TCP/IP Internetworking

Lesson 1:The Internet Infrastructure

Objectives

Define the term internetwork and explain the concept’s importance

Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability

Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network

Explain the Internet’s evolution

Objectives (cont’d)

Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet

Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF

Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and Novell

Identify key networking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks

Networking Issues

Traditional networking

Internetworking

Internet versus intranet versus extranet

TCP/IP and Interoperability

TCP/IP can allow different types of networks to communicate with one another

TCP/IP allows an existing LAN and WAN to operate with another

Internetworking and the Corporate Network

Cross-platform

Vendor-neutral

Evolution of the Internet

ARPANET

Test and research networks

Decentralization

Internet-Related Authorities

Internet Society (ISOC)

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

Internet Research Group (IRSG)

OSI Reference Model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Packets

Cyclical Redundancy Check

Packet creation

- Adding headers

- Removing headers

Application, Transport and Network Protocols

Application-layer protocols

Transport-layer protocols

Network-layer protocols

Routable and Nonroutable Protocols

TCP/IP

IPX/SPX

NetBEUI

AppleTalk

Data Link Control (DLC)

Multiprotocol Networks

Combine routable and nonroutable protocols

Summary

Define the term internetwork and explain the concept’s importance

Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability

Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network

Explain the Internet’s evolution

Summary (cont’d)

Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet

Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF

Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and Novell

Identify key networking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks

Lesson 2:TCP/IP

Architecture

Objectives

Describe the Internet architecture model

Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP

Describe various Internet protocols

Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation

Locate RFCs and download them from the Internet

TCP/IP Issues

Vendor-neutral

Used more widely than anticipated

Powers the Internet

Internet Architecture

OSI Reference Model Internet Architecture Equivalent

Application

Presentation

Application

Session

Transport

Transport

Network Internet

Data Link

Physical

Network Access

Requests for Comments (RFCs)

Protocol states

Internet Standards (STDs)

Reference RFCs

Internet Protocols

Application Layer

Transport Layer

Internet Layer

Network Access Layer

ICMPIP

IGMP

ARP RARP

Media

FTP

UDP

HTTP

SNMP

Telnet

SMTP

TCP

DNS

TFTP

BOOTP

Gopher

DHCP

De-multiplexing

ETHERNET

RARP

IP

ARP

IGMP

TCP

ICMP

Telnet FTP

UDP

TFTP SNMP

Specialized Serial Interface Protocols

PPP

- RFC 1661, STD 51

Multilink PPP

- RFC 1990

SLIP

- RFC 1055, STD 47

Summary

Describe the Internet architecture model

Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP

Describe various Internet protocols

Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation

Locate RFCs and download them from the Internet

Lesson 3:Internet

Addressing

Objectives

Describe IP addressing

Define IP address classes

Determine reserved IP addressing

Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design

Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses

Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet

Internet Addressing

Internet addresses are divided into the following parts

- Network

- Host

Four fields separated by periods are a common notation for specifying addresses

- field1.field2.field3.field4

IP Address Fields

Contain eight bits per field

Range from 0 to 255 decimal

field1.field2.field3.field4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 8

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = 255

1 = On0 = Off

Internet Address Classes

Class A

Class B

Class C

Class D

Class E

IP Addressing Rules

Broadcast addresses

Network addresses

Special-case source addresses

Loopback address

Reserved IP Addressing

Reserved IP Addressing

10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

Subnetworks

Performance

Manageability

Logical groups

Subnet Masks

Distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address

Specify whether a destination address is local or remote

Custom Subnet Masks

Steps for determining custom subnet masks

- Determine the number of subnets needed

- Determine the number of bits to borrow from the host portion

- Determine the subnet mask

Custom Subnet Masks (cont’d)

Steps for determining custom subnet masks (cont’d)

- Determine the maximum number of hosts per subnetwork

- Determine the subnetwork addresses for each subnet

- Determine the address ranges for each subnetwork

Classless Interdomain Routing

Technique to conserve IP addresses

Also called supernetting

Summary

Describe IP addressing

Define IP address classes

Determine reserved IP addressing

Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design

Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses

Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet

Lesson 4:Network

Access Layer

Objectives

Identify the IEEE LAN standards

Install and test protocol analyzer software

Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components

Identify fields in the ARP header

Objectives (cont’d)

Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses

Explain the function of RARP

Define FDDI and its function

IEEE Standardsand Ethernet

Ethernet is a predecessor to the IEEE 802.2/802.3 standard, and can be defined as a broadcast system for communication between systems

Ethernet Function

Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Determining Ethernet Addresses

Linux

Windows NT

Windows 95/98

Ethernet Headers

Destination Hardware Address

Source Hardware Address

Type Data CRC

Address Resolution Protocol

I P address (32-bit)

Ethernet address (48-bit)

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Used by diskless systems to find out their Internet addresses on the network

Summary

Identify the IEEE LAN standards

Install and test protocol analyzer software

Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components

Identify fields in the ARP header

Summary (cont’d)

Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses

Explain the function of RARP

Define FDDI and its function

Lesson 5:Internet Layer

Objectives

Describe the functions of the Internet layer

Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer

Identify the IP header fields and their purpose

Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components

IP and Routing

IP

- Connectionless

- Not necessarily reliable

Routing

- One of the most important IP functions

- Determines the path that packets travel across networks

IP Header

Version

Header length

Service

Datagram length

Datagram ID number

Flags

Fragment offset

Time To Live

Protocol

Header checksum

Source address

Destination address

Options

Summary

Describe the functions of the Internet layer

Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer

Identify the IP header fields and their purpose

Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components

Lesson 6:Transport Layer

Objectives

Define the functions of the transport layer

Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose

Explain the TCP negotiation process

Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination

Objectives (cont’d)

Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose

Decode and analyze UDP headers

Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well-known and registered port numbers

Transport Layer Protocols

TCP

UDP

Transmission Control Protocol

Provides a byte-stream service

- Connection-oriented

- Reliable

TCP Header

Source port

Destination port

Sequence number

Acknowledgment number

Header length

Reserved

Flags

Window

Checksum

Urgent pointer

Option type

Option length

Maximum segment size

TCP Negotiation Process

SYN

FIN

ACK

Establishing aTCP Connection

Active Open: SYN flag, ISN, and desired port number.

Passive Open: SYN flag, ISN, and ACK.

ACK.

Terminating a TCP Connection

Active close: FIN flag, stops server to client data flow.

Passive close: FIN flag, stops client to server data flow.

ACK.

ACK.

User Datagram Protocol

Provides a simple datagram form of communication at the transport layer

Differs from TCP in that it does not provide congestion control, use acknowledgments, retransmit lost datagrams, or guarantee reliability

TCP and UDP Ports

Port assignments in the Internet domain

Port Number Range Description

1 to 1023 Well-known/reserved portnumbers

1024 to 65535 Registered port numbers

Summary

Define the functions of the transport layer

Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose

Explain the TCP negotiation process

Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination

Summary (cont’d)

Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose

Decode and analyze UDP headers

Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well-known and registered port numbers

Lesson 7:Domain

Name System

Objectives

Define and configure hosts files

Explain the DNS and its evolution

Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationship among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems

Objectives (cont’d)

Identify DNS records and list the record types

Install and configure a DNS server and client on UNIX or Windows NT

Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows NT and DNS

DNS

DNS consists of three levels

- Root

- Top

- Second ROOT

Second

TOP

Second

DNS Components

Name server

Name resolver

DNS Server Types

Root server

Master server

Primary server

Secondary server

Caching and caching-only server

Forwarding server

Slave server

DNS Records

Internet (IN)

Name Server (NS)

Start of Authority (SOA)

Address (A)

Canonical Name (CNAME)

Mail Exchanger (MX)

Pointer (PTR)

UNIX and DNS

named.ca

named.local

domain_name.hosts

rev.domain_name.hosts

named.boot (BIND version 4)

resolv.conf (BIND version 8)

Windows NT and DNS

DNS component of NT runs as a fully functional DNS server

Summary

Define and configure hosts files

Explain the DNS and its evolution

Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationship among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems

Summary (cont’d)

Identify DNS records and list the record types

Install and configure a DNS server and client on UNIX or Windows NT

Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows NT and DNS

Lesson 8:Address and Parameter

Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts

Objectives

Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client

Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client

Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP

Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation

Install and configure a DHCP server and client

BOOTstrap Protocol

Provides a means for diskless workstations to determine IP addresses and parameters

Created as an alternative to RARP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Designed to assign Internet configuration information dynamically on TCP/IP networks

Can traverse routers (providing the router is DHCP-enabled)

DHCP Initialization Process

Discover

Offer

Request

Acknowledgment

Summary

Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client

Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client

Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP

Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation

Install and configure a DHCP server and client

TCP/IP Internetworking

The Internet Infrastructure

TCP/IP Architecture

Internet Addressing

Network Access Layer

Internet Layer

Transport Layer

Domain Name System

Address and Parameter Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts