuG,fa&; rl0g'awGcsrSwf+yD; }uD;=uyfzkd@ tm;xm;ae&ygr,f? (tykdif; 4-u =unhfyg)

Oyrm ? ? cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHykdufvkdif;aqmufzkd@ urBmhb%fu cs'fudk aiGacs;cJh ygw,f? (tykdif; 4-c udk=unfhyg)

jrefrmEkdifiHrS Oyrm ? ? u&ifeDjynfe,frSm bDvl;acsmif;a&tm;v#yfppfpuf±kH trSwf 2 aqmufzkd@ *syefu zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; taxmuftyHh ay;cJhygw,f? *syefukr`%Du aqmufvkyfygw,f? 2? wjcm;taxmuftyHh tzJG@tpnf;ykdif;/ u¾ykdif;eJ@ rl0g'tajymif;tvJrsm;

axmufyHhenf; aemufwrsKd;u vufcHEkdifiHrSm rl0g'eJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;awG ajymif;vJzkd@ aiGa=u;axmufyhHwmyJ jzpfygw,f? (Oyrm - ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; rl0g'/ b¾ma&; pnf;urf; ajymif;vJcsufwkd@vkd) us,fjyef@wJh pD;yGm;a&; rl0g' ajymif;vJ&if taxmuftyHh ay;csifay;ygr,f? (Oyrm - opfawm/ pkdufysKd;a&; wkd@vkd) u¾wckckrSm wkd;wufzkd@ 'grSr[kwf ajymif;vJzkd@vJ aiGacs;csifacs;ygr,f? “taqmuftOD tajymif;tvJ acs;aiGawG” vkd@ac:wJh 'Dacs;aiGawGudk u¾w&yf u wifykd@ukef0ifaiG wkd;jrihfapzkd@eJ@ txl;ojzihf obm0 t&if;tjrpfu¾rSmvdk 0ifaiG&,lr_ wkd;wufzkd@ a,bk,stm;jzifh owfrSwfxm; avh&Sdygw,f?

Oyrm ? ? uarBm'D,m;EkdifiHrSm cGihfjyKcsufeJ@ opfckwfwJhpepfudk ajymif;vJzkd@ opfawmcGihfjyKcsuf pDrHcef@cGJr_eJ@ xdef;csKyfxm;wJh tprf;pDrHudef;twGuf urBmh b%fu axmufyHhcJhygw,f? (tydkif; 5-* udk=unhfyg) EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk;pm&if;twGuf taxmuftyHh

EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk;pm&if;qdkwmu umvw&yftwGif; EkdifiHwEkdifiH wjcm; EkdifiHawG eJ@ aiGa=u;qkdif&m tay;t,l aqmif&Gufr_rSwfwrf; jzpfygw,f?

EkdifiH&JŒydk@ukef/ oGif;ukefypPnf;? aqmif&Gufr_/ aiGt&if;tESD;eJ@ aiGa=u;vGJ ajymif;r_awGtay: rlwnf+yD; owfrSwfygw,f? 0ifvmwJhaiGxuf xGufoGm;wJh aiGu ykdrsm;wJhtcg EkdifiH&JŒ EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk;pm&if;rSm tE_wfvuQ%m jyygw,f?

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'DEkdifiHu EkdifiHwumudk aiGay;acsEkdifzkd@ tvSL&SifawGu taxmuftul ay;csifyg w,f? Oyrm/ IMF tzJG@0ifEkdifiH wEkdifiHu EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk;pm&if;rSm t}uD; tus,f vkdaiGjyae&if IMF udk aiGa=u; tultnD awmif;Ekdifygw,f?

txl;ojzihf urBmhb%feJ@ IMF vkd zGH@+zdK;r_ tultnDay;wJh tzGJ@tpnf; awGu wifykd@ukef OD;pm;ay;aps;uGuf wnfaqmufr_udk tm;ay;zkd@eJ@ yk*~vdu vkyfief; vkyfaqmifr_eJ@ ukefoG,fr_ vGwfvyfcGihfay;wmwdk@u wqihf yk*~vduu¾ &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_udk tm;ay;zkd@ &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ (tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m/ u¾ykdif;qkdif&meJ@ rl0g'jyKjyifajymif;vJr_a&m/ EkdifiHjcm; aiG &-oHk;pm&if; taxmuftyHhyg) taxmuf tul ESpfrsKd;pvkH;ay;ygw,f? (pmrsufESm - * Washington Consensus udk=unhfyg) *? urBmhb%ftay: taxGaxGokH;oyfcsuf

IFI awGt=um;rSm urBmhb%fu rsm;aomtm;jzihf ppfyGJt+yD;rSm toGiful; ajymif;r_ jzpfay:cJhwJh EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;awG “jyefvnfwnfaqmuf a&;” rSm t"dutcef;u yg0ifygw,f?38 urBmhb%fu oufqkdif&m b¾ma&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ tvSL&Siftpkd;&awG twGuf n‡dE_dif;oltjzpf aqmif&Gufavh &Sdygw,f?39 ‚if;&JŒ aqmif&Guf csufawGeJ@ qkH;jzwfcsufvkyfief;pOfawGu IMF eJ@ ADB vkd wjcm; EkdkifiHwum b¾ma&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ wlygw,f? 1? urBmhb%f. aqmif&Gufcsuf40

urBmhb%fudk jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_twGuf tjynf

jynfqkdif&mb%f (IBRD)/ EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_toif; (IDA)/ EkdifiHwum b¾ma&; aumfykda&;&Sif; (IFC)/ EkdifiHwum &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tmrcHtzJG@ (MIGA)/ EkdifiHwum &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;r_ ajz&Sif;a&;Xme (ICSID) pwJh tzGJ@ tpnf;ig;cke@J zGJ@pnf; xm;ygw,f? ‚if;wkd@txJrSm IBRD eJ@ IDA wkd@u “urBmh b%f” vkd@yJ emrnfcH xm;ygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;rSm Oa&myEkdifiHawG jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK; wdk;wufr_rSm ulnDzkd@ &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ IBRD udk 1944 rSm IMF eJ@twlwl zGJ@pnf;cJh ygw,f?41 1960 rSm IDA udk zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; txl;tcGifhta&;ay; (twdk;enf;) acs;aiGawGeJ@ axmufyHha=u;awGudk 0ifaiG enf;wJh EkdifiHawGudk ay;cJhygw,f? IBRD eJ@ IDA wkd@rSm tzGJ@0if 184 EkdifiHeJ@ 165 EkdifiHpD toD;oD;&Sdygw,f? IBRD u urBmhb¾ma&; aps;uGufawGuae aiGawG&

21

ygw,f? IDA udk av;ESpfwcg aiGay;wJh tvSL&SifEkdifiH 40 u axmufyHhxm; ygw,f? 42 a,bk,stm;jzihf urBmhb%fu acs;aiGESpfrsKd;ay;ygw,f? wrsKd;u (Oyrm - vrf;awG/ qnfawG/ pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufr_ pwhJ) vufqkyfvufudkifjyEkdifwJh pDrH udef;awG twGuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH aiGacs;wm jzpfygw,f? aemufwrsKd;u “taqmuf tOD ajymif;vJjcif;” acs;aiGvkd@ac:wJh trsdK;om; pD;yGm;a&; 'grSr[kwf u¾ykdif; qkdif&m rl0g' ajymif;vJr_wcsKd@eJ@ qufpyfaewJh acs;aiGawGjzpfygw,f? (Oyrm - 'DaiG acs;wJhtcg aiGacs; olu b¾ma&;qkdif&m pnf;rsOf;tajymif;tvJudk owfrSwf xm;wJh rl0g'ajymif;vJr_ awGvkyfzkd@ owfrSwfcsuf&Sdygw,f?) acs;aiGawGtjyif urBmhb%fu tao;pm; axmufyHhaiG 'grSr[kwf pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufr_ aqmif &GufcsufykHpHrsdK;eJ@ enf;ynmqkdif&m taxmuftulawG ay;ygw,f? aemufqkH; taeeJ@ urBmhb%fu pD;yGm;a&;zHG@+zdK;r_ okawoevkyf&mrSm t"dutcef;u yg0ifoljzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHawGudk pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufatmif b,fvkdvkyf&rvJvkd@ !$ef=um;&mrSm =oZmoufa&mufr_ &Sdygw,f?43 okawoeawGu tajzawGudk zHG@+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGuvkyfzkd@ rl0g'vrf;!ïefawGrSm awG@Ekdifyg w,f? 2? urBmhb%f qkH;jzwfcsufcsykH

wESpfw}udrfqHkwJh ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;awGudk wufa&mufwJh pDrH tkyfcsKyfolrsm; bkwftzJG@u urBm@b%fudk pDrHtkyfcsKyfygw,f? tzJG@0ifEdkifiHwckpDudk EdkifiH&JŒ b¾ma&;0ef}uD; jzpfavh&SdwJh pDrHtkyfcsKyfolwa,mufpDu ukd,fpm;jyK wufa&mufygw,f? 'Dpma&;aecsdefup+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHu pDrHtkyfcsKyfolu b¾m a&;eJ@ taumufcGef0ef}uD; OD;vSxGef; jzpfygw,f? xkH;pHt& urBmhb%f&JŒ OuUXu tar&duefEkdifiHu a&G;aumuf xm;wJh tar&duefEkdifiHom; jzpfygw,f? urBmhb%f&JŒ ae@pOfpDrHaqmif&GufcsufawGudk !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwf tzGJ@u aqmif&Gufygw,f? 'DbkwftzJG&@J XmecsKyfu 0g&Sifwef'DpDrSm&Sd+yD;/ aqmif &GufcsufawGudk =uyfrwfzkd@ wywfudkESpf}udrf awG@avh&Sdygw,f? Oyrm - !ïef=um; a&;rSL;rsm;bkwftzJG@u acs;aiGay; zkd@/ ray;zkd@ qkH;jzwfygw,f? 'Dvkdvkyf&mrSm !$ef=um;a&;r_;awGu olwkd@udk,fpm;jyKwJh EkdifiHawGu rJay;ykdifcGihf tm%mudk okH;yg w,f? tzJG@0ifwa,mufpDu urBmhb%fu t&if;aiGtpk&S,f,mawG udkifxm;+yD;/ tJ'DEkdifiHukdifxm;whJ tpk&S,f,m yrm%tvkduf tJ'DEkdifiHrSm rJay;ydkifcGifh tm%m &Sdygw,f? tar&duefEkdifiHrSm pkpkaygif;tm%m&JŒ 17 &mckdifE_ef;&Sd+yD; rJay;cGifh

22

tm%mtrsm;qkH; &Sdaeygw,f? wkd;wufqJ EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;rSmawmh pkpkaygif; rJay;cGifhtm%m&JŒ 1 &mckdifE_ef;atmufyJ &Sdygw,f? Oyrm - jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ rJay;cGifh tm%mu 0.17 &mckdifE_ef; jzpfygw,f? urBmhb%fu vkyfief;awGaqmif&Guf&mrSm vkdufem&r,hf “rl0g'” tcsKd@ &Sdygw,f? 'Drl0g'tcsKd@[m pDrHudef;a'orSm ywf0ef;usifeJ@ vlr_a&;tay: 'grSr[kwf a'ocHjynfol awGtay: qkd;usKd;awGudk umuG,fzkd@/ 'grSr[kwf avsmhenf;apzkd@ jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdkrl0g' awGudk “tEW&m,fumuG,fa&; rl0g'rsm;” vkd@ ac:ygw,f? urBmhb%fu 'Drl0g'awGudk vdkufemjcif; &Sd/ r&Sd ppfaq;zkd@ ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@ (Inspection Panel) vkd@ac:wJh oD;jcm; ,EW&m;wck &Sdygw,f?44 urBmhb%fu rl0g' csKd;azmufygw,fvkd@ pGyfpGJcsufrsm; ay:vmcJh&if 'DcsKd;azmufr_a=umihf xdckdufoGm;wJh 'grSr[kwf xdckdufr_jzpfEkdifwJh jynfolawGu ppfaq;a&; tzGJ@udk pkHprf;ppfaq;zkd@ awmif;qkdEkdkifygw,f? ppfaq;a&;tzJG@u pkHprf;ppfaq;+yD;wJhtcg urBmhb%f&JŒ !$ef=um;a&;rSL; bkwftzJG@u ppfaq;a&;tzJG@&JŒ awG@&SdcsufawGudk pOf;pm;+yD; bmvkyf&rvJqkdwm qkH;jzwfygw,f?

23

avhvmcsuf tmz*efepPwef ? ? vSL'gef;oltrsm;yg tyfESH&efykHaiGtzGJ@u rnfr# (aumif;aumif;) vkyfaqmifoenf;

tmz*efepPwefEkdifiH[m 1952 ckESpfrSm urBmhb%feJ@ 1966 ckESpfrSm ADB wkd@&JŒ tzJG@0ifjzpfvm+yD;/ tzJG@tpnf; ESpf&yfvkH;qDu 1979 ckESpftxd axmufyhH a=u; &cJhygw,f? 1979 ckESpfrSm qdkAD,uf¶k&Sm;u tmz*efepPwefEkdifiHudk 0ifa&mufusL;ausmf+yD; odrf;ydkufcJh ygw,f? 'DaemufrSm tmz*efepPwef[m 1992 ckESpftxd urBmhb%feJ@ ADB wkd@udk acs;aiGquf+yD; qyfcJh+yD;/ urBmhb%fu tdrfeD; csif; ygupPwefEkdifiHuae tmz*efepPwef&JŒ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_udk apmihf=unhfaeayrJh tmz*efepPwefu ESpfaygif; 20 avmuf 'DtzJG@ tpnf;awGeJ@ vkyfukdifjcif; r&Sdawmh ygbl;?45 1988 ckESpfrSm qkdAD,ufwyfawG qkwfcJhayrJh t=urf;zufr_awG/ rwnf+idrf r_awG qufjzpfcJhygw,f? 1994 ckESpfrSm wmvDbefu EkdifiHudk csKyfukdifcJh+yD; 1996 ckESpfrSm tmz*efepPwefrSm t,fvfckdif;'g;tzJG@ zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f? urBmh ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&;pifwm (World Trade Center) eJ@ yifw*Gefukd t,fvfckdif;'g;u 2001 ckESpfrSm wkdufckduf+yD;wJhtcgrS tar&duefEkdifiHu wkH@jyefcJh+yD; tmz*efepPudk 0ifa&muf cJhygw,f? 2001 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv vv,frSm umbl;vf+rdK@awmfuae wmvDbefawG xGufcGmcJhygw,f? tckcsdefrSm tESpf 20 eD;yg;=umwJh ppfyGJrSm vlaygif; 2 oef;ausmf aoqkH;+yD;/ tajccHtaqmuftODeJ@ ykdifqkdifr_awGvJ t}uD; tus,f ysufpD;+yD; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tzJG@tpnf;awGvnf; +ydKuGJcJhygw,f? 2001 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvukefcgeD;rSm *smr%DEkdifiH bGef;+rdK@rSm wmvDbef ta&;tcif; aemufydkif; tmz*efepPwef[m EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_ n‡dE_dif;yGJawG pwif cJh+yD;/ 2002 ESpf Zefe0g&DvrSm ,m,Dtpkd;&cef@zkd@ 'DZifbmv tapmykdif;rSm oabm wlnDcJhygw,f? 2001 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvrSm ygupPwefEkdifiH tpPvrfrmbwf+rdK@rSm urBmhb%f&JŒ tpDtpOfeJ@ usif;ywJh nDvmcHuae jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; taxmuftyHhtwGuf tpDtpOf pcJhygw,f? (ADB/ UNDP eJ@ tpPvrf zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufr_ b%fwkd@&JŒ yg0ifr_eJ@) urBmhb%fu OD;aqmifcJhwJh “vkdtyfcsuf tuJ jzwfr_” udk 2001 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmeJ@ 2002 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvawGrSm vkyfcJh+yD;/ *syef EkdifiH wkdusKd+rdK@ 2002 ckESpf tpnf;ta0;rSm jynhfpkHwJh “vkdtyfcsuf tuJjzwfr_” udk tvSL&SifawGudk wifjycJhygw,f?46

24

tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; tyfESH&efykHaiG wkdusKd+rdK@u tvSL&Siftpnf;ta0;rSm tmz*efepPweftwGuf MDTF 'grS

r[kwf tvSL&Siftrsm; xnfh0ifwJh &efykHaiGudk twnfjyKay;vkdufygw,f? 2002 ckESpf/ rwfvrSm urBmhb%fu tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&; tyfESH&efykH aiG (ARTF) udk cGihfjyK csuf ay;vkdufygw,f? ARTF ukd tvSL&Sif 24 EkdifiHu &efykHaiGawG ay;cJh+yD;/ 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmvrSm xnhf0ifaiG pkpkaygif; a':vmoef; 900 ausmf &Sdygw,f?47

vkyf±kd;vkyfpOftaeeJ@ urBmhb%fu ARTF &JŒ pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_tcef;rSm wm0ef,l xm;ygw,f?48 ARTF &JŒ pDrHcef@cGJa&; aumfrwDrSm urBmhb%f/ ADB/ UNDP eJ@ tpPvrf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_b%fwkd@ ygygw,f? tmz*eftpkd;&uawmh 'DaumfrwDrSm rygygbl;? tmz*eftpkd;&u ppfaq;+yD;cGihfjyKvdkufwJh &efykHaiG tqkdjyK csufawGudk ppfaq;zkd@ 'DaumfrwDu wvwcg qkH=uygw,f? (wESpfudk tenf;qkH; a':vm 5 oef; vSLxm;wJh tvSL&SifawGeJ@ wjcm;tvSL&SifawGu ukd,fpm;vS,f awGtwGuf ESpfae&m tygt0if) tvSL&Sif aumfrwDu ARTF &JŒ taxGaxG aqmif&GufcsufawGudk ppfaq;zkd@ okH;vw}udrf awG@ygw,f? ARTF &efykHaiGudk tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf axmufyHhzkd@ ukefusp&dwf trsKd;rsKd;twGuf okH;ygw,f?49 ARTF rSm “jywif; ayguf” ESpfck &Sdygw,f? wckudk “xyfwvJvJ ukefusp&dwfeJ@ t&if;ukefus p&dwfrsm;qkdif&m jywif;ayguf” vkd@ ac:+yD; tpkd;&taqmuftOD ud&d,mypPnf; vnfywfr_eJ@ xdef;odrf;r_tjyif jynfol@0efxrf; ESpfodef;av;aomif;&JŒ vpmawG axmufyHhygw,f? 'kwd,u “&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ jywif;ayguf” vkd@ac:+yD;/ t"du u¾awGjzpfwJh tvkyftukdifzefwD;r_/ tao;pm;acs;aiG (microfinance)/ }udK;rJh a=u;eef; qufoG,fa&;/ o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;/ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_eJ@ jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&; pDrHudef;awGeJ@ 1979 ckESpf rwkdifrDu taºuG;awG jyefqyfwmwkd@ twGuf axmufyHhyg w,f?50 ARTF u ay;wm&JŒ 1 &mckdifE_ef;u 1.5 &mckdifE_ef;udk urBmhb%fu pDrHcef@cGJr_ a=u;taeeJ@ ,lygw,f?51

ARTF eJ@ jy\emrsm;

ARTF axmufyHhwJh pDrHudef;awGudk a&G;cs,f&mrSm tpkd;&&JŒ ydkifqdkifr_eJ@ acgif;qmifr_udk oD0&Dt& ARTF u axmufcHygw,fvdk@ urBmhb%fu tav; teuf ajymygw,f? ARTF u tmz*efepPwef tpkd;&taeeJ@ EkdifiHawmfb¾m aiGawGxJu OD;pm; ay;&r,hf t&mawGvkd@ajymwJh pDrHudef;awGudk axmufyhHr,fvkd@

25

ajymygw,f?52 vufawG@rSmawmh (txufrSm azmfjycJhwJhtwkdif;) tmz*eftpkd;&u tzJG@0ifr[kwfwJh pDrHcef@cGJa&; aumfrwD&JŒ cGifhjyKcsuft&ifr&bJ pDrHudef;awGtwGuf ARTF &JŒ axmufyHha=u; r&Ekdif ygbl;vdk@ tmz*efepPwef zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;qkdif&m okawoDwOD;u axmufjyygw,f? 2005 ckESpf aESmif;+yD;up+yD; ARTF &JŒ axmufyhHa=u;eJ@ b,fvkdpDrHudef;awG taumif txnfazmfr,fqkdwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; EkdifiHawmfaqGaEG;yGJwckrS rvkyfcJhygbl;? 'ghtjyif ARTF &JŒ axmufyhH a=u;twGuf tqkdjyKcsufawG wifjywJhtcg urBmhb%fu csrSwf xm;wJh ykHpHeJ@ vrf;!$efcsufawGtwkdif; tpkd;&awGu “t,ltq rSwfcsufrsm;” (Concept Notes) a&;&ygw,f?53

ARTF u axmufyHhxm;wJh pDrHudef;awGtay: tmz*efepPweftpkd;&u ykdifqkdifr_ r&Sdbl;qkdwmudk tjcm;ae&mawGrSm awG@Ekdifygw,f? Oyrm - t"du 0ef}uD;XmeawGeJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm tzGJ@tpnf;qkdif&m ajymif;vJr_awG/ vltif tm;zGH@+zdK;r_awG/ OD;pm;ay; &r,hf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ pDrHudef;awGcsrSwf+yD;/ pDrHcef@cGJ&mrSm jynfya&muf tmz*efepPwef ynm&SifawG jyefvmzkd@ ARTF u axmufyHh a=u;ay;ygw,f?54 tpkd;&uawmh 'DpDrHudef;udk csKyfudkifjcif; r&Sdygbl;? jynfya&muf aeolawGudk &SmazGa&G;cs,fzkd@ a&$@ajymif;aexkdifolawGeJ@ tpkd;&awGeJ@twl vkyfukdif wJh EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;jzpfwJh a&$@ajymif;aexkdifr_qkdif&m EkdifiHwum tzJG@tpnf; (IOM) udk cef@xm;ygw,f?55

'ghtjyif urBmhb%fu ARTF udk t+rJxdxda&mufa&muf pDrHcef@cGJcJhwm r[kwfygbl;? ARTF axmufyhHa=u;u trsm;qkH; tpdwftykdif; (70 &mckdifE_ef; avmuf) udk vpmeJ@ vpmr[kwfwJh ukefusaiGawG tygt0if tpkd;&&JŒ xyfw vJvJ ukefusp&dwfawG twGuf okH;ygw,f? 'gayrJh 2003 ckESpfrSm ARTF u vpm r[kwfwJh ukefusp&dwf 80 &mckdifE_ef;ausmfudk axmufyHhzkd@ 'grSr[kwf jyefay;zkd@ “t}uHK;r0ifbl;” vkd@ ,lqvkdufyg w,f?56 'gu t"dutm;jzihf pm&Gufpmwrf;awG rjynfhpkHvkd@jzpf+yD;57/ 'Dvkdjzpf&wmuvnf; vufcHjzwfykdif;awGeJ@ wjcm;pm&Gufpm wrf;awGudk tvkHtavmuf wifjywmawG vkyfief;pOfawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; aumif;aumif;rGefrGef oifrxm;vdk@ jzpfygw,f?58

aemufqkH;rSm pDrHudef;jyifqifwmeJ@ ARTF axmufyHhwJh pDrHudef;awGudk ppfaq; wmwkd@udk w+yKdifeufvkyfwma=umifh pDrHudef;wckeJ@ ywfouf+yD; 'grSr[kwf vlr_a&;eJ@ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m xdckdufr_udk avhvmzkd@twGuf a'ocH vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;awGeJ@ wkdifyifzkd@ tcsdefr&Sdygbl;?59 ARTF vrf;!$efcsufawGu pDrHudef; awGu urBmhb%f&JŒ ywf0ef;usifeJ@ vlr_a&;tEW&m,f umuG,fzkd@ rl0g'awGeJ@

26

ukdufnD&r,fvkd@ qkdxm;ygw,f? pDrHudef; jyifqifaewkef; xdckdufr_ avhvmcsuf awGudk apmapmvkyfEkdifrS 'gawGudk vkdufemEkdifrSm jzpf+yD;/ pDrHudef;ykHpHudk ajymif;vJzkd@ cufwJh ppfaq;wJhtcsdefa&mufrS vkyfvkd@r&ygbl;?60 'gayrJh ARTF vrf;!$efcsuf awGu pDrHudef;taumiftxnfazmfr_ aemufqkH;tqihfrSm ywf0ef;usifeJ@ vlr_a&; jy\emawGudk ukdifwG,fEkdifw,fvdk@vnf; ajymxm;ygw,f? 'gawmifrS 'Djy\em awGudk jyefvnfqef;ppfzkd@eJ@ xdckdufr_awGudk avsmhenf;atmifvkyfzdk@ ,EW&m;awG r&Sdygbl;?61

jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ qufpyfr_ ? ? MDTF eJ@ ay;qyf&efusefonhf aºuG;+rDrsm;&Sif;jcif;

'DavhvmcsufrSm awG@&Sd&wJhtwkdif; MDTF awGudk txl;ojzihf yÉdyuQt+yD; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf axmufyhHa=u; ta&;w}uD;vkdaewJh EkdifiHawGrSm okH;ygw,f? IFI awGu jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ jyefwGJvkyfzkd@ qkH;jzwfwJhtcg MDTF wckzGJ@pnf;zkd@ tvm;tvm &Sdygw,f? tmz*efEkdifiH tajctaeu jrefrm EkdifiHeJ@wlwm aemufwck &Sdyg w,f? 1979 ckESpf rwkdifu tmz*efepPu urBmh b%fu a':vmoef; 230 eJ@ ADB u a':vm 95 oef; &cJhygw,f? aemufawmh 'DtzGJ@tpnf;ESpfckvkH;eJ@ ESpf 20 =um tquftoG,f jzwfcJhygw,f? 1979 ESpf rwkdifrDu taºuG;awGudk tmz*efepPwefu jyefqyfvkd@ r+yD;ao;wma=umihf 2001 -2002 tmz*efepPwefrSm urBmhb%feJ@ ADB wkd@ jyefvnfvkyfudkifzkd@ qkH;jzwfwJh tcg tmz*efepPwefu tqdkkyg tzGJ@tpnf; ESpfckpvkH;rSm (qyfzkd@ &ufvGefaewJh) taºuG;awG &Sdae+yD;?62 aemufxyfjyefpracs;cif 'DtaºuG;awG &Sif;zdk@ vkdygw,f? urBmhb%frSm tmz*efepPwefu qyfzkd@ taºuG;a':vm 26.7 oef;avmuf &Sdaeygw,f?63 ARTF u &efykHaiG&,f/ *syef/ t*Fvef/ qGD'if/ aemfa0;eJ@ tDwvD EkdifiHwkd@u xnhf0ifaiGawGeJ@ 2003 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvrSm taºuG;&Sif;oGm;ygw,f?64 tJ'Daemufykdif; tmz*efepPwefu urBmhb%frSm jyef+yD; aiGacs;vmEkdifygw,f? 2004 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv up+yD;/ urBmhb%fu oabmwlnDcsufeJ@ tmz*ef epPwefu acs;aiGa':vm 436 oef; xkwf,lcJhygw,f? 2002 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvrSm tmz*efepPwefu ADB udk ay;zkd@&SdaewJh a':vm 18 oef;avmufudk +Adwdo# tpdk;&xHrS axmufyhHa=u;eJ@ qyfvkdufygw,f?65 qyf+yD;wmeJ@ csufcsif; tmz*ef epPwefudk acs;zkd@ ADB acs;aiGa':vm oef; 150 cGihfjyKvkdufygw,f?66 urBmhb%feJ@ ADB wkd@&JŒ taºuG;awG &Sif;oGm;+yD;awmifrS tmz*efepPwefu 'DtzGJ@tpnf; 2 ck pvHk; udk ay;p&ma':vm 68 oef; &Sdaeao;+yD;/ 'gtwGufvJ ARTF u axmufyHh a=u; ay;ygw,f?67

27

tmz*efepPwefeJ@ tvm;wlyJ/ jrefrmEkdifiHuvnf; urBmhb%fa&m/ ADB rSmyg taºuG;awG qyfp&m&Sdaeygw,f? 1956 u 1987 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHu urBmhb%fu a':vmoef; 762 oef; acs;cJh+yD;/ a':vm 142 oef; qyfp&m &Sdygw,f?68 1973 u 1987 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiH[m ADB u a':vmoef; 530 avmufacs;cJh+yD;/ qyfp&ma':vm 28 oef;avmuf &Sdaew,fvkd@ cef@rSef;&yg w,f?69 tmz*efepPwefvkdyJ urBmhb%feJ@ ADB wkd@u jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ jyefvnf vkyfukdifzkd@ qkH;jzwfwJhtcg 'DftaºuG;awG t&if&Sif;&ygr,f?

tmz*efepPwef // ? tjzpftysuf orkdif;

EkdifiHa&; IFI awGu jyefvnfyl;wGJaqmif&Gufr_

1979 ? ? tmz*efepPwef qkdAD,uf odrf;ykdufr_ pwifjcif;? 1979 - 1988 ? ? ppfeJ@ wGef;vSefr_? qkdAD,ufwyfawG 1988 rSm xGufcGmjcif;? 1988 - 1994 ? ? tzGJ@awG=um; wdkufyGJjzpf+yD; ppftkyfpkacgif;aqmifawG ay:vmjcif;? 1994 ? ? wmvDbefawG tm%m&+yD; EkdifiHae&m trsm;pkrSm csKyfukdifjcif;? 1996 ? ? t,fvfckdif;'g; tmz*efepPwefwGif tajccsjcif;? 2001 ckESpf/ pufwifbm 11 &uf ? ? e,l;a,mufeJ@ 0g&Sifwef'DpD wkd@udk wkdufckdufjcif;?

1979 ckESpftxd tmz*efepPwefu urBmhb%fu a':vmoef; 230 eJ@ ADB qDu a':vm 95 oef; acs;cJhygw,f? 1992 ckESpftxd tmz*efepPwefu jyefqyfcJh ygw,f? urBmhb%fu tpPvrfrmbwf uae 1980 ckESpfawGeJ@ 1990 ckESpfawGrSm (wkd;wufr_awGudk apmihf=unhfwJh) “apmihf=uyf=unhf±_a&;” vkyfcJhygw,f? 2001 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvukef ? ? tpPvrfrmbwfrSm tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;nDvmcH usif;y ygw,f? 'grwkdifcif MDTF wckzGJ@pnf;zkd@ urBmhb%frSm aqG;aEG;ygw,f?

28

atmufwkdbm 6 &uf ? ? tar&duef wyfawG tmz*efepPwefrSm wkdufcdkufjcif;? Ekd0ifbmvv,f ? ? wmvDbef umbl;vfu xGufcGmjcif;? Ekd0ifbmvukef ? ? =um;umv EkdifiHa&; tpDtpOfawG bGef;+rdK@rSm pwifn‡dE_dif; aqG;aEG;jcif;? 'DZifbm 5 &uf ? ? EkdifiHa&; ul;ajymif;r_ bGef; oabmwlnDcsuf 2002 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv ? ? tmz*ef epPwef ,m,D tm%mykdif (AIA) tzJG@udk OuUX umZkdif;eJ@ zJG@cJhygw,f? UNDP ta&;ay: tyfESH&efykHaiGawGeJ@ AIA &JŒ ta&;ay: vkdtyfcsufawG jznhfqnf;cJhygw,f?

2001 'DZifbm - 2002 Zefe0g&D ? ? WB-ADB-UNDP vkdtyfcsuf pDppfa&; yl;wJG aqmif&Guf/ UNDP ta&;ay:tyfESH &efykHaiGtzJG@ wnfaxmifjcif;? 2002 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D aESmif;ykdif; ? ? wkdusKd+rdK@ tvSL&Sifrsm; tpnf;ta0;rSm (WB, ADB eJ@ UNDP wkd@ jyifqifxm; wJh) vdktyfcsuf ppffaq;r_udk jyefvnf ppfaq;+yD; tmz*efepPwef jyefvnf wnfaqmufa&; &efykHaiG (ARTF) zGJ@pnf;zkd@ twnfjyKygw,f? {+yDv? ? ARTF rSm tvSLaiGxnhf0if+yD; pvkyfzkd@ umbl;vf+rdK@ ESpfEkdifiHtvSL&Sifrsm; tygt0if tvSL&Sifrsm; tpnf;ta0; vkyfyg w,f/ arvrSm ARTF pwif aqmif&Gufygw,f? 2002 'DZifbm-2003 azazmf0g&D ? ? urBmhb%f IMF eJ@ ADB wkd@ taºuG;

29

2004 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv ? ? zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya' twnfjyKygw,f? 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbm ? ? umZkdif;udk orRw tjzpf a&G;aumufygw,f? 2005 ckESpf pufwifbm ? ? taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yygw,f? 2005 ckESpf 'DZifbm ? ? a&G;aumufxm;wJh tpkd;& zGJ@pnf;ygw,f?

&Sif;ygw,f? 2003 ckESpf rwfv ? ? urBmhb%fu ul;ajymif;umv axmufyhHa&; r[mAsL[m (TSS) twnf jyKygw,f? 2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&D ? ? tmz*ef epPwefu tvSL&SifawGudk ,m,D EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOf wifjywJh EkdifiHwum nDvmcHudk vef'ef +rdK@rSm usif;yygw,f? EkdifiHwum tokdif;t0kdif;ukkd axmufyHha&; tpDtpOf ay;&mrSm bGef; oabmwlnDcsuf ae&mqufcHwJh tmz*efepPwef oabm wlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;ygw,f?

30

4? urBmhb%f. EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;a&;r[mAsL[mrsm;

urBmhb%feJ@ wjcm; IFI awGu EkdifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;a&;rSm =oZmv$rf;rkd;ykHukd 'Dtykdif; rSm aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f? urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@&JŒ csOf;uyfenf;awGukd ppfaq;xm;+yD; EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;a&;rSm pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u ta&;t}uD;qkH;tjzpf tav;xm; azmfjyxm;ygw,f? urBmhb%fu EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm jyefvnfvkyfaqmif wJh taxGaxG vkyfief;pOfukd azmfjyxm;+yD;/ ppf+yD;umv wkdif;&if;om;trsKd;rsKd;&SdwJh EkdifiHjzpfwJh abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD *kdAD;em;wkd@ tpGef;a&muf z,f'&,frl0g' ykHpHt& vnfywfaeykHukd ppfaq;xm;ygw,f? urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; wkd;wufa&;wkd@ukd 1995 ckESpfuwnf;u }udK;pm; aqmif&GufaecJhygw,f? u? jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; um;jyifenf;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; urBmhb%f. t}uHay;csuf

apmapmu okH;cJhwJh um;Oyrmukd qufajym&&if/ 'Dvkdjzpfr,fvkd@ ar#mfvifh Ekdifygw,f? jyeffvnfyl;wJG aqmif&Gufcsdefa&mufwJhtcg urBmhb%fu jrefrmEkdifiHukd ajy;+yD; vrf;awG jyifzkd@eJ@ um;opfawG0,fzkd@ tultnD urf;vSrf;ygr,f? jrefrmEkdifiH vkdtyfwm awGtm;vkH; ay;zkd@ urf;vSrf;ygr,f? 'gayrJh tcrJh r[kwfygbl;? urBmh b%fu jrefrmEkdifiHukd olwkd@a&G;wJh aps;}uD;wJh um;tpdwftykdif;awGeJ@ olwkd@a&G;wJh "mwfqD0,fckdif;+yD;/ um;jyifwJhtcg tultnDay;zkd@ aps;}uD;wJhEkdifiHjcm;u t}uHay; olawGukd ykdufqHay;&ygr,f? jrefrmEkdifiHukd vrf;jyifzkd@eJ@ um;topf0,fzkd@ ukd,fhtpD tpOfawG ukd,fcsrSwfzkd@ajymayrJh bmtultnDrSr&cif urBmhb%fu 'DtpDtpOf ukd t&iftwnfjyK&ygr,f?

urBmhb%f ('grSr[kwf IMF) eJ@ wGJvkyfwJh EkdifiHawGu owdxm;zkd@ vkda=umif; yl;wJGoabmwlnDcsufrSm t"dy`g,f&SdwJh tawG;tac: zvS,fr_awG vkyfcGifhjyKzkd@/ +yD;awmh 'DtzGJ@tpnf;awGu aemufqkH;rSm/ EkdifiHawGrSm vkyfwJht&m awGrSm EkdifiH&JŒ t}uHay;csufawGvnf; xnfhoGif;atmifvkyf&r,fvkd@ urBmhb%f&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Sifa[mif; wa,mufu owday;ygw,f?70

31

1? urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@. zGH@+zdK;r_ ykHpH

urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u qif;&Jr_avsmhcsapa&;rSm wckwnf;aom ta&; t}uD;qkH;t&mu pD;yGm;a&;zGH+zdK;wkd;wufr_jzpfw,fvkd@,lqwJh zGH@+zdK;r_ykHpHukd vufcH xm;ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_ jzpfapzkd@ urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u 0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsuf (Washington Consensus) vkd@ &nf!$ef;avh&SdwJh tajymif;tvJ awG vkyfzkd@vkdw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? urBmhb%f&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifcsKyfa[mif;jzpf+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;ynmqkdif&m EkdbJvf qk&Sifvnf;jzpfwJh *sKd;ZufpwD;*vpfZf (Joseph

Stiglitz) &JŒ azmfjycsuft& 0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsufu “wkd;wufqJEkdifiHawG twGuf ‘oifhawmfwJh’ rl0g'awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; IMF/ urBmhb%feJ@ tar&duef b¾ma&;Xmewkd@t=um; oabmwlnDcsuf jzpfygw,f?”71

“0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsuf” qkdwJhpum;u “1989 ckESpfup+yD; vufwif tar&duEkdifiHawGukd (urBmhb%f/ IMF/ tar&duefb¾ma&;Xme/ tar&duef b¾maiG t&efpkaqmif;a&;tzGJ@wkd@ tygt0if) 0g&Sifweftajcpkduf tzGJ@tpnf; awGuay;wJh tedrfhqkH;tqifh rl0g't}uHay;csufukd &nf!$ef;zkd@” 1990 ckESpfrSm ay:aygufvmygw,f?72 'Dt}uHay;csufrSm b¾ma&;pnf;urf;/ ukefoG,fr_ vGwfvyfcGifhay;jcif;/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; av#mhaygha&;eJ@ yk*~vdu ykdifqkdifcGifhay;jcif; pwJh rl0g'awG ygygw,f? IFI awGu aiGacs;wJh EkdifiHawGtay: zGH@+zdK;a&;enf;AsL[mawGukd owfrSwfykH/ tm;ay;ykHwkd@&JŒ tv,fA[kdrSm pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_eJ@ 0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsufukd taumiftxnfazmfr_wkd@ukd tav;xm;r_wkd@ &Sdaeygw,f? qkdvkdwmu vufcHEkdifiH u 0g&SifwefoabmwlnDcsuft& tajymif;tvJawG vkyfwJhtay:rSm rlwnf+yD; urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u b¾ma&;axmufyHhr_awG ay;ygw,f? 'Drl0g' uef@owfcsufawGtay: tajctwif aqG;aEG;=uayrJh aocsmwmu 'DjyÏmef;csufawGukd zGH@+zdK;r_ tqifhtrsKd;trsKd;eJ@ uGJjym;wJhtajctaeawGrSm +cHKikH+yD; tokH;cs&if EkdifiHawGrSm qkd;&Gm;wJh oufa&mufr_awG &SdcJhw,fqkdwmygyJ? pwD;*vpfZf&JŒ ajymqkdcsuft& “vufwiftar&duEkdifiHu jy\emawGukd ajz&Sif; &mrSm t"duuswJh tawG; tac:awGukd … aemifrSm … urBmw0Srf;vkH;u EkdifiH awGrSmvnf; okH;Ekdifw,fvkd@ ,lqcJh ygw,f? … 0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsuf jzpfoGm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'awGeJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufqJ EkdifiHawGrSm oGm;okH;wJh pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'awG[m wkd;wufr_ tapmykdif;tqifhrSm &SdaewJh 'grSr[kwf tajymif;tvJ

32

umv tapmykdif;rSm&SdwJh EkdifiHawGtwGuf roifhawmfygbl;?”73 'ga=umifh ukefoG,f a&; vGwfvyfcGifhay;&mrSm/ Oyrm -

“tar&duefeJ@ *syef tygt0if - pufr_EkdifiHtrsm;pku rdrdwkd@&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; awGukd tajrmftjrif &Sd&SdeJ@ EkdifiHjcm;ukr`%DawGeJ@ ,SOf+ydKifEkdif+yD; tm;aumif; vmwJhtxd wcsKd@pufr_vkyfief;awGukd a&G;+yD; tumtuG,f ay;xm;yg w,f? prf;=unfhzl;wJh EkdifiHawGrSm tm;vkH;ukd+cHKikH+yD; tumtuG,f ay;xm; wmu atmifjrifavh r&Sdovkd ukefoG,fa&;ukd tvsiftjref vGwfvyfcGifh ay;wmuvnf; atmifjrifavh r&Sdbl;qkdwm awG@&ygw,f? wkd;wufqJ EkdifiHwEkdifiHukd rdrdEkdifiHu vkyfief;wcsKd@u xkwfwJhukefawGeJ@ ,SOf+ydKifr,fh oGif;ukefawGoGif;zkd@ twif;t"rRzGifhckdif;&if wjcm; EkdifiHawGu ykdtm; aumif;wJh tvm;wlvkyfief;awG&JŒ ,SOf+ydKifr_'%f t&rf;cH&Ekdifzkd@ tEW&m,f &SdwJh vkyfief;awGrSm vlr_a&;a&m pD;yGm;a&;t&yg tEW&m,f&SdwJh qkd;usKd; awG jzpfEkdifygw,f? tvkyftukdifawGvnf; pepfwus ysufpD;oGm;cJh ygw,f?”74 urBmhb%fjyifyeJ@ IMF wkd@ jyifyrSm 0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsufukd +cHKikH+yD;

tokH;cswm xda&mufr_&Sd r&Sd r=umc%a0zef=uygw,f? pwD;*vpfZfajymovkd “0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsufu csrSwfvkdufwJh rl0g'awG&JŒ oufa&mufr_u rsm;aomtm;jzifh vlenf;pk tusKd;twGuf vltrsm; tepfemcH&wm/ csrf;omwJh vlawGtwGuf qif;&Jom;awG epfem cH&wmygyJ?”75 atmifjrifwJhEkdifiHawG[m EkdifiHwkd;wufr_twGuf “zGH@+zdK;zkd@ jynfhpkHwJh csOf;uyfenf;”eJ@ aqmif&GufcJh+yD; EkdifiH pD;yGm;a&; wnf+idrfr_eJ@ b¾ma&;rSm pnf;urf;&Sdr_awGvkd pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'awG zGH@+zdK;zkd@ omru wef;wlnDr#r_/ jynfyykd@ukefwkd;csJ@+yD; tvkyftukdifawG zefwD;r_/ ,SOf+ydKifr_eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;zefwD;r_ pwmawGrSmvnf; zGH@+zdK;zkd@vkda=umif; pwD;*vpfZfu avhvmrd ygw,f?76 'Drkdua&pDus aqmif&GufykHeJ@ Oya'pkd;rkd;r_wkd@&JŒ ta&;ygykHwkd@ukdvnf; pwD;*vpfZfu axmufjycJhygw,f? 77

33

2? urBmhb%fqkdwmu b%fwckyg?

urBmhb%f&JŒ &nfrSef;csufxJrSm “zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGrSm qif;&Jr_ wkdufzsufa&; eJ@ vlaer_tqifhtwef; wkd;wufa&;” vkd@ ajymqkdxm;ayrJh 'DcsufawGt=um;rSm t"du tcsufuawmh urBmhb%f[m b%fwckqkdwmygyJ? b%fwckjzpfwm a=umifh ol&yfwnfEkdifa&;twGuf ykdufqHacs;&rSm jzpfygw,f? acs;aiGu&wJh twkd; awGay: rlwnf+yD; urBmhb%f&JŒ tpGrf;eJ@yrm% }uD;xGm;wmyg? qkdvkdwmu vufcHEkdifiHwEkdifiHu vkdcsifwm 'grSr[kwf vkdtyfwm r[kwfayrJh (Oyrm - }uD;rm;wJh tajccH taqmuftOD pDrHudef;awGvkd) pDrHcef@cGJa&; ukefusp&dwf enf;wJhacs;aiG rsm;rsm;pm;pm;ay;&if urBmhb%frSm tusKd;&Sdygw,f? 'ghtjyif urBmhb%f aiGacs;vkyfxkH;awGu EkdifiHawGukd aiGacs;zkd@ zdtm;ay;xm;ygw,f? 'Dvkdvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh =um=um&yfwnfvkd@r&wJh tqifhtxd taºuG;awG wufoGm; =uygw,f? 'Dvkdtajctae&SdwJh taºuG;awGu jynfolawG&JŒb0tay: }uD;rm;wJh oufa&mufr_awG &SdEkdifygw,f? r=umao;cifu wkd;wufqJEkdifiH 30 ausmf&JŒ &okH;aiG oHk;pGJr_ukd avhvmcsuft& 'DEkdifiHawG&JŒ okH;ykHESpfykHu tajccHvlr_a&; 0efaqmifr_awGxuf taºuG; jyefqyfzkd@twGuf okH;quae ig;qykdokH;w,fqkdwm awG@&ygw,f? taºuG;jyefqyfwmu EkdifiHb¾m&JŒ okH;ykHwykHeJ@ xuf0uf=um; ukefygw,f?78

c? urBmhb%fu b,fvkd jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&GufovJ? 1? aqmif&Gufr_ w&m;0if±kyfodrf;onfhumv

EkdifiHwEkdifiHukd b¾ma&; 'grSr[kwf enf;ynm taxmuftulawG ray; aewJh umvtwGif;rSmawmif urBmhb%fu tJ'DEkdifiHukd (omreftm;jzifh tdrfeD; csif; EkdifiHwEkdifiH uae) “apmifh=uyf±_wJhtpD&ifcHpm” awGa&;wm 'grSr[kwf tpkd;& t&m&SdawGukd ±kH;oabm r[kwfbJ omreftm;jzifh awG@qkHwm pojzifh v_yf&Sm; aeygvdrfhr,f? Oyrm - abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm urBmhb%f0efxrf; awGu +idrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfrxkd;cif wESpf 1994 aESmif;ykdif;rSm tpkd;& t&m&SdawGeJ@ pwifpnf;a0;cJhygw,f?79

34

apmifh=uyf=unfh&_onfhtpD&ifcHpm urBmhb%fu EkdifiHwEkdifiH&JŒ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ukd apmifh=unfhzkd@ apmifh=uyf

=unfh±_wJh tpD&ifcHpm xm;avh&Sdygw,f? Oyrm - tmz*efepPwefrSm 1980 ckESpf awGeJ@ 1990 ckESpf awGrSm w&m;0ifaqmif&Gufaejcif; r&Sdwkef;u urBmhb%fu tpPvrfrmbwfuae apmifh=uyf=unfh±_aeygw,f?80 'Dapmifh=uyf=unfh&_a&; tpD tpOfeJ@ qufpyf+yD; urBmhb%fu avhvmcsufawG/ nDvmcHawGeJ@ vkyfief;cGifoif wef;awG vkyfEkdifygw,f? LICUS aqmif&Gufcsuf 81

=uyfwnf;r_ '%fydaewJh/ 0ifaiGenf;wJh EkdifiHawGqkdif&m aqmif&Gufcsuf (LICUS Initiative) qkdwmu EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm taºuG;wifae+yD; urBmhb%fu tJ'D rSm v_yf&Sm;rae &ifawmifrS/ 'grSr[kwf tJ'DEkdifiHrSm yÉdyuQawG jzpfyGm;ae&if/ 'grSr[kwf wckcka=umifh xkH;pH t& aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_&,lzkd@ 'kuQrsm;vGef;w,fvkd@ ,lq&wJhEkdifiHrSm urBmhb%fukd vkyfukdifapEkdifwJh rl0g'tpDtpOf jzpfygw,f? LICUS aqmif&GufcsufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; pkd;&drfp&maumif;wJhtcsufu 'DvkdEkdifiH awGrSm aqmif&Gufr_ukd ±kyfodrf;vkdufwJhtcg qufqif;&Jae+yD;/ EkdifiHyg +ydKuGJap Ekdifygw,f? LICUS aqmif&Gufcsuft& jyefvnf0ifa&muf aqmif&Gufzkd@ ar#mfvifh csufeJ@ urBmhb%fu tzGJ@awGvGwf+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH tygt0if EkdifiH rsm;eJ@ywfouf+yD; tcsuftvufawG jyefod&atmif okH;oyfr_awG vkyfcJhygw,f?82

LICUS aqmif &Gufcsufa=umifh urBmhb%fu ypfrSwfEkdifiHeJ@ jyefvnf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEkdif+yD;/ UNDP ESpfEkdifiHtzGJ@tpnf;awG 'grSr[kwf NGO awGeJ@ t+ydKiftqkdif &SdaeEkdif ygw,f? 2? jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@ vkyfukdifjcif; ? ? aºuG;+rD &Sif;jcif;

EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm jyefvnfaqmif&Gufzkd@ qkH;jzwf+yD;wmeJ@ urBmhb%fu 'DEkdifiH wifaewJh taºuG;awGukd&Sif;zkd@ pDpOfygw,f? taºuG;awG r&Sif;rcsif; 'DEkdifiHukd urBmh b%fu aemufxyf aiGracs;Ekdifwma=umifh aºuG;+rD&Sif;wmu urBmhb%ftwGuf a&m EkdifiHtwGufyg ta&;}uD;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh tmz*efepPwefrSm vkyfovkd ESpfEkdifiH axmufyHha=u;awGukd n‡dEd_if;+yD; aºuG;+rD&Sif;atmif urBmhb%fu tm;wuf oa&m tultnDay;ygw,f?83

urBmhb%fu ESpfEkdifiHay;aiGawGukd pDpOf±kHru aºuG;+rD&Sif;atmifvkyf&mrSm txl; b¾ma&; tpDtpOfvnf; csrSwfEkdifygw,f? Oyrm - abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD *kdAD;em;u aºuG;+rD&Sif;a&; tpDtpOfrSm urBmhb%fu (a':vm 621 oef;/ 80 &mckdifE_ef; ay;qyfzkd@ usefwJh)84 vuf&SdtaºuG;ukd acs;aiGtopfokH;&yftjzpf jyefpDpOf vkdufygw,f? urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@ yl;aygif;+yD; taºuG;xlwJh/ qif;&JwJh EkdifiHaqmif &Gufcsuf (HIPC) ukd taumifxnfazmfcJhygw,f? 'gu taºuG;xlwJhEkdifiHawGrSm pD;yGm;a&; ajymif;vJr_wcsKd@eJ@ qif;&Jr_avsmhcsa&; rl0g'awGvkyf&if taºuG;av#mh ay;zkd@ tpDtpOfjzpfyg w,f?85 HIPC aqmif&Gufcsufu atmufazmfjyyg qif;&Jr_ avsmhcsa&; r[mAsL[m pmwrf;awGeJ@ twlaqmif&Gufygw,f? 3? ykHrSefqufqHa&; ? ? PRSP eJ@ CAS qif;&Jr_avsmhcsapa&; r[mAsL[mpmwrf; PRSP 87

urBmhb%fu azmfjywJtwkdif; qif;&Jr_avsmhcsapa&; r[mAsL[mpmwrf; (PRSP) u urBmhb%f&JŒ jynfhpkHwJh zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ rl0g'tpDtpOftwGuf t"du

tykdif;jzpfygw,f? 'Drl0g'tpDtpOfu ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;uae EkdifiHukday;wJh taxmuf

urBmhb%fu jyefvnfaqmif&Gufjcif;?86

aqmif&Gufr_ w&m;0if±kyfodrf;jcif; apmifh=unfha&;tpD&ifcHpm '%fcHae&wJh 0ifaiGenf;EkdifiHawG (LICUS) aqmif&Gufcsuf

jyefvnfaqmif&Gufa&;okd@ aºuG;+rD&Sif;jcif; (aºuG;+rD&Sif;a&; aqG;aEG;zkd@ EkdifiHjyefvnfaqmif&Gufa&;

rSwfpkawG a&;csifa&;Ekdifygw,f?) ,m,D taxmuftulr[mAsL[mcsrSwf (tr_wkdif;eJ@ roufqkdifyg)

ykHrSefqufqHa&; EkdifiHu qif;&Jr_avsmhcsa&; r[mAsL[mpmwrf; (PRSP) a&;qGJr_

(tr_wdkif;eJ@ roufqkdifyg) urBmhb%fu EkdifiHaxmufyHha&;r[mAsL[m (CAS) csrSwfjcif; (PRSP

tay: rlwnfonf)

35

36

tulawGukd n‡dE_dif;zkd@ }udK;yrf;csufw&yfjzpf+yD;/ zGH@+zdK;a&;r[mAsL[mukd EkdifiHu ykdifqkdifr_&Sdatmif axmufyHhzkd@ &nf&G,fygw,f? PRSP rSm EkdifiHuqif;&Jr_ avsmhcs a&;}udK;yrf;&mrSm OD;pm;ay;&r,fh t&m awGvkd owfrSwfxm;wmawGyg+yD;/ tvSL &SifawG zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ taxmuftul ay;&mrSm vrf;!$efcsufawG ay;xm;yg w,f? PRSP u taºuG;xlwJh qif;&JwJhEkdifiHawG (HIPC) twGuf owfrSwfcsuf wckjzpf+yD; (HIPC) aqmif&Gufcsuft& taºuG;u vGwfajrmufzkd@ tajccHw&yf jzpfygw,f? EkdifiH&JŒygvDref/ EkdifiHom;awG/ t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awG/ wjcm; vkyf azmfukdifzufawGeJ@ wkdifyif+yD; (b¾ma&;0ef}uD;XmeeJ@ wjcm;oufqkdif&mXmeawG pwJh) tpkd;&u PRSP wck jyifqifzkd@jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh r=umao;cifu ppfaq; csufawGt& PRSP awGukd b¾ma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu t&m&SdawGu urBmhb%feJ@ IMF 0efxrf;awGeJ@ teD;uyf yl;wGJ a&;qGJxm;avh&Sd+yD;/ EkdifiHwGif;rSm t"dy`g,f&Sd&Sd aqG;aEG;yGJawG rvkyfwm awG@&ygw,f?88 urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u oD;jcm; ppfaq;wJhtcg 'DvkdaqG;aEG;yGJawG vkyfcJh&ifvnf; 'D vkyfief;pOfu &&SdcsufawGukd aemufqkH; enf;AsL[mawGrSm awG@&r,fvkd@ rqkdvkdygbl;?89 aemufqkH;taeeJ@ urBmhb%feJ@ IMF &JŒ rl0g'&nfrSef;csufawGu urBmh b%feJ@ IMF wkd@&JŒ rl0g' &nfrSef;csufawGeJ@ ukdufnDjcif; &Sd/ r&Sd qkH;jzwfzkd@ ppfaq; ygw,f?90 yl;wGJ+yD; PRSP udk urBmhb%feJ@ IMF bkwftzGJ@okd@ “twnfjyK&ef” wifoGif;ygw,f? PRSP ukd 'Dvkd “twnfrjyK” &if 'DEkdifiHu urBmhb%feJ@ IMF qDu taxmuftyHh r&ygbl;? wjcm;wzufu =unfhr,fqkd&ifvnf; 'DEkdifiH&JŒ ygvDrefu PRSP ukd twnfjyK &rnfvkd@ urBmhb%frSm owfrSwfcsufr&Sdygbl;? 2003 ckESpf Zlvkdifvtxd xkwfvkdufwJh PRSP 29 ckteuf/ tr_ 13 ck rSmyJ EkdifiHawG&JŒ ygvDrefawGukd aemufqkH;rl=urf; ykd@ygw,f?91

EkdifiHaxmufyHha&;r[mAsL[m (CAS) 92

PRSP udktwnfjyK+yD;wmeJ@ urBmhb%fu tJ'DEkdifiHtwGuf EkdifiH axmufyHha&; r[mAsL[m (CAS) wck jyifqifygw,f? CAS [m urBmhb%feJ@ “ykHrSef” qufqHa&; &SdaewJh aiGacs;wJh EkdifiHwkdif;twGuf urBmhb%fu a&;qGJ+yD; okH;wJh t"dutpDtpOfjzpf+yD;93/ vmr,fh okH;av;ESpfumvtwGif; urBmhb%fu tJ'DEkdifiHukday;r,fh taxmuftulawG tusOf;csKyfa&;xm;ygw,f? CAS u EkdifiH&JŒ EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; OD;pm;ay;&r,fht&mawGukd tajccH&rSmjzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHrSm PRSP &SdcJh&if 'geJ@twlwl vkyfukdifygw,f?

37

toGiful;ajymif;aewhJ EkdifiHawGtwGuf urBmhb%fu w&m;0if toGif ul;ajymif;a&; taxmuftyHh r[mAsL[m (TSS) vkd@ ac:wJh ,m,Dr[mAsL[m rSwfpk (ISN) a&;ygr,f? 'gu urBmhb%fu ykd+yD;jynfhpkHwJh yg0ifr_rvmcif a&wkd uae rwkdr&Snfumv tpDtpOf jzpfygw,f? Oyrm - tmz*efepPwefrSm a&G;aumufxm;wJh tpkd;&&SdwmeJ@ PRSP wck csrSwfr,fqkdwJh ar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ ,m,Dtpkd;&&Sdaewkef; TSS wck&Sdygw,f?94 2005 ckESpfrSm urBmhb%fu jynfhpkHwJh CAS twGuf tqifoifhrjzpfao;bl;vkd@ ,lq&wJhEkdifiH 8 EkdifiHtwGuf ISN awG jyifqifcJhygw,f?95

38

avhvmcsuf

abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;/ a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf (Dayton Accords) eJ@ “z&efuif pwkdif; pD;yGm;a&;”96

IFI awGu umvwcktwGif; yl;wGJaqmif&Gufjcif; r&SdbJ aemufrSjyefvnf

aqmif&GufwJhEkdifiHawGrSm IFI awGu pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; vrf;a=umif;wif ru oufqkdif&m EkdifiHa&;ajz&Sif;csufqkdif&m owfrSwfcsufawGukdvnf; csrSwfyg w,f? abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm okH;ESpfppfyGJumvt+yD; 1995 ckESpfrSm vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhwJh EkdifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufjzpfwJh a'wifoabmwlnD csufu97 pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfwnf aqmufr_eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ vrf;a=umif;tay: txl;}uD;rm;wJh oufa&mufr_ &SdcJhygw,f? urBmhb%fu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@&JŒ toGiful;ajymif;r_ vkyfief;pOf tapmykdif;rSm yg0if+yD;/ a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfrxkd;cif 1994 ckESpfaESmif;ykdif;rSm abmhpeD;,m; aqmif&Gufr_tzGJ@ (Bosnia Working Group) ukd zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f?98 ‚if;&JŒu|rf;usifr_u “a'wif+rdK@rSm abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; qkdif&m aqG;aEG;yGJawGrSm ta&;ygw,f” vkd@qkd+yD; a'wif+rdK@u EkdifiHa&;ajz&Sif;csuf !‡dEd_if;yGJawGrSm urBmhb%fu yg0ifcJhygw,f?99 a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwf xkd;+yD; r=umrD urBmhb%fu OD;aqmif+yD; abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;ukd vkdtyf csufppfaq;zkd@ oGm;+yD;100 tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; 'DESpfEkdifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfwnf aqmufzkd@eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;ukd aps;uGufpepfajymif;zkd@ }udK;yrf;csufawG !d‡Ed_if;aqmif &GufcJhygw,f? 1995 ckESpf rwkdifrD umv

,cif,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;EkdifiHrSm qm;bf/ c±kdtuf/ qvkdAif;/ abmhpeD;,if;eJ@ t,fvfab;eD;,if;wkd@ tygt0if vlrsdK;pkawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? ,l*kdqvm;AD; ,m;[m bmoma&;vnf;uGJjym;+yD; (c±kdtufeJ@ qvkdAif; trsm;pkjzpfwJh) umokdvpf/ (qm;bf vlrsKd;trsm;pkjzpfwJh) ta&SŒykdif;atmokda'ghcfpfeJ@ (“abmpae; &pfcfpf”vkd@ac:wJh abmhpeD;,m; rlqvifawGygwJh) rlqvifawG &Sdygw,f? c±kdat;&Sm;/ abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ qm;bD;,m; tygt0if jynfe,fajcmufck&SdayrJh/ 1992 ckESpf ppfyGJawGrpcif vlrdsK;pkawGu jynfe,fwcku aemufwckukd tvG,fwul

39

oGm;Ekdif+yD; (Oyrm - qm;bfawG trsm;tjym; qm;bD;,m; jyifyrSmae=uygw,f) vlrsKd;pkrsm;t=um; tdrfaxmifjyKwmvnf; trsm;tjym; awG@&ygw,f?101

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;rSm orRwwD;wkd;vufatmuf 'kuQcH+yD; aemuf 1990 'Drkdua&pDus a&G;aumufyGJawGuae wdkif;&if;om; rsKd;cspfygwDawG tEkdif&cJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pktrsKd;rsKd;u vGwfvyfa&; a=unm+yD; ukd,fykdife,fajrawG wnfaxmifcJhwma=umifh EkdifiHu wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pktvkduf +ydKuGJcJhygw,f? 1992 ckESpfrSm c±dktufawG/ abmhpeD;tufeJ@ qm;bf awGt=um; wkdufyGJpcJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf okH;ESpftwGif; aoqkH;r_ 2 odef;cGJ/ jynfwGif;rSm t}uD;tus,f tkd;tdrfuif;rJhr_awG/ tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGudk ajymif;a&G@r_ awGeJ@ tajccHtaqmuftODeJ@ &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_awG ysufpD; qkH;¶_H;r_awG jzpfcJhygw,f?102

40

abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; ? ? tjzpftysuforkdif; EkdifiHa&; IFI awG jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_

1991 ZGef ? ? c±dkat;&Sm;eJ@ qvkdAD;eD;,m;wkd@ vGwfvyfa&; a=unm? qm;bfwkd@ c±kdat;&Sm;&JŒ okH;ykHwykH odrf;ykduf? 1992 azazmf0g&D ? ? abmhpeD;,m;u abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;tjzpf vGwfvyfa&; a=unm? 1992 azazmf0g&D 1994 rwfv ? ? abmhpeD;tuf/ c±dk;tufeJ@ qm;bfwkd@t=um; vufeufukdif wkdufyJGjzpf? 1994 rwfv ? ? abmhpeD;tufeJ@ c±kd;tufwkd@t=um; typftcwf &yfpJ? qm;bffeJ@ abmhpeD;tufwkd@ qufvuf wkdufyGJjzpf? 1995 Ekd0ifbm ? ? a'wif oabmwlnDcsuft& yÉdyuQ tqkH;owf+yD; abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wdkif;jynfwnfaxmif?

1949 uae ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;EkdifiH +ydKuGJwJh 1991 txd ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;[m urBmhb%fu ykHrSef acs;cJhygw,f? 1994 aESmif;ykdif; ? ? urBmhb%frSm abmhpeD;,m; aqmif&Gufr_tzGJ@ wnfaxmifcJhygw,f? 1995 Zefe0g&D ? ? urBmhb%fu jyefvnf wnfaqmufa&; vkdtyfcsufawG ppfaq;wmeJ@ tvSL&SifawGukd !‡dE_dif;wm pcJh+yD? 0gaqm+rdK@ rSm abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;u t&m&SdawGeJ@ yxrpDrHudef;a&;qGJr_tzGJ@u awG@cJhygw,f? pDrHudef; jyifqifr_eJ@ tprf;pDrHudef;awGtwGuf a':vm 10 oef;wef 'wfcsftyfESH &efykHaiG pwifcJhygw,f?

41

atmufwkdbm ? ? urBm@b%f ESSpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;awGu ±kd;±kd;awG@qkHyGJu “jyefvnf wnfaqmufa&; tpDtpOf jyifqif&mrSm urBmh b%f&JŒ tcef;u¾ukd twnfjyK ay;vkduf ygw,f?”103 Ekd0ifbm ? ? a'wif!‡dE_dif;yGJawGukd urBmhb%fukd zdwfvkdufygw,f? urBmhb%fu IFI awG&JŒ yl;wGJaqmif&Gufcsufukd OD;aqmif+yD; vkdtyfcsuf awG ppfaq;r_eJ@ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; r[mAsL[mwkd@ukd twnfjyK vkdufygw,f? 'DZifbm ? ? b&yfqJvfpf+rdK@rSm yxrqkH; tvSL&SifawG tpnf;ta0; urBmhb%fu pDpOfyg w,f? 1996 azazmf0g&D ? ? abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;twGuf b%ftyfESH&efykHaiGukd urBmhb%ftzGJ@u cGifhjyKvkduf+yD; 'D&efykHaiGukd wjcm; tvSL&SifawGqDu yg0ifaiGawGukd vufcH EkdifwJh MDTF jzpfzkd@ tvm;tvmeJ@ t}uHjyK vkdufygw,f? MDTF wckukdrS rzGJ@pnf;ygbl;? rwfv ? ? taºuG;awG&Sif;vkdufzkd@ tpDtpOfukd cGifhjyKvkdufw,f? {+yDv ? ? abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;u 1993 ckESpf azazmf0g&D uwnf;u tusKH;0ifcJhwJh urBmhb%ftzGJ@ jzpfvmygw,f?

42

a'wifoabmwlnDcsufeJ@ urBmhb%f. tcef;u¾ 1995 rSm a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfxkd;+yD; yÉdyuQ csKyf+idrf;cJh

ygw,f? abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@twGuf a'wifoabmwlnDcsufyg104 zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccH Oya'topft& wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawGukd tajccHwJh jynfwGif; “tzGJ@tpnf;” ESpf&yfukd zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f? q&ypumjynfaxmifpk (qm;bf)eJ@ abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; zuf'a&;&Sif; (abmhpeD;tuf-c±kdtuf) wkd@ jzpfyg w,f? 1992-1995 ckESpf ppfyGJrwkdifcifu xufpm&if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawG odyfonf;r_ykdrsm;vmvkd@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk tajccHwJh tzJG@tpnf;awG zJG@&yg w,f?105

'ghtjyif a'wifoabmwlnDcsufeJ@ t&rf;tm;enf;wJh A[kdtpkd;& zGJ@pnf; vkdufygw,f? 'DtzGJ@tpnf;awGukd umuG,fa&;wyfeJ@ &Jwkd@u wm0ef,l&+yD;/ A[kdtpkd;&&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tm%mukd o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;eJ@ qufoG,fa&;/ jynfy taºuG;/ EkdifiHjcm; ukefoG,fr_eJ@ (tcGefeJ@ taumufcGef tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd tzGJ@tpnf; ESpf&yfuyJ ukdifxm;ayrJh EkdifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_ rl0g'qkdif&m A[kdtm%mu rajymy avmufygbl;) taumufcGefwkd@&JŒ tzJG@tpnf;tcsif;csif;qkdif&m pnf;rsOf;csrSwfr_ avmuftwGufyJ owfrSwfxm;ygw,f? 'Dvkd “xl;jcm;wJh EkdifiHa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; tpdwfpdwf tr$mr$mjzpfr_u ppf+yD; jyefvnfwnfaqmufr_eJ@ ukefusp&dwf taxmuftul&JŒ tpdwftykdif; tm;vkH;eD;yg;ukd uef@owfxm;ygw,f” vkd@ a0zef olwOD;u ajymygw,f?106

urBmhb%fu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm ta&;ygwJhtcef;u yg0if Ekdifjcif; ta=umif;&if; wpdwfwa'ou a'wifoabmwlnDcsufrSm A[kdtpkd;&ukd EkdifiHawmf&JŒ us,fjyef@wJh pD;yGm;a&; pDrHudef;awG csrSwf taumiftxnfazmfzkd@ tm%menf;enf;yJ ay;xm;wma=umifh jzpfygw,f? EkdifiH&JŒpD;yGm;a&; wnf+idrfzkd@/ us,fjyef@wJhpD;yGm;a&;rl0g' csrSwfzkd@eJ@ yk*~vdupepfvkyfzkd@ jyifqifzkd@twGuf urBmh b%fu csrSwftaumiftxnf azmfwJh taxmuftulawGukd abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@u tm;rukd;vkd@ r&awmh ygbl;?107 urBmhb%f&JŒ ol@tcef;u¾u a'wifoabmwlnDcsufukd tm;ay;+yD; yHhykd;wJh u¾vkd@ qkdygw,f? urBmhb%f tpD&ifcHpmwckrSm “[abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;u] urBmhb%f&JŒ rl0g'eJ@ tzJG@ tpnf;qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m a'wifoabmwlnDcsufu jyXmef;csufawGudk taumiftxnfazmfzkd@ }udK;yrf;csufawGyJjzpfw,f” vkd@ qkdygw,f?108

43

apmapmu ajymcJhovkd urBmhb%fu 1994 uwnf;up+yD; abmhpeD; ,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfzkd@ pDpOfcJh+yD;/ 1995 ckESpfrqkH; rDrSm jyefvnf wnfaqmufzkd@ vkdtyfcsufawG pdppfcsufukd “twnfjyK” cJhygw,f? tprSm urBmhb%fu ta&;ay: pDrHudef;awGtwGuf axmufyHhcJh+yD;/ aemufrSm urBmhb%fukd ay;&efusefaewJh taºuG;awG&Sif;vkdufzkd@ taxmuftyHhawG109eJ@ (1996-1999) tvSL&SifawG OD;aqmifwJh OD;pm;ay; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; pDrHudef; pwJh abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm pepfwus ajymif;vJzkd@ a&wkdrus a&&Snfrus axmufyHha&; r[mAsL[mw&yf taumif txnfazmfzkd@ t}uD;tus,f vkyfygw,f?110 1998-1999 rSm urBmhb%fu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@twGuf yxrqkH;t}udrf jynfhpkHwJh EkdifiH axmufyHha&; r[mAsL[mw&yf csrSwfvkduf+yD;/ 2001 ckESpf 'DZifbmvrSm ,m,D PRSP w&yf azmfxkwfvkdufygw,f?111

abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rS jy\emrsm;

urBmhb%fu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;ukd ppf+yD;jyefvnfwnfaqmuf a&;u atmifjrifr_w&yfvkd@ ,lqayrJh112 &v'fawGtm;vkH;u aumif;wm r[kwf ygbl;? EkdifiH twGif;rSm pD;yGm;a&; rnDrr#jzpf+yD; (2003 ckESpfrSm p&ypum;&Dygh bvpfu wkd;wufr_[m abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;jynfaxmifpk&JŒ w0uf atmufyJ &Sdygw,f113)/ abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm tvkyfvufrJhE_ef; }uD;rm; +yD; (2005 ckESpfrSm 44 &mckdifE_ef;) EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk;pm&if; uGm[csufeJ@ EkdifiHjcm; ukd wifaewJhtaºuG;awG&Sd+yD;/ 1992-1995 ckESpf rwkdifrDuxuf trsm;}uD;edrfhwJh twkdif;twmeJ@ pufr_vkyfief;awG vnfywfygw,f?114 abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD; em;[m ta&SŒawmifOa&myrSm tqif;&JqkH;vnf; jzpfyg w,f?115

'ghtjyif abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;u pD;yGm;a&;u t"dutm;jzifh axmufyHha=u;eJ@ vnfywfae&ygw,f? EkdifiHjcm;axmufyhHr_/ EkdifiHjcm;u v$JaiGawGeJ@ abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm EkdifiHjcm;om;awG okH;wJhaiGwkd@u 'DEkdifiHawG&JŒ pkpkaygif; jynfwGif; xkwfvkyfr_ (GDP) &JŒ 30 &mckdifE_ef;avmuf &Sdygw,f?116 abmhpeD;,m;vlrsKd; pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Sifwa,mufu 'Dtajctaeukd “z&efuif pwkdif; pD;yGm;a&;” vkd@ ac:ygw,f?117 'D pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifu atmufyg “z&efuif pwkdif; pD;yGm;a&;” vuQ%mwcsKd@ukd rD;armif; xkd;jyxm;ygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;awG uae taumufcGefaumufzkd@ A[kdtpkd;&rSm&SdaewJh }uD;rm;wJh tcuftcJawG/118

44

tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGu oGif;ukefawGukd tm;xm;vGef;&vkd@ ay:aygufvmwJh ukefoG,fr_ vkdaiGawGeJ@119 pD;yGm;a&;b%fawGukd aiGracs;EkdifwJh tm;enf; vGef;wJh A[kdb%f120 (tm;enf;vGef;wma=umifh twkd;E_ef;awGtay: v$rf;rkd;r_r&SdEkdifwm/ pD;yGm;a&; wkd;wufr_ukd vrf;r!$efEkdifwm 'grSr[kwf b¾ma&; t=uyftwnf;ukd pDrHcef@cGJ Ekdifjcif;r&Sdwmwkd@) jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif urBmhb%fu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; (eJ@ wjcm;ae&mawG) rSm pD;yGm;a&;ajymif;vJr_eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_twGuf yk*~vduydkifvkyfjcif;ukd tav;t eufxm;wmu wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk uGJjym;r_ukd ckdif+rJapykH&ygw,f? abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm urBmhb%fuvkyfwJh yk*~vdu tpDtpOfu121/ yk*~vduvkyfwJh tzGJ@ tpnf; 12 zGJ@yg tzGJ@tpnf;ukd tajccHwJhpepf zefwD;vkdufygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf; ESpfckpDtwGuf tzGJ@wckpD yg+yD;/ abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; zuf'a&;&Sif; twGif;u tzJG@cGJ 10 ckpDtwGufvnf; wckpDygygw,f?122 ,cifu ,l*kdqvm; AD;,m; EkdifiHawmfykdif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGukd &DyghbvDum;p&ypum;eJ@ abmhpeD; ,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; jynfaxmifpkwkd@ukd cGJa0ay;vkdufygw,f? 'Dpepft& abmhpeD; tufawG&SdwJh a'ou ukr`%DawGukd abmhpeD;tuf =oZm oufa&muf+yD;/ c±kd tufawG tkyfcsKyfwJhae&mrSmvnf; c±dktufawG =oZmoufa&muf ygw,f? 'ga=umifh Oyrm - ,cif ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m; wcGifrSm vkyfukdifcJhwJh ukr`%Dwckukd wkdif;&if;om;tvkduf (qm;Af/ c±dktufeJ@ abmhpeD;tuf) okH;ykdif; cGJvkdufygw,f? +yD;awmh tvkyform;awGukd olwkd@ vlrsdK;pktay: tajccH+yD; tvkyfcef@ygw,f? 'Dvkd “vlrsdK;pktvdkuf yk*~vduvkyfr_” u e*kduuGJaewJh abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;&JŒ vlr_a&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;ukd ykdqkd;&Gm;apygw,f?123 jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ qufpyfr_ ? ? wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkrsm; uGJjym;r_. tcuftcJrsm;

EkdifiHwEkdifiHtwGif;rSm wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk toD;oD;&JŒtusKd; jyefvnfoifh jrwfzkd@ vkyf&mrSm }uHK&wJh ±_yfaxG;wJh tcuftcJ trsKd;rsKd;&Sd&mrSm jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ abmhpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em;u tawG@t}uKHt& a'wifoabmwlnDcsufeJ@ urBmh b%fwkd@&JŒ yg0ifr_u wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkjy\emawGeJ@ wif;rmr_awGtm;vkH;ukd ajz&Sif;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdwm awG@&ygw,f? a'wifoabmwlnDcsufu wkdufyGJawGtqkH; owfr_&JŒ rSwfwrf;jzpfayrJh abmhpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em;rSm jyefvnfoifhjrwfjcif;eJ@ ppfrSefwJh yl;wGJaexkdifjcif;wkd@ rawG@&ao;bJ tzGJ@tpnf;topfawG wnfaqmuf xm;ykH/ A[kdtpkd;&tm;enf;ykHeJ@ urBmhb%f&JŒ uef@owfcsufawGeJ@ rl0g'awGa=umifh

45

wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkawGt=um; qufvuf+yD; uGJjym;r_awG &SdaeEkdifw,fvkd@ wcsKd@u owday;ygw,f?

“aps;uGufukdv$rf;rkd;wJh vlenf;pk” (market-dominant minority) &Sd&mrSm vnf; jrefrmEkdifiHu ,cifu ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;eJ@ wlygw,f?124 ,cif ,l*kdqvm; AD;,m;rSm qm;bfawGu vlOD;a& trsm;qkH;jzpf+yD;/ c±dktufawGeJ@ qvkdAD;efawGu vlenf;pk jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh c±dktufawGeJ@ qvkdAD;efawGu pD;yGm;a&;tay: v$rf;rkd;xm;+yD;/ qm;bfawGxufpm&if a,bk,stm;jzifh ykdºuG,f0ygw,f? 'gu 1992 ckESpfrSm ppftoGif ay:aygufcJhwJh wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkawG rauseyfr_ ta=umif;&if;awGxJu w&yfjzpfygw,f?125 tvm;wlyJ ta&SŒawmiftm&Su EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;rSmvkd jrefrmEkdifiHu w±kwfawGu aps;uGufukd v$rf;rkd;aewJh vlenf;pkjzpfygw,f? tif'kdeD;&Sm;rSm tvm; wl tajctaea=umifh 1998 ckESpf arvrSm wkdif;&if;om; w±kwfvlrsKd;awGukd qef@usifwJh t"du±k%f;awG jzpf+yD;/ vl 2 axmifausmf aoqkH;+yD; w±kwfvlrsKd;ykdif tdrfawGeJ@qkdifawG aygif; 5 axmif eD;yg; rD;&_d@cJh=uygw,f?126 “jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 'Dae@ jzpfaewJh tajctae[m tqkH;rSm *sumwm&JŒ ae&mtrsm;pkukd rD;awmufawG jzpfoGm;apwJh tajctaeeJ@ tEW&m,f}uD;pGm wlaeygw,f? … e0wykHpH urBmhaps; uGufawGu jrefrmEkdifiHukd ,rf;awGjynfhaewJh pnfykdif;tjzpf ajymif;vJvkdufyg+yD” vkd@ ynm&Sifwa,mufu ajymygw,f?127 jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 'Dvkd t"du±k%f; jzpfcJh+yD; yg+yD? 1960 ckESpfawGwkef;u vufvDukefoG,fr_rSm w±kwfawG&JŒ v$rf;rkd;r_a=umifh 1967 ckESpfrSm w±kwfqef@usifa&; t"du±k%f;awG jzpfcJhygw,f? 'gxuf apmapm ykdif;u jrefrmEkdifiH +Adwdo#vufatmufrSm&SdpOf tJ'Dtcsdefu aps;uGufukdv$rf;rkd;wJh vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh tdENd,vlrsKd;awGukd qef@usifwJh t=urf;zuf t"du±k%f;awG +rdK@}uD; awGrSm jzpfcJhygw,f?128

46

avhvmcsuf

ta&SŒwDarm ? ? yÉdyuQeJ@ EkdifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ ta&SŒwDarm&JŒ yÉdyuQaemufykdif; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ukd csOf;uyfykHu abmhpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em;eJ@ wjcm;EkdifiH trsm;tjym;wkd@&JŒ tawG@t}uHKeJ@ qef@usifaeygw,f? tif'dkeD;&Sm;u 25 ESpf=um odrf;ykduf+yD;aemuf/ 1999 ckESpf qENcH,lyGJrSm ta&SŒ wDarmu vGwfvyfa&;twGuf t}uD;tus,f rJay;=uygw,f? tJ'Daemuf t=urf;zufr_awG jzpf+yD; ukvor*~u ta&SŒwDarmtwGuf ukvor*~ toGiful; ajymif;a&;umv tkyfcsKyfa&; (UNTAET) vkd@ ac:wJh ,m,Dtpkd;& ESpfESpfausmf xm;ay;vkdufygw,f? ta&SŒwDarmu 2002 ckESpf arvrSm vkH;0vGwfvyfa&; &oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DvrSmyJ tpkd;&opfu EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOf wifjycJhygw,f? EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOfukd b,fvkda&;qGJcJhwmvJ? UNTAET a&mufvm+yD;aemuf ta&SŒwDarmom;awG EkdifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; r[mAsL[mukd tjynfht0 ykdifqkdifr_r&rSm pkd;&drf=uygw,f? “EkdifiHwum tokdif; t0kdif;u 0ifvm+yD;wmeJ@ ta&SŒwDarmom;awG&JŒ ckdifrmwJh vrf;!$efr_rygbJ jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;pOf pcJh=uw,f? urBmhb%fu taxmuftyHhawG pD;0ifr_ukd pDrHcef@cGJzkd@ 0ifvmw,f? 'Dvkyfief;pOfawG tm;vkH;rSm ta&SŒwDarm om;awG yg0ifzkd@ }udK;yrf;=uayrJh/ ta&SŒwDarmom;awGbufu pDrHcef@cGJr_eJ@ !‡dEd_if;r_awG uif;rJhwma=umifh usrwkd@u rsm;aomtm;jzifh aemufvkdufawGyJ jzpf=u&w,f? yxr wESpf ESpfESpfu t"dutm;jzifh ta&;ay:udpPawGeJ@ jyefvnf wnfaqmufa&;udpPawG ajz&Sif;wmyJjzpfayrJh tJ'DtcsdefrSm EkdifiH&JŒ tem*wf wkd;wufr_twGuf vrf;!$efcsufawG owfrSwfwJh qkH;jzwfcsufawGcsw,fqkdwm ta&SŒ wDarmom;awG trsm;tjym;u em;rvnfcJhygbl;” vkd@ EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufa&; pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mrSmyg0ifwJh Emilia Pires u ajymygw,f?129 tjynfht0 yg0ifr_eJ@ ydkifqkdifr_wkd@ &zkd@twGuf wckckawmh vkyfzkd@vkd+yDqkdwm odvmawmh EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; pDrHudef;a&;qGJzkd@ ta&SŒwDarmeJ@ UNTAET wkd@u 2001 ckESpfrSm pDrHudef;aumfr&Sifw&yf zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f?130 toGif ul;ajymif;a&;umv tpkd;&eJ@ t&yfom; vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;u ig;a,mufpDygwJh 'Daumfr&Sifu ta&SŒwDarm&JŒ vuf&Sd tajctaeeJ@/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;pepfukd pwif ppfaq;+yD; “EkdifiHawmf tajctae tpD&if cHpm” a&;cJhygw,f? (aemifrSm

47

pDrHudef; aumfr&Sifu ae&m,lcJhwJh) trsKd;om; pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wuf a&;tzGJ@uvnf; 2001 ckESpfrSm (urBmhb%f/ ADB/ *syefEkdifiH EkdifiHwum yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufa&;tzGJ@ JICA eJ@ UNDP wkd@&JŒ taxmuftyHheJ@) qif;&Jr_ pdppfa&; vkyfcJhygw,f? 'Dpdppfr_&JŒ &nf&Gufcsufu t&if;tjrpfawG okH;pGJzkd@ csrSwfay;&mrSm OD;pm;ay;&r,fh ae&mawG&Smzkd@ tcsuftvufawG aumuf,lzkd@ jzpfyg w,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ (aemifrSmta&SŒwDarm&JŒ yxrqkH; orRwjzpfr,fh cgem em*pfrmtkd OD;aqmifwJh) zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; twkdifyifcH aumfr&Sif (Civil Society Consultative Commission on

Development) u (vlOD;a& ukd;aomif;teufu) vlaygif; av;aomif;eJ@ wkdifyif aqG;aEG;r_aygif; 980 vkyfcJhygw,f?131 'gu wlnDwJh EkdifiHawmftem*wf ar#mfrSef;r_ csrSwfzkd@eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; OD;pm;ay;aqmif &Guf&r,fht&mawG owfrSwf+yD;/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ ta&SŒwDarmom;awG&JŒ yg0ifr_vnf; &Sdapr,fh }udK;yrf;csufw&yf jzpfygw,f? ouU&mZf 2020 rSm b,fvkdrsKd; ta&SwDarmEkdifiH bmawGawG@csif ovJvkd@ &Gmom;awGukd ar;ygw,f? zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; OD;pm;ay;&r,fh t&mawGeJ@ 'gawGukd b,fvkd&atmif vkyfEkdifrvJqkdwmawGvnf; ar;ygw,f? 'D}uD;rm;wJh aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfief;pOftay: tajccH+yD; pDpOfa&;aumfr&Sifu r[mAsL [mus rl0g'awGukd csrSwf+yD; OD;pm;ay;&r,fht&mawGtwGuf &okH;aiGeJ@ ta&SŒwDarmom;awGajymwJh a&&Snfar#mfrSef;csufawGudk tqkdjyKygw,f? ta&SŒ wDarmu w&m;0if vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;aemuf EkdifiH&JŒygvDrefu EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd; wufa&; tpDtpOfukd usifhokH;cJhygw,f? avmavmq,f 'DtpDtpOf[m tvSL&Sif awG&,f wjcm;yl;wGJaqmif&Guf olawG&,feJ@ awG@qkHwJhtcg tpkd;&uokH;wJh t"du n‡dE_dif;a&; ud&d,mwck jzpfygw,f?132 cGifhjyKcsuf&zkd@ tqkdjyKcsufawG[m 'DtpD tpOfu r[mAsL[mawGukd yHhykd;&ygr,f?133 ta&SŒwDarm&JŒ tawG@t}uHKt& EkdifiHwEkdifiH[m urBmhb%feJ@ wjcm; IFI awGeJ@twl vkyfae&ifawmif rdrdzGH@+zdK;wkd; wufr_twGuf }uD;rm;wJh “ykdifqkdifr_” &Ekdifw,fqkdwm awG@&ygw,f? Emilia Pires u jrefrmjynfol jynfom;awGukd atmufygtwkdif; t}uHay; vkdufygw,f? “usrtwGuf twdwfu t"duoifcef;pmu txl;ojzifh jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&;vkyfief;pOf&@J tprSm EkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ vkyfudkif&wJhtcg pepfwus &Sd+yD; nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ woHwnf;xGufzkd@ vkdw,fqkd wmygyJ? 'DtzGJ@tpnf;awGu apwemeJ@ ulnDzkd@ 'DEkdifiHukdvm+yD;/ EkdifiHu OD;wnf

48

csuf r&SdwJhtcgrSm wjcm;tpDtpOfvnf; r&Sdawmh 'grSr[kwf EkdifiHu jynfolawG ykdifqkdifr_&SdwJh tpDtpOfr&Sdawmh/ olwkd@u olwkd@tpDtpOf ukdyJ wGef;=uygw,f?”134

49

5? obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ukdifwG,fjcif;

jrefrmjynfu ºuG,f0wJh obm0t&if;tjrpfawGu ppftm%m&Sif tpkd;& udk wm&SnfcH+yD; vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_awG usL;vGef+yD;/ wkdufyGJawGjzpfae atmif vkyf&mrSm taxmuftul jzpfaeayrJh EkdifiH&JŒ qif;&Jr_ avsmhcsatmifvnf; rvkyf/ aumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfr_vnf; ray;Ekdifygbl;? “t&if;tjrpf usdefpm” vkd@ac: wJh ta=umif;jcif;&mtwGuf jrefrmEkdifiH[m Oyrmaumif;w&yf jzpfygw,f?135 'Dtykdif;rSm 'Dt&if; tjrpfusdefpm&JŒ vuQ%mawGeJ@ t&if;tjrpf usdefpmjzpfapwJh ta=umif;t&mawGukd ppfaq;ygr,f? EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm ºuG,f0wJh t&if;tjrpfawG&SdwJhtcg omreftm;jzifh IFI awG tygt0if &if;eD;jrKyfESHol trsm;tjym;ukd qGJaqmifavh &Sdygw,f? Oyrm – urBmh b%fu 1992 ESpfeJ@ 2001 ckESpf t=um; wkd;wufqJ 25 EkdifiHrSm a&eH/ obm0 "mwfaiG@eJ@ ausmufrD;aoG; pDrHudef;awGtwGuf a':vmoef;aygif; 18.5 axmif cGifhjyKvkdufygw,f?136 'Dtydkif;u avhvmcsuf 2 &yfrSm t&if;tjrpfusdefpm cHae& wJh cs'feJ@ uarBm'D;,m; EkdifiHwkd@u tajctaeawG ppfaq;xm;ygw,f? urBmh b%fu 'DESpfEkdifiHvkH;rSm obm0 t&if;tjrpfawG xkwf,lzkd@ aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_ awG ay;wkef;u t&if;tjrpfawGudk pDrH&m rSmeJ@ jynfyykd@&mu&wJh aiGa=u;wkd@ukd ukdifwG,f&mrSm tpkd;&ukd taxmuftulay;zkd@ aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? 'Dvkdaqmif &GufcsufawGu t+rJatmifjrifwm r[kwfygbl;? u? t&if;tjrpfusdefpm ed'gef;137

zHG@+zdK;r_ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;u wkd;wufqJEkdifiHawG qif;&JwGif;

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50

1? t&if;tjrpf usdefpm. vuQ%mrsm;138

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t&if; tjrpfusdefpm&JŒ vuQ%mw&yf jzpfygw,f? urBmay:rSm owWKukd trDjyK& qkH;EkdifiH 12 EkdifiHeJ@ a&eHukd tm;xm;&qkH; 6 EkdifiHwkd@ukd urBmhb%f&JŒ qif;&Jr_ pm&if;xJrSm taºuG; txlqkH; qif;&JwJhEkdifiHawG (HIPC) vkd@ ,lqxm;ygw,f? a&eHeJ@ owWKt&if;jrpfawG uif;rJhwJh EkdifiHawGrSmawmh GDP wkd;wufE_ef;u t&if; jrpfºuG,f0wJh EkdifiHawGxuf jrifhrm; ygw,f? 1960 u 1990 ckESpftwGif; t&if; jrpfenf;yg;wJh EkdifiHawGrSm wkd;wufE_ef;u t&if;jrpfºuG,f0wJh EkdifiHawGxuf ESpfq u okH;q ykdjrifhrm;ygw,f? 1965 cku 1995 ckESpf twGif; pkpkaygif;ykd@ukef&JŒ 30 &mE_ef;u a&eHjzpfwJh 48 EkdifiHrSm w0ufeD;yg;u/ ukvor*~ vlom;zGH+zdK; wkd;wufr_ Z,m;rSm atmufqkH;u okH;ykHwykHrSm &Sdaeygw,f?139 av;ykHwykHuyJ tay:qkH; okH;ykHwykHrSm &Sdae+yD;/ aemfa0;eJ@ uae'gvkd EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;u a&eHwifykd@r_u t"du0ifaiG rjzpfcifuwnf;u csrf;omcJhygw,f? t&if;tjrpf usdefpmcHae&wJh EkdifiHOyrmawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? aqmf'D tma&As rSm 1981 u 2001 ckESpftwGif; wOD;pD0ifaiGu a':vm 28600 u a':vm 6000 txd usqif;oGm;ygw,f? tDauGa'grSm a&eHyxrOD;qkH;awG@wJh 1972 ckESpfu jynfytaºuG; a':vm 217 oef;u 2002 ckESpfrSm a':vm oef;aygif; 11.8 axmiftxd wufoGm;yg w,f? tif*kdvmrSm a&eHu&aiG ESpfpOf a':vmoef;waxmif aysmufqkH;a=umif; IMF u 0efcHygw,f? urBmrSm a&eH twifykd@qkH; EkdifiHwEkdifiHjzpfwJh Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;rSm vGefcJhwJh tESpf 40 u a&eHpwif ykd@uwnf;u a&eHwifykd@&mu a':vm oef;axmifaygif; 340 &cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh vlaer_tqifhtwef;u xkd;usoGm;+yD;/ vlOD;a&&JŒ 70 &mckdifE_ef;u wae@ukd wa': vm atmufE_ef;eJ@ touf&Sifae=uygw,f? t&if;tjrpfusdefpm&JŒ aemufvuQ%mw&yftaeeJ@ t&if;tjrpfwifykd@wJh EkdifiH trsm;tjym;u tkyfcsKyfr_ nhHzsif;wmvnf; }uHK&ygw,f? t&if;tjrpf ºuG,f0wJh EkdifiHawG[m urBmhb%f&JŒ tkyfcsKyfr_!$efjycsufZ,m;rSm atmufqkH; em;rSm pkaeavh &Sdygw,f? t&if;tESD; pl;pdkufokH;wJh obm0t&if;tjrpfawGu tusifhysufr_jzpfapwJh t"dut&m jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif obm0t&if;tjrpfawG wifykd@wJh EkdifiHawGu t=urf;zuf yÉdyuQawG jzpfzkd@ tEW&m,fvnf; &Sdaeygw,f? obm0t&if; tjrpfawGeJ@ jynfwGif;ppft=um;rSm qufpyfr_&Sd±kHru ta=umif;w &m;eJ@ tusKd;w&m; jzpfa=umif;ukdyg avhvmcsufawGu awG@&Sdxm;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif

51

'DppfyGJawGu odrf;ydkuf&,lp&m t&if;tjrpfawG r&SdwJhtcg ykd=um&Snf+yD; tao taysmufvnf; ykdrsm;avh&Sdygw,f? obm0t&if;jrpfawG ºuG,f0wJh EkdifiHawGu t&if;jrpfrºuG,f0wJh EkdifiHawGxufpm&if wdkif;jynfb¾maiGukd ppfwyfrSm ykdokH; avh&Sdygw,f? 2? t&if;jrpfusdefpm oifhaponfhtcsufrsm;

bma=umifh t&if;jrpfusdefpm oifh&wmvJ/ ta=umif;&if;awGukd jynfhjynfh pkHpkH &Sif;jyxm;wm r&Sdao;ygbl;? +yD;awmh okawoDawGu pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&; tygt0if oDtkd&DawG trsm;tjym; wifquf=uygw,f?140 'Dtykdif;rSm t"du oDtkd&DwcsKd@ wifjyyg r,f? yxr obm0t&if;jrpfawG ydk@ukeftjzpf wifykd@&mu EkdifiH&JŒ aiGa=u;wefzkd; jrifhwufoGm;wJhtcg “'wfcsfa&m*g” jy\em ay:Ekdifygw,f?141 aiGa=u;wefzkd; jrifhwuf&if pkdufysKd;a&; 'grSr[kwf pufr_vufr_ xkwfukefawG pwJh ydk@ukefawGukd jyifyukd wifykd@r_ usqif;ygw,f? EkdifiHjcm; ukefypPnf;awGxufpm&if jynfwGif;u ukefoG,fEkdifwJh ypPnf;awGvnf; ykdaps;}uD;oGm;ygw,f (qdkvkdwmu wifoGif;&wm aps;ykdoufomygw,f)? 'ga=umifh pkdufysKd;a&;/ pufr_vufr_u¾eJ@ wjcm;t&if; tjrpfukd t"duxm;wJh pD;yGm;a&; r[kwfwJh tpdwftykdif;awG usqif;ygw,f? tcsdef=umvmwmeJ@tr# 'wfcsfa&m*ga=umifh EkdifiH&JŒ pufr_vufr_vkyfief;awG tm;enf;vm+yD; EkdifiHu obm0t&if;tjrpfawGukd tm;xm;vm ygr,f?142 aemufjy\emwcku a&eH/ obm0"mwfaiG@ pwJh ukefypPnf;&JŒ aps;E_ef;u t&rf; rwnf+idrf jzpfygw,f? 'Drwnf+idrfr_u EkdifiH&okH;aiGukd trsm;}uD; xdckduf Ekdif+yD;/ tpkd;&0ifaiGawGeJ@ EkdifiHjcm;aiGyrm%udk pdwfrcs&bJ yk*~vdu &if;ESD;r_ twGufvnf; tEW&m,f&Sdygw,f?143 'gayrJh tpkd;& trsm;tjym;u a&&SnfpDrHudef; cszkd@ ysufuGuf+yD;/ a&eH 'grSr[kwf "mwfaiG@ aps;E_ef;jrifhwJhtcg pnf;rJhurf;rJh okH;+yD;/ aps;uswJhtcg aiGacs;=uygw,f? 'Dvkd rwnf+idrfr_u pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_twGuf tEW&m,f&Sdygw,f?144

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cs'f-uifr&Gef; pDrHudef;rSm pDrHudef; taumiftxnfazmfr_ukd apmifh=uyf =unfh&_zkd@ twGuf IAG vkd ,EW&m;awG&Sd+yD;/ a&eH0ifaiGawGukd }uD;=uyf+yD;pDrHcef@cGJzkd@ }uD;=uyfa&; aumfrwD&Sdvkd@ 'DpDrHudef;ukd urBmhb%fu “pHjy pDrHudef;” vkd@ azmfjy ygw,f? 'gayrJh 'D,EW&m;awGu cs'fEkdifiHrSm xda&mufr_r&SdbJ a&eH0ifaiGuae tajccH vlr_0efaqmifr_awG wkd;wufr_ 'grSr[kwf ykdrkdaumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfr_wkd@ jzpfrvmygbl;? cs'fEkdifiHrSm aiGacs;r_awG qkdif;iHhrxm;cifuwnf;u urBmhb%fu twGif;pdppfr_w&yfrSm “[a&eH0ifaiGawG ukdifwG,fr_eJ@ oufqkdifwJh] 'Djy\em awGukd ajz&Sif;zkd@ vkyfukdifaeayrJh … 'Da&&Snf aqmif&GufcsufawG&JŒ oufa&mufr_ u aES;ygr,f” vkd@ 0efcHxm;ygw,f?173 'DtawmtwGif; EdkifiHa&; wufºuGv_yf&Sm; olwOD;u “tpkd;&u 'DpDrHudef;ukd&wmeJ@ tm%mykd&Sd vm+yD;/ ykdzdESdyfvm+yD;/ tck 'Drkdua&pDtwkdif; rvkyfvkdawmhygbl;? … 'DpDrHudef;a=umifh tajctae ykdqkd;vmyg w,f? 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; av;pm;r_ tenf;tusOf;r&SdbJ 'DpDrHudef;eJ@wlwJh b,fpDrHudef;rqkd[m zGH+zdK;wkd;wufa&; pDrHudef;wck rjzpfEkdifygbl;? … urBmhb%f vkd EkdifiHwum b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHawGu 'Dtpkd;&ukd axmufcHcJhwJhtwGuf }uH&mygawGjzpfw,f” vkd@ qdkygw,f?174

jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ qufpyfcsuf ? ? IFI awG yl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufzkd@ pwifaponfhtcsuf

urBmhb%fvkd EkdifiHwum b¾ma&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGu jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 'Drkdua&pD tpdk;& r&Sdrcsif; aiGa=u;axmufyHhrSm r[kwfbl;vkd@ ,lqavh&Sdygw,f/ tapmykdif;u ajymcJhovkd jrefrmEkdifiH[m avmavmq,f urBmhb%frSm “twkd; r&wJh taetxm;” rSm &Sdaeygw,f? qkdvkdwmu tºuG;awG &Sif;r+yD;rcsif; urBmh b%fu aiGjyef+yD; p racs;ygbl;? aemufwenf;ajym&&if jrefrmEkdifiHuqyfzkd@ usefaewJhtaºuG;awGu jrefrmEkdifiHrSm urBmhb%fu vkyfief;awG jyefpzkd@&mrSm twm;tqD; jzpfaeygw,f? tmz*efepPwef avhvmcsufrSm ppfaq;xm;ovkd175 urBmhb%f&JŒ jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ukd vkdvm;ol trsm;tjym; &SdwJhtcg taºuG;awG&Sif;zkd@u odyfrcufygbl;? cs'fEkdifiHu jrefrmEkdifiHvkdyJ 'kuQrsm;ygw,f? tm%modrf;,lr_ t}udrf}udrfjzpfygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;& r[kwfygbl;? +yD;awmh vGefcJhwJh tESpf 40 twGif; trsm;pkumvrSm EkdifiHa'o trsm;tjym;rSm

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t=urf;zuf yÉdyuQawG jzpfygw,f? cs'fEkdifiHrSm urBmhb%fu a&eHxkwfvkyfzkd@ aiGaxmufyHh w,fqkdwmu EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm aumif;wJhtkyfcsKyfr_ &Sdwm/ Oya' pkd;rkd;wm/ 'grSr[kwf 'Drkdua&pD usifhokH;wmwkd@eJ@ urBmhb%f&JŒ tJ'DEkdifiHrSm vkyfukdifzkd@ qkH;jzwfcsufeJ@ rqkdifbl;qkdwm jyygw,f? cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;u jrefrmEkdifiHawmifykdif;u &wem a&eHykdufvkdif; pDrHudef;eJ@ wlygw,f?176 cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif;u qm[m& atmufykdif; tmz&durSm t}uD;rm;qkH; yk*~vdu &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ jzpfovkd/ &wem ykdufvdkif;[mvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHrSm t}uD;rm;qkH; yk*~vdu &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_jzpf+yD;/ EkdifiH tpkd;&u 0ifaiGoef;aygif; &maygif;rsm;pGm &cJhygw,f?177 cs'f-uifr&Gef; ydkufvkdif; puwnf;u a'ocHeJ@ EkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;awGu pDrHudef;a=umifh xdckdufr_ awGukd apmifh=unfhae+yD;/ wkdif;&if;om; tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_/ xdcdkufwJh vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;awGudk avsmfa=u;tvkHtavmuf ray;r_/ jynfol@ usef;rma&; xdckdufapr_ pwJh jy\emawGukd rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygw,f?178 tvm;wlyJ &wemykdufvkdif; wnfaqmufr_eJ@ vnfywfr_wkd@a=umifh jrefrmpkd;&twGuf 0ifaiGawG&ayrJh }uD;av; wJh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_awGeJ@ ywf0ef;usifxdckdufr_awG jzpf&ygw,f? urBmh b%fu pDrHudef;eJ@ a&eH0ifaiGawGukd pDrHcef@cGJzkd@ cs'fEkdifiHukd ulnDzkd@ }udK;yrf;cJhayrJh tckxd 'Daqmif&GufcsufawGu xda&muf&JŒvm;qkdwm ar;p&m&Sdygw,f? &wem ykdufvkdif; wnfaqmufpOfu 'Dvkdaqmif&GufcsufawG rvkyfcJhygbl;?

