TCP/IP Overview. 2 Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to perform the following tasks:...

TCP/IP Overview

2

Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to perform the following tasks:

• Describe how the TCP/IP implementation relates to the OSI reference model

• Identify the functions of the TCP/IP network-layer protocols

• Identify the functions of the TCP/IP transport-layer protocols

Objectives

3

• Early of 1970s Developed as part of the research done by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Later TCP/IP was included with the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) of UNIX

• Universal

Introduction to TCP/IP

UNIX Host

Internet

TCP/IP

UNIX Host

4

TCP/IP Protocol StackMap DOD model to the OSI Reference Model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Application

Transport

Internet

Network Interface

OSI Reference Model

Ethernet, 802.3, 802.5, FDDI, and so on.

TCP/IP Conceptual Layers

US Department Of Defence (DOD)

Internet Layer

6

Network Layer Overview

• OSI network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP internet layer

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control MessageProtocol (ICMP)

Address ResolutionProtocol (ARP)

Reverse AddressResolution Protocol (RARP)

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control MessageProtocol (ICMP)

Address ResolutionProtocol (ARP)

Reverse AddressResolution Protocol (RARP)

Application

Transport

Internet

Network Interface

Hardware

7

IP Datagram

# Bits 616 32 416 6 32

VERS HLENType ofService

TotalLength

Identi-fication

FlagsFrag

OffsetTTL

4

# Bits 16 32 416 32

ProtocolHeader

ChecksumSource IPAddress

Destination IPAddress

IPOptions

Data…

4

Network Header

SegmentHeader

FrameTrailer

FrameHeader

Data

IP Address

9

• Unique addressing allows communication between end stations

• Path choice is based on location• Location is represented by an address

Introduction to TCP/IP Addresses

UNIX HostUNIX Host

Company ACompany B

172.16.3.10 10.250.8.11

10

32 Bits

Network Host

IP Addressing

11

IP Addressing

32 Bits

Network Host

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

10101100 00010000 1100110001111010

12

IP Addressing

32 Bits

Network Host

8 Bits

172 . 16 . 122 . 204

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

10101100 00010000 1100110001111010

00000000 ~ 11111111 (binary) ––– 0 ~ 255 (Decimal)

13

• Class A:

• Class B:

• Class C:

• Class D: For Multicast

• Class E: For ResearchN = Network number H = Host number

IP Address Classes

N H H H

N N H H

N N N H

14

IP Address Bit Patterns

1 7 24

Class A:

# Bits

0 network # host #

15


1 7 24Class A:# Bits 14 16Class B:# Bits 0 network # host #1 network # host #0

2

16


1 7 24

Class A:

# Bits

14 16

Class B:

# Bits

3 21 8

Class C:

# Bits

0 network # host #

1 network # host #0

1 network # host #1 0

2

17


Class D:

# Bits

1 1 1 01

Class E:

# Bits

1 1 1 11

Multicast

For Research

18

• Network 172.16.0.0

• Host 0.0.3.10

• Host 0.0.3.15

172.16.0.0

Addressing Example

172.16.3.10172.16.3.15

19

Recognizing Classes in IP Addresses (First Octet Rule)

High OrderBits (binary)

Octet inDecimal

AddressClass

0

10

110

1110

1111

1 – 126

128 – 191

192 – 223

224 – 239

240 – 255

A

B

C

D

E

Network 127.0.0.0 Reserved for loopback. The address 127.0.0.1 often is used to refer to the local host

20

Address Rule:· All network bits set to 0 Refers to a host on “this” network For example, 0.0.0.34 would address node 34 on the local network

· All host bits set to 0 Refers to the network itself For example, the address 172.16.0.0 can be used to refer to network 172.16

· All network bits set to 1 Refers to a Subnet Mask For example, the address 255.255.0.0

· All host bits set to 1 Refers to Broadcast Addresses For example, the address 172.16. 255.255

· 255.255.255.255 Refers to a broadcast meant for hosts on this network only

· Network 0.0.0.0 Refers to the default route

21

Network And Host Number

AddressClass

Network Number

Host Number

A

B

C

126

16,384

2,097,152

16,777,214

65,534

254

Network

126= 27-1 (127.0.0.0 Reserved)

16384 = 214

2,097,152 = 221

Host

16,777,214 = 224 - 2

65,534 = 216 - 2

254 = 28 - 2

22

Address Class Network Host

10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

Exercise: IP Address Classes

23



10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

24



10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A 10.0.0.0

25



10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A 0.2.1.1 10.0.0.0

26



10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

0.2.1.1 10.0.0.0

27



10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B 128.63.0.0

0.2.1.1 10.0.0.0

28



10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B 0.0.2.100 128.63.0.0

0.2.1.1 10.0.0.0

29



10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

0.0.2.100 128.63.0.0

0.2.1.1 10.0.0.0

30



10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C 201.222.5.0

0.0.2.100 128.63.0.0

0.2.1.1 10.0.0.0

31



10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C 0.0.0.64 201.222.5.0

0.0.2.100 128.63.0.0

0.2.1.1 10.0.0.0

32



10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

C

B 0.0.64.16 130.113.0.0

0.0.0.2 192.6.141.0

0.0.0.64 201.222.5.0

0.0.2.100 128.63.0.0

0.2.1.1 10.0.0.0

Nonexistent

00000000 ~ 11111111 (binary) ––– 0 ~ 255 (Decimal)

33

The Internet is controlled by a number of bodies

ISOC (Internet Society)—non-profit society coordinating internet evolution and use.

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)—organization

operated under ISOC as part of the Internet Architecture Board

(IAB). Delegates authority for IP address space allocation and

domain name assignment to the InterNIC and other organizations.

InterNIC (Network Information Center)—an independent agency

that makes rules, administers the registration process, and

maintains the official database of registered domain names. The

Domain Name System (DNS) is a set of distributed databases

containing these numeric equivalents and their corresponding

domain names. With the DNS system users may use an easy-to-

remember name (yourname.com) rather than a difficult string of

numbers when seeking out a site on the Internet.

34

Addresses for Private Networks

Class Beginning Address Ending Address

Class A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255

Class B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255

Class C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255

The others are registered addresses

If you are connected to the Internet, you must use

registered addresses

Configuring IP Addresses

36

Host Addresses172.16.2.2

172.16.3.10

172.16.12.12

IP: 172.16.2.1

10.1.1.1

10.250.8.11

10.180.30.118

IP: 10.6.24.2

E0 E1

172.16 12 12

Network Host

. . Network Interface

172.16.0.0

10.0.0.0

E0

E1

Routing Table

37

• Network 172.16.0.0

172.16.0.0

Standard Address

38

• Network 172.16.0.0

Addressing with Subnets

172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

Company A 172.18.0.0

172.16.0.0 172.17.0.0

39

Subnet Addressing172.16.?.200

172.16.?.2

172.16. ?.160

172.16.?.5

172.16. ?.100

172.16. ?.150

E0 E1

Network Interface

172.16.0.0

172.16.0.0

E0

E1

Routing Table

40

Subnet Addressing172.16.2.200

172.16.2.2

172.16.2.160

IP: 172.16.2.1

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.100

172.16.3.150

IP: 172.16.3.1

E0 E1

172.16 2 160

Network Host

. .

Subnet

172.16 3 100

Network Host

. .

Subnet

Network Interface

172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

E0

E1

New Routing Table

41

Subnet Mask

172 16 0 0IPAddress

Network Host

42

Subnet Mask

172 16 0 0

255 255 0 0

IPAddress

DefaultSubnet

Mask

Network Host

Network Host

43

Subnet Mask

172 16 0 0

255 255 0 0

255 255 255 0

IPAddress

DefaultSubnet

Mask

Additional 8-bitSubnet

Mask

Network Host

Borrow from host bits, starting at the high order bit position

Network Host

Network Subnet Host

44

Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

45

Network Host

172.16.2.160

255.255.0.0

172 16 0 0

10101100

11111111

10101100

00010000

11111111

00010000

00000000

00000000

10100000

00000000

00000000

• Subnets not in use—the default

00000010

Standard Address without Subnets

46

Network Host

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.0

172 16 2 0

Subnet

11111111 11111111 0000000011111111

• Network number extended by eight bits

10101100

10101100

00010000

00010000 00000010

10100000

00000000

00000010

Subnet Mask with Subnets

47

Network Host

172.16.98.160

255.255.224.0

172 16 96 0

Subnet

11111111 11111111 0000000011100000

• Network number extended by variable bits

10101100

10101100

00010000

00010000 01100000

10100000

00000000

01100010

Subnet Mask with Subnets

48

Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

49

Exercise: Subnet Masks

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet

172.16.2.10

10.13.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.252.0.0

255.255.255.0

50



172.16.2.10

10.13.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.252.0.0

255.255.255.0

B

51



172.16.2.10

10.13.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.252.0.0

255.255.255.0

B 172.16.2.0

52



172.16.2.10

10.13.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.252.0.0

255.255.255.0

B

A

172.16.2.0

53



172.16.2.10

10.13.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.252.0.0

255.255.255.0

B

A

172.16.2.0

10.12.0.0

10.13.24.20

255.252.0.0 11111111 11111100 0000000000000000

00001010

00001010

00001101

00001100 00000000

00010100

00000000

00011000

10 . 12 . 0 . 0

54



172.16.2.10

10.13.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.252.0.0

255.255.255.0

B

A

A

172.16.2.0

10.12.0.0

55



172.16.2.10

10.13.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.252.0.0

255.255.255.0

B

A

A

172.16.2.0

10.12.0.0

10.30.36.0

56

Subnet Planning

Other subnets

20 subnets

5 hosts per subnet

Class C address: 201.222.5.0

20 subnets

5 hosts per subnet

Class C address: 201.222.5.0

201.222.5.16

201.222.5.32 201.222.5.48

20 subnets5 Bits of Subnet 25=32 Subnets

5 hosts per subnet3 Bits of Host 23-2= 6 Hosts

20 subnets5 Bits of Subnet 25=32 Subnets

5 hosts per subnet3 Bits of Host 23-2= 6 Hosts

57

IP Host Address: 201.222.5.121Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.248

Network Subnet Host

201 222 5 120

201.222.5.121: 11001001

11111111

Subnet: 11001001 11011110

11011110

11111111

00000101

00000101

11111111

01111 001

11111 000

01111 000

255.255.255.248:

Class C Subnet Planning Example

• Subnet Address = 201.222.5.120• Host Addresses = 0.0.0.1• Rang = 201.222.5.121–201.222.5.126• Broadcast Address = 201.222.5.127• Five Bits of Subnetting

58

IP Host Address: 172.16.2.120Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

• Subnet Address = 172.16.2.0• Host Addresses = 172.16.2.1–172.16.2.254• Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255• Eight bits of subnetting

Network Subnet Host

172 16 2 0

172.16.2.120:

255.255.255.0:

10101100

11111111

Subnet: 10101100 00010000

00010000

11111111

00000010

00000010

11111111

01111001

00000000

00000000

Class B Subnet Planning Example

59

Broadcast Addresses

172.16.1.0

172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.3.255(Directed broadcast)

255.255.255.255(Local network broadcast)

XX

60

Exercise: Broadcast Addresses

Address Class Subnet Broadcast

201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252

61


201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252


62


201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252


60 --- 00111100 56 --- 00111000

63


201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252


63 --- 0011111156 --- 0011100060 --- 00111100

64


201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252


65


201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252


193 --- 11000001 192 --- 11000000

66


201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.25515.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252


199 --- 11000111255 --- 11111111

192 --- 11000000193 --- 11000001

67


201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.25515.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B


68


201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.25515.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B 128.16.32.12


12 --- 0000110013 --- 00001101

69


201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.25515.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B 128.16.32.15128.16.32.12


15 --- 0000111112 --- 0000110013 --- 00001101

70

• IP addresses are specified in 32-bit dotted-decimal format that indicates class, network, and host identifications

