Metropolitan Food ClustersPeter Smeets

New Cluster Approaches

12 November 2014

METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS

PROVIDING FOOD FOR AN INCREASING URBAN WORLD POPULATION

WORLD GLOBAL FOOD DEMAND CAN ONLY BE MET THROUGH GLOBAL AGROLOGISTIC NETWORK

WORLD GLOBAL FOOD DEMAND CAN ONLY BE MET THROUGH GLOBAL AGROLOGISTIC NETWORK

• Population growth strongest in India,

Africa, East and Southeast Asia

• Cities eat land, pollute land as well as

water resources in China and India

• Agricultural productivity for arable

crops can be improved in S-America and Central Asia

• Growing import dependency

• Only with global agrologistic network

a stable food provision can be guaranteed!!

RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IS KEY FACTOR IN IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY

METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN CLUSTERS :TROUGH HITECH INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE

• Agropark Queretaro: 300 ha of hightech greenhouses

• From 2004 onwards this cluster has developed without a design

METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN CLUSTERS :TROUGH HITECH INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE

Integrated design for an agro-eco-city in Liaocheng, Shandong China: 200 ha of greenhouse cluster.

Construction of innovation-education building preceeds start of greenhouse building.

METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN CLUSTERS :THROUGH VERTICAL CHAIN INTEGRATION

• Significant cost reduction through higher productivity and less transport

• Integration reduces transport and veterinary risks• Added value stays within chain• Large scale and industrial mode of production

enables radical environmental technology: » Smell reduction» Ammonia emission reduction» Fine dust reduction

Mother animals

Genetics

Egg production

Breeding

Broilers

Slaughtering

Processing

Short

chain

broiler

production

manure

CO2

Energy

Retail

Feed

METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN CLUSTERS :THROUGH HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION (1)

• Agropark in operation in sea harbour • Primary agricultural production through industrial

ecology connected to agro-industry• Focus on sustainable development of bio-energy

production

METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN CLUSTERS :THROUGH HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION (2):

AgriportA7• Centre for growing vegetables, agribusiness

industry and logistics, 30 minutes from Amsterdam

• Primary production:

– Large scale glasshouses : 300 ha growing to

1.000 ha

– Field crops : 40.000 ha

• Vegetables industry, logistics and services

– Business park: 70 ha

• Geothermic energy for heating

• Microsoft server centre providing heat for

greenhouse and acquiring decentralised power

provision

METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN METROPOLITAN FOOD CUSTERS :AGROPARKS

A spatial cluster of high-productive plant

and/or animal production and

processing units in industrial mode

combined with the input of high levels of

knowledge and technology. The application of

industrial ecology reduces costs and

environmental emissions

METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS :RURAL TRANSFORMATION CENTRES

Rural Transformation Centres are satellites in rural areas where the inputs from land

dependent production for the whole network are collected and/or

processed.

RTCs provide training and education to

capacitate farmers to increase their productivity.

METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS :CONSOLIDATION CENTRES

In consolidation centers, products, both

raw and processed, coming from the rural environment or from specialized agroparks,

are combined with import flows, if

necessary be processed further, and then recombined and

distributed into the metropole

METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS :GREENPORT VENLO

Greenhouse area

Consolidation Centre

(Sub)urban area

Harbour

Industrial ecology processing restproducts from agrofoodFloriade

Isolated Greenhouses

Large scale Pig farm

Large scale Chicken

farmLarge scale Dairy farm

Single farm sites.

The map only shows

the 30% largest

primary producers in

the area:

Consolidation Centre Freshpark Venlo

A METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IS A REGIONAL INNOVATION CLUSTER

SME metal and building industry

Software

developers

Financial

services

Advanced

Producer

services

Regional &

local

governement

Marketing and

communication

Processors, logistics, trade,

maintainance

Critical mass

of Prime

producers in a

cluster

Other customers

Other customers

Other customers

Other customers

IMPORTANT LESSONS LEARNED FROM DESIGN:

PRACTICE IS CO-DESIGN

• The concept of Kairos. This is the ability to act strategically and at the

right time in a complex dialogue with many partners.

• The involvement of experts, including ‘professional amateurs’, with a range of expertise, skills and practical wisdom, performing a ‘multilingual’ conversation.

• Dialogue takes place in a ‘free space’, implying a state of mind and atmosphere without obligations in terms of interests, cognitive frameworks and time, as a condition for learning and creativity, where participants have an open mind.

• The creation of new insights through a design approach: the iterative process of creative imagination and reflective judgement.

IMPORTANT LESSONS LEARNED: WE CALL THE ENGINE BEHIND REGIONAL INNOVATION CLUSTER A KENGI: IT’S FUEL IS TRUST

NGO’s go for influence and

members

Transition management

facilitates

transfers between

the currencies and builds trust

Entrepreneurs go for profitPoliticians go for power

Knowledge workers go

for peer reviewed publications

Government Entrepreneurs

Knowledge

institutionsNGO’s

IMPORTANT LESSONS LEARNED: INTEGRATED DESIGN OF HARDWARE, ORGWARE AND SOFTWARE IS NECESSARY.

• Hardware is easy, • Orgware is difficult• Software takes time

DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IN MEXICO: DEMOGRAPHY

DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IN MEXICO

Central Mexico MFC

Monterey MFC

Nayarit

Aguascalientes

Chiapas

• Federal Ministry of Finance is investing in agropark development as shareholder

• Federal Ministry of Agriculture has set up a subsidy programm: “Systema nacional de agroparques”.

• Federal government has release a National Vision on Agrologistics serving as a framework for regional development

• States, municipalities and private investors are developing plans and are investing...

DEVELOPMENT OF AGROCLUSTERS IS PART OF THE REFORMA RURAL OF CURRENT GOVERNMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IN MEXICO: AGUASCALIENTES

Agrologistics

Regional MFC network Aguascalientes Zoning plan agropark Agros1

Zoning plan RTC Asientos

DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IN MEXICO: NAYARIT

Agropark Compostella phase 1

Agropark Compostella phase 1: Industrial Ecology

Agropark Compostella phase 2

Regional MFC network Nayarit

DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IN MEXICO: CHIAPASRegional MFC network Chiapas Zoning plan agropark Tapachula

If possible co-design of metropolitan food clusters is to be preferred in stead of organic growth.

There is no blueprint that can be copied but innovation principles can be taken as inspiration:

Resource use efficiency

Vertical and horizontal integration generationg industrial ecology

Elaboration of the agrologistic network

Integrated co-design of hardware, orgware and software

Metropolitan food clusters are part of a transition process that takes decades in stead of years and often meets fierce opposition in society.

We propose to set up a theme within TCI on metropolitan food clusters.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS