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Knowledge-driven Entrepreneurship in Clusters: A Comparative Study of Two Information Technology Clusters in Turkey and Finland Murat Akpinar & Melike Mermercioglu
Academic Summit: Innovation and business models in clusters
4 September 2013
Knowledge-driven Entrepreneurship in Clusters:
A Comparative Study of Two Information Technology
Clusters in Turkey and Finland
Murat Akpinar – JAMK University of Applied Sciences (Finland)
Melike Mermercioglu – Koc University (Turkey)
TCI conference 2013: Designing the future – Innovation through strategic
partnerships, September 3-6, 2013, Kolding
Outline
1. Objectives
2. Theoretical framework
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Implications and future prospects
Objectives
• Assess the knowledge potentials of clusters and identify
dimensions that lead to enhanced entrepreneurial
activity
• Understand how clusters in advanced economies
perform in their knowledge potential vs. clusters in
emerging economies
Theoretical Framework
The emerald model adapted from Sasson and Reve (2012)
Hypotheses
Educational attractiveness
Talent attractiveness
R&D&I attractiveness
Ownership attractiveness
Environmental attractiveness
Cluster attractiveness
Knowledge dynamics
Level of entrepreneurial activity / new
business development
Knowledge potential
++
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+
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Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Talent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Cluster benchmarking (1)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Location and cluster characteristics
Emerging economy, large domestic market, constructed cluster (technopark at university campus), both SMEs and large companies
Advanced economy, small domestic market, evolutionary cluster, mostly small companies
Cluster size No. of companies: 86Total employment: 3,832Annual revenue: 86 million Euro
No. of companies: 410Total employment: 2,913Annual revenue: 527 million Euro
Educational attractiveness
5 universities, admitting 1,049 students per year to IT studies. Graduates per year: 701 (582 bachelor, 102 master, 17 doctoral)
Equally Attractive
2 universities, admitting ca. 400 students per year to IT related studies. Graduates per year: 354 (223 bachelor, 115 master, 16 doctoral)
Equally AttractiveTalent attractiveness PPP adjusted (vs. Finland) average
monthly salary: 6,136 Euro49% more than average salary in Turkey
More Attractive
Average monthly salary: 4,500 Euro42% more than average salary in Finland
Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
Not Attractive
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
Not Attractive
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
Not Attractive
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
Not Attractive
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
Not Attractive
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
Not Attractive
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
Not Attractive
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
Not Attractive
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
Not Attractive
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
Not Attractive
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
Not Attractive
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
Not Attractive
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
Not Attractive
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
Not Attractive
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
Not Attractive
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
Not Attractive
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
Not Attractive
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
Not Attractive
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
Not Attractive
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
Not Attractive
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Cluster benchmarking (2)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
R&D&I attractiveness
No. of patents per year: 15Annual R&D spending (Turkey in 2011): USD 839 million
Not Attractive
No. of patents per year: 67Annual R&D spending (Finland in 2011): USD 3,185 million
Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
FDI in IT sector (Turkey, 2007 – 2011): USD 455 million (0.6% of all FDI)Total of 10 venture capital investments since 2003
Not Attractive
FDI in IT sector (Finland, 2007 – 2011): USD 2,719 million (12.8% of all FDI)Venture capital 4% of all investmentsBetter public funding opportunities
More Attractive Environmental attractiveness
Waste per person per day: 2.58 kgAir pollution (PM10): 66 ug/m3
Constructing renewable energy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Waste per person per day: 0.73 kgAir pollution (PM10): 19 ug/m3
Leading bioenergy cluster nearby
Not Directly Relevant
Cluster benchmarking (3)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Cluster attractiveness
Two-star clusterEmployment: 3,832 (4% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 15.1National agglomeration: 0.6
Attractive
Two-star clusterEmployment: 2,913 (4.6% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 7.5National agglomeration: 1.4
AttractiveKnowledge Dynamics
Moderate level of competitionModerate level of cooperation (mostly with customers)Low level of employee turnover
Moderately Attractive
High level of competitionHigh level of cooperation with customers and suppliers, moderate levels with research institutes, governmental organizations and related industries, and lowest level with competitorsModerate level of employee turnover
More Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (3)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Cluster attractiveness
Two-star clusterEmployment: 3,832 (4% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 15.1National agglomeration: 0.6
Two-star clusterEmployment: 2,913 (4.6% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 7.5National agglomeration: 1.4
AttractiveKnowledge Dynamics
Moderate level of competitionModerate level of cooperation (mostly with customers)Low level of employee turnover
Moderately Attractive
High level of competitionHigh level of cooperation with customers and suppliers, moderate levels with research institutes, governmental organizations and related industries, and lowest level with competitorsModerate level of employee turnover
More Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (3)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Cluster attractiveness
Two-star clusterEmployment: 3,832 (4% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 15.1National agglomeration: 0.6
Two-star clusterEmployment: 2,913 (4.6% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 7.5National agglomeration: 1.4
Knowledge Dynamics
Moderate level of competitionModerate level of cooperation (mostly with customers)Low level of employee turnover
Moderately Attractive
High level of competitionHigh level of cooperation with customers and suppliers, moderate levels with research institutes, governmental organizations and related industries, and lowest level with competitorsModerate level of employee turnover
More Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (3)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Cluster attractiveness
Two-star clusterEmployment: 3,832 (4% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 15.1National agglomeration: 0.6
Attractive
Two-star clusterEmployment: 2,913 (4.6% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 7.5National agglomeration: 1.4
AttractiveKnowledge Dynamics
Moderate level of competitionModerate level of cooperation (mostly with customers)Low level of employee turnover
Moderately Attractive
High level of competitionHigh level of cooperation with customers and suppliers, moderate levels with research institutes, governmental organizations and related industries, and lowest level with competitorsModerate level of employee turnover
More Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (3)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Cluster attractiveness
Two-star clusterEmployment: 3,832 (4% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 15.1National agglomeration: 0.6
Attractive
Two-star clusterEmployment: 2,913 (4.6% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 7.5National agglomeration: 1.4
AttractiveKnowledge Dynamics
Moderate level of competitionModerate level of cooperation (mostly with customers)Low level of employee turnover
Moderately Attractive
High level of competitionHigh level of cooperation with customers and suppliers, moderate levels with research institutes, governmental organizations and related industries, and lowest level with competitorsModerate level of employee turnover
More Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (3)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Cluster attractiveness
Two-star clusterEmployment: 3,832 (4% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 15.1National agglomeration: 0.6
Attractive
Two-star clusterEmployment: 2,913 (4.6% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 7.5National agglomeration: 1.4
AttractiveKnowledge Dynamics
Moderate level of competitionModerate level of cooperation (mostly with customers)Low level of employee turnover
High level of competitionHigh level of cooperation with customers and suppliers, moderate levels with research institutes, governmental organizations and related industries, and lowest level with competitorsModerate level of employee turnover
More Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (3)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Cluster attractiveness
Two-star clusterEmployment: 3,832 (4% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 15.1National agglomeration: 0.6
Attractive
Two-star clusterEmployment: 2,913 (4.6% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 7.5National agglomeration: 1.4
AttractiveKnowledge Dynamics
Moderate level of competitionModerate level of cooperation (mostly with customers)Low level of employee turnover
High level of competitionHigh level of cooperation with customers and suppliers, moderate levels with research institutes, governmental organizations and related industries, and lowest level with competitorsModerate level of employee turnover
Cluster benchmarking (3)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Cluster attractiveness
Two-star clusterEmployment: 3,832 (4% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 15.1National agglomeration: 0.6
Attractive
Two-star clusterEmployment: 2,913 (4.6% of the region)Regional agglomeration (LQ): 7.5National agglomeration: 1.4
AttractiveKnowledge Dynamics
Moderate level of competitionModerate level of cooperation (mostly with customers)Low level of employee turnover
Moderately Attractive
High level of competitionHigh level of cooperation with customers and suppliers, moderate levels with research institutes, governmental organizations and related industries, and lowest level with competitorsModerate level of employee turnover
More Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (Summary)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Educational attractiveness
Equally attractive Equally attractive
Talent attractiveness
More Attractive Attractive
R&D&I attractiveness
Not Attractive Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
Not Attractive More Attractive
Environmental attractiveness
Not Directly Relevant Not Directly Relevant
Cluster attractiveness
Attractive Attractive
Knowledge Dynamics
Moderately Attractive More Attractive
Cluster benchmarking (Summary)
IT cluster in Sariyer, Istanbul IT cluster in Central Finland
Educational attractiveness
Equally attractive Equally attractive
Talent attractiveness
More Attractive Attractive
R&D&I attractiveness
Not Attractive Very Attractive
Ownership attractiveness
Not Attractive More Attractive
Environmental attractiveness
Not Directly Relevant Not Directly Relevant
Cluster attractiveness
Attractive Attractive
Knowledge Dynamics
Moderately Attractive More Attractive
Main Findings and Suggestions for Policy-makers
• Environmental attractiveness is not necessarily a relevant
dimension for assessing IT cluster’s knowledge potential.
• R&D&I attractiveness, ownership attractiveness, and
knowledge dynamics seem to be the most influential
dimensions to drive entrepreneurial activity and new business
development in a cluster.
• Constructing a cluster is not enough. There must be a
dynamic innovation ecosystem with policies, programs and
institutions in place to support entrepreneurial activities.
Suggestions for Future Research
• More attempts to reveal the connection between clustering and entrepreneurship (e.g., case studies with in-depth interviews)
• Similar studies in other industries and other IT clusters
THANK YOU!
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