60

cs'fEkdifiH ? ? tjzpftysuforkdif;

EkdifiHa&; cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHykdufvkdif;pDrHudef; 1960 ? ? cs'fEkdifiH jyifopfEkdifiHu vGwfvyf a&; &ygw,f? 1965 ? ? jynfwGif;ppf pygw,f? 1990 'DZifbm ? ? AkdvfcsKyf'gbD tm%m,l ygw,f? 1991 azazmf0g&DrSm orRw jzpfyg w,f? qlylr_awG qufjzpfygw,f? 1996 ZGefv ? ? 'gbD orRw a&G;aumufyGJ Ekdif&ygw,f?· 1997 ? ? 'gbD&JŒygwDu Oya'jyK a&G; aumufyJG tEkdif&ygw,f?· 1999 Zefe0g&Dv ? ? a&eH0ifaiG pDrHcef@cGJr_ Oya' jyXmef;? 2001 ckESpf arv ? ? 'gbD orRw a&G;aumufyGJ tEkdif&ygw,f?· twkduftcH acgif;aqmifawG tzrf;cH&+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJ &v'fawG a=unmt+yD; twkduftcH v_yf&Sm;ol wOD; towfcH&ygw,f? jynfol@

1963 ? ? cs'fEkdifiHu urBmhb%ftzGJ@0if jzpfvmygw,f? ouU&mZf 2000? ? urBmhb%fu cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHxkwfvkyfa&; pDrHudef;udk cGifhjyKvkdufygw,f? 2001 rwfv ? ? cs'f&Gmom;awGu cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;ukd pkHprf;ppfaq; zkd@ urBmhb%f&JŒ pkHprf; ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@ukd awmif;qkdygw,f? 2001 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv ? ? pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;tzJG@ pkHprf;ppfaq;zkd@ urBmhb%fu cGihfjyKvkdufygw,f?

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qlylr_awG qufjzpfygw,f? 2003 ckESpf ? ? olykef&maygif;rsm;pGm tpkd;&eJ@ oabmwlnDcsuf&+yD;aemuf cs'f wyfrawmf 0if=uygw,f? 2004 ckESpf arv ? ? trsKd;om; nDvmcHu 'gbD ukd wwd,t}udrf a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifcGifhjyKzkd@ zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccH Oya'ukd jyKjyifzkd@ cGifhjyKzkd@ &uftenf;i,f tvkdrSm tm%m odrf;zkd@}udK;pm;ygw,f? 2005 ckESpf 'DZifbmv ? ? cs'fEkdifiHu a&eH0ifaiG pDrHcef@cGJa&; Oya'ukd jyKjyif+yD; Oya' t&rf; tm;enf;oGm;ygw,f?

2002 ckESpf pufwifbmv ? ? pkHprf;ppfaq; a&;tzGJ@u awG@&SdcsufawGukd xkwfa0yg w,f? 2003 ckESpf ZGefv ? ? a&eHxkwfvkyfr_ pwif/ ZlvkdifvrSm ykdufvkdif;awGrSm a&eH pwifpD;qif;? 2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv ? ? cs'fEkdifiH ay;zkd@&uf vGefaewJhtaºuG;awGukd &Sif;zkd@ urBmhb%fu qkdif;iHhxm; vkdufygw,f?

*'Da&G;aumufyGJawGrSm rrSefuefr_awG trsm;}uD;awG@w,fvkd@ EkdifiHwum avhvm olawGu ajymygw,f?

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urBmhb%f. wkH@jyefcsufeJ@wm0ef,lcsufrsm; o,HZmw xkwf,lonfhvkyfief;rsm; ppfaq;csuf (www.eireview.org) zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGrSm (a&eH"mwfaiG@/ owWKwl;azmfa&; pwJh) xkwf,la&; vkyfief; awGrSm urBmh b%fu aiGa=u;eJ@ wjcm;taxmuftulawG rsm;rsm;pm;pm; ay;ygw,f? t&if;tjrpfusdefpmta=umif; vlawG ykdodvmwmeJ@tr# xkwf,lwJhvkyfief;awGeJ@ qif;&Jr_ t=um; qufpyfr_&,f 'Djy\emajz&Sif;zkd@ EkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;awG/ o,HZmwxkwf ,lwJh vkyfief;awGeJ@ t&yfbufqkdif&m vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; awG&@J wm0efawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tajctwif aqG;aEG;r_awG pvkdufygw,f? a&eH/ owWKwl;azmfr_eJ@ "mwfaiG@xkwf,lr_wkd@eJ@ ywfoufwJh pkd;&drfr_awGukd wkH@jyefwJhtaeeJ@ urBmhb%fu ouU&mZf 2000 rSm ‚if;wkd@&JŒ o,HZmw xkwf,la&;u¾ pDrHudef;awGukd axmufyHhr_[m qif;&Jr_ avsmhcsapa&;qkdwJh &nfrSef;csufeJ@ ukdufnD&JŒvm;qkdwm ppfaq;zkd@ oD;jcm;tzGJ@wck zGJ@pnf;vkdufygw,f? 'Dppfaq;r_ukd o,H Zmwxkwf,lonfh vkyfief;rsm; ppfaq;csuf (Extractive Industries Review (EIR)) vkd@ ac:+yD; pufr_ vkyfief;/ tpkd;&awG/ t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ wkdifyifaqG;aEG;r_awGa&m o,HZmwxkwf,lr_ pDrHudef;ae&mawGukd oGm;a&muf=unfh&_ wmawGyg vkyfygw,f? EIR &JŒaemufqkH;tpD&ifcHpmukd 2004 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrSm xkwfjyefvkdufygw,f? “urBmhb%f tzGJ@&JŒ aqmuf&GufcsufawGu o,HZmw xkwf,la&; vkyfief;awGukd wm&SnfcHwJh zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_t& qif;&Jr_avsmhcs apwJh aqmif&GufcsufawGvkyfaprS a&eH/ "mwfaiG@eJ@ owWK wl;azmfa&; u¾awGrSm urBmhb%ftzGJ@ yg0ifp&mtcef;&Sdygw,f”/ +yD;awmh 'Dqif;&Jr_avsmhcsapwJh aqmif&GufcsufawGu “oifhawmfwJh tajctaeawG &SdaerS jzpfEkdifygw,f” vkd@ aumufcsufcsvkdufygw,f?179 EIR u wm&SnfcHwJh zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ enf;awGeJ@ qif;&Jr_avsmhcsa&; aqmif&Guf&mrSm txda&mufqkH;jzpfatmif }udKwif pDpOfr_eJ@ pDrHcef@cGJr_wkd@ tygt0if qif;&Jom;jynfolawGeJ@ ukr`%DawG&JŒ tkyfcsKyfr_/ ykdxd a&mufwJh vlr_a&;eJ@ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m rl0g'awG/ +yD;awmh vl@tcGifhta&; av;pm;r_ pwJh tm;ay;wJh tajctaeokH;&yf tqkdjyKygw,f? cs'fEkdifiHrSm a&eHykdufvkdif; pDrHudef;prvkyfrD “tm;ay;wJh tajctaeawG” uif;rJhr_ukd EIR &JŒ awG@&Sdcsuftay: trsm;tjym; tajccH+yD; 'DqkH;jzwfcsuf cswmjzpfygw,f?180” t&yfbuf tzGJ@tpnf; trsm;tjym;u EIR &JŒ awG@&SdcsufawGukd axmufcH+yD;/ urBmhb%fukd 'DawG@&SdcsufawG vufcHzkd@ wkdufwGef;vkdufygw,f?181 urBmhb%fu o,H Zmwxkwf,la&; pDrHudef;awGu “qif;&JwJhEkdifiH trsm;tjym;&JŒ t"du vkdtyfcsufawG qufjzpfaer,f” vkd@qkd+yD;/ EIR &JŒ t}uHjyKcsuf tm;vkH;ukd vufrcHygbl;?182 'gayrJh urBmh b%fu vufcHEkdifiHawG&JŒ tkyfcsKyfr_pGrf;&nfeJ@ ywfouf+yD; o,HZmwxkwf,la&; pDrHudef; awGukd taxmuftulay;wJh csOf;uyfenf;ukd ykdaumif;atmifvkyfzkd@ tqkdjyKygw,f? qkH;&_H; xdckdufcH&Ekdifol a'ocHawG ykdrkdyg0ifr_/ 0ifaiGpDrHcef@cGJr_/ pDrHudef;qkdif&m rSwfwrf;awG wkd;±dk; aygufjrifEkdifr_eJ@ topfjyefvnfazmfxkwfEkdifwJh pGrf;tifwkd;jr‡ifhzkd@wkd@ jzpfygw,f?183

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1953 ckESpfrSm uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiH[m jyifopfxHu vGwfvyfa&;&ygw,f? EkdifiH&JŒ bk&ifoD[mEku 1970 ckESpf eef;cscH&wJhtxd tkyfpkd;cJhygw,f? 'DaemufrSm uarBm'D;,m;[m tar&duefEkdifiHu AkH;}uJwm/ jynfwGif;ppf/ crmeDwkd@&JŒ wrsdK;vHk; pk+yHK owfjzwfwm/ AD,uferfawG 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufwm/ 1991 ckESpfrSm +idrf;csrf; a&; oabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfxkd;wJhtxd EkdifiHwumu ydwfqkd@wmwkd@ }uHK&yg w,f? tESpfESpfq,f=um ppfyGJeJ@ vltpkt+yHKvkduf owfjzwfr_wkd@a=umifh EkdifiH vlOD;a& okH;ykHwyHkavmuf aoqkH;&ygw,f?

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rSef;awmhwrsKd; jzpfawmhwrsdK;qdkwmvdk 1970 u 1980 ckESpftwGif; q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm yÉdyuQawGjzpf+yD;/ oD;jcm;aeayrJh uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiH&JŒ opfawmawGukd t}uD;tus,f ckwf,ljcif; r&SdcJhygbl;? 1990 ckESpfawG tapmykdif; rSm uarBm'D;,m;&JŒ 40 &mckdif E_ef;u opfawmtjzpfyJ &Sdygao;w,f?193 'gayrJh uarBm'D;,m;u 1990 ckESpfawG tapmykdif;rSm urBmukd wHcg;zGifhay;vkdufwmeJ@ tpkd;&t&m&SdawGeJ@ ppfwyfa&m tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGu pD;yGm;a&;pdwf0ifpm;

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EkdifiHwumu 'Dtajctaeukd owdjyKrdoGm;ygw,f? 1996 ckESpfrSm IMF u opfawmpDrHcef@cGJr_eJ@ umuG,fr_ tvkHtavmufrvkyfvkd@vkd@ wdwdususajym+yD;/ uarBm 'D;,m;u &Sif;p&m&SdaewJh a':vm oef; 20 taºuG;ukd &Sif;ay;wmukd a&$@qkdif;vkduf+yD;/ &mZ0ifrSm wcgrSrvkyfbl;wm vkyfvkdufygw,f? tJ'DESpfrSmyJ tvSL&Sif EkdifiH 21 EkdifiHu ukd,fpm;vS,fawGygwJh uarBm'D;,m;qkdif&m EkdifiHwum aqG;aEG;wkdifyifa&;tzGJ@u opfawmu¾ukd ajymif;vJzkd@ pwifvkyfaqmifygw,f? tar&duefoH±kH; tygt0if zEGrfyifrSm&SdwJh oH±kH;wcsKd@uvnf; urBmhb%fvkdyJ opfawmpDrHcef@cGJa&; wkd;wufzkd@ tm;ay;&mrSm ykdrkdyg0ifvm=uygw,f? urBmhb%f ? ? opfckwfcGifhjyKonfhpepfukd jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;vm;?

ouU&mZf 2000 rSm urBmhb%fu a':vm 5 oef;wef opfawmcGifhjyKcsuf pDrHcef@cGJa&;eJ@ xdef;csKyfxm;wJh tprf;pDrHudef; (Forest Concession Management and Control Pilot Project - FCMCPP) ukd uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHrSm a&SŒajy;opfawm pDrHudef;tjzpf pDpOf cJhygw,f? FCMCPP &JŒ &nf&G,fcsufu tpkd;&eJ@ opfckwfwJh ukr`%DawGukd enf;ynm taxmuftulawGay;+yD; opfckwfcGifhjyKwJhpepfukd jyKjyif ajymif;vJzkd@ jzpfygw,f? uarBm 'D;,m;tpkd;&uvnf; rdrd&JŒopfawmu¾ jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; }udK;yrf;csufw&yftaeeJ@ cGifhjyKcsufpmcsKyf&vkdwJh opfckwfwJh ukr`%D awGtm;vkH;ukd wm&SnfcHwJh opfawmpDrHcef@cGJa&; tpDtpOfawGeJ@ ywf0ef;usifeJ@ vlr_a&;xdckdufr_ pdppfa&;awGeJ@ jynfolawGa&SŒarSmuf wkdifyifaqG;aEG;r_ (ESIA) awG vkyfckdif;ygw,f? FCMCPP &JŒ t"du aomhcsufwcku 'DtpDtpOfawG jyifqif&mrSmeJ@ pdppf&mrSm tultnDay;zkd@ jzpfygw,f?197 'ga=umifh FCMCPP [m uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHu w&m;r0ifopfckwfr_awGukd wGef;tm;ay;aewJh oabm

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FCMCPP t&/ usefwJh a':vm 15 oef;ukd wm&SnfcHwJh opfawmpDrHa&; tpDtpOfawGeJ@ ESIA awGukd jynfol@a&SŒarSmuf wkdifyifaqG;aEG;wJhtcg xkwfay; r,fqkdwJh owfrSwfcsuf&Sdygw,f? rlvu 2001 ckESpf pufwifbmrSm aemufqkH; xm;+yD; 'Dpm&Guf pmwrf;awGukd wifjy&rSmjzpfayrJh uarBm'D;,m;tpkd;&&JŒ zdtm; ay;r_a=umifh wESpfwkd;ay; vkdufygw,f?202 tqkH;rSm urBmhb%fu 2002 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvrSm xkwfjyefvkduf ygw,f?203 opfawmawGukd tm;xm;ae&wJh vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;awGu 'DtpDtpOfawGeJ@ ESIA awG &,lEkdifzkd@eJ@ oabmwlcGifhjyK csufawG xkwfray;cif pkd;&drfp&m&Sd&if ajymqkdzkd@ tcGifhta&;vkdayrJh urBmhb%fu 'Dpm&Gufpmwrf; rdwˆLtvkHtavmuf ray;cJhygbl;?204 'ghtjyif wkdifyifaqG;aEG;zkd@ 19 &ufyJ ay;cJhygw,f?205 'gayrJh tpkd;&u vkdtyfcsufawG jznfhqnf;+yD;+yDvkd@ urBmhb%fu ,lq+yD;/ 2003 ckESpf 'DZifbmvv,frSm wwd,t&pf xkwfay; vkdufygw,f?206

2004 ckESpfrSm EkdifiHwum zdtm;ay;r_a=umifh uarBm'D;,m;tpkd;&[m uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiH opfawmrl0g' vrf;!$efr_ay;zkd@ oD;jcm;opfawmu¾ ppfaq; csufvkyfzkd@ EkdifiHwum tvSL&SifawGeJ@ yl;aygif;cJhygw,f? 'Dppfaq;csuft& opfckwfzkd@ cGifhjyKoabmwlnD csufpepfukd zsufodrf;zkd@ t}uHjyKchJ+yD;/ opfawmukd tm;xm;ae&wJh uarBm'D;,m; jynfol awG rdrdwkd@&JŒ a'ocHt&if;tjrpfawGtay: ykdcsKyfukdifEkdifzkd@ tm%may;zkd@ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; tqifh pDrHcef@cGJa&;pepfawG azmfaqmifzkd@ tqkdjyKcJhygw,f?207 'gayrJh 'Dppfaq;csuf xkwfa0+yD; ESpfvyJ t=umrSm tpkd;&u ukr`%Dajcmufck&JŒ opfawmpDrHcef@cJGa&; tpDtpOfukd cGifhjyK+yD;/ olwkd@ukday;xm;wJh opfckwfzkd@ oabmwlcGifhjyKcsufawGukd aemufxyf 25 ESpf wkd;ay;zkd@ FCMCPP pDrHudef;tzJG@u t}uHjyKcJhygw,f? 'Dukr`%D ajcmufck[m

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uarBm'D;,m; ? ? tjzpftysufordkif;

EdkifiHa&; opfckwfr_ jy\emrsm; 1953 ? ? uarBm'D;,m; jyifopfEdkifiHu vGwfvyfa&; ay;&ygw,f? 1969 ? ? uarBm'D;,m;udk (1973 txd) tar&duef pwifAkH;}uJygw,f? 1970 ? ? tar&duef vkdvm;ol vGefEdk;u oD[mEkudk awmfvSef+yD; tm%modrf; vdkufygw,f? 1975 ? ? vGefEdk; xGufajy;? uGefjrLepfcrmeDawG tm%m odrf;? 1978 ? ? uarBm'D;,m;udk AD,uferf 0ifa&muf odrf;ydkuf? 1989 ? ? AD,uferfqkwfcGm 1991 ? ? +idrf;csrf;a&; oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;/ ukvor*~u ,m,Dtpdk;& zGJ@&mrSmulnD?

1969 ckESpfrSm uarBm'D;,m;[m IMF tzGJ@0if jzpfvm+yD; 1970 rSm urBmhb%f tzGJ@0if jzpfvmyg w,f? EdkifiHa&; ±_yfaxG;a=umifh uarBm'D;,m;[m 1992 rwdkifcifu urBmb%fu aiGracs;ygbl;? IMF u 1971-72 rSm acs;ygw,f? 1970-1980 ? ? opfawmawG trsm;tjym; ckwf,ljcif; r&Sdygbl;? 1980 ckESpfawG aESmif;ydkif; ? ? [Gefqef&JŒ uGefjrLepftpdk;&/ crmeD/ xdkif;ppfwyfeJ@ yk*~vdu vkyfief;&SifawG opfckwfzdk@ oabmwlnDcsufawG &+yD; opfawmðyef;wD;r_E_ef; jrifhrm;apcJhygw,f? EdkifiHa&; oabmwlnDcsufawG &+yD;aemuf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH awGu uarBm'D;,m;&JŒ obm0 t&if;tjrpfawGudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf w&m;0if xkwf,l=uygw,f?

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1993 ? ? a±G;aumufyGJawG/ crmeDawG vufeufudkif awmfvSef qef@usifqENjy/ rif;om;&mem&deJ@ [Gefqef wGJbuf0ef}uD;csKyfawGjzpf? 1997 Zlvdkifv ? ? [Gefqef tm%modrf;+yD;/ rif;om; &em&dudkz,f&Sm;? 1998 ? ? trsKd;om; nDvmcH a±G;aumufyGJrsm;?

1992 pufwifvm? ? urBmhb%f v_yf&Sm; vmygw,f? (jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;udk yxrqkH; tav;xm;ygw,f?) 1992 ? ? ,m,Dtpdk;&u (1993/ Zefe0g&Dv up+yD;) opfckwfwifydk@r_ &yfwef@zdk@ a=unmyg w,f? 'Da=unmcsufa=umifh opfawG trsm; tjym; ckwf=uygw,f? 1993 rSm crmeDawG opfckwf&mu 0ifaiG a':vm 10 oef; uae oef; 20 &w,fvdk@ cef@rSef;&+yD;/ 1996 ckESpftxd opfckwf&mu&wJh tusKd;tjrwf trsm;pkudk quf+yD; &cJholawG jzpfygw,f? 1995? ? urBmhb%fu yxrt}udrf EdkifiH axmufyHha&; r[mAsL[m xkwfjyefygw,f? 1996 Zefe0g&D-{+yD ? ? w&m;0if opfvkyfief;u 0ifaiGpkpkaygif; a':vm 14 oef;? a':vmoef; 100 ausmfwef opfvkH;awGeJ@ opfom;awGudk w&m;r0if a&mif;0,fcJhw,fvkd@ ukvor*~u cef@rSef;? 1996 Zlvdkif ? ? wdkifyif aqG;aEG;a&;tkyfpk (CG) tpnf;ta0;u opfawmu¾jyKjyifa&; awmif;qdk? 1997 pufwifbm ? ? ESpfEdkifiH tvSL&SifwcsKd@eJ@ IMF wdk@u axmufyHha&;tpDtpOf &yfqdkif;?

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2003 ? ? trsKd;om;nDvmcH/ a±G;aumufyGJrsm;

1999 ? ? CG tpnf;ta0;rSm Global Witness udk opfawmqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_ apmifh=unhfa&;eJ@ tpD&ifcHa&;twGuf tpdk;&&JŒ oD;jcm;apmifh=uyfa&;tzGJ@ tjzpf cef@tyf? 2000 ? ? uarBm'D;,m;rSm (FCMCPP) udk urBmhb%fu yxrqkH; twnfðy? 2003 {+yD ? ? tpdk;&u Global Witness udkk oD;jcm; apmifh=uyfa&;tzGJ@tjzpf cef@tyfwm &yfpJ? 2005 {+yD ? ? FCMCPP eJ@ywfouf+yD; pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@&JŒ pkHprf;ppfaq;r_udk urBmhb%fu cGifhðy?

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6? ed*kH;

txufyg tpD&ifcHpmrSm wifjyxm;wJhtwkdif; urBmhb%feJ@ ADB vdk EkdifiH wum tzGJ@tpnf;awGu jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jyefvnfvkyfukdifzkd@ jyifqifae=uyg+yD? 'gayrJh wu,fqkd&if 'DtzJG@tpnf;awGu jrefrmEkdifiHrSm vkH;0vkyfudkifaejcif; r&Sd wm r[kwfygbl;? wdwdusus ajym&&ifawmh t"du yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcsufjzpfwJh acs;iSm;wmudkawmh &yfwef@cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvkd&yf&wmu 'Drkdua&pDenf;vrf; t& a&G;aumufxm;wJh tpkd;& uif;rJhaevkd@ r[kwfygbl;? qyfzkd@usefaewJh taºuG; awG &Sdwm&,f/ EkdifiHrSm tjynhft0 vkyfukdifzkd@ tcGihf&,l&mrSm }uKH&wJh tcuftcJ awG pwJh vufawG@ ta=umif;tcsufawGa=umihf jzpfygw,f? 'DtpD&ifcHpmrSm jyxm;ovkd EkdifiHwum b¾ma&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGu tkyfcsKyfr_pnf;rsOf; nhHzsif;+yD;/ Oya'pkd;rkd;r_ r&SdwJh EkdifiHawGudk acs;aiGtrsm;}uD; ay;cJhwmawG &Sdygw,f? acs;aiG&yfwef@xm;wJh=um;u urBmhb%fu jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@ ar#mfrSef; csufeJ@ r[mAsL[menf;awG pwifa&;qGJzkd@ jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tcsuftvuf &SmazGwJh }udK;yrf;csufawG/ okH;oyfcsufawG tygt0if jrefrmEkdifiHudk apmihf=unhfaewmawG vkyfaeygw,f? IMF u yk'fr 4 qkdif&m wkdifyifaqG;aEG; r_awG qufvkyfaeygw,f? +yD;awmh ADB u jrefrmEkdifiHu pDrHudef;awGtwGuf enf;ynmqkdif&m taxmuftulawGay;zkd@ (yrm%rrsm;ayrJh) axmufyhHa=u;awG ay;aeygw,f? 'ga=umihf jrefrmjynfolawG[m EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ta=umif; pOf;pm;zkd@ vkdtyfwmudk vspfvsLr±_oihfygbl;? tem*wfu aocsmwJhumv a&mufrS 'DvkdpOf;pm;zkd@ tuef@towfr&Sd &ufa&$@wmvnf; rvkyfoihfygbl;? EkdifiHwumb¾ma&; tzJG@tpnf;awGrSm EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;a&;eJ@ qif;&Jr_avsmhcs apwJh r[mAsL[mawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; olwkd@&JŒ ukd,fykdiftpDtpOfawG/ rl0g'awGeJ@ vkdvm;wmawG &Sdygw,f? zGH@+zdK;r_eJ@ qif;&Jr_avsmhusa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;r_ [m ta&;}uD;qkH;vkd@ ,lq+yD; 'D&nfrSef;csufawG&zkd@ usOf;ajrmif;+yD; tm;vkH;udk +cKHikHxm;wJh tajymif;tvJawG vkyfygw,f? 'gayrJh EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;rSm 'Dvkd pDyGm;a&;wkd;wufr_udkyJ tav;xm;+yD; tm;vkH;udk +cKHikHxm;wJh usOf;ajrmif;wJh tajymif;tvJawGvkyfwm[m ratmifjrifygbl;? wu,fqkd&if 2004 ckESpf/ atmufwkdwmvu tvkyfcGifoifwef;rSm ajymqkdcJhol wcsKd@u zGH@+zdK;r_ rl0g'awG trsKd;rsKd;&Sdjcif;&JŒ ta&;ygykHudk tav;eufxm; ajymygw,f? 'gu ukefoG,fa&;/ aiGvJvS,fE_ef;/ EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ pwJh pD;yGm;a&; jy\emawGtwGuf omr[kwfbJ ynma&;/ vltiftm;eJ@ pufr_

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xGef;um;apa&;wkd@ twGufvnf; jzpfygw,f? 2004 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv tvkyfcGifoifwef;rSm Joseph Stiglitz u “usaemfu GDP wkd;jrihfa&;twGufom r[kwfbJ wm&SnfcHum r#w+yD; 'Drkdua&pDuswJh zGH@+zdK;r_ta=umif; udk ajymwmyg? vlOD;a&trsm;pktwGuf tcsdef=um wm&SnfcHr,hf vlaer_tqihftwef; jrifhrm;r_ ta=umif; ajymwmyg” vkd@ ajymygw,f? EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm wm&SnfcH+yD; r#wwJh zGH@+zdK;r_&zkd@ rl0g'awGtrsKd;rsKd; vkdw,fvkd@ Stiglitz eJ@wjcm;ajymqkdolawGu jrifygw,f? 'ga=umihf EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;r_qkdif&m ta=umif;t&mawGeJ@ qkH;jzwfcsufawGudk pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifawGeJ@ b¾ma&; u|rf;usifolawG&JŒ wkdif;jynfwkd;wufr_twGuf ajymykdifcGihf &Sdoihfygw,f? Stiglitz uquf+yD; atmufygtwdkif; ajymoGm;ygw,f?

“aumif;rGefwJh rl0g'awGu bmawGvJqkdwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; oabmxm; yGihfvif;zkd@ vkdygw,f? ±_@axmihftrsKd;rsKd;ukd em;axmif&ygr,f? 'gayrJh raocsmr_&JŒ ta&;ygykHukd t&if todtrSwfjyK&ygr,f? ‘ausmufwkH;awGudk prf;+yD; jrpfudkul;yg’ qkdwJh w±kwfpum;ykHwck &Sdygw,f? ‘ESdrhfcsr_eJ@vkyf+yD; wcsdefwnf;rSm rdrdukd,fudk ,kH=unf pdwfvnf;&Sd&ygr,f’ vkd@ qkdvkdwm jzpfw,f? 'DtajccHu ta&;ygw,fvkd@ usaemf xifygw,f? &nfrSef;csuf awGudk rsufacsrjywfapbJ/ EkdifiHtrsdK;rsKd;u tawG@t}uHK awGudk=unfh+yD; b,fvdk tusdK;oufa&mufr_awG &SdovJqdkwmawGudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; aqG;aEG;zdk@ }udK;pm;+yD;oumv/ ra&&mr_awGvnf; &Sdw,fqdkwm tod trSwf jyK+yD;wmeJ@wqufxJ/ ausmufwHk;awGudkprf;+yD; jrpfudk ul;&r,fqdk wmod&if/ 'gawG bmrSrvkyfwmeJ@pm&if atmifjrifr_ tvm;tvmawG ydkrdk&&Sdr,fvdk@ ,lqygw,f?” tqkH;rSmawmh EkdifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;a&; r[mAsL[mw&yfukd usihfokH;wJhtcg

b¾ma&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ tvSL&SifEkdifiHawG&JŒ tusKd;aus;Zl;eJ@ OD;pm;ay;vkdwJh t&mawGr[kwfbJ jynfolawG&JŒ wu,hfvkdtyfcsufawGeJ@ OD;pm;ay;&r,hft&m awGudk xif[yfatmif jrefrm jynfolawG[m EkdifiHwum b¾ma&; tzGJ@tpnf; awGeJ@ twlvkyfudkif+yD; olwkd@udk vrf;!$efcsuf ay;&rSm jzpfygw,f?

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aemufqufwGJ (u)

aqG;aEG;&efeJ@ a&SŒqufokawoejyK&ef ta=umif;t&mrsm;

tcGihftvrf;rsm;eJ@ ar#mfvifhrxm;aom tEW&m,frsm; ? ? jrefrmEkdifiH pD;yGm;a&; toGiful;ajymif;r_twGuf toihfjyifqifjcif;udk EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;r_ enf;pOf ta=umif; rodolawG 'grSr[kwf 'Dvkdenf;pOfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ vkdtyfcsufawG/ tem*wf ar#mfrSef;csufawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; rdrdwkd&JŒ xifjrif,lqcsufawGudk ajymqkd zkd@ tcGihftvrf; r&ao;wJh jrefrmEkdifiHu pmzwfolawGtwGuf &nf&G,fxm; ygw,f? atmufyg aqG;aEG;&efeJ@ a&SŒquf okawoejyK&ef ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk 'DpmzwfolawG a&SŒqufpOf;pm;&mrSm taxmuftul jzpfapzkd@eJ@ jrefrmEkdifiH zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufr_eJ@ EkdifiHwum b¾ma&;tzJG@tpnf; (IFI) awG&JŒ tcef;u¾udk pOf;pm; &mrSm taxmuftuljzpfapzkd@ t"duxm;wm jzpfygw,f? IFI awGu vkyfukdifaewJh vkyfief;pOfawGt& 'Dta=umif;t&mawGudk t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh pDpOfxm;+yD;/ jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@ owfrSwfcsufawGeJ@ pxm;ygw,f? pwif&rnhfae&mrsm; qdkwJhtydkif;rSm/ tpD&ifcHpmeJ@ oufqkdifwJh ae&mawGudk !$ef;xm;+yD; vdktyfwJhtcg jyifyt&if;tjrpfawGudkvnf; !$ef;xm; ygw,f? jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaponhf &nf&G,fcsufrsm;

1? abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm jyefvnfvkyfukdif aqmif&GufwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; urBmhb%f tpD&ifcHpmwckrSm tckvdk ajymxm;ygw,f? “tqifhjrihf pDrHcef@cGJr_tydkif;u +idrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsuf&r,fqkdwJh ar#mfvihfcsufu }uD;rm;+yD; urBmhb%fu EkdifiH wum}udK;yrf;r_rSm t"dutpdwftykdif;u ygr,fvdk@ xifwmeJ@w+yKdifeuf urBmhb%fu jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; tpDtpOf a&;qGJr_ pcJhygw,f?” (Alcira Kreimer, et al., “Bosnia and Herzegovina Post-Conflict Reconstruction,” Country Case Study Series, World Bank Operations Evaluations Department, 2000 pmrsufESm 29) pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? tydkif; 4/ avhvmcsuf? abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;/ a'wifoabmwlnDcsufeJ@ “z&efuif pwkdif; pDyGm;a&;”

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(1) avhvmcsufwckpDtwGuf ay;xm;wJh jzpfpOfawGudkokH;+yD; urBmhb%fu tmz*efepPwef/ abmpeD;,m;/ [mZD;*kdAD;em;eJ@ uarBm'D,m;wkd@rSm jyefvnfvkyfukdifwJh tcsdefudk rSwfom;yg? EkdifiHwckpDrSm urBmhb%fu b,ftcsdefup+yD; jyefvnf aqmif&Gufzkd@ pwifjyifqifovJ? wckpDrSm (u) yÉdyuQ b,fwkef;u tqkH;owf ovJeJ@/ (c) a&G;aumufxm;wJh tpkd;& b,fwkef;u &SdovJqkdwm rSwfyg?

(2) urBmhb%fu b,ftcsdefrSm EkdifiHwEkdifiHeJ@ jyefvnfyl;aygif; aqmif&Guf ovJqkdwm pOf;pm;yg? EdkifiHrSm 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;& &SdwJhtcgvm;? aumif; rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfr_ tavhtxawG &SdwJhtcgvm;? tpdk;&u jyefvnfyl; aygif; aqmif&Gufzkd@ awmif;qkdwJh tcgvm;?

(3) urBmhb%fu b,ftajctaeawGrSm EkdifiHwEkdifiHeJ@ jyefvnfyl;aygif; aqmif&Gufoihfw,f xifovJ?

2? cs'fEdkifiHu EkdifiHa&;'kuQ tajctaeudk=unhf+yD; urBmhb%fu cs'fudk acs; aiGawG ay;+yD;/ jrefrmEkdifiHudkawmh bmvkd@ ray;bl;vkd@ xifovJ?

pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? tydkif; 5? avhvmcsuf ? cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHxkwfazmfr_eJ@ ykdkufvkdif;pDrHudef; (jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ qufpyfr_ ? ? IFI awG yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ pwifap onhftcsuf)

qyf&efusefaeonhf aºuG;+rDrsm;&Sif;jcif;

'DtpD&ifcHpm a&;wJh tcsdefup+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH[m urBmhb%frSma&m

(a':vm 142 oef;)/ ADB rSmyg (a':vm 28 oef;) qyfzkd@ aºuG;+rDawG usefae ygw,f?

pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? tydkif; 2-c (EkdifiHwum b¾ma&;tzGJ@rsm;eJ@ jrefrm EkdifiH. qufqHa&;) (1) jrefrmEkdifiHu qyfzkd@usefaewJh aºuG;+rDawGudk b,fvkd&Sif;EkdifrvJ? pwif&rnfae&m ? ? tykdif; 3/ avhvmcsuf? tmz*efepPwef ? vSL'gef;ol trsm;yg tyfESH&efykHaiGtzJG@u rnfr# (aumif;aumif;) vkyfaqmifoenf;/ (jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ qufpyfykH? MDTF eJ@ qyf&efusefaeonhf aºuG;+rDrsm;&Sif;jcif;) (2) qyfzkd@usefaewJh aºuG;+rDawG&Sif;zkd@ bmvkd@ urBmhb%fu wufwufºuGºuG

ulnDaew,f xifovJ?

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pwif&rnfhae&m ? ? tykdif; 4-c-2/ (jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@ vkyfudkifaejcif;? qyf&efusefaeonhf aºuG;+rDrsm;&Sif;jcif;) (3) oifuEdkifiHjcm;tpkd;&jzpf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHu qyfzkkd@usefaewJ@aºuG;+rDawGudk

ulnD&Sif; ay;cJh&if jrefrmEdkifiHu bmvdkcsifvJ? tvSL&Siftrsm;yg tyfESH&efykHaiGrsm;

1? urBmhb%fu ta&SŒwDarmtwGuf tyfESH&ef (TFET) vkd@ac:wJh tvSL&Sifrsm;yg tyfESH&efykHaiGtzJG@ zGJ@vkdkufygw,f?

pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www. worldbank.org/tl (TFET qkdif&m urBmhb%f&JŒ tifwmeuf pmrsufESm)

(1) b,fEkdifiHawGu TFET rSm yg0ifvSL'gef;=uovJ? tvSL&SifEkdifiHawG&JŒ xnhf0ifaiG awGu b,favmufvJ?

(2) TFET udkb,folpDrHcef@cGJovJ? +yD;awmh pDrHcef@cGJolu tca=u;aiG b,favmuf ,lovJ?

(3) TFET u b,fvkdpDrHuddef;awG tpDtpOfawG axmufyHhovJ? (4) ta&SŒwDarmu TFET rSm b,fvkd=oZmtm%m&SdovJ?

MDB qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;

1? urBmhb%feJ@ ADB rSm tzJG@0ifEkdifiHawG&JŒ rJay;EkdifwJh =oZmtm%m[m tJ'D EkdifiHu ukdifxm;wJh tpk&S,f,myrm%tay: rlwnfygw,f?

pwifrnhfae&m ? ? tykdif; 3-*-2 (urBmhb%fqkH;jzwfcsufcsykH) (1) urBmhb%f&JŒ (IBRD) rSm atmufygEkdifiHawG&JŒ rJay; =oZmtm%mudk

&Smyg? ? tar&duef/ t*Fvef/ *syef/ jrefrm/ xkdif;/ uarBm'D,m;? pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www.worldbank.org/

(2) ADB rSm tJ'DEkdifiHawG&JŒ rJay;=oZmtm%mudk&Smyg? pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www.adb.org/

(3) urBmhb%feJ@ ADB rSm (*syef/ jrefrm/ xkdif;/ uarBm'D,m; pwJh) tm&SEkdifiHawG&JŒ rJay; =oZmtm%mudk E_dif;,SOfyg? b,ftzGJ@tpnf;awG rSm 'DEkdifiHawGu rJay; =oZmtm%m ykd&SdovJ?

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2? urBmhb%f&JŒ (IBRD) rSm tzJG@0ifEkdifiH 184 EkdifiH&Sdygw,f? urBmhb%frSm ae@pOf qkH;jzwfcsufcswmudk !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwftzJG@u vkyfygw,f?

pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? tydkif; 3-*-2? (urBmhb%fqkH;jzwfykH) (1) IBRD !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwftzJG@u !$ef=um;a&;rSL; 184 a,muf

&Sdovm;? oihftajzudk &Sif;jyyg? pwif&rnhfae&m ? ?

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/b-eds.pdf (urBmhb%f !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwftzJG@)

(2) ADB !$ef=um;a&;rSL; bkwftzJG@rSm !$ef=um;a&;rSL; b,fESpfa,muf &SdovJ?

pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www.adb.org/bod (ADB !$ef=um;a&;rSL; bkwf tzJG@)

(3) urBmhb%f !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwftzJG@rSm jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ ukd,fpm;vS,f u b,folvJ? ADB !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwftzJG@rSm jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,fu b,folvJ?

3? urBmhb%f OuUXu t+rJwrf; tar&duefEkdifiHu jzpfygw,f? ADB OuUXu t+rJwrf; b,fEkdifiHuvJ? urBmhb%f ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@

cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;eJ@ uarBm'D,m;rSm opfawmcGihfjyKcsuf pDrHcef@cGJa&; eJ@ xdef;csKyfxm;wJh tprf;pDrHudef; (FCMCPP) wkd@a=umihf xdckdufcJh&wJh a'ocHjynfol awGu urBmhb%f ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@udk pkHprf;ppfaq;zkd@ yef=um;cJh ygw,f? 'Dyef=um;csuf b,fvkdvkyf&ovJ? yef=um;csufawGudk b,fvkd ukdifwG,f ovJqkdwm okawoevkyfyg?

pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www.worldbank.org/inspectionpanel (ppfaq;a&; tzJG@eJ@ ywfoufwJh urBmhb%f&JŒ tifwmeufpmrsufESm)

(1) b,folawGu yef=um;v$mwifEkdifovJ? (2) yef=um;olawGu b,fvkdpm&Gufpmwrf;awG wifzkd@vkdovJ?

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(3) yef=um;v$mwif+yD;aemuf bmjzpfvJ? pkHprf;ppfaq;zkd@ yef=um;v$mawG wkdif;udk aqmif&Gufay;ovm;?

(4) pDrHudef;rpcif ppfaq;zkd@ yef=um;v$mwifEkdifovm;? acs;aiG twnf rjyKay;cifa&m?

(5) pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;tzJG@u bmawG qkH;jzwfovJ? (6) pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;tzJG@ t}uHjyKcsufawG bmawGjzpfoGm;ovJ?

EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;twGuf wkdifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;

1? abmpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em;&JŒ qif;&Jr_avsmhenf;apa&; r[mAsL[m aemufqkH; pmwrf; (PRSP) rSm 'D (PRSP) twGuf tpkd;&u abmpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em; t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ wkdifyifr_udk azmfjyxm;wJhtykdif;udk &Smyg?

pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www.eppu.ba/englihs/strategija_engl.html (abmpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em; twGuf vuf&Sd PRSP)

(1) aqG;aEG;wkdifyifyGJ b,fESpfckvkyfovJ? (2) “a0zef&ef tcsdefumvrsm;” b,fESpfck&SdovJ? 2? ta&SŒwDarm EdkifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOfu “Vision 2020”

tykdif;udk zwfyg? pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www.pm.gov.tp/ndp.htm (ta&SŒwDarmEdkifiHawmf

zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOf) (1) EdkifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ tpDtpOfcsrSwf&mrSm trsKd;orD; trsm; tjym;eJ@ wkdifyifcJhovm;? ausmif;om;awGu b,ffvkd yg0ifygwfouf ovJ? (2) b,fta=umif;t&mawGa=umifh ta&SŒwDarm tpkd;&u us,fus,f jyef@jyef@ 'DvkdjynfoleJ@ wkdifyifaqG;aEG;r_awG vkyfEkdifwm xifovm;? 3? abmpeD;,m;-[mZD*dk;AD;em;&JŒ aemufqkH; PRSP tydkif;wcsKd@udk zwfyg? pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www.eppu.ba/englihs/strategija_engl.html (abmpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em;twGuf vuf&Sd PRSP) (1) PRSP aqG;aEG;yGJawGrSm xdxda&mufa&mufyg0ifEdkifzdk@ (Oyrm - pD;yGm;a&; ta=umif;) txl;odp&mawG vdkw,fvdk@xifovm;? 'Dvdkxif&if

81

PRSP aqG;aEG; wdkifyifyJGawGrSm jynfolawGyg0iffzdk@ txl;bmawGodxm;&if taxmuftuljzpfr,f xifovJ? (2) 'Dvdk txl;odxm;wmawGr&Sd&if jynfolawG wufwufºuGºuG yg0if atmif bmawGvkyfzdk@ vdkw,fxifovJ? jynfolawGu aqG;aEG;wdkifyifr_ enf;pOfukd em;vnfatmifvkyfzdk@ tpdk;&eJ@ (urBmhb%fvdk) IFI awGt=um; b,fol@rSm wm0ef ydk&Sdw,fxifovJ? (3) oifu t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ PRSP aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_ awGvkyfzkd@ pDpOf&wJh jrefrmtpkd;&t&m&Sd wa,mufqkd&if jynfolawG trsm;}uD;yg+yD; xda&mufwJh aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_awG &Sdapzdk@ bmvkyfrvJ? (Oyrm? aqG;aEG;wkdifyifyGJ b,fESpfyGJ vkyfrvJ? b,frSmvkyfrvJ/ b,fbm ompum;awG okH;rvJ pwJh) vkyfief;pOfa&m ( Oyrm? wufa&mufolawG udk b,fvkdar;cGef;awG ar;rvJqkdwJh) ta=umif;t&mudkyg pOf;pm;yg? (4) jrefrmEkdifiH zGH@+zdK;a&;r[mAsL[mrSm wkdif;&if;om;awG&JŒ tusKd;tjrwf awGudk wef;wlnDr# udk,fpm;jyKxm;zkd@ bmvkyfzkd@ vkdr,fxifovJ?

u¾tvkdufacs;iSm;r_

1? u¾tvkdufacs;iSm;r_qkdwm (Oyrm? opfawm/ pkdufysKd;a&;pwJh) u¾

w&yf&yf twGufay;wJh acs;aiGjzpfygw,f? pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? tykdif; 3-c-2 (wjcm;taxmuftyHhrsm;) 2? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm u¾qkdif&macs;iSm;r_twGuf b,fu¾awGudk OD;pm;ay;

&r,f xifovJ? bmvkd@vJ? 'Dvkdu¾qkdif&m axmufyHhr_twGuf b,fEkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf; awGudk wkdifyifr,fxifovJ?

jrefrmEkdifiH. t&if;tjrpfusdefpmudk ajymif;vJjcif;

1? jrefrmEkdifiH[m t&if;tjrpfusdefpm oihfaeovm;? 'grSr[kwf usdefpm oihfzkd@ tvm;tvm&Sdovm;? jrefrmEkdifiHu 'Dt&if;tjrpfusdefpmudk b,fvkd ausmfv$m;Ekdifr,f xifovJ?

82

pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? tykdif; 4 ( obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; pDrHcef@cGJjcif;) (1) oif[m jrefrmtpkd;&twGuf tvkyfvkyf&if t&if;tjrpfawG xkwf,l

vkd@&wJh 0ifaiGawGudk jynfolawG tusKd;&Sdatmif b,fvkdvlr_a&; 'grSr[kwf pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'awG jr‡ihfwifrvJ/

(2) oif[m jrefrmtpkd;&twGuf tvkyfvkyf&if t&if;tjrpfawGudk wm&Snf cHr,hfenf;eJ@ azmfxkwfapzkd@ b,ft&mawGudk owdeJ@vkyfr vJ?

(3) 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&u jrefrmEdkifiHu t&if;tjrpfusdefpmukd tvkdt avsmuf aysmufoGm;aprSmvm;? bmvkd@jzpfaysmufrSmvJ? 'grSr[kwf bmjzpfvkd@ raysmufapEkdifrSmvJ?

cs'f-uifr&Gef;ykdufvkdif;

1? oifu cs'ftpkd;&twGuf tvkyfvkyf&if cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif; pDrHudef;u qif;&Jr_ aysmufqkH;a&;udk jr‡ihfwifay;apzkd@ bmawGvkyfrvJ?

pwif&efae&m ? ? tykdif; 5- avhvmcsuf? cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eH azmfxkwfa&;eJ@ ykdufvkdif; pDrHudef;?

2? oifu cs'ftpkdk;&twGuf tvkyfvkyf&if }uD;=uyfa&;aumfrwDudk yhHykd;zkd@ bmawG vkyfrvJ?

3? cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;eJ@ 'DpDrHudef;u&wJh 0ifaiGawGqkdif&m jy\em trsKd;rsKd;udk okH;oyfyg? oifcs'ftpkd;&twGuf tvkyfvkyf&if 'DpDrHudef;udk vkyfrSmvm;?

4? cs'feJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHwkd@u EkdifiHawmftzJG@tpnf;awGt=um; bmawGwl+yD;/ bmawG uGmjcm;ovJ? (Oyrm - Oya'awG/ apmihf=uyfa&;tzGJ@awG pwJh) cs'fEkdifiH rSm zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ,EW&m;awGeJ@ wlwmawGu &wemeJ@ &JwHcGefykdufvkdif;rSmjzpfwJh ysufpD;xdckdufr_awGudk umuG,fEkdifr,f/ 'grSr[kwf avsmhenf;apEkdifr,fvkd@ xifo vm;? bmvkd@ 'DvkdxifovJ? 'grSr[kwf bmvkd@'Dvkd rxifbl;vJ?

pwif&efae&m ? ? tykdif; 5 ? avhvmcsuf? cs'fEkdifiH (jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ qufpyfr_/ IFI awGyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ pwifaponhftcsuf)

5? rkwWryifv,fauG@u a&$"mwfaiG@wGif;u tdENd,udk "mwfaiG@ykdufvkdif; azmufzkd@ tpDtpOfta=umif; okawoevkyfyg?

83

pwif&efae&m ? ? www.earthrights.org/burma/shwepipeline.shtml (a&$ obm0 ykdufvdkif;qkdif&m Earth Rights International &JŒ tifwmeuf pmrsufESm?)

(1) b,fEkdifiHawG ygovJ? (2) b,fEkdifiHawGu b,fukr`%DawGyg+yD; 'DpDrHudef;rSm olwkd@&JŒ tpk&S,f

,m b,favmufrsm;ovJ? (3) 'D"mwfaiG@wifykd@r_uae jrefrmEkdifiH b,favmuf&rvJqkdwm &SmEkdif

rvm;? uarBm'D,m;

1? FCMCPP pDrHuddef;ykdaumif;atmif aemufxyf bmuef@owfcsufawG xnhfcJh &ifaumif;rvJ?

pwif&efae&m ? ? tykdif; 5? avhvmcsuf uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHwGif opfckwf ,lr_?

2? uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiH opfawmu¾ ppfaq;csufudkzwfyg? Atmufazmf jyyg jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;zkd@ jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ opfawmu¾ pDrHcef@cGJa&; rl0g'w&yf a&;yg?

pwif&efae&m ? ? www.bigpond.com.kh/users/dfwjica/Forest-Sector-Review.pdf (uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiH opfawmu¾ ppfaq;csuf?)

(1) rdrdwdk@ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf opfawmawGudk tm;xm;wJh a'ocH jynfolawGudk opfawmawGxJ oGm;a&mufcGihf?

(2) wm&SnfcHwJh opfawm? (ckwf,lr_) tavhtusihfawG&Sdatmif b,fvkd vkyfrvJ?

(3) opfckwf&muae &wJh0ifaiGawGudk pDrHcef@cGJr_?

84

aemufqufwGJ (c)

tokH;0ifonhf tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;eJ@ wjcm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;

atmufrSmazmfjyxm;wJh tifwmeufpmrsufESmawGeJ@ wjcm;t&if;tjrpf awGudk tcGihftvrf;rsm;eJ@ ar#mfvihfrxm;aom tEW&m,frsm;&JŒ pmom;twkdif; pDpOfxm;ygw,f? wcsKd@tifwmeuf pmrsufESmawG&JŒ vdyfpm (URL) awGu odyf &Snfygw,f? 'D aemufqufwGJrSm tJ'DpmrsufESmawGudk tzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ pmrsuf ESmuae b,fvkdoGm;&r,fqkdwma&m/ tifwmeufvdyfpmawGyg ay;xm;ygw,f?

(I) jrefrmEkdifiH. pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ EkdifiHwum b¾ma&;tzJG@tpnf;rsm;eJ@ qufqHa&;

u? jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; ? um;armif;+yKdifyGJwGif jrefrmtoif;. wkd;wufr_

- Economic Development of Burma: A Vision and Strategy (2000)

www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Vision-strategy.ocr.pdf - Robert Rotberg, Ed., Burma: Prospects for a Democratic

Future (1998) - David I. Steinberg, Burma: The State of Myanmar (2001) - zGH@+zdK;r_tenf;qkH; EkdifiHrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfonhf

tcsuftvufrsm;? www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/ldc%20criteria.htm

c? EkdifiHwum b¾ma&;tzJG@tpnf;rsm;eJ@ jrefrmEkdifiH. qufqHa&;

- IFI - jrefrmEkdifiHv#yfppf pma0pepfeJ@ aemufqkH;owif;rsm; (IFI awGeJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHta=umif; owif;awG ay;xm;ygw,f) http://groups.yahoo.com/group/IFI-Burma

- EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_b%frsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiH. taetxm; (b%fowif;tcsuftvufXme)

www.bicusa.org > Regions > Special Country Projects > Burma > Status of Burma at the MDBs www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/status_of_burma_at_the_mdbs

- jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/mm

85

- urBmhb%fu jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ taºuG;awGudk twkd;r& aewJh taetxm;rSm xm;ygw,f? (owif;xkwfjyefcsuf)

www.worldbank.org > News > PressReleases > By Region/ Country > World Bank Places Credits to Union of Myanmar in Non-Accural Status http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20012096~menuPK:34466~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html

- jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m IMF . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.imf.org/external/country/mmr

- jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m ADB . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.adb.org/Myanmar

- jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ oufqkdifonhf ADB . pmrsufESm pm&Gufpmwrf; rsm;?

www.adb.org/Publications/country.asp?id=39 *? jreffrmEkdifiHeJ@ a'owGif; pDyGm;a&;yl;aygif;yg0ifr_

- r[mrJacgifa'ocGJwGif; pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;r_ (GMS) qkdif&m ADB . tifwmeufpmrsufESm

www.adb.org/GMS

- (armfv+rdKifeJ@ jr0wDtygt0if) ta&SŒ-taemuf pD;yGm;a&;vrf; a=umif; qkdif&m ADB . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.adb.org/GMS/Projects/flagshipB.asp

- (&Srf;jynfe,fu wmqeftygt0if) ta&SŒ-taemuf pGrf;tifA[dk uGef,ufqkdif&m ADB . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm

www.adb.org/GMS/Porjects/flagshipE.asp - tem*wfudk a&mif;vkdufjcif; ? ? rJacgif pGrf;tifA[dkuGef,uf

(EkdifiHwum jrpfrsm; uGef,uf) (International Rivers Network) www.irn.org/programs/mekong/030620.powergrid-bp.pdf

86

(II) taxmuftulvrf;a=umif;rsm;eJ@ EkdifiHwum b¾ma&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tay: taxGaxG okH;oyfcsuf u? taxmuftul&onhf t&if;cHae&mrsm;? ? taxmuftyHhvmonhfae&m

1? ESpfEkdifiH,EW&m;rsm; - EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tar&dueftzJG@tpnf;

www.usaid.gov - EkdifiHwumu zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf +Adwdo#Xme

www.dfid.gov.uk - *syefEkdifiH. w&m;0ifzGH@+zdK;a&;axmufyhHr_ (ODA) tifwmeuf

pmrsufESm www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda

- ECA- apmihf=uyf=unhf±_a&; (ykd@ukeftaºuG;Xmersm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJ&ef vkyfudkifaeonhf NGO rsm; !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@) www.eca-watch.org

- EkdifiHwum yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf *syefb%f (JBIC) www.jbic.go.jp

2? a'ocHtzJG@tpnf;rsm;

- ASEAN yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;}udK;yrf;r_ (IAI) qkdif&m ASEAN tifwmeuf pmrsufrSm

www.aseansec.org/14684 - jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m UNDP tifwmeufpmrsufrSm

www.mm.undp.org

3? urBmhukvor*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; - jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@. tifwmeufpmrsufESm

www.who.int/countries/mmr/en - axmifpkESpfzGH@+zdK;r_yef;wdkifrsm; (MDGs) qkdif&m UNDP .

tifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.undp.org/mdg

87

4? EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;yg zGH@+zdK;a&;b%frsm; (MDBs) tykdif; 3-*? EkdifiHwum b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: a,bk,s okH;oyfcsufudk =unhfyg?

5? tvSL&Siftrsm;tjym;yg tyfESH&efykHaiGrsm; (MDTFs)

- tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; tyfESH&efykHaiGqkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org > Countries > Afghanistan >

Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund http://www.worldbank.org.af/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/AFGHANISTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20152008~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:305985,00.html

- ta&SŒwDarmqkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm (ta&SŒ wDarmtwGuf tyfESH&ef &efykHaiGeJ@ qufpyfonf)

www.worldbank.org/tl - yÉdyuQt+yD; tajctaersm;wGif aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_rsm;? (2003

ckESpf ZGefv) urBmhb%fyÉdyuQ umuG,fa&;eJ@ jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&; pmwrf;trSwf 6?

www.worldbank.org/conflict > Publications >Working Papers http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvext.nsf/67ByDocName/FinancingandAidManagementArrangementsinPost-ConflictSituations/$FILE/WP6JuneI8.pdf

*? EkdifiHwum b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: a,bk,sokH;oyfcsuf

1? urBmhb%f. aqmif&Gufcsuf - Bank Information Center, The Multilateral Bank and Burma:

A Resource Book (2004) www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/misc_resources/1629.php

- MDB . aemufcH (Bretton Woods) ya&m*suf www.brettonwoodsproject.org/background

88

- MDB rsm;eJ@ ywfoufonfh a0g[m&t"dy`g,f (Bretton Woods ya&m*suf) www.brettonwoodsproject.org/glossary

- urBmhb%fqkdwm bmvJ? (b%fqkdif&m tcsuftvufXme) www.bicusa.org > banks > World Bank > What is the World

Bank? www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/world_bank

- urBmhb%feJ@ ywfouf+yD; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;twGuf taxmuftul rsm; (b%fqkdif&m tcsuftvufXme) www.bicusa.org/toolkits

- urBmhb%ftifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.worldbank.org

- urBmhb%f tzGJ@0ifrsm;ta=umif; urBmhb%f. tifwmeuf pmrsufESm

www.worldbank.org > About Us > Organization > Member Countries http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,contentMDK:50004946~menuPK:271153~pagePK:34542~piPK:329829~theSitePK:29708,00.html

- urBmhb%f. oabmwlnDcsufrsm;qkdif&m jyÏmef;csufrsm; (IBRD)

www.worldbank.org > About Us > Organization > Articles of Agreement > IBRD Articles of Agreement http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,contentMDK:20049557~menuPK:63000601~pagePK:34542~piPK:36600~theSitePK:29708,00.html

- urBmhb%f.b¾ma&; ud&d,mrsm;qdkif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.worldbank.org > Projects > Financing Instruments http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/0,,contentMDK:20120721~menuPK:232467~pagePK:41367~piPK:51533~theSitePK:40941,00.html

- urBmhb%fudk umuG,fxm;onhf rl0g'qkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/safeguards

- urBmhb%f. ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@ www.worldbank.org/inspectionpanel

89

- EkdifiHom;rsm;twGuf urBmhb%f. ppfaq;a&;tzJG@ vrf;!$ef (EkdifiHwum obm0ywf0ef;usif Oya'Xme - Center for International Environmental Law)

www.ciel.org/Publications/citizensguide.pdf - urBmhb%f. ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@vrf;a=umif; r[mAsL[mvrf;!$ef

(EkdifiHwum urBmajr}uD;. rdwfaqGrsm; - Friends of the Earth International) www.foei.org/publications/pdfs/strategic_guide.pdf

- tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&;b%fqkdwm bmvJ? ( b%ftcsuftvufXme - Bank Information Center) www.bicusa.org>bank>World Bank>What is the Asian Development Bank? www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/asian_development_bank

- tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&;b%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.adb.org

- ADB . pnf;urf;vkdufemr_ppfaq;a&;tzJG@ http://compliance.adb.org/

- ADB . pnf;urf;vdkufemr_ ppfaq;a&;tzJG@xH wkdifcsufzGihfykH (b%ftcsuftvufXme)

www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/adb_accountability_mechanism/index.php#crp

2? urBmhb%fqkH;jzwfcsufcsykH

- urBmhb%ftkyfcsKyfolrsm;bkwftzGJ@qkdif&murBmhb%ftifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.worldbank.org > About Us > Organization> Governors http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOU

TUS/0,,contentMDK:20040582~menuPK:63000026~pagePK:34542~piPK:36600~theSitePK:29708,00.html

- urBmhb%ftkyfcsKyfolrsm; bkwftzJG@qkdif&m urBmhtifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/boards

- vuf&SdurBmhb%f tvkyftr_aqmif!$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; pm&if; http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/b-

eds.pdf

90

- urBmhb%ftzJG@0ifrsm;. rJay;Ekdifr_tm%meJ@qdkif&m urBmb%fpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org > About Us > Organization > Boards of Directors > Voting Powers

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/ORGANIZATION/BODEXT/0,,contentMDK:50004947~menuPK:64020035~pagePK:64020054~piPK:64020408~theSitePK:278036,00.html

- ADB .tkyfcsKyfolrsm;bkwftzGJ@qkdif&m ADB tifwmeuf pmrsufESm (vuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfolrsm; pm&if;ygygonf?) www.abd.org/GOV

- ADB tvkyftr_aqmifrsm; bkwftzGJ@qkdif&m ADB tifwmeuf pmrsufESm (vuf&Sd tvkyftr_aqmifrsm;pm&if; ygygonf?) www.adb.org/BOD

- ADB rJay;Ekdifonfhtm%meJ@ ywfoufonfh pm&if;r&Sdyg? EkdifiH wEkdifiH&JŒ rJay;tiftm;udk tJ'DEkdifiHtwGuf tifwmeuf pmrsuf ESmrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f? ADB rSm jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ rJay;tiftm;udk 'DrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f? www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/MYA.asp?p=ctrymya#

shareholding tmz*efepPwefEkdifiHtay: avhvmcsuf ? ? vSL'gef;oltrsm;yg tyfESH &efykHaiG tzJG@u rnfr# (aumif;aumif;) vkyfaqmifoenf;?

• tmz*efepPwefqkdif&m urBmhb%f tifwmeufpmrsufESm (tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; tyfESH&efykHaiGeJ@ qufay;xm;ygw,f?) www.worldbank.org/af

• tmz*efepPwefrSm jyefvnfyl;aygif; vkyfaqmif&ef tavmw}uD;aqmif &Gufjcif;? ? IFI rsm;. yÉdyuQ aemufykdif; tpDtpOf (b%ftcsuftvuf Xme)

www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/Afghanistan_Report_Trip1.pdf • ARTF qkdif&m b%ftcsuftvufXme. tifwmeufpmrsufESm

www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/afghanistan_reconstruction_trust_fund

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(III) urBmhb%ft& EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;r_ r[mAsL[mrsm;

u? um;jyifenf; urBmhb%f. t}uHay;csuf - Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, 2002 - World Bank, IMF: Helping peace or creating conditions for

war? (Bretton Woods Project) www.brettonwoodsproject.org/article.shtml?cmd[126]=x-126-

43345 - Naomi Klein, “The Rise of Disaster Capitalism,” The Nation,

May 2005 www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20050502&s=klein

c? urBmhb%fu b,fvkdjyefvnf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufovJ?

1? aqmif&Gufr_ w&m;0if±kyfodrf;onhfumv

- apmihf=unhfqJumvqkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/conflict > The World Bank in Conflict and Development > Watching Briefs http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvext.nsf/67ByDocName/TheWorldBankinConflictandDevelopmentWatchingBriefs

- LICUS qkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/licus

2? jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@twGuf vkyfudkifjcif;? ? aºuG;+rD&Sif;jcif;

- HIPC qkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/hipc

3? ykHrSefqufqHa&; PRSP eJ@ CAS

- (Bretton Woods Project) www.brettonwoodsproject.org/article.shtml?cmd[126]=x-

126-51862 - (FOCUS on the Global South)

http://host84.ipowerweb.com/~focusweb/postnuke/html/pdf/PRSP_2 003.pdf

- PRSP qkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/prsp

92

- EkdifiHaxmufyHha&; r[mAsL[mrsm;qkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.wordbank.org/cas

- EkdifiHtqifh r[mAsL[m tpDtpOfrsm;qkdif&m ADB . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.wordbank.org/CSPs

- jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf EkdifiHaxmufyHha&;qkdif&m ADB . pDrHcsuf (2001/ 2003) www.adb.org/Documents/CAPs/MYA/default.asp?p=ctrymya

avhvmcsuf ? ? abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD;*kdAD;em;/ a'wifoabmwlnDcsufeJ@ “z&efuifpwkdif; pD;yGm;a&;”

• abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD;*kdAD;em; qkdif&m urBmhb%f.tifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/ba

• a'wif oabmwlnDcsufpmom; (rifeDpDk;wm;wuUokdvf vl@tcGihftvrf; pm=unhfwkduf)

www1.umn.edu/humanrts/icty/dayton/daytonaccord.html • yGifhvif;aomvl@abmif&efykHaiG - abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD;*kdAD;em; SEE

EkdifiHrsm; okd@ EkdifiHwum axmufyHha&;rl0g'rsm; - abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD;*kdAD;em;wGif (r) oif,lvkduf &aom oifcef;pmrsm; (2001 ckESpf =o*kwfv)

• Michel Chossudovsky, Dismantling Yugoslavia, Colonizing Bosnia (1996) www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/62/022.html

• abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; A[kdb%f www.cbbh.gov.ba

• abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;. PRSP ( 2004-2007) www.eppu.ba/english/strategija_engl.html

• Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds

Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (2003)

93

Z,m;? ta&SŒwDarm EkdifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;a&; pDrHudef; • Emilia Pires, “Strategies for Development: Experiences from East

Timor,” in NDF, UNLD, et al., Another Development for Burma: Priorities in Transition (2004)

• ta&SŒwDarm EkdifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;a&;pDrHuddef; www.pm.gov.tp/ndp.htm

(IV) obm0 t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pDrHcef@cGJjcif;

u? t&if;tjrpf usdefpm ed'gef; - Michael L. Ross, “The Political Economy of the Resource

Curse,” World Politics 51 (January 1999), 297-322. www.polisci.ucla.edu/faculty/ross/paper.pdf

- Jeffrey D. Sachs & Andrew M. Warner, “Natural Resources Abundance and Economic Growth,” Development Discussion Paper No. 517a, Harvard Institute for International Development (1995).

- Legal Remedies for the Resource Curse, Open Society Justice Initiative (2005) www.justiceinitiative.org/db/resource2/fs/?file_id=16376

- Oil Funds: Answer to the Paradox of Plenty? (Friends of the Earth)

www.foe.org/camps/intl/worldbank/oilrev.html - Charles Scheiner & La'o Hamutuk, Can East Timor Avoid the

Resource Curse? (March 2004) www.etan.org/lh/misc/04curse.htm - Resource – Curse or Cure? Reforming Liberia’s Government

and Logging Industry (Global Witness, 2005) www.globalwitness.org/reports/show.php/en.00060.html

avhvmcsuf ? ? cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHxkwfazmfr_eJ@ ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;

• Ian Gary, Catholic Relief Services & Nikki Reich, Bank Information Center, Chad’s Oil: Miracle or Mirage? Following the Money in Africa’s Newest Petro-State (2005)

www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/chad_oil_report.pdf • cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif; pDrHudef;qkdif&m urBmhb%f.

tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/afr/ccproj/

94

• cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;qkdif&m b%ftcsuftvufXme. tifwmeufpmrsufESm

www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/chadcameroon_oil_pipeline_project • cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHeJ@ ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef; ? ? wm0ef,l&ef awmif;qkdcsuf

(obm0 ywf0ef;usif umuG,fa&;) www.environmentaldefense.org/documents/2134_Chad-

Cameroon.pdf • wdkw,f qufvufjiif;qdk ? ? jrefrmEdkifiH &wemeJ@ &JwHcGef"mwfaiG@

ydkufvdkif; wav#muf urBmajr tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;? 'kwd,t}udrf yHkESdyfjcif; (EarthRights International, 2000) www.earthrights.org/pubs/td2000.shtml

• a&$"mwfaiG@ ykdufvdkif;qkdif&m EkdifiHwum urBmajr}uD;. tcGihftvrf;rsm; (EarthRight International) . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm

www.earthrights.org/burma/shwepipeline.shtml • a&$obm0 "mwfaiG@v_yf&Sm;r_

www.shwe.org Z,m;uGuf ? ? urBmhb%f. wkH@jyefcsufrsm;eJ@ wm0ef,lcsufrsm;

• o,HZmw xkwf,lon pufr_vkyfief;rsm; ppfaq;csuf www.eireview.org

• a&umwmrsm;qkdif&m urBmhaumfr&Sif www.dams.org

• EkdifiHom;rsm;twGuf a&umwmrsm;qkdif&m urBmhaumfr&Sifvrf;!$ef (EkdifiHwum jrpfrsm; tquftoG,f uGef,uf)

www.irn.org/wcd/index.php?id=citizenguide.html • Yuki Akimoto, Hydropowering the Regime, Irrawaddy (April 2004)

www.irrawaddy.org/aviewer.asp?a=3757&z=102 avhvmcsuf ? ? uarBm'D,m;EkdifiHwGif opfckwfr_

• Kirk Talbott & Melissa Brown, “Forest Plunder in Southeast Asia: An Environmental Security Nexus in Burma and Cambodia,” in Environmental Change and Security Project Report, Issue 4 (Spring 1998), 53-60.

95

• Global Witness, et al., Broken Promises: How World Bank Group policies

fail to protect forests and forest peoples’ rights (2005) www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/PDFs/Broken%20Promises.pdf • uarBm'D,m;EkdifiH oD;jcm;opfawmu¾ ppfaq;csuf

www.bigpond.com.kh/users/dfwjica/Forest-Sector-Review.pdf • Jake Brunner, Kirk Talbott, et al., Logging Burma’s Frontier Forests:

Resources and the Regime (August 1998) http://pubs.wri.org/pubs_description.cfm?PubID=2928

• Global Witness, A Choice for China: Ending the Destruction of Burma’s

Frontier Forests (October 2005) www.globalwitness.org/reports/show.php/en.00080.html

• Global Witness, A Conflict of Interests: The Uncertain Future of Burma’s

Forests (September 2004), Burmese Version www.globalwitness.org/reports/index.php?section=Burma • Global Witness, A Conflict of Interests: The Uncertain Future of

Burma’s Forests (October 2003)

www.globalwitness.org/reports/index.php?section=Burma Z,m;uGuf ? ? ta&SŒawmiftm&Sw0Srf; ay:xGufvmaeonhf xda&mufonhfpepftjzpf vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;tajccH t&if;tjrpf pDrHcef@cGJr_

• Owen J.Lynch & Kirk Talbott, Balancing Acts: Community – based Forest Management and National Law in Asia and Pacific (1995)

96

aemufqufwGJ (*)

a0g[m& t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuf

tpD&ifcHpmrSm aqG;aEG;xm;wJh ta=umif;t&mawGeJ@ oufqdkifwJh pum;vkH;/ yk'fawGeJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ emrnfawG a0g[m& t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm ygygw,f? 'DtpD &ifcHpmrSmygwJh pum;vkH;/ yk'f wckpDwdkif;twGuf tpD&ifcHpmu oufqdkif&mtydkif;&JŒ pmrsufESmt!$ef;udk “t"dy`g,f owfrSwfcsuf” aumfvH atmufrSm ay;xm;ygw,f? wcsKd@ pum;vkH;awG 'DtpD&ifcHpmrSm rygayrJh pmzwfolawGtwGuf tqifajyzdk@ xnfhxm; ygw,f?

pum;vkH; t"dy`g,fowfrSwfcsuf qufpyfonfh a0g[m&rsm;

tvSnfhus !$ef=um;a&;rSL;

!$ef=um;a&;rSL; rsm; bkwftzGJ@ udk=unfhyg

qyf&efusefonfh aºuG;+rD

ay;qyf&rnfh &ufvGefae+yD; ray;qyf& ao;onfh taºuG; tydkif; 3-C-3/4-c-

yk'fr (4) wdkifyifjcif;

EkdifiHwum aiGa=u; &HykHaiGtzGJ@ (IMF) u tzGJ@0if EkdifiHwEkdifiHpD&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; tajctae udk ppfaq;r_rsm;/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ESpfpOf vkyfygw,f tydkif; 2-c

EkdifiHwum aiGa=u; &HykHaiGtzGJ@

tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&; b%f (ADB)

1966 ckESpfrSm zJG@pnf;cJh+yD; tm&SeJ@ ypdzdwfrSm vkyfudkifvnfywfaewJh a'ocH jynfoltrsm;yg zGH@+zdK;a&;b%f/ ADB rSm tzGJ@0if 63 EkdifiH &Sdygw,f? tydkif; 2-c

urBmhb%f

EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk; &Sif;wrf;

umvw&yftwGif; wjcm;urBmhEkdifiHrsm;udk ay;&jcif;/ odk@r[kwf ‚if;wdk@u &&Sdonfh

97

a&mif;0,faiGrsm; tm;vkH;rSwfwrf;/ EkdifiH wEdkifiH&JŒ ydk@ukef oGif;ukefawG/ 0efaqmif r_awG/ t&if;tESD; b¾maiGawGeJ@ aiGa=u; vïJajymif;r_awGeJ@ owfrSwfyg w,f? txGufu t0ifxufrsm;ae&if EdkifiHwEdkifiHrSm vufusefaiG pm&if;&Sif; wrf; tE_wfvuQ%m jyaeygw,f? tykdif; 3-c-2

ESpfEdkifiH taxmuftyHh

(Oyrm - jrefrmEkdifiHudk *syefEkdifiHuay;wJh taxmuftyHhvdk) wEdkifiHu aemufwEdkifiHudkay;wJh taxmuftyHh tydkif; 3-u-1

EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;rS taxmuftyHh

!$ef=um;a&;rSL; rsm; bkwftzGJ@

tvkyftr_aqmif !$ef=um;a&;rSLrsm; bkwftzGJ@rSm urBmhb%f&JŒ ae@pOf vkyfief;awG vkyfaqmifzkd@ wm0ef&Sd ygw,f? 'DbkwftzGJ@rSm tvkyftr_aqmif !$ef=um;a&;rSL; 24 a,muf&Sd+yD;/ wa,mufpDu EkdifiHwEkdifiH odk@r[kwf wEkdifiHtxufudk udk,fpm; ðyygw,f? urBmh b%fOuUXu 'Dbkwf tzGJ@&JŒOuUX jzpfygw,f? ADB !$ef=um;a&;rSL;bkwftzGJ@rSm tzGJ@0if 12 a,muf&Sdygw,f? 'DxJu 8 a,muf udk tm&S-ypdzdwf a'otwGif; u tzGJ@0ifEkdifiH awGu a±G;cs,fcJh+yD; 4 a,mufudk a'ojyify tzGJ@0if EdkifiHawGu a±G;cs,fygw,f? !$ef=um;a&;rSL; wa,mufpDu tvSnfhus !$ef=um;a&; rSL;udk a±G;ygw,f? ADB OuUXu !$ef=um;a&;rSL; bkwftzGJ@rSm OuUX jzpfygw,f?

98

urBmhb%frSma&m ADB rSmyg tvSnfhus !$ef=um;a&;rSL;awGu tvkyftr_aqmif !$ef=um;a&;rSL;awG&JŒ vufaxmuf vkyf&+yD; olwdk@&JŒ aqmif±GufcsufawGudk vkyfaqmifEkdif ygw,f? tykdif; 3-*-2

Bretton Woods tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

1944 ckESpfrSm tar&duefEdkifiH Bretton Woods rSmzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh urBmhb%ftkyfpkeJ@ EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;&efykHaiG (IMF) wdk@udk pkaygif;+yD; ac:wJhemrnfjzpfygw,f?

urBmhb%f/ EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;&efykHaiG

pGrf;&nf wnfaqmufr_

tem*wfrSm jyifytultnD tenf;qkH;eJ@ qufvuf+yD; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufEkdifatmif zGH@+zdK; wdk;wufr_twGuf a'ocHpGrf;&nfeJ@ wwfpGrf;r_udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif vkyfwm jzpfygw,f? pGrf;&nfqdkwmu (Oyrm - vrf;awG/ "mwftm;pGrf;tif wdk@vdk) ±kyf0wWKawG 'grSr[kwf (ynma&;/ usef;rma&;wdk@vdk) vlr_a&;qdkif&m pGrf;&nfawG jzpfEkdifygw,f?

pGrf;&nf ,dkpD;r_

pGrf;&nf ,dkpD;r_ axmufyHhr_tvSL&SifawG/ NGO awG/ 'grSr[kwf ukr`%DawGu tu|rf;usifqkH; vlawGudk olwdk@twGuf tvkyfvkyfapwJh tcg tpdk;&0ef}uD;XmeawGeJ@ OD;pD;Xme awGrSm u|rf;usifolawG jywfawmufae wJh }uD;rm;wJh jy\emudk ac:ygw,f?

pGrf;&nf wnfaqmufr_

vlr_todkif;t0dkif; jyefvnfyl;aygif; jcif;

jynfwGif;ppfyGJawGrSm 'grSr[kwf wdkif;&if; om;/ bmoma&;/ EkdifiHa&; 'grSr[kwf wjcm;uGJjym;r_awGeJ@ uGJjym;cJh&wJh vlr_ todkif;t0dkif;awGudk pnf;vkH;+yD; wlnDwJh ar#mfrSef;csuf/ &nf±G,fcsufawG/ OD;pm;ay; aqmif±Guf&rnfh tcsufawGeJ@ oabmwl xm;wJh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awGt&

99

uGJjym;r_awGudk +idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;zdk@ cH,lcsufeJ@ jyefvnfwnfaqmufwm jzpfw,f?

pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; vdkufemr_ pdppfa&; tzGJ@(CRP)

ADB axmufyHhwJh pDrHudef;awGa=umifh 'kuQ a&mufcJh&olawGu ADB zdk&rfrSm ADB [m vkyfief; aqmif±GufcsufawGrSm rdrd&JŒrl0g' awGudk vdkufem&JŒvm;qdkwm pdppfzdk@ awmif;qdk Ekdifygw,f? tydkif; 3-*-2

oD;oef@ppfaq;a&; tzGJ@

jynfhpkHwJh zGH@+zdK;a&; tpDtpOf

EkdifiHwEkdifiHtwGuf ae&mtrsKd;rsKdd;u taxmuftyHhawGudk !‡dE_dif;zdk@eJ@ 'DEkdifiH&JŒ zGH@+zdK;a&; r[mAsL[mudk 'DEkdifiHu ydkifqdkifr_ &Sdzdk@ urBmhb%f&JŒ óud;yrf;csuf/ qif;&Jr_ avsmhcsa&; r[mAsL[m pmwrf;/ (PRSP) u jynfhpkHwJh zGH@+zdK;a&; tpDtpOf twGuf t"du tpdyftydkif;w&yf jzpfygw,f? tydkif; 4-c-3

qif;&Jr_avsmhcsa&;r[mAsL[m pmwrf;/ EkdifiHydkifqdkifr_

oabmwl cGifhðycsufeJ@ acs;aiG

ay;qyfzdk@ tcsdef=um=um ay;xm;+yD;/ twdk;rwufbJ jyefqyfzdk@ tcsdef t=um}uD; ay;xm;+yD; twdk;aiGenf;wJh acs;aiGawG/ urBmhb%fu EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;r_toif; IDA eJ@ ADB u tm&S zGH@+zdK;r_ &efyHkaiGwdk@u EkdifiHwum aps;uGuf rSm aiGracs;EkdifwJh 0ifaiGenf; EdkifiHawGudk 'Dvdk oabmwl cGifhðycsufeJ@ acs;aiGawG ay;ygw,f?

owfrSwfcsuf taxmuftyHhawG 'grSr[kwf acs;aiGawG ay;wJhtcg ygvmwJh owfrSwfcsufawG jzpfygw,f? owfrSwfcsufawGygwJh taxmuf tyHhawGudk “aESmifóud;yg taxmuftyHHh” “tied aid” ac:yg w,f?

100

EdkifiHtaxmuf tultpDtpOfrsm; (CAP)

CAP u t&ifwkef;u zGH@+zdK;qJ tzGJ@0if EkdifiH wckpDrSm vkyfudkifaqmif±Gufzdk@ ADB &JŒ tcsKyftjcmuswJh tpDtpOf a&;qGJwJhpmwrf; jzpfygw,f? 2001 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvup+yD; ADB u CAP awG tpm; EkdifiHr[mAsL[meJ@ pDrHudef;rsm; CSP awGeJ@ tpm;xdk;cJhygw,f? tydkif; 4-c-3

r[mAsL[meJ@ pDrHudef; EkdifiH taxmuftul tpDtpOf

EkdifiHtaxmuftul r[mAsL[m (CAS)

urBmhb%f&JŒ taxmuftulr[mAsL[m pmwrf;jzpf+yD;/ ADB u EkdifiHr[mAsL[m eJ@ pDrHudef; CSP eJ@ wlygw,f? OD;pm;ay;& rnfh t&mawGudk pdppfr_tay:tajccH+yD;/ EkdifiH wEkdifiHrSm urBmhb%fuvkyfwJh r[mAsL[m udk CAS u rSwfwrf;wif+yD; 'Dr[mAsL[meJ@ EkdifiH&JŒ aqmif±Gufcsuf tay: rlwnf+yD;ay; &r,fh taxmuf tultqifheJ@ trsKd;tpm;udk azmfjyyg w,f? tydkif; 4-c-3

EkdifiH taxmuf tul tpDtpOf/ r[mAsL[meJ@ pDrHudef;

EkdifiHvkyfudkif aqmif±Gufa&; r[mAsL[m avhvmcsuf (COSS)

ADB &JŒ zGH@+zdK;qJ tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHawGrSm ADB u ta=umif;t&meJ@ u¾ydkif; qdkif&m OD;pm;ay;&rJh t&mawGudk qkH;jzwf&mrSm tajccH tcsuftvufawG azmfjyxm;wJh pmwrf;jzpfygw,f? 2001ckESpf =o*kwfv uwnf;u ADB u COSS udk EkdifiH r[mAsL[meJ@ pDrHudef;/ (CSP) eJ@ tpm;xdk; cJhygw,f? tydkif; 4-c-3

EkdifiHr[mAsL[meJ@ pDrHudef;

EkdifiH jyefvnf yl;aygif; aqmif±Gufa&; rSwfcsuf (CRN)

t}uD;pm;taxmuftyHh r[mAsL[m r&Sd ao;wJh EkdifiHrSmokH;zdk@ urBmhb%f&JŒ a&wdk r[mAsL[m/ CRN udk (ay;zdk@ &ufvGef aewJh) qyfzdk@usefaewJh aºuG;+rDawG&Sif;

qyf&efusefae onfh aºuG;+rDrsm;/

101

&mrSm taxmuftuljzpfzdk@ okH;Ekdifyg w,f? tydkif; 4-c-2

EkdifiH r[mAsL[meJ@ pDrHudef; (CSP)

zGH@+zdK;qJ tzGJ@0if EkdifiHwckpDtwGuf taumiftxnfazmfr,fh tpDtpOfawGeJ@ pDrHudef;awGudk a,bk,sazmfjyzdk@ ADB u jyifqifxm;wJh axmufyHha&; r[m AsL[m pmwrf;? omref tm;jzifh ig;ESpf wcg jyifqif+yD; ESpfpOf topf vkyfyg w,f? urBmhb%fu EkdifiH taxmuf tul r[mAsL[m (CAS) eJ@wlygw,f? tydkif; 4-c-3

EkdifiHtaxmuftul tpDtpOf/ EkdifiH taxmuftul r[mAsL[m

zGH@+zdK;qJ tzGJ@0ifEkdifiH (DMC)

pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlr_a&; wdkk;wufr_rsm; twGuf acs;aiGeJ@ ydkifqdkifr_ &if;ESD;ðryfESHr_ awG&wJh ADB tzGJ@0ifrsm;?

tm&S zGH@+zdK;a&; b%f

'wfcsf a&m*g obm0t&if;tjrpfawG wifydk@r_a=umifh pufr_vufr_u¾vdk EdkifiH&JŒ pufr_vkyfief; awGtay: xdcdkufygw,f? (Oyrm - usyfaiG) EkdifiHwEkdifiH&JŒ aiGwefzdk;u obm0 t&if;jrpfawG wifydk@r_a=umifh wufoGm;wJhtcg (Oyrm -pufr_vufr_ xkwfukefawG 'grSr[kwf pdkufysdK; ukefawG vdk) EkdifiHjcm;udk tjcm;ukef ypPnf;awG wifydk@a&mif;cszdk@ ydkcufoGm; ygw,f? +yD;awmh ukefypPnf;udk wifoGif;&wm aps;ydkoufom+yD; 'Dvdka=umifh a'ocH pD;yGm; a&;vkyfief;awGrSm ,SOf+ydKifr_awG wdk;yGm;ap ygw,f? tcsdef=umvmwmeJ@ tr# EkdifiH&JŒ pufr_vkyfief;awG tm;enf; vm+yD;/ aysmufuG,fukefawmh/ EkdifiH[m obm0 t&if;tjrpf wifydk@a&mif;csr_ awGudkyJ tm;xm;vm&ygr,f?

t&if;tjrpf usdefpm

102

tydkif; 5-u-2 ta&SŒ-taemuf pD;yGm;a&; vrf;r (EWEC)

r[mrJacgifa'ocGJ (GMS) pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif; aqmif±Gufr_ tpDtpOf&JŒ OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOf (“taumif;qHk; vkyfaqmifr_ }udK;yrf;csuf”) wck/ rkwWryifv,feJ@ awmifydkif; w±kwf yifv,fwdk@=um; c&D;oGm;zdk@ =umcsdefeJ@ ukefoG,fp&dwf t}uD;tus,f avsmhcszdk@ &nfrSef;csufeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH (armfv+rdKifu jr0wD)/ xdkif;/ vmtdkeJ@ AD,uferfwdk@u wqifh ukef;vrf;a=umif; azmufzdk@ jzpfyg w,f? tydkif; 2-*-1

r[mrJacgifa'ocGJ

pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_

urBmhtqifh (pD;yGm;a&;urBmjyKr_) 'grSr[kwf a'owGif; tqifh (Oyrm - ASEAN, GMS) eJ@ EkdifiHawGt=um; eD;uyfwJh pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_ azmfxkwfjcif;? pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif; aqmif±Gufr_u ta&;ygwJh vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ vkH+cHKa&;qdkif&m oufa&mufr_ awG &Sdapygw,f? tydkif; 2-*

vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fr_ oabmwlnDcsuf/ r[mrJacgifa'ocGJ

tm;ay;ulnDonfh ywf0ef;usif

axmufyHhr_eJ@ zHG@+zdK;wdk;wufr_tpDtpOfawG atmifjrifzdk@ a,bk,stajctae/ (Oyrm - vrf;awG/ v#yfppf pwJh) ±kyf0wWKtajccH tkwfjrpfawG/ (Oyrm - usef;rm+yD; ynmwwf wJh tvkyform;tiftm;pk pwJh) vlr_a&; tajccHtkwfjrpfawG (Oyrm - Oya'eJ@ +idrf0yf ydjym;r_pwJh) vkH+cKHa&;eJ@ (Oyrm - Oya'pdk;rdk;r_eJ@ wdk;v#dKayguf jrifEkdifr_/ wm0ef,l r_pwJh) xda&mufwJh tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfr_wdk@ jzpfEkdifygw,f?

103

'Dt&mawG trsm;tjym; uif;rJhae&if axmufyHhr_eJ@ zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf tm;ay; ulnDwJh ywf0ef;usif nHhzsif;w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?

tvkyftr_aqmif !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm;

!$ef=um;a&;rSL; rsm; bkwftzGJ@rSm =unfhyg?

wifykd@ukef taºuG;tzJG@ (ECA)

zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufqJEkdifiHawGeJ@ ay:xGufvm aewJh aps;uGufawG&Sd&m yifv,f&yfjcm; a'oawG rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvkdwJh ukr`%D awGudk tpkd;& aemufcHacs;aiGawG/ tmrcH ypPnf;awGeJ@ tmrcHawGay;wJh jynfol@ tzJG@tpnf;/ pufr_ xGef;um;wJhEkdifiH trsm;pkrSm tenf;qkH; ECA wck &Sdyg w,f? xkwfukef-oGif;ukef b%fawGu ECA awGyg? tykdif; 3-u-1

EkdifiHwum b%f¾ma&; tzJG@tpnf;rsm;

pm;eyf&duQmeJ@ pkdufysKd;a&;tzJG@ (FAO)

FAO u qmavmifr_ wkdufzsufa&; twGuf EkdifiHwum}udK;yrf;csufrSm OD;aqmifygw,f? wkd;wufqJEkdifiHawGeJ@ toGiful;ajymif;aewJh EkdifiHawGrSm pkdufysKd;a&;/ opfawmeJ@ ig;zrf; vkyfief;wkd@ u usihfpOfawGudk acwfrDwdk;wuf aumif;rGefvmatmifeJ@ tm[m& aumif;aumif; &apzkd@vnf; ulnDygw,f?

a&S@ajy;}udK;yrf;csuf

r[mrJacgif atmufa'o/ ta&S@-taemuf pD;yGm;a&;vrf;r wkd@udk =unhfyg?

vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fr_

pD;yGm;a&; aqmif&Gufr_ ykHpHwrsKd; jzpfygw,f? oabmwlwJh EkdifiHawGrSm

pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_

104

oabmwlnDcsuf (FTA)

ukefoG,fa&; twm;tqD;awG avsmhenf;apzkd@eJ@ ukefoG,fr_eJ@ t&if; tESD; v_H@aqmfay;zdk@ EkdifiHawGt=um; w&m;0if oabmwlnDcsuf jzpfygw,f? tcsdef=umvmwJhtcg oabmwlxm;wJh tzJG@0ifawGt=um; ukefoG,fa&; twm; tqD;awGu okntxd avsmhusoGm;+yD;/ tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHawGt=um; vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fr_eJ@ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH@r_udk taxmuf tul jzpfapygw,f?

r[mrJacgif atmufa'o (GMS)/ pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ tpDtpOf

ADB u jr‡ihfwifvkdufwJh a'oqkdif&m pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ tpDtpOf? jrefrm/ xkdif;/ AD,uferf/ vmtkd/ uarBm 'D,m;eJ@ w±kwf pwJh ajcmufEkdifiH ygyg w,f? r[mrJacgifatmuf a'ow0Srf; twGuf ADB u enf;ynm taxmuf tyHh ay;&mrSm jrefrmEkdifiHvnf; &aeyg w,f? r[mrJacgifatmuf a'ow0Srf;rSm “a&S@ajy; }udK;yrf;csufrsm;” vkd@ac:wJh OD;pm;ay; tpDtpOfq,fwpfck &Sd+yD;/ wcku ta&S@-taemuf pD;yGm;a&; vrf;rjzpfygw,f? tydkif; 2-*-1

tm&S zGH@+zdK;a&;b%f/ ta&S@-taemuf pD;yGm;a&;vrf;r/ pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_

jynfwGif;pkpkaygif; xkwfukef (ADB)

umvw&yftwGif; EkdifiHwEkdifiHu xkwfvkyfvkdufwJh ukefypPnf;awGeJ@ 0efaqmifr_ pkpkaygif; wefzkd;? trsm; okH;avh&SdwJh pD;yGm;a&; w&yf&J@ pkpkaygif; xGufukef ('grSr[kwf 0ifaiG) wkdif;wmcsuf?

taºuG;xlonhf qif;&Jonhf EkdifiH (HIPC)

urBmhb%fESihf IMFwkd@. yl;wGJ}udK;yrf; csuf taºuG;txlqkH; EkdifiHawGrSm pD;yGm;a&; ajymif;vJr_wcsKd@eJ@ qif;&Jr_

qif;&Jr_ avsmhenf;apa&; r[mAsL[m

105

}udK;yrf;csuf avsmhenf;a&; rl0g'awG taumiftxnf azmf&if taºuG;avsmhcs ay;r,fqkdwJh tpDtpOf tydkif; 4-c-2

pmwrf;

vlom;zGH@+zdK;r_ !$efudef; (HDI)

vl@oufwrf;/ todOm%fA[kokw (ouf}uD; pmwwfajrmufr_eJ@ ausmif;ae r_ESKef;) eJ@ vlaer_ tqifhtwef; (vlwOD;pD&JŒ GDP) pwJh EkdifiHwEkdifiH&JŒ vlom;zGH@+zdK;r_ tajccH okH;csufudk wdkif;wmwJh tusOf;csKyf!$efudef;? tydkif; 5-u-1/ 5 u-c

ppfaq;r_tzGJ@ urBmhb%f&JŒaqmif±GufcsufawGrSmurBmh b%f[m rdrd&JŒ rl0g'awGudkvdkufemjcif; &Sd r&Sd ppfaq;zdk@ 1993 ckESpfrSm zGJ@pnf;cJhwJh oD;jcm;tzGJ@0if okH;OD;ygtzGJ@? urBmhb%f u axmufyHhwJh pDrHudef;wcka=umifh wdkuf±kduf xdcdkufcJh&wJh 'grSr[kwf xdcdkuf zG,f&m &Sdw,fvdk@ ,lqwJh EdkifiHom;awG u ppfaq;zdk@ yef=um;Ekdifygw,f? tydkif; 3-*-2

vdkufemr_ pDppfa&;tzGJ@ rl0g'

jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ twGuf tjynf jynf qdkif&mb%f (IBRD)

IBRD u0ifaiGtv,ftvwf&SdwJhEkdifiHawG eJ@ aiGacs;xdkufwJh ydkqif;&JwJh EkdifiHawGudk acs;aiGawG/ tmrcHawGeJ@ acs;wm r[kwfwJh 0efaqmifr_awG ay;ygw,f/ ‚if;udk EkdifiHwumzGH@+zdK;r_toif; (IDA) eJ@twl aygif;+yD; “urBmhb%f” vdk@ ac:avh&Sdw,f?

BrettonWoods tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; EdkifiHwum zGH@+zdK;r_ toif;

EkdifiHwumzGH@+zdK;r_ toif; (IDA)

ydkqif;&JwJh EkdifiHawGudk twdk;rJhacs;aiGawG/ enf;ynmtaxmuftuleJ@ rl0g'qdkif&m t}uHay;csufawG ay;ygw,f? jyefvnf wnfaqmufa&;eJ@

BrettonWoods tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&;eJ@ zHHG@+zdK;wdk;wufr_t

106

zHG@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m (IBRD) eJ@ twl aygif;+yD; “urBmhb%f” vdk@ ac:avh&Sdw,f?

wGuf tjynfjynf qdkif&mb%f

EdkifiHwum aiGa=u; aumfydka&;&Sif; (IFC)

urBmhb%ftzGJ@&JŒ wpdwfwa'o jzpfygw,f? IFC u zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiHawG&JŒ yk*~vduu¾ pDrHudef;awGudk acs;aiGeJ@ axmufyHha=u; ay;ygw,f?

urBmhb%ftzGJ@

EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;&efykHaiG (IMF)

urBmw0Srf; aiGa=u;wnf+idrfr_&Sda&;/ EkdifiHwumukefoG,fa&;/ taxmuftul/ aiGa=u; ay;qyf zdk@usefaewJh EkdifiHawGudk ,m,Db¾ma&; taxmuftulpwm awGtwGuf vkyfudkifaqmif±GufaewJh EkdifiHwumaiGa=u; tm%mydkif? tykdif; 2-c

BrettonWoods tzGJ@tpnfrsm;/ yk'fr 4 aqG;aEG; wdkifyifr_rsm;/

ckd;,lEdkifonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;

Oyrm - ausmufrsuf&wemawGvdk tvG,f wulxkwf,l+yD; a&mif;cszdk@ wjcm;ae&mudk a±G@ajymif;EdkifwJh t&if; tjrpfawG/ rcdk;,lEdkifwJh t&if;tjrpfawG u (Oyrm - a&eHeJ@ "mwfaiG@ wdk@vdk) tvG,fwul xkwf,lEdkifjcif;vnf; r&Sd/ a&mif;cszdk@vnf; tvG,fwul ra±$@ ajymif;EdkifwJh t&if;tjrpfawG jzpfygw,f?

=uyfwnf;aewJh 0ifaiG enf; EdkifiH (LICUS) }udK;yrf;csuf

(LICUS) }udK;yrf;csufu t&rf;nHhwJh rl0g' awG/ tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_ awG&SdwJh EdkifiHawGrSm urBmhb%fu yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufzdk@ tpDtpOf jzpfyg w,f? urBmhb%fudk jyefqyfzdk@ aºuG;+rD awG &Sdae+yD/ urBmh b%fuae aiGa=u; axmufyHhr_ r&EkdifwJh EdkifiHyifjzpfyg ap LICUS enf;u urBmhb%fudk tJ'DEkdifiHeJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufapygw,f? tydkif; 4-c-1

107

rufc±kd abm*aA'

rufc±kdabm*aA'u EdkifiHawmf pD;yGm;a&; w&yfvkH;eJ@ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_/ tvkyf tudkifrJhr_eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufr_pwJh udpPawGudkoufa&mufwJh rl0g'awGudk =unfhygw,f?

t%kabm*aA'

EkdifiHtrsm;yg zGH@+zdK;r_ b%f (MDB)

zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHawGudk aiGa=u;axmufyHHhr_ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@vlr_a&; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_qdkif&m aqmif&GufcsufawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; t}uH ay;wJh tpdk;&tzGJ@0ifawGygwJh EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfygw,f? urBmhb%f/ tar&duwdkuf EdkifiHrsm;t=um; zGH@+zdK;r_ b%f/ tm&SzGH@+zdK;r_b%f/ jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf Oa&my b%feJ@ tmz&du zGH@+zdK;r_b%fwdk@u t"du MDB ig;ck jzpfygw,f? tydkif; 3-u/ 3-*

tv_&Sifrsm;yg tyfESH &efykHaiG (MDTF)

tyfESH&efykHaiGudk =unfhyg?

EkdifiHydkifqdkifr_ tvSL&Siftpdk;&awG/ tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&; rl0g'awG/ pDrHudef;awGeJ@ r[mAsL[mawGtay: EdkifiH&JŒ csKyfudkif xm;Edkifr_ jzpfygw,f?

jynfhpkHwJh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&; tpDtpOf

twdk;r&aewJh taetxm;/ rl0g'

taºuG;w&yfu ay;qyf&rnfh ae@&uf xuf 6 v ausmf &ufvGefae&if EdkifiH wEdkifiHudk taºuG;awG tm;vHk;xm;+yD; 'grSr[kwf tmrcH+yD; owfrSwfwJh urBmh b%f&JŒrl0g' jzpfygw,f? 1998 ckESpf pufwifbmvrSm urBmhb%fu jrefrm EdkifiH&JŒ taºuG;awG tm;vkH;udk twdk;r& aewJh taetxm;rSm xm;cJhygw,f? tydkif; 2-c

108

ydkifqdkifr_ EkdifiHydkifqdkifr_udk =unfhyg?

rl0g' EdkifiHtrsm;yg zGH@+zdK;r_b%f (MDB) awGu vkyfief;vnfywfwJhtcg vdkufem&rnfh vrf;!$efcsufawG jzpfygw,f? rl0g' wcsKd@ u pDrHudef; a'orSm 'grS[kwf a'ocHjynf olawGtay: ywf0ef;usifeJ@ vlr_a&;qdkif &m xdcdkufr_awG umuG,fzkd@ 'grSr[kwf enf;yg;apzdk@ aqmif±GufcsufawGeJ@ ouf qdkifygw,f? 'Drl0g'awGudk “tEW&m,f umuG,fa&; rl0g'” vdk@ ac:ygw,f? tydkif; 3-*-2

qif;&Jr_avsmhcsa&; r[mAsL[m pmwrf; ( PRSP)

qif;&Jr_avsmhcsa&;twGuf EdkiHawmf tpDtpOfawG udk a,bk,s azmfjyxm;wJh pmwrf;jzpf+yD;/ HIPC aqmif±Gufcsuft& taºuG;acsay;a&;twGuf tajccH jzpfygw,f? PRSP u EdkifiHu csrSwfa&; qGJwmjzpf+yD; qif;&Jr_ avsmhenf;atmif }uDK;yrf;csuf w&yf taeeJ@ EdkifiHu owf rSwfvdkufwJh OD;pm;ay;&rnfh t&mawGudk xif[yfxm;ayrJh 'D PRSP u “cdkifvkH w,f” vdk@ urBmhb%f eJ@ IMF wdk@u r,lq&if urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wdk@qDu aiGa=u;eJ@ wjcm;axmufyHhr_awG r&ygbl;?tydkif; 4-c-2

HIPC aqmif±Gufcsuf

GMS rSm pGrf;tif qufoG,fr_&Sdzdk@ a'oqdkif&m t!$ef;jy r[mpDrHudef;

rJacgifpGrf;tif A[dkuGef,ufudk =unfhyg?

jyefydk@aiGrsm; jynfyEdkifiHrSm tvkyfvkyfaewJh tvkyf orm;awGu tdrfudkjyefydk@wJhaiGawG jzpfyg

109

w,f? jyefydk@aiGawGu wdkuf±kduf jy\em ray:apayrJh? olwdk@[m tvkyftudkif tcGifhta&; uif;rJhr_ pwJh ydkeuf±_dif;wJh pD;yGma&;'kuQawG&JŒ vuQ%mw&yfjzpf+yD;/ rdom;pk +ydKuGJwm 'grSr[kwf wm0efrJh wmawGvdk vlr_a&; jy\emawG ay:vm Edkifygw,f?

topfjyefvnf azmfxkwfEdkifwJh t&if;tjrpfawG

(Oyrm - a&/ ig; wdk@vkd) okH;+yD;oGm;wJh tcgjyef tpm;xdk;EdkifwJh 'grSr[kwf topf azmfxkwfvdk@&wJh t&if;tjrpfjzpfygw,f? (Oyrm - a&eH/ "mwfaiG@/ &wem pwm awGvdk) okH;+yD; oGm;wJhtcg tpm;rxdk;Edkif/ topfazmfxkwf vdk@r&wJh t&if;tjrpf awGudk topfazmf xkwfvdk@r&wJh t&if;tjrpfvdk@ ac:ygw,f?

tdk;tdrf ajr,m 'grSr[kwf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_tay: tajccH+yD; 0ifaiG&wJh EdkifiH

tpdk;&w&yfu t"dutm;jzifh EdkifiHu obm0 t&if;jrpfawG &,lcGifh a&mif;cs &mu 0ifaiG&wJh tajctae jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tpdk;&u EdkifiHom;awGqDu taumuf cGefawGtay: tm;rxm; ygbl;? 'ga=umifh tpdk;&u EddkifiHom;awG udk vspfvsL±_xm;+yD; 'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf; vnf; rus/ wm0efvnf; r,lawmhygbl;? “iSm;&rf;c”vdk@ac:wJh tca=u;aiG ay;wJh tcg obm0t&if;tjrpfawG &,lEdkifyg w,f? vlyk*~KdvfawG pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;awG 'grSr[kwf tpdk;&awGu t&if; tjrpfawG 'grSr[kwf (Oyrm - vdkifpif/ cGJwrf;/ tpdk;& pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awG pwJh) pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhta&;awGudk &,lEdkifr_udk csKyfudkifzdk@ txl;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awG csrSwfwJhtcg “iSm;&rf;c&SmwJh” tjyKtrl

t&if;tjrpf usdefpm

110

jzpfygw,f? iSm;&rf;c &Smjcif; tdk;tdrfajr,m

'grSr[kwf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ tay: tajccH+yD; 0ifaiG& wJhEdkifiH udk =unfhyg?

t&if;tjrpfusdefpm

t&if;tjrpfºuG,f0wJh EdkifiHwEdkifiHu tkyfcsKyfr_ nHhzsif;vdk@/ yÉdyuQawGa=umifh 'grSr[kwf pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufr_ &yfwef@ aevdk@ 'kuQa&mufwJhtcg jzpfygw,f? tydkif; 5

0ifaiG obm0t&if;tjrpfawGa&mif;wJh ukr`%D awGu &wJhaiG jzpfygw,f? wcgwav obm0 t&if;tjrpfawG&JŒ ydkif&SifawGu 0ifaiGcGJa0 ,lzdk@ tpDtpOfawG n‡dESKdif;+yD; 'D0ifaiG&JŒ wpdwfwa'oudk cGJa0,lyg w,f? ydkif&Sif awGu vlyk*~KdvfawG/ ukr`%DawG/ 'grSr[kwf EdkifiHtpdkk;&awG jzpfEdkifygw,f?

cHpm;&&SdwJh tca=u;aiGawG

t&if;tjrpfawG xkwf,lydkifcGifh&zdk@ ukr`%DawGu ydkif&SifawGudk ay;&wJh tca=u;aiG jzpfygw,f? ay;&r,fhyrm% udk ppcsif; owfrSwfcsif owfrSwfr,f? 'grSr[kwf tcsdef=umvmwJhtwdkif; t&if;tESD;awG xkwf,lr_tay:tajccH csifcHygr,f? 'Dvdk&wJh tca=u;aiGawGu omreftm;jzifh ydkif&SifawGeJ@ xkwf,lwJh ukr`%DawG=um; 0ifaiGcGJa0,lzdk@ vkyfwJh tpDtpOfawGeJ@rqdkifbJ oD;jcm;ay;avh &Sdygw,f?

tdk;tdrfajr,m 'grSr[kwf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ tay: tajccH+yD; 0ifaiG&wJh EdkifiH

tEW&m,f rl0g'udk =unfhyg?

111

umuG,fa&; rl0g'rsm;

vlr_a&; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ t&if;tESD;

aps;uGufOD;aqmifwJh zGH@+zdK;r_&&Sdapzdk@ vkdtyfwJh vlr_a&; tcsdwftqufawG/ tquftoG,f uGef,ufawGeJ@ ,kH=unf r_wdk@ jzpfygw,f? Oyrm - atmifjrifwJh pD;yGm;a&;wck jzpfay:zdk@ taxmuftul jzpfwJh oli,fcsif;awGeJ@ aqGrsKd;awG&JŒ tquftpyfawGu vlr_a&; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ t&if;tESD; jzpfEkdifygw,f? urBmhb%fvdk IFI okH;avh&SdwJh a0g[m& jzpfygw,f?

wnfaqmufykH tajymif;tvJ acs;aiGawG

aiGacs;olawGudk EdkifiHtrsm;yg zGH@+zdK;a&; b%fawG (MDP) u EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&; jyefvnf xlaxmifzdk@twGuf b%fu ay;wJh t}uHjyK csufawGudk vdkufemzdk@ vdktyfcsufeJ@ acs;wJh aiGawG jzpfygw,f?

aESmif}udK;yg taxmuftul

‘owfrSwfcsuf’ udk =unfhyg?

tyfESH&efykHaiG zGH@+zdK;r_ taxmuftyHHhtaeeJ@ tyfESH &efykHaiG qdkwm tvSL&SifawG trsm; tjym;u xnfh0ifyg0ifxm;ayrJh owfrSwfxm;wJh zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHtwGuf oD;jcm;z,fxm;wJh &efykHaiG jzpfygw,f? tvSL&Siftrsm;yg tyfESH&efykHaiGawGu tvSL&Siftrsm;tjym; qDu EdkifiH wEdkifiHukd taxmuftul ay;zdk@ okH;avh &SdwJh tpDtpOf wckjzpf+yD;/ yÉdyuQ t+yD; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; tygt0if &efykHaiG ta&;w}uD; vdktyfaewJh EdkifiH awGudk taxmuftulay;zdk@ zGJ@pnf;=u ygw,f? tykdif; 3-u-5

112

ukvor*~ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&; tpDtpOf (UNDP)

tajymif;tvJtwGuf axmufcHajymqkd ay;aewJh ukvor*~ tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpf+yD; jynfolawG ykdrkdaumif;rGefwJhb0 wnfaqmufEkdifzkd@ EkdifiHawGukd A[kokw/ tawG@t}uHKeJ@ t&if;tjrpfawGeJ@ qufpyfay;ygw,f? tykdif; 3-u-3

urBmhb%f omreftm;jzifh jyefvnfwnfaqmuf a&;eJ@ zG@H+zdK;a&;twGuf tjynfjynfqkdif&m b%f (IBRD) eJ@ EkdifiHwum zG@H+zdK;r_ toif; (IDA) pwJh urBmhb%ftkyfpku tzG@Jtpnf; 2 &yfukd &nf!$ef;wJh tac: ta0: jzpfygw,f// tykdif; 3-8/ 4

jyefvnfwnf aqufa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf EkdifiHwum b%f/ EkdifiH wum zGH@+zdK;r_ toif;/ urBmhb%ftkyfpk

urBmhb%f tkyfpk jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ zGG@H+zdK;a&; twGuf tjynfjynfqdkif&mb%f (IBRD)/ EkdifiHwum zG@H+zdK;r_toif; (IDA)/ EkdifiHwum aiGa=u; aumfykd a&;&Sif; (IFC)/ EkdifiHwum &if;ESD;r_ tmrcHtzGJ@ (IMGA) eJ@ EkdifiHwum&if;ESD; jrKyfESHr_qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;r_ajz&Sif;a&;Xme (ICSID) pwJh tzJG@tpnf;ig;ckudk pkaygif;+yD; ac:xm;wJh a0g[m& jzpfyg w,f// Section III-c-1

urBmhb%f

urBmhusef;rma&; tzGJ@ (WHO)

tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHawGrSm usef;rma&;jr‡ifhwifzkd@ aqmif&GufwJh ukvor*~ tzGJ@tpnf; wck?

urBmh ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&;tzGJ@ (WTO)

EkdifiHawGt=um; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_ pnf;rsOf;awGukd ukdifwG,fwJh EkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;wck?

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aemufqufwGJ (C)

EdkifiHwum ba&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk apmifh=uyf=unfh±_onfh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

Aid/Watch 19 Eve Street Erskineville NSW 2043 Australia Website: www.aidwatch.org.au Phone: +61 02-9557-8944 Email: [email protected] Bank Information Center 1100 H Street NW Suite 650 Washington, DC 20005 U.S.A. Website: www.bicusa.org Phone: +1 202-737-7752 Email: [email protected] Bretton Woods Project c/o Action Aid Hamlyn House Macdonald Road London N19 5PG United Kingdom Website: www.brettonwoodsproject.org Phone: +44 20-7561-7610 Email: [email protected] ECA-Watch: Participants by country eca-watch.org/about/activengos.html 50 Years is Enough 3628 12th Street NE Washington, DC 20017 U.S.A. Website: www.50years.org Phone: +1 202-463-2265 Email: [email protected]

Focus on the Global South c/o CUSRI, Chulalongkorn University Wisit Prachuabmoh Building Bangkok 10330 Thailand Website: www.focusweb.org Phone: +66 2-2187363-65 Email: [email protected] Friends of the Earth International P.O. Box 19199, 1000 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands Website: www.foei.org Phone: +31 20 622 1369 E-mail: [email protected] Friends of the Earth: Groups by country www.foei.org/groups/members Mekong Watch 2F Maruko Bldg. 1-20-6 Higashi Ueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0015 Japan Website: www.mekongwatch.org Email: [email protected] Phone: +81 3-3832-5034 NGO forum on the ADB 85-A, Masikap Ext., Central District Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines Website: www.forum-adb.org Email: [email protected] Phone: +63 2-921-4412

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7? rSwfpkrsm;

1 Oyrm OD;cifarmif=unf/ Ronald Findlay polwkd@ a&;xm;wJh Economic Development of Burma: A Vision and a Strategy (2000) udk www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Vision-stategy.ocr.pdf rSm&,f? David I. Steinberg &JŒ Burma: The State of Myanmar (2001) (tckup+yD; Steinberg vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f?) Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future (Robert Rotberg., Ed, 1998) (tckup+yD; Rotberg vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f?) wkd@rSm =unhfyg? 2006 ckrwfv ta&S@tm&SeJ@ tpdzdwfa&;&mta=umif; txufv$wfawmf EkdifiHjcm;qyfaumfrwDa&S@ wifjycsufjzpfwJh “Sean Turnell &JŒ Burma's Economic Prospects ” udkvnf;=unfhyg? 2 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv vkyfief;cGifoifwef;u trnfrazmfvkdolwOD;&JŒ wifjycsuf (pma&;ol&JŒtoHzrf;xm;csuf) (tckup+yD; “trnfrazmfvkdol eHygwf 1” vdk@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f) 3 (1886-1948) udkvkdeDtkyfcsKyfa&;umvrSm tdENd,trsKd;om;awGudk jrefrmEkdifiHoGm;+yD; tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;rSm vkyfzkd@ +Adwdo#awGu tm;ay;cJhygw,f? tqkH;rSm tdENd,awGu pD;yGm;a&;trsm;pkudk csKyfudkifcJh+yD;/ 1930 ckESpfawGrSm tdENd,qef@usifa&; qlylr_awG t"du+rdK@}uD;awGrSm jzpfcJhygw,f? Steinberg pmcsufESm 126/ 230-231? Rotberg pmrsufESm 209-229 u pmrsufESm 210rSm Mark Mason &JŒ “Foreign Direct Investment in Burma: Trends, Determinants and Prospects” (tckup+yD; Mason vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f?) udkvnf;=unfhyg? 4 Rotberg pmrsufESmf 153-164u pmrsufESm 1553 rSm David Dapice &JŒ “Development Prospect for Burma: Cycles and Trends” 5 Steinberg pmrsufESm 33? 6 trnfrazmfol eHygwf 1 7 Mason pmrsufESm 210 8 Steinberg pmrsufESm 128 9 wkd;wufr_tenf;qkH; EkdifiHtjzpf owfrSwfcsufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/ldc%20criteria.htm rSm=unhfyg? 10 trnfrazmfvkdol eHygwf 1 11 Steinberg pmrsufESm 134-135 12 trnfrazmfol eHygwf 1? Steinberg pmrsufESm 138-139 udkvnf;=unhfyg? 13 trnfrazmfol eHygwf 2 ? 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbm vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rSm a0zefcsuf (pma&;ol toHzrf;xm;csuf) 14 acs;aiG&yfqkdif;xm;wmu b¾ma&;tcsufawGa=umihf jzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;tjctaeeJ@ vkH;0rqkdifyg? urBmhb%f 0efxrf;awGudk “rnfonhftzJG@0if&JŒ EkdifiHa&;&mrSm pGufzufr_” r&Sdatmif wm;jrpfxm;+yD; ‚if;wkd@&JŒ qkH;jzwfcsufawGtay: “oufqkkdif&m tzJG@0if 'grSr[kwf

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tzJG@0ifawG&JŒ EkdifiHa&;p±kdufu v$rf;rkdr_” r&Sd&ygbl;? IBRD oabmwlnDcsuf yk'frrsm;/ yk'fr 4 tydkif; 10 15 2004 ckESpf urBmhb%f ESpfpOfwifjycsuf? ? wu,fqkd&if jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ “twkd;r&wJhtaetxm;” a=umihfyJ urBmhb%f[m jrefrmEkdifiHrSm rv_yf&Sm;wm jzpfygw,f? aºuG;+rD&Sif;wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; qufaqG;aEG;vkd&if tykdif; 3-C-3 udk=unfhyg? jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ urBmb%fwdk@&JŒ r=umao;cifu qufqHa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yd; 2005 ckESpf 'DZifbm? urBmhb%f “Low-Income Countries Under Stress (LICUS) Implementation Trust Fund: Request for Replenishment and Special Support for Sudan”u aemufqufwGJ “p”rSm=unhfyg? 16 IMF u yk'fr 4 t}uHay;aqG;aEG;yGJawGudk wkdif;jynfawGu cGihfray;&if rxkwfjyefygbl;? 17 tar&duef txufv$wfawmfwifjycsuf pmrsufESm 108-346/ EkdifiHjcm; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; jyifywifykd@r_ aiGa=u;ESihfoufqkdif&m pDrHudef;rsm; csrSwfr_ Oya'rl=urf;/ 2005? 18 GMS pDrHudef;rSm jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ yg0ifr_eJ@ ywfouf+yD; the Bank Information Center, The Multilateral Banks and Burma: A Resource Book (2004) ukd =unfhyg? (tckup+yD; “Resource Book” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f) http://groups.yahoo.com/group/IFI-Burma rSm &EkdifwJh IFI-Burma Updates udkvnf; =unhfyg? 19 enf;ynm axmufyhHa=u;awGu rrsm;ygbl;? Oyrm 2004 ckESpf Zlvkdifvu 2005ckESpf {+yDvtwGif; cGihfjyKcsuf&wJh (jrefrmEkdifiHtygt0if) a'owGif; enf;ynmaxmufyHha&; pDrHudef;u a':vm 5 oef; jzpfygw,f? 2005 ckESpf {+yDv IFI-Burma News Alert, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/IFI-Burma rSm zwfEkdifygw,f? 20 He Shengda, Sino-Myanmar Economic Cooperation Since 1988: Progress, Problems and Prospects 2004 ck/ atmufwkdbm vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rSm wifjycsuf (pma&;ol toHzrf;xm;csuf) ( 'Dup+yD; “He Shengda” wifjycsufvkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f) 21 jrefrmEkdifiHu 'Daqmufvkyfa&;pDrHudef;awGeJ@ wjcm;acs;aiGawG w±kwfjynfudk tenf;qkH; a':vmoef; 100 qyfp&m&Sdygw,f? He Shengda wifjycsuf? 22 a'owGif; aqmif&GufcsufawGu qufpyfae=uygw,f? “{&m0wD-ausmufz&m;-rJacgif pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ r[mAsL[m (ACMECS) &JŒ wpdwfwa'otjzpf xkdif;EkdifiH&JŒ tultnDeJ@ 18 uDvdkrDwm&Sd ta&S@taemuf pD;yGm;a&;vrf;r}uD;udk jrefrmEkdifiHrSm azmufaeygw,f?” 23 a'owGif;aqmif&GufcsufawGu qufpyfae=uygw,f? “{&m0wD-ausmufz&m;-rJacgif pD;yGma&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ r[mAsL[m (ACMECS) ”&JŒ wpdwfwa'otjzpf xkdif;EkdifiH&JŒ tultnDeJ@ 18 uDvdkrDwm&Sd ta&S@taemuf pD;yGm;a&;vrf;r}uD;&JŒtpdwftydkif;udk jrefrmEkdifiHrSm azmufaeygw,f?

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24 Asian Development Bank, Connecting Nationals Linking People: The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Economic Cooperation Program (2002) 25 Alfred Oehlers, Regional Economic Integration 2004 atmufwkdbm tvkyfcGif oifwef;wifjycsuf (pma&;ol toHzrfcsuf) {tckup+yD; “Oehlers wifjycsuf”vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f?} 26 'Dtykdif;;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh Oehlers wifjycsufudk rlwnfa&;om;xm;ygw,f? 27 EkdifiHwEkdfifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_tay: rwnf+idrfwJh ukefypPnf;aps;uGufawG&JŒ oufa&mufr_ta=umif; tykdif;5-u-2 rSm=unhfyg? 28 xkwf,lwJh pDrHudef;awGrSm ECA awG pkpkaygif;u urBmhb%f tzGJ@xufpm&if ESpfqausmf axmufyHhxm;w,fvkd@ cef@rSef;&ygw,f? aemufxyf tcsuftvufawGtwGuf www.eca-watch.org rSm ECA-Watch website rSm =unhfyg? 29 www.aseansec.org/14684 rSm IAI eJ@ ywfoufwJh tmqD,H&JŒ tifwmeuf pmrsufESmrSm =unfhyg? 30 jrefrmEkdifiHu UNDP tpDtpOfu omref UNDP tpDtpOfeJ@ rwlygbl;? omref UNDP u tpkd;&awGeJ@ vkyfukdifavh&SdayrJh olwkd@uawmh a'ocHvlr_ tzJG@tpnf; todkif;t0dkif;awGeJ@ wkduf±kdufvkyfukdifygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHu vlom;zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ aqmif&GufcsufeJ@ ywfoufwJh aemufxyftcsuftvufawGudk www.mm.undp.org u tifwmeuf UNDP pmrsufESmrSmzwfyg? 31 MDG eJ ywfouf+yD; www.undp.org/mdg u UNDP tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm =unfhyg? 32 www.un-ngls.org/MDG/Q&A.htm u UN Non Governmental Liaison Service &JŒ tifwmeuf pmrsufESmudk =unhfyg? 33 MDB awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tao;pdwf tcsuftvufawG ykdrkdodvkdygu tydkif; 3-* 4-ueJ@ 4-c wkd@udk =unhfyg? 34 'gudk tEW&m,fuif;wJh a0g[m&eJ@ “opfawmpDrHudef;” vkd@ac:cJhygw,f? urBmhb%f&JŒ tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/mm rSm jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; +yD;qkH;oGm;wJh pDrHudef;awGudk =unhfyg? 35 urBmhb%ftpkd;& “yÉduQt+yD;EkdifiHawGrSm tzJG@tpnf;awG&@J vkyfukdifEkdifpGrf; trsm;}uD; avsmhenf;oGm;wma=umihf &efykHaiGaxmufyHha=u; awGudk omrefvkyf±kd;vkyfpOftwkdif; EkdifiHuyJ vkH;0taumiftxnfazmfr,hftpm; b%fuae vkyfzkd@vkdygw,f? Alcira Kreimer, et al; Bosnia and Herzegovina Post-conflict Reconstruction, Country Case Study Series, World Bank Operations Evaluations Department (2000) pmrsufESm 68 [tckup+yD; “OED 2000” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygw,f]

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36 'Dtykdif;u zGJ@pnf;xm;ykHudk 2004 ckESpfatmufwkdbmu vkyfief;cGif oifwef;u Peter Riggs &JŒ Sectoral Lending (u¾tvkduf acs;aiG) wifjyr_tay: rlwnfxm;ygw,f? (pma&;ol&JŒ toHzrf;csuf) [tckup+yD; “Riggs Presentation” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygw,f] 37 Riggs wifjycsuf 38 urBmhb%f&JŒ pkpkaygif;acs;aiG 20 u 25 &mckdif;E_ef;avmufu yÉduQvGefEkdifiHawGqD a&mufavh&Sdygw,f? Naomi Klein, “The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, the Nation”, May 2005 [tckup+yD; “Klein” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] urBmhb%fu oltaºuG; trsm;pkukd aumuf,lavh&Sdvdk@vuf&Sdacs;aiG[m ol@twGuf tem*wf tjrwftpGef; jzpfygw,f? 39 Oyrm - urBmhb%fu (MDTF) awG&@J pDrHtkyfcsKyfol tcef;u aqmif&Gufavh&Sdygw,f? MDTF eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tykdif; 3-u udk=unhfyg? 40 Resource Book, Supra rSwfcsuf 18 udkvJ =unhfyg? 41 1947 ckESpfrSm jyifopfEkdifiHukd yxrqkH; aiGacs;cJhygw,f? www.worldbank.org/archives rSm urBmhb%f&JŒ orkdif;udk =unhfyg? 42 IDA ukd ay;wJhaiGawGudk “jyefvnfjznhfay;jcif;”vkd@ ac:avh&Sdygw,f? 43 ykdrkdod&ef tykdif; 4-c udk=unhfyg? 44 ADB rSm vkdufemr_ ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@ (Compliance Review Panel) vkd@ac:wJh tvm;wl ,EW&m;&Sdygonf? 45 'Dvkdapmihf=unhfwmudk “watching brief” qkdwJh pDrHudef;t& vkyfwmjzpfygw,f? 'DtpDtpOfta=umif; ykdodvkdygu tykdif; 4-c-1 udk=unhfyg? 46 tmz*efepPwefrSm a&G;aumufxm;wJh tpkd;&r&Sdcif 'D “vkdtyfcsuf” awGudk ppfaq;+yD; 'D “vkdtyfcsufawG” jznhfqnf;zkd@ tulnDay;zkd@ oabmwlcJhygw,f 47 The World Bank, Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund: Report to Donors (2004 ckESpf 'DZifbm) [tckup+yD; “ARTF wifjycsuf 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbm” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 1? 48 urBmhb%fu MDTF awG&JŒ tkyfcsKyfoltjzpf vkyfwmu vkyf±kd;vkkyfpOf jzpfygw,f? Salvatore Schiavo-Campo, The World Bank Financing and Aid Management Arrangements in Post-Conflict Situations,Conflict Prevention & Reconstruction Working Paper No. 6 (June 2003) [ tckup+yD; “Schiavo-Campo” vdk@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 28? OED 2000, supra notes 35 udkvJ =unhfyg 49 ARTF &efykHaiGawG[m “yÉdyuQt+yD; tajctaeawGrSm tckcsdefxd tjynhfpkHqkH;jzpf+yD;/ t"duukefusp&dwfawG tmvkH;vkdvkdtwGuf ay;xm; ygw,f” Schiavo-Campo pmrsufESm 30?

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50 2004ckESpf'DZifbm ARTF rSwfwrf;? Anne Carlin, Afghanistan Trust Fund Case Study, 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv vkyfief;cGif oifwef;rSm wifjycsuf? ( pma&ol&JŒ toHzrf;xm;csuf) [tckup+yD; “Carlin presentation” vdk@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f”] 51 omreftm;jzihf urBmhb%fu pDrHcef@cGJjcif; 2 &mckdifE_ef;,lygw,f? “Schiavo-Campo” pmrsufESm 28 ARTF eJ@ ywfouf+yD; 2003 ckESpf pufwifbm 1 &ufup+yD; a':vm 212 oef; ay;a0wJhtay: rlwnf+yD;/ urBmhb%f&JŒ pkpkaygif; tca=u;aiGawGu a':vm 3.18 oef; &Sdr,f vkd@ cef@rSef;Ekdifygw,f? ARTF eJ@ ywfouf+yD; Bank Information Center &JŒ tifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/afghanistan_reconstruction _trust_ fund rS [tckup+yD; “BIC webpage on ARTF vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygw,f”]? 52 ARTF qkdif&m urBmb%f&JŒ tifwmeufpmrsufESmu tmz*efepPwef&JŒ tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/af eJ@ csdwfqufxm;ygw,f? 53 ARTF qkdif&m BIC tifwmeufpmrsufESm/ Annex 2A, The World Bank, Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund: Report to Donors (June 20, 2003) udk udk;um;xm;ygw,f? 'DykHpHawGeJ@ vrf;!$efawGudk urBmhb%f acs;aiGawGtwGuf a&S;±kd;pDrHudef; vkyfief;pOfudk tajccHxm;w,fvkd@ tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm axmufjyxm;ygw,f? 54 2004 ckESpf'DZifbm ARTF wifjycsufeJ@ ARTF qkdif&m urBmhb%f&JŒ tifwmeufpmrsufESm? 55 Carlin wifjycsuf? ARTF u a&S@OD;owfrSwfxm;wJh a':vm 5 oef;u 10 &mckdifE_ef;udk IOM u &ygw,f? The World Bank, Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund: Report to Donors (March 2005) pmrsufESm 39? 56 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmu ARTF wifjycsuf? 57 ARTF eJ@ ywfoufwJh BIC tifwmeufpmrsufESm? 58 Carlin wifjycsuf? 59 ARTF eJ@ ywfoufwJh BIC tifwmeufpmrsufESm? 60 ARTF eJ@ ywfoufwJh BIC tifwmeufpmrsufESm? 61 ARTF eJ@ ywfoufwJh BIC tifwmeufpmrsufESm? 62 “qyfzkd@usefaewJh taºuG;awG” u qyfzkd@ &ufvGefaewJh acs;aiGawG jzpfw,f? 'ga=umihf EkdifiHwEkdifiH taºuG;awGtm;vkH; &Sif;&ifawmif tmz*efepPwefvkd taºuG;awG trsm;}uD; &SdaeEkdifygw,f? 63 2002 ckESpf urBmhb%f. tmz*efepPwefEkdifiH tpD&ifcHpm 64 2002 ckESpf urBmhb%f. tmz*efepPwefEkdifiH tpD&ifcHpm? 2003 ckESpf azazmf0g&DrSm EkdifiHwum aiGa=u; &efykHaiGtzJG@ (IMF) udk ay;p&m (a':vm 11 oef;) vnf; &Sif;oGm;ygw,f? 2003 ckESpfazazmf0g&Dv 27 &ufae? owif;pmxkwfjyefcsuf/ IMF, The Arrears Clearance by the Islamic State of Afghanistan

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65 2002 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 3 &uf? owif;eJ@ pme,fZif; xkwfjyefcsuf/ The ADB, “UK Government Clears Afghanistan's Arrears to ADB of US$ 18 Million” 662002 ckESpf 'DZifbmvrSm cGihfjyKvkdufwJh yÉdyuQaemufykdif;? u¾trsKd;rsKd;pDrHudef; 67 Carlin/ BCI wifjycsuf tpD&ifcHpm/ www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/Afghanistan_Report_Trip1.pdf 68 rSwfcsuf 15? tykdif;2-c eJ@ aemufqufwGJ * (a0g[m&rsm;) rSm “wkd;yGm;jcif;r&Sdonhftqihf”udk =unhfyg? 69 rSwfcsuf 17? 70 Manish Bapna, World Bank Approaches/ 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv tvkyfcGifoifwef;rSm wifjycsuf/ pma&;ol&JŒ toHzrf;xm;csuf [tckup+yD; “Bapna presentation” vkd@&nf!$ef;ygr,f] 71 Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents (2002) pmrsufESm 16? [tckup+yD;? “Stiglitz”vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] 72 John Williamson, “What Should the World Bank Think about the Washington Consensus?”, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 15, No. 2 (August 2000), 251-64 at 251? 73 Stiglitz pmrsufESm 16? 74 Stiglitz pmrsufESm 16 u 17? 75 Stiglitz pmrsufESm 20? 76 Stiglitz pmrsufESm 241 u 242? 77 Stiglitz pmrsufESm 84/ 183 u 184? 78 www.un-ngls.org/MDG/Q&A.htm u UN Non-Governmental Liaison Service &JŒ tifwmeufpmrsufESm? 79 0ED 2000, supra note 35, at 3, footnote 5. 80 Carlin/BIC tpD&ifcHpm/ rSwfcsuf 67? 81 ydkrkdodvkdygu www.worldbank.org/licus rSm LICUS eJ@ ywfoufwJh urBmhb%f&J@ tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm =unfhyg? urBmhb%fu jrefrmEdkifiHudk LICUS vdk@ ,lqygw,f? 82 www.worldbank.org/licus ukd =unfhyg? urBmhb%fu “[LICUS t&] tapmykdif; jyefvnfaqmif&GufwJh vkyfief;awGt& ajymif;vJzkd@ tcGifhta&; ay:vmwJhtcg urBmhb%fu ae&m,lxm;zkd@ ta&;}uD;w,fqkdwm awG@&w,f” vkd@vnf; qufajymxm;ygw,f? tJ'DtifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm ygygw,f? 83 The World Bank, Afghanistan Transitional Support Strategy (March 2003) [tckup+yD;? Afghanistan TSS vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 4?

