Industries and Clusters in the European RegionsAntoni Soy

Breakout Session: Clusters and smart specialisation strategies: analytical tools

5 September 2013

Industries and Clustersin the European Regions

Antoni SoyUniversity of Barcelona, Catalonia

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• 1.- Which European Regions (NUTS 2) are Industrial?– Manufacturing– Advanced Producer Services– New Industry or Servo-Industry

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• Methodology:

• 1.- 78 regions: all the regions NUTS 2 0f EU 27 with a GDP at current prices PPS above 50.000 milions Euros in 2010.

• 2.- The regions with= – a ratio Employed in the sector per 1.000 inhabitants in

the region above the EU-27 average – AND a ratio Employed in the sector related to the

Total Employed in the region -productive specialisation- above the EU-27 average.

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• Specialisation in Manufacturing

• 15 very specialized:

– 8 from Germany (Sttutgart, Tubingen, Freiburg and Karlsruhe –

Baden-Wuttenberg-, Schwaben and Mittelfranken –Bayern-, Arnsberg and Detmold –North Rhine-Westphalia-);

– 4 from North of Italy (Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia, Piemonte);

– and 1 from Poland (Wielkopolskie-Poznan), Portugal (Norte-

Porto) and the Basque Country in Spain.

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• Specialisation in Manufacturing

• 12 with a moderate specialisation:

– 5 from Germany (Oberbayern/Bayern-Munich, Rheinhessen-Pfalz – in Rhineland-Palatinate-, Weser-Ems and Hannover –in Lower Saxony-, Dusseldorf –in North Rhine-Westphalia-);

– 2 from France (Île de France and Rhône-Alpes); – and 1 from Italy (Toscana), Sweden (Vätsverige -Göteborg),

Belgium (Antwerpen), Poland (Slaskie -Katowice) and Catalonia

in Spain.

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• Specialisation in Advanced Producer Services

• 20 very specialized:

– 5 regions from Germany (Darmstadt in Hessen, Köln and Dusseldorf in North Rhine-Westphalia, Oberbayern in Bayern and Hamburg);

– 3 from Holland (Noord-Holland, Zuid-Holland and Noord-Brabant);

– 2 from United Kingdom (Inner London and Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire);

– And 1 from France (Île de France), Belgium (Brussels), Portugal (Lisboa), Txèquia (Praha), Sweden (Stockolm), Spain (Comunitat de Madrid), Romania (Bucaresti-Ilfov), Denmark (Hovedstaten), Hungary (Közep-Magyarorszäg) and Austria (Wien).

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• Specialisation in Advanced Producer Services

• 25 with a moderate specialisation:

– 9 regions from United Kingdom (Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area, Surrey East and West Sussex, Hampshire & Isle of Wight, Greater Manchester, Outer London, East Anglia, West Yorkshire, South Western Scotland, West Midlands);

– 5 from Germany (Mittelfranken, Berlín, Stuttgart, Karlsruhe, Hannover);

– 2 from Italy (Lazio and Lombardia) and Spain (Catalonia and Basque Country);

– And 1 from France (Rhône-Alpes), Belgium (Antwerpen), Holland (Gelderland), Finland (Etelä-Suomi), Greece (Attiki), Ireland (Southern and Eastern), and Poland (Mazowiecke).

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• Specialisation in New Industry

• 23 very specialised:

– 11 from Germany (Sttutgart, Tubingen and Karlsruhe –Baden-Wuttenberg-, Oberbayern, Schwaben and Mittelfranken –Bayern-, Detmold, Köln and Dusseldorf in North Rhine-Westphalia, Darmstadt in Hessen, and Hamburg);

– 3 from Italy (Veneto, Emilia Romagna, Lombardia);– 2 from the United Kingdom (Inner London, Berkshire,

Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire); – And 1 from France/Île de France, Txèquia/Praha,

Portugal/Lisboa, Sweden/Stockolm, Romania/Bucaresti-Ilfov, Hungary/ Közep-Magyarország, Spain/Basque Country.

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• Specialisation in New Industry

• 25 with a moderate specialisation:

– 5 from Germany (Freiburg, Arnsberg, Rheinhessen-Pfalz, Weser-Ems i Hannover);

– 4 from the United Kingdom (Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area, Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire, West Midlands);

– 3 from Holland (Noord-Holland, Zuid-Holland, Noord-Brabant); – 2 from Belgium (Brussels, Antwerpen), Italy (Piemonte, Toscana) and

Spain (Comunitat Madrid i Catalunya); – and1 from Sweden/Vätsverige, Denmark/Hovedstaden, Finland/Etela-

Suomi, Austria/Wien, Portugal/Norte, France/Rhône-Alpes and Greece/Attiki.

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• 2.- Is there a correlation among regional industrial specialisation and type of clusters?

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• Benchmarking Case Studies:

• Basque Country, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto,

• Lombardia, Catalonia, Rhône-Alpes,• Baden Württemberg.

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• Hypothesis clearly confirmed:

• In the framework of a general trend of growth of clusters specialized in the advanced producer services and in the new industry, and with different speeds,

• continues to be a clear correlation between the productive specialization of the region and the main type of existing clusters in each region: manufacturing, producer services, mixed.

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• Basque Country, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto: strong specialisation in manufacturing clusters and lower in advanced producer services and mixed clusters.

• Lombardia, Catalonia, Rhône-Alpes: important specialisation in manufacturing clusters and increasing development in advanced producer services and mixed clusters.

• Baden Württemberg: strong specialisation in both manufacturing clusters and advanced producer services and mixed clusters.

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• 3.- Is there a trend of increasing Emerging Industries and of their clusters in European Regions?

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• Emerging industries set up an entirely new value chain, or make a radical reconfiguration of an existing value chain from an idea (or a convergence of ideas) of a disruptive nature, resulting in creating new products and services with high added value (Heffernan, P., Phaal, R., 2009).

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Emerging Industries and Clusters

Changes inMarket Demand

New Skills & Competences

New BusinessModels

NewTechnologies

Innovation

New Framework Conditions• Entrepreneurial Culture• Territorial Culture• Social Capital• Physic Capital • Economy: macro and micro• Policy

CompetitivenessProductivityLife Quality

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• Hypothesis clearly confirmed:

• There is a general increase of clusters in Emerging Industries in all type of productive specialisation regions –manufacturing, producer services, mixed-.

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• Hypothesis clearly confirmed:

• The increase is bigger in the regions were the advanced producer services are more developed: more in Baden-Württemberg than in Lombardia, Catalonia and Rhône-Alpes and quite more than in Veneto, Emilia-Romagna and Basque Country.

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• The more important Emerging Industries Clusters in these regions are:– Biotech and Medical Engineering, – Health Industries, – Aereoespacial, – Knowledge Economy and Producer Services, – Mechatronics, – Nanotechnology, – Creative and Cultural Industries,– Sports industries– Optics and Photonics– Renewable Energies– Etc.

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• Research in progress

• Next steps:–Maps–Time data series–Correlations and causal relations among

variables

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• Thank you very much

• asoy@ub.edu