• Subnet masks are used to indicate the boundary between network, subnet, and host IDs

• Subnet Planning

• Broadcast Addresses

• Subnets with all [0]s or all [1]s reserved

IP addresses Summary

71

Internet Control Message Protocol

Application

Transport

Internet

Network Interface

Hardware

ICMP

Destination Unreachable

Echo (Ping)

Other

ICMP messages are carried in IP datagrams and are used to send error and control messages

72

Internet Control Message Protocol

Application

Transport

Internet

Network Interface

Hardware

ICMP


Echo (Ping)

Other

· Destination Unreachable · Time Exceeded · Parameter Problem · Source Quench · Redirect · Echo Request· Echo Reply · Timestamp · Timestamp Reply · Information Request · Information Reply · Address Request · Address Reply

73

ICMP Testing

• Destination unreachable–Host or port unreachable

–Network unreachable

Host AI do not know how to get to Z.Send ICMP.

To Z


Send data to Z.

DataNetwork

74

ICMP Testing (cont.)

• Generated by the ping command

AYes, I am here.Is B reachable?

B

75



AYes, I am here.Is B reachable?

B

ICMP Echo Request

76



AYes, I am here.

ICMP Echo Reply

Is B reachable?

B

ICMP Echo Request

77

Address Resolution Protocol

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.

78


172.16.3.1

IP: 172.16.3.2 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111

172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???


I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet address.

79


• Map IP Ethernet

• Local ARP

172.16.3.1

IP: 172.16.3.2 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111

172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???


I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet address.

Example 1: Destination local

80

Finding the MAC Address

Router A

Example 2: Destination not local

Host Z

Host YQuery

BroadcastBroadcast Host ZMAC ?Host ZMAC ? Host ZHost Z

Response

Host YMAC

Host YMAC

Router AMAC

Router AMAC

Routing Table:Net forHost Z

Routing Table:Net forHost Z

• Map IP Ethernet

• Not Local ARP

Transport Layer

82

Transport Layer Overview

Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Application

Transport

Internet

Network Interface

Hardware

TCP : Connection-oriented services

UDP : Connectionless services

83

• Determines destination upper-layer protocol

IP Datagram Protocol Field

TransportLayer

InternetLayer

TCP UDP

ProtocolNumbers

IP

176

84

IP Datagram

# Bits 616 32 416 6 32

VERS HLENType ofService

TotalLength

Identi-fication

FlagsFrag

OffsetTTL

4

# Bits 16 32 416 32

ProtocolHeader

ChecksumSource IPAddress

Destination IPAddress

IPOptions

Data…

4

Network Header

SegmentHeader

FrameTrailer

FrameHeader

Data

85

TCP Segment Format

# Bits 616 32 416 6 32

SourcePort

Dest.Port

SequenceNumber

AcknowledgementNumber

HLEN ReservedCodeBits

16

Window

16

Check-sum

16

Urgent

0 or 32

Option Data...

86

Port Numbers

TCP

Port Numbers

FTP

TransportLayer

TELNET

DNS

SNMP

TFTP

SMTP

UDP

ApplicationLayer

21 23 25 53 69 161

87

Port Numbers assigned range

Port numbers have the following assigned ranges:

Port number are 16 bits long (0~65536)

• Numbers below 1 to 255 are for public applications

(well-known port number )

• Numbers from 256 to 1023 are assigned to

companies for saleable applications

• Numbers above 1023 are unregulated

88

Identify Service

172.16.1.51

72.16.1.2

172.16.1.1

Client_1 Client_2

DNS FTPServer

1028 53 …

SP DP 1028 21 …

SP DP

53 21

172.16.1.101

89

TCP Port Numbers

SourcePort

Dest.Port

…

Host A

Dest. port = 23.Send packet to my

Telnet application.

1028 23 …

SP DP

Host ZTelnet Z

90

Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=SYN)

Host A Host B

1

TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open Connection

SYN received (seq=100)

91


SYN received (seq=100 )

Send SYN (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)

Host A Host B

1

2SYN received (seq=300 ack=101)


92




Send ack(ack=301 ctl=ack)

Host A Host B

1

2

3

SYN received (seq=300 ack=101)


93





Send ack(ack=301 ctl=ack)

Host A Host B

Established Connection (seq=101 ctl= Data)

1

2

3

SYN received (seq=300 ack=101)

SYN received (ack=301 )

94

TCP Windowing

Sender Receiver

95

Window size = 3Send 2

TCP WindowingSender ReceiverWindow size = 3

Send 1


96



Send 1


ACK 1Window size = 2



97




Send 1






98




Send 1








99

TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers

I justsent #10.

SourcePort

Dest.Port

…Sequence

#Acknowledgement

#

1028 23

Source Dest.

1010

Seq.

0

Ack.

…

100


I justsent #10.

I just got #10,now I need #11.

SourcePort

Dest.Port

…Sequence

#Acknowledgement

#

1028 23

Source Dest.

1010

Seq.

1

Ack.

…

102823

Source Dest.

1111

Seq.

1

Ack.

…

101


I justsent #10.

I just got #10,now I need #11.

SourcePort

Dest.Port

…Sequence

#Acknowledgement

#

1028 23

Source Dest.

1010

Seq.

1

Ack.

…

1028 23

Source Dest.

1111

Seq.

2

Ack.

…

102823

Source Dest.

1111

Seq.

1

Ack.

…

Sequence and Reliability

102

• UDP no sequence or acknowledgment fields

• Application-layer protocols can provide for reliability

UDP Segment Format

16

SourcePort

16

DestinationPort

16

Length

16

Checksum Data…

# Bits

103

Application Layer Overview

*Used by the router

Application

Transport

Internet

Network Interface

Hardware

File Transfer- TFTP *- FTP- NFS

E-Mail- SMTP

Remote Login- Telnet *- rlogin

Network Management- SNMP *

Name Management- DNS*

File Transfer- TFTP *- FTP- NFS

E-Mail- SMTP

Remote Login- Telnet *- rlogin

Network Management- SNMP *

Name Management- DNS*

104

FTP Service

· FTP enables a user to transfer files between two

networked computers.

· FTP also provides a variety of login, directory

inspection, file manipulation, and other session

control functions.

· FTP can be used to move files between disparate

local operating systems

105

SMTP Service

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is an electronic

mail routing protocol that uses TCP and IP to

route mail messages between network hosts.

106

Remote Terminal Emulation allows users to

access host-based applications over the network,

with personal computers functioning as dumb

terminals.

Like FTP, TELNET can provide connectivity

between dissimilar systems (for example, DOS and

UNIX).

It has been one of the most widely used network

applications.

TELNET Service

107

DNS Service

The domain name can be up to 255 characters long and is not case-sensitive (each label can have up to 63 characters)

108

172.16.2.2172.16.1.2

172.16.1.1172.16.2.1

www.sun.comftp.sun.com

DNS Server

www.sun.com 172.16.1.2

ftp.sun.com 172.16.2.2

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

DNS Table

DNS Service

109

DNS Service

Ask Domain Name: ftp.novell.de

110

The Next Generation Internet Protocol

111

IPv6 (IP version 6) addresses

128-bit addresses

Will replace IPv4

Quality-of-Service Capabilities

Authentication and Privacy Capabilities

IPv6

Only 6% of IPv4 addresses are unassigned

112

• Describe how the TCP/IP implementation relates to the OSI

reference model

• The functions of the TCP/IP network-layer protocols

IP addresses are specified in 32-bit dotted-decimal format

that indicates class, network, and host identifications.

Subnet masks are used to indicate the boundary between

network, subnet, and host IDs

ICMP

ARP/RARP

Summary

113

• The functions of the TCP/IP transport-layer protocols

TCP/UDP -- Acknowledged and unacknowledged

transports , Port Numbers , Sequence and Reliability

• Protocols to support file transfer, e-mail, and other

applications

• New Technology

Summary

Date post:	29-Dec-2015
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TCP/IP Overview. 2 Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to perform the following tasks:...

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