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84 Fareed M.A.Hassan, Operations Evaluation Department, the World Bnak, Lessons Learned from World Bank Experiences in Post-Conflict Reconstruction, OED Conference Note (2004) [tckup+yD; “Lessons Learned” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 4? 85 a,bk,stm;jzifh ajym&&if HIPC rSm tusKH;0ifzkd@ EkdifiHwEkdifiHu (1) quf+yD; yhHykd;rxm;EkdifwJh aºuG;+rDtajctaeeJ@ &ifqkdifae&r,f (rsm;aomtm;jzifh taºuG;eJ@ jynfhyykd@ukef tcsKd;tpm;u 150 &mckdifE_ef;ausmf&if 'DtaºuG;ukd quf+yD; yHhykd;rxm;Ekdifbl;vkd@ ,lqygw,f?)/ (2) urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u oabmwlxm;wJhtcsufawG trsm;}uD;ygwJh axmufyhhHa=u;awGyJ &Ekdifygw,f? +yD;awmh (3) ajymif;vJr_vkyf+yD; t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; yg0ifr_eJ@ PRSP wck vkyf&ygr,f? HIPC eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ykdrkdodvkdygu www.worldbank.org/debt u urBmhb%f&JŒ tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm =unfhyg? 86 'DZ,m;u a,bk,soabmyJjzpf+yD; wEkdifiHeJ@wEkdifiH wu,fhjyefvnfaqmif&Gufa&;enf;pOf uGmygw,f? Oyrm/ EkdifiHwkdif;u urBmhb%frSm aºuG;+rDqyfzkd@ aemufusaewm r[kwfygbl;? 87 www.worldbank.org/prsp u urBmhb%f tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm PRSP qkdif&m aemufxyf tcsuftvufawG &Sdygw,f? 88 a,bk,stm;jzifh The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An Independent Evaluation of the World Bank's Support Through 2003, World Bank Operations Evaluations Department (July 2004) [tckup+yD; “World Bank Evaluation” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] eJ@ Report on the Evaluation of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and The Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), Independent Evaluation Office of the IMF (July 2004) [tckup+yD; “IMF Evaluation” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] ukd =unfhyg? 89 “'Dvkd [aqG;aEG;yGJawGuwqifh&wJh] yGifhvif;r_[m PRSP ykHpHawGtay:eJ@ jynfwGif;rl0g'awGtay: oufa&mufr_enf;+yD;/ PRSP csrSwf+yD;wmeJ@ yg0ifaqmuf&Gufr_awGu t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; awGu ,lqygw,f?” World Bank Evaluation pmrsufESm 6? 90 “PRSP ukd urBmhb%fbkwftzGJ@eJ@ IMF qDukd wifjywJhenf;AsL[m/ EkdifiH&JŒ ykdifqkdifr_oabmxm;ukd rav;pm;bl;/ EkdifiHykdifjzpf&r,fh r[mAsL[mukd 0g&Sifwefu twnfjyKay;vkdufw,fvkd@ jrif=uygw,f” qkdwmavmufukdawmh urBmhb%fu 0efcHygw,f? World Bank Evaluation pmrsufESm 5? 91 IMF Evaluation pmrsufESm 24? 92 ykdrkdodvkdygu www.worldbank.org/cas u CAS qkdif&m urBmhb%f&JŒ pmrsufESmrSm =unfhyg? 93 ADB uvnf; aiGacs;wJh EkdifiHwkdif;twGuf “EkdifiHr[mAsL[m tpDtpOf” (CSP) vkd@ac:wJh tvm;wlp m&Gufpmwrf; okH;ygw,f?

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94 Afghanistan TSS u pmrsufESm ii/ 2005 ckESpf pufwifbmrSm EkdifiHawmfa&G;aumufyGJawG +yD;wJhtcg 'DZifbmrSm ygvDref zGJ@pnf;ygw,f/ 2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrSm EkdifiHwum tvSL&SifawGukd tmz*efepPwefu (,m,D PRSP eJ@wlnDwJh) ,m,D EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOf wifqufcJhygw,f? 95 The World Bank Annual Report 2005 pmrsufESm 58? 96 “z&efuifpwkdif; pD;yGm;a&;” qkdwJh tac:ta0:ukd Dragoljub Stojanov, Bosnia-Herzegovina Case Study, 2004 atmufwkdbm tvkyfcGifoifwef; wifjycsuf (pma&;oltoHzrf;xm;csuf) [tckup+yD; “Stojanov presentation” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] rSm abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; pD;yGm;a&;ukd azmfjyzkd@ okH;xm;ygw,f? z&efuifpwkdif; qkdwmu 1818 ckESpf Mary Shelley a&;wJh 0wÎKxJu vlaoaumifawGuae vlykHpH a=umufp&maumif;wJh owW0g}uD;waumif zefqif;vkdufwJh ody`Hynm&Sifwa,muf jzpfygw,f? 'DowW0g}uD;ukd ody`Hynm&Sif&JŒemrnf ay;xm;ygw,f? zefwD;ol&JŒvufatmufu vGwf+yD; zefwD;olukdtqkH;rSm zsufqD;wJht&mwckckukdvnf; “z&efuifpwkdif;” vkd@ac:ygw,f? 97 'DoabmwlnDcsufukd tar&duefEkdifiH tkd[kdif;tkd;jynfe,f a'wif+rdK@rSm vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhvkd@ a'wifoabmwlnDcsufvkd@ ac:ygw,f? 98 'gu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ c±dkat;&Sm; typftcwf&yfpJ+yD;aemufykdif; jzpfayrJh abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ qm;AD;,m; yÉdyuQ qufvufjzpfyGm;aeygw,f? Schiavo-Campo, supra note 48, pmrsufESm 14 99 Lessons Learned, supra note 84 pmrsufESm 8 100 Schiavo-Campo pmrsufESm 14 101 txufygpmtkyfu pmrsufESm 12 102 OED 2000, supra note 35, pmrsufESm 20-21 103 Schiavo-Campo pmrsufESm 18 104 a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf aemufqufwGJ 4 ukd =unfhyg? 105 OED 2000 pmrsufESm 23 106 Schiavo-Campo pmrsufESm 13 107 Stojanov wifjycsuf 108 OED 2000 pmrsufESm 56 109 tykdif; 4-u-2 rSm ajymovkd urBmhb%fu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@u vuf&SdtaºuG; (a':vm 621 oef; ay;zkd@usefwmu 80 &mE_ef;) ukd taºuG;topf okH;rsKd;tjzpf ajymif;vkdufygw,f? 110 Bosnia and Herzegovina – The Priority Reconstruction and Recovery Program: The Challenges Ahead, Discussion Paper No. 2, Vol. 1 (1996),

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urBmhb%f/ Oa&myaumfr&SifeJ@ jyefvnfwnfawmufa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; twGuf Oa&myb%fwkd@u 'kwd,t}udrf tvSL&Sifrsm; nDvmcHtwGuf a&;om;csuf? 111 1999 ckESpf pufwifbmvrS PRSP awG ay:vmygw,f? 'ghtjyif a'wifoabmwlnDcsufukdu IFI tzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ =oZmv$rf;rkd;r_ukd cGifhjyKxm;ygw,f? Oyrm - 'DoabmwlnDcsuf[m abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; A[kdb%f&JŒ OuUXu IMF u cef@xm;wJh 'DEkdifiHawG&JŒ EkdifiHom; r[kwfoljzpfzkd@ owfrSwfxm;ygw,f? a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf&JŒ aemufqufwGJ tykdif; 4 yg abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;&JŒ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 7 (2) ukd=unf@yg? yxr 6 ESpf t+yD;rSm aemufxyf 18 v OuUX qufvkyfzkd@ OuUXu EkdifiHom;cH,l&ygr,f? www.centralbanking.co.uk/newsmakers/archive/2003/may26.htm u Nicholl Extends His Stay, Central Banking Publications, May 26, 200 ukd =unfhyg? 112 “tqifhjrifhwJh EkdifiHwum taxmuftulawGeJ@ }uD;rm;wJh pD;yGm;a&; xlaxmifr_eJ@ wm&SnfcHwJh vlr_a&;wnf+rJr_ukd tajccH+yD; EkdifiHukd ppf+yD; atmifjrifr_w&yfvkd@ ,lqEkdifygw,f?” www.worldbank.org/ba u abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;qkdif&m urBmhb%f&JŒ tifwmeuf pmrsufESm? 113 Stojanov wifjycsuf 114 Stojanov wifjycsufeJ@ Dragoljub Stojanov eJ@ ukd,fwkdifqufoG,f ar;jref;ajymqkdcsuf (2005 ckESpf/ Zlvkdif) 115 Stojanov wifjycsuf 116 urBmhb%fuawmif 'Dvkd0efcHygw,f? ? “EkdifiHwkd;wufr_u EkdifiHjcm;taxmuftyHhukd t&rf;rSDckdae&qJ jzpfygw,f? … GDP wkd;wufr_u tck wjznf;jznf;csif; ±kyfodrf;aewJh jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; taxmuftyHhawG ) 0ifvmr_eJ@ wkduf±dkufqufpyfaeygw,f” abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;qkdif&m urBmhb%f&JŒ tifwmeufpmrsufESm? GDP qkdwmu umvwcktwGif; (omreftm;jzifh EkdifiHwEkdifiHjzpfwJh) e,fajrwcktwGif;rSm xkwfvkyfwJh ukefypPnf;awGeJ@ 0efaqmifr_ pkpkaygif;&JŒ wefzkd;jzpfygw,f? 117 Stojanov wifjycsuf? ,l*kdqvm;Ad;,m;EkdifiHukd IFI awG&JŒ “pD;yGm;a&;zsufqD;r_” u 'gxuftrsm;}uD;apmw,fvkd@ wcsKd@u ajymygw,f? “1980 ckESpfawG wav#mufvkH; ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m; pD;yGm;a&; wjznf;jznf; owdvpfvmwmeJ@ IMF eJ@ urBmhb%fwkd@u &Hzef&Hcg aq;0g;awG wkdufygw,f?” Oyrm - Convert Action, No. 56 (Spring 1996) u Michel Chossudovsky &JŒ Dismantling Yugoslavia, Colonizing Bosnia ukd =unfhyg? 118 a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf&JŒ aemufqufwGJ 4 u abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;&JŒ zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'yg yk'fr 8? Open Society Fund Bosnia- Herzegovina, International Support Policies to SEE Countries – Lessons (not) Learned in Bosnia-

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Herzegovina, Summary Report, August 2001 [tckup+yD; “OSI report”] pmrsufESm 12? OED 2000 ukdvnf; =unfhyg? 119 OSI report pmrsufESm 12 120 txufygae&mu pmrsufESm 13 121 USAID a&;wJh yk*~vduOya'? OSI report pmrsufESm 13, 15 122 Dragoljub Stojanov, Bosnia-Herzegovina Since 1995: Transition and Reconstruction of the Economy, www.esiweb.org/pdf/bridges/bosnia/Stojanov_ChIV.pdf rSm zwfEkdifygw,f? pmrsufESm 55 123 Stojanov wifjycsuf 124 Amy Chua okH;wJh a0g[m& jzpfygw,f? Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (2003) [tckup+yD; “Chua” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 6? 125 Chua pmrsufESm 171 126 txufyg ae&mrSmyJ pmrsufESm 45 127 txufygae&mrSmyJ pmrsufESm 47 - 48/ qif;&Jr_eJ@ aps;uGufukdv$rf;rkd;wJvlenf;pkawG rsm;jym;wJhEkdifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGufawGeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDajymif;vJr_awGa=umifh wkdif;&if;om; yÉdyuQawG jzpf+yD; “vlrsKd;pkvkduf owfjzwfwJht=urf;zufr_eJ@ aps;uGufawGeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDawGukd qef@usifr_wkd@ tygt0if &v'fqkd;awG” ay:aygufapygw,fvkd@ Chua pmrsufESm 16 128 Chua pmrsufESm 23/ Steinberg, supra note 1, pmrsufESm 228-31 129 Emilia Pires, “Strategies for Development: Experiences from East Timor,” in NDF, UNLD, et al., “Another Development for Burma: Priorities in Transition” (2004), 141-149 [tckup+yD; “Pires”vkd@&nf!$ef;ygr,f], pmrsufESm 142 130 EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOfcsrSwfykHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ykdrkdodvkdygu The National Vision rSmygwJh The Path We Took tykdif; pmrsufESm 4-5 ukd=unfhyg? EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOfukd qufpyfxm;wJh tifwmeufpmrsufESmu www.pm.gov.tp/ndp/htm 131 The Path We Took 132 Pires, supra note 129, pmrsufESm 145 133 txufygae&mrSm zwfEkdifygw,f/ 134 2005 ckESpfrSm Emilia Pires eJ@ ukd,fwkdif qufoG,far;jref;csuf

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135 Zaw 0o, Natural Resource Management in Burma: From Resource Curse to Sustainable Development?, 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv tvkyfcGifoifwef; wifjycsuf (pma&;ol&JŒ toHzrf;csuf) ukd =unfhyg? 136 Emeka Duruigbo, “The World Bank, Multinational Oil Corporations, and the Resource Curse in Africa,” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law (Spring 2005) [tckup+yD; “Duruigbo” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 27 137 wjcm;bmrSrajym&if 'Dtykdif;u a,bk,stm;jzifh 2005 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv tvkyfcGifoifwef;rS wifjycJhwJh Svetlana Tsalik &JŒ Resource Curse qkdwmu &ygw,f? (pma&;ol&JŒ toHzrf;csuf) 138 t&if;jrpfusdefpmeJ@ywfouf+yD; taxGaxGodvkdygu Jeffrey D. Sachs & Andrew M. Warner, Natural Resources Abundance and Economic Growth, Development Discussion Paper No. 517a, Harvard Institute for International Development (October 1995) ukd =unfhyg? Michael L. Ross, “The Political Economy of the Resource Curse,” World Politics 51 (January 1999), 297-322 [tckup+yD; “Ross”] eJ@ Terry Lynn Karl, “The Oil Trap,” Transparency International Quarterly Newsletter (September 2003) wkd@ukdvnf; =unfhyg? 139 vlom;zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_Z,m;u EkdifiHrSm touf&Snfr_/ A[kokw (ouf}uD;pm wwfajrmufr_eJ@ ausmif;aer_E_ef;) eJ@ vlaer_tqifhtwef; (wOD;pD&JŒ GDP) wkd@jzpfwJh vlom;awG&JŒ tajccHzGH+zdK;wkd;wufr_ okH;&yf&JŒ &&Sdr_ysrf;r#ukd wkdif;wmygw,f? 140 t&if;jrpfusdefpmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;&Sif;jycsufawG trsKd;rsKd;ukd ppfaq;xm;wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; Ross, supra note 138 ukd =unfhyg? 141 'Da0g[m&u 1960 ckESpfawGrSm 'wfcsfpD;yGm;a&;tay: ajrmufyifv,f zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_&JŒ oufa&mufr_u ay:aygufvmygw,f? 142 Ross pmrsufESm 306 eJ@ Duruigbo pmrsufESm 14-15 ukd =unfhyg? 143 Ross pmrsufESm 301 144 Ross pmrsufESm 304 145 'Drl0g' ud&d,mawG&JŒ OyrmawGukd Oyrm - Ross pmrsufESm 304 rSm awG@Ekdifygw,f? 146 Ross pmrsufESm 307 147 Ross pmrsufESm 312, Duruigbo pmrsufESm 15-17 148 Ian Gary, Catholic Relief Services & Nikki Reich, Bank Information Center, Chad’s Oil: Miracle Or Mirage? Following the Money in Africa’s Newest Petro-State (2005) [tckup+yD; “CSR/BIC” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f], pmrsufESm 18

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149 Supra note 139 rSm=unfhyg? 150 CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 15 151 EkdifiHwum wkd;v#dKaygufjrifEkdifr_ tzGJ@tpnf;? tusifhysufr_ ,lqcsufZm,m; 2005 152 www.worldbank.org/afr/ccproj rSm urBmhb%f&JŒ cs'f-uifr&Gef; pDrHudef;qkdif&m tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm 'DpDrHudef;qkdif&m tawG;tac:pmwrf; awG@Ekdifygw,f? 153 CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 8/ 51 154 Delphine Djiraibe, “Chad-Cameroon Oil Development and Pipeline Project” 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv tvkyfcGifoifwef; wifjycsuf/ pma&;ol toHzrf;xm;csuf [tckup+yD; “Djiraibe presentation”vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] 155 Djiraibe wifjycsuf 156 CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 8 157 urBmhb%f&JŒ cs'f-uifr&Gef; pDrHudef;qkdif&m tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm 'DpDrHudef;qkdif&m tawG;tac: pmwrf; supra note 152 158 “World Bank Group Approves Support for Chad-Cameroon Petrotlum Development and Pipeline Project,” urBmhb%f&JŒ xkwfjyefcsuf/ ouU&mZf 2000/ ZGefv 6 &ufeJ@ “Chad Announces Start of Oil Production” urBmhb%f&JŒ xkwfjyefcsuf/ 2003 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 15 &uf? 159 txufygae&mrSm zwfEkdifygw,f? 160 CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 81 161 IAG u 2001 ckESpfrSm 'DpDrHudef; taumifxnfazmfr_ukd apmifh=unfhzkd@ t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;awG&JŒ wkdufwGef;r_t& urBmhb%fu zefwD;vkdufwJh tzGJ@0ifig;OD;yg u|rf;usifolawGtzGJ@ jzpfygw,f? IAG u urBmhb%f&JŒ OuUXukd wkduf±dkuftpD&ifcH&ygw,f? cs'feJ@ uifr&Gef;ukd 8 acguf oGm;cJh+yD;/ tacgufwkdif;t+yD;rSm tpD&ifcHpmtusOf;csKyf xkwfa0ygw,f? www.gic-iag.org u IAG tifwmeuf pmrsufESmrSm =unfhyg? 162 Djiraibe wifjycsuf/ CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 81 163 CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 81 164 txufygae&mrSm =unfyg 165 ‚if;aumfrwDeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ykdrkdodvkdygu CSR/BIC pmrsuESm 51-67 rSm=unfhyg? CSR/BIC aemufqufwGJrSm 0ifaiG pDrHcef@cGJr_ Oya'ukd t*Fvdyfvkd bmomjyefxm;wmvnf; &Sdygw,f? 166 }uD;=uyfa&;aumfrwDu 'kdbmcsKdifh0Srf;rSm a&eHxkwfvkd@&wJh “wkduf±dkuf0ifaiGawG” (&&SdwJh tca=u;aiGeJ@ tjrwfa0pk) trsm;pktay:yJ wm0ef&Sdygw,f? “oG,f0kduf0ifaiGawG” (Oyrm - ukr`%DawGtay:aumufwJhtjrwfpGef;0ifaiG) 'grSr[kwf cs'fEkdifiH&JŒ wjcm;a'oawGrSm

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a&eHxkwfvkd@&wJh 0ifaiGawGukd csKyfukdifvkd@ r&ygbl;? CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 42-43, Duruigbo pmrsufESm 41-43 167 CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 58-67 rSm }uD;=uyfa&;aumfrwD&JŒ pGrf;&nfqkdif&mjy\emawG tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;ygw,f? Friends of the Earth, Oil Funds: Answer to the Paradox of Plenty? A Policy Brief on Oil Revenue Monitoring Plans: Comparison Across Countries (November 2002) ukd vnf; =unfhyg? 168 CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 58 169 txufygae&mrSm =unfhyg 170 www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/chadcameroon_oil_pipeline_project u cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHykdufvkdif;qkdif&m Bank Information Center &JŒ tifwmeufpmrsufeSm 171 “Worl Bank Suspends Disbursements to Chad,” World Bank press release, January 6, 2006 urBmh b%fu acs;aiGawGudk qdkif;iHh±kHyJvkyf+yD; zsufodrf;vdkufwm r[kwfbl;qdkwm owdjyKyg? 172 urBmhb%f tifwmeuf pmrsufESm&JŒ “tar;-tajz” tykdif;u cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHykdufvkdif; pDrHudef; supra note 152? 173 CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 22 174 Djiraibe wifjycsuf 175 tykdif; 3 -v 176 Total (jyifopf), Unocal (tar&du) eJ@ ppftpkd;&wkd@ pkaygif;+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHawmifykdif;wav#muf &wemykdufvkdif; azmufcJhygw,f? 'DpDrHudef; vkH+cHKa&;twGufwm;wJh jrefrmppfwyfawG[m a'ocHawGukd twif;t=uyf apckdif;wm/ twif;t=uyf ajymif;a&G@ckdif;wm/ owfwm pwJh }uD;av;wJh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_awGeJ@ ywf0ef;usifukd zsufqD;wmawG usL;vGefcJhygw,f? Earth Rights International, Total Denial Continues: Earth Rights: Abuses Along the Yadana and Yetagun Pipelines in Burma, Second Edition (December 2003) ukd =unfhyg? 177 Bruce Hawke, “The Burma-Thailand Gas Debacle,” The Irrawaddy, November 2004. 178 cs'f-uifr&Gefykdufvkdif;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; Bank Information Center &JŒ tifwmeufpmrsufESm supra note 170. 179 Striking a Better Balance – The World Bank Group and Extractive Industries: The Final Report of the Extractive Industries Review (January 2004), Executive Summary? pmrsufESm 1 180 CSR/BIC/ pmrsufESm 6-7

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181 NGO awGu urBmhb%fukd EIR &JŒ t}uHjyKcsufawG vufcHzkd@ wkdufwGef;pm (tzGJ@aygif; 300 ausmf vufrSwfa&;zkd;xm;w,f) ukd http://eireview.info/doc/Gloabl%20sign%20on%20letter.pdf rSm =unfhyg? EkdbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&SifawGu urBmhb%fukd EIR &JŒ t}uHjyKcsufawG vufcHzkd@ wkdufwGef;pmudkvnf; http://eireview.info/doc/EIR%20Nobel%20Letter%20-%20New.pdf rSm =unfhyg? 182 “World Bank Group Board Agrees Way Forward on Extractive Industries Review,” World Bank press release, August 3, 2004. EIR &JŒ aemufqkH;tpD&ifcHpmtay: urBmhb%f tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@&JŒ wkH@jyefcsuf (2004 ckESpf pufwifbm) ukdvnf; =unfhyg? 183 txufygae&mrSm =unfhyg? 184 Available on the WCD website at www.dams.org. 185 Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making, The Report of the World Commission on Dams (November 2000) [tckup+yD; “WCD tpD&ifcHpm” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] 186 WCD tpD&ifcHpm 187 International Rivers Network, Citizens’ Guide to the World Commission on Dams (2000). 188 txufygae&m zwfyg? 189 a&avSmifuef teD;w0kdufrSmaewJh wkdif;&if;om; 6 axmifausmf a&$@ajymif;&rSm jzpf+yD;/ ig;zrf;vkyfief;awG ysufpD;r_/ jrpfurf;yg;u [if;oD;[if;&Gufpkdufcif;awG a&v#Hr_eJ@ wjcm;xdckdufr_awGa=umifh aemufxyf vlaygif; wodef;ESpfaomif;u wodef;ig;aomif;txd 'kuQa&mufEkdifygw,f? International Rivers Network &JŒ erf;oD,Gef 2 pDrHudef;qkdif&m tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.irn.org/programs/mekong/namtheun.html 190 txufygae&mrSm =unfhy8g? 191 jrefrmEkdifiHrSm a&tm;v#yfppftwGuf a&umwm}uD;awG tpDtpOfeJ@ wnfaqmufr_ tao;pdwfukd Yuki Akimoto, “Hydropowering the Regime”, The Irrawaddy, Vol. 12, No. 6 (June 2004) rSm =unfhyg? 192 wGefavpyfuef[m ta&S@awmiftm&SrSm t}uD;rm;qkH; a&csKduefjzpfygw,f? 193 Kirk Talbott, A Comparison of Logging in Cambodia and Burma: Lessons from the Past and for the Future, presentation at the October 2004 Workshop (pma&;ol&JŒtoHzrf;xm;csuf) [tckup+yD; “Talbott wifjycsuf” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] 194 1993 ckESpfrSm crmeDwzGJ@wnf;u opfckwf&mu wvukd a':vm 10 oef; u oef; 20 &aeygw,fvkd@ wifjy=uygw,f? Talbott wifjycsuf? 1996 ckESpfrSm +Adwdo# NGO jzpfwJh

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Global Witness u uarBm'D;,m;&JŒ wGJbuf0ef}uD;csKyfawGu r=umao;cifu opfckwfr_ wm;jrpfxm;wJh=um;u xkdif;ukr`%DawGukd rsm;aomtm;jzifh/ crmeDykdifeufu pwk&ef;rDwm woef;ausmf opfawGukd wifykd@cGifhay;wJh vufrSwfxkd;xm;wJh taxmuftxm;awG azmfxkwfvkdufygw,f/ 'gu a':vmoef;aygif; 350 ausmf+yD;/ wEkdifiHvkH; &okH;aiG&JŒ 50 &mckdifE_ef;ausmf &Sdygw,f? 'ghtjyif 'gukd r=umao;cifurS opfckwfr_ wm;jrpfxm;wJht=um;u vufrSwfxkd;wmjzpfygw,f? Global Witness ukd 1999 ckESpfrSm opfawmqkdif&m &mZ0wfr_apmifh=unfha&;eJ@ tpD&ifcHa&;wkd@twGuf uarBm'D;,m;tpkd;&u oD;jcm;apmifh=uyf=unfh&_zkd@ cef@xm;wmjzpfygw,f? 2003 ckESpfrSm 'Dcef@tyfr_ukd &yfpJvkdufygw,f? 195 Kirk Talbott, “Logging in Cambodia: Politics and Plunder,” in Cambodia and the International Community (Frederick Z. Brown & David G. Timberman, eds., 1998), Asia Society. 196 Talbott wifjycsuf 197 Global Witness, “World Bank Shenanigans in Cambodia,” in The Rainforest Foundation, Global Witness, et al., Broken Promises: How World Bank Group policies fail to protect forests and forest peoples’ rights, 22-24 (2005) [tckup+yD; “Shenanigans” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] 198 Global Witness, “Cambodia’s forests are being stolen from under the nose of the World Bank,” press release, November 14, 2002 [tckup+yD; “GW 02” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] 199 GW 02, Talbott wifjycsuf? 200 World Bank, Update on the World Bank’s Involvement in Forestry in Cambodia (December 2003) [tckup+yD; “World Bank Update” vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] 201 World Bank Update. 202 GW 02. 203 'Dpm&Gufpmwrf;awGukd xkwfjyefzkd@&mu tpkd;&&JŒwm0efvkd@ urBmhb%fu ,lqcJhygw,f? Shenanigans pmrsufESm 23? 204 Global Witness &JŒajymqkdcsuft& urBmhb%fu rdwˆLqGJzkd@ &efykHaiG tvkHtavmufr&bl;vkd@ qkdygw,f? Shenanigans pmrsufESm 23? 205 GW 02. 206 World Bank Update. 207 www.bigpond.com.kh/users/dfwjica/Forest-Sector-Review.pdf pmrsufESm 22-23 u Independent Forest Sector Review (April 2004)? 'gu a'ocH

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v,fajriSm;&rf;wJh pepfawGeJ@ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tajccH t&if;tjrpf pDrHcef@cGJjcif; enf;vrf;awGrSm tvm;tvmawG@&+yD; opfawmt&if;jrpfawG wm&SnfcHatmifjyKvkyf&mrSm atmifjrifr_awG@&wJh zdvpfykdif/ tdENd,/ eDayg/ xkdif;EkdifiHeJ@ wjcm;a'oawGrSm tvm;wl rl0g'ajymif;vJa&;awGeJ@ ukdufnDygw,f? Z,m;xJu vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tajccH obm0t&if;jrpf pDrHcef@cGJjcif;ukdvnf; =unfhyg/ 208

Global Witness, “World Bank Desperate to Justify Industrial Logging in Cambodia,” press release (July 2004). www.worldbank.org/inspection rSmawG@EkdifwJh FCMCPP ukd ppfaq;zkd@ yef=um;v$mukdvnf; =unfhyg? 209 Shenanigans, supra note 197, pmrsufESm 23? 210 The request can be read at www.worldbank.org/inspection, See Section III-C-2 on the Inspection Panel. 211 'Dtydkif;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh Talbott wifjycsufudk rSDxm;ygw,f? Kirk Talbott & Melissa Brown, “Forest Plunder in Southeast Asia: An Environmental Security Nexus in Burma and Cambodia,” in Environmental Change and Security Project Report, Issue 4 (Spring 1998), pmrsufESm 53-60 udkvnf;=unfhyg? 212 jrefrmEdkifiHrSm w&m;r0ifopfckwfr_u aiGtajrmuftrsm; &ygw,f? tdrfeD;csif; ,leefe,fajrudk ucsifjynfe,fwckwnf;u wESpfudk a':vm oef; 150 wef pwm&ef;rDwm 6 odef; wifydk@w,fvdk@ Global Witness u cef@rSef;ygw,f? A conflict of Interests: The Uncertain Future of Burma’s Forests, A Briefing Document by Global Witness (October 2003) w±kwfjynfu jrefrmEdkifiHrSm opfckwf&jcif; ta=umif;&if; wpdwfwa'ou w±kwfjynfrSm a':vm 35 oef;wef xdcdkufr_jzpfapwJh 1998 ckESpf a&}uD;r_a=umifh wEdkifiHvkH; opfckwfr_ ydwfyifxm;vdk@ jzpfygw,f? opfawmjyKef;wD;r_u a&}uD;r_a=umifhjzpfwJh ysufpD;r_udk ydkrdk}uD;rm;apygw,f? Talbott wifjycsuf/ Global Witness, A Choice for China: Ending the Destruction of Burma’s Frontier Forests (October 2005) udkvnf;=unfhyg? 213 ZD0uGJjym;r_ oabmwlnDcsufudk 1992 &D,dk urBmajr}uD; xdyfoD;nDvmcHrSm tpdk;&acgif;aqmif 150 u vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhygw,f? www.biodiv.org qufvufzwfyg? 214 ITTO u tpdk;&awGt=um; tzGJ@tpnf;jzpf+yD;/ tylydkif;opfawmawGudk xdef;odrf;a&;eJ@ wm±SnfcHatmif pDrHcef@cGJa&; tokH;jyKykHpHeJ@ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wdk@udk jr‡ifhwifay;aeygw,f? tzGJ@0if 59 OD;[m urBmh tylydkif;opfawmawG&JŒ 80 &mcdkifE_ef;avmufeJ@ urBmw0Srf; orydkif;opfukefoG,fr_ 90 &mcdkifE_ef;udk udk,fpm;jyKygw,f? www.itto.or.jp rSm qufvufzwfyg? 215 Kirk Talbott (August 2005) eJ@ udk,fwdkifqufoG,fr_/ Owen J. Lynch & Kirk Talbott, Balancing Acts: Community-Based Forest Management and National Law in Asia and the Pacific (1995) udkvnf; =unfhyg?

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