TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1 Chapter 1 Objectives Upon completion you will be able to: Introduction...

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Objectives

Upon completion you will be able to:

IntroductionIntroduction

• Understand the history of the Internet• Understand the meaning of the terms protocol and standard• Understand the various organizations involved in the standards• Understand the different levels of Internet service providers• Understand the groups involved in Internet administration


1.1 A Brief History

A network is a group of connected, communicating devices. An A network is a group of connected, communicating devices. An internetinternet is two or more networks that can communicate with each other. The is two or more networks that can communicate with each other. The most notable internet is called the most notable internet is called the InternetInternet. Millions of people are users. . Millions of people are users. Yet this extraordinary communication system only came into being in Yet this extraordinary communication system only came into being in 1969.1969.

The topics discussed in this section include:The topics discussed in this section include:

ARPANETARPANETBirth of the Internet Birth of the Internet Transmission Control Protocol / Internetworking ProtocolTransmission Control Protocol / Internetworking ProtocolMILNETMILNETCSNET, NSFNET & ANSNETCSNET, NSFNET & ANSNETThe Internet TodayThe Internet TodayTime LineTime LineGrowth of the InternetGrowth of the Internet


Figure 1.1 Internet today

NAP = Network Access Point


1.2 Protocols and Standards

In this section, we define two widely used terms: In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards. First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with “. First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with “rulerule.” .” Then we discuss standards, which are Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon rulesagreed-upon rules..


ProtocolsProtocols A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication.

Key elements of protocol:1. Syntax2. Semantic3. Timing: When to send? How fast to send?


StandardsStandards are essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for equipment manufacturers and in guaranteeing inter-operability.

1. De facto standards(ex: MS office and some DVD

standards)2. De jure (by law) standards

(those that have been legislated by an officially recognized body)


1.3 Standards Organizations

Standards are developed through the cooperation of standards creation Standards are developed through the cooperation of standards creation committees, forums, and government regulatory agencies.committees, forums, and government regulatory agencies.

Standards Creation CommitteesStandards Creation Committees1.1. International Standard Organization (ISO)International Standard Organization (ISO)2.2. International Telecommunications Union-International Telecommunications Union-

Telecommunications Standards Sector (ITU-T)Telecommunications Standards Sector (ITU-T)3.3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)American National Standards Institute (ANSI)4.4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)5.5. Electronic Industries Association (EIA)Electronic Industries Association (EIA)6.6. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)7.7. Open Mobile Alliance (OMA): wireless technologiesOpen Mobile Alliance (OMA): wireless technologies


• ForumsForums : those special-interest groups made : those special-interest groups made up by representatives from interested up by representatives from interested corporationscorporations1.1. Frame Relay ForumFrame Relay Forum2.2. ATM ForumATM Forum

• Regulatory AgenciesRegulatory Agencies : the purpose is to : the purpose is to protect protect public interestpublic interest1.1. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Federal Communications Commission (FCC),

USAUSA2.2. NCC, TaiwanNCC, Taiwan


The websites for the standardization The websites for the standardization organizations are given in Appendix F.organizations are given in Appendix F.

Note:Note:


1.4 Internet Standards

An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested specification. There is a An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested specification. There is a strict procedure by which a specification attains Internet standard status. strict procedure by which a specification attains Internet standard status. A specification begins as an A specification begins as an Internet draftInternet draft, working document with no , working document with no official status and a six-month lifetime. A draft may be published as a official status and a six-month lifetime. A draft may be published as a Request for Comment (RFC)Request for Comment (RFC). .


RFCs go through RFCs go through 6 maturity levels6 maturity levelsProposed standardProposed standardDraft standardDraft standardInternet standardInternet standardHistoricHistoricExperimentalExperimentalInformationalInformational


Figure 1.2 Maturity levels of an RFC

至少應有兩個獨立的implementation

實驗性但不影響正常運作

vender提供說明性資訊

Requirement Levels of RFCRequirement Levels of RFC RequiredRequired: An RFC is labeled required if it must be : An RFC is labeled required if it must be

implemented by all Internet systems to achieve implemented by all Internet systems to achieve minimum conformation. (e.g., IP, ICMP)minimum conformation. (e.g., IP, ICMP)

Recommended:Recommended: It is not required but it’s useful. (e.g., It is not required but it’s useful. (e.g., FTP, TELNET)FTP, TELNET)

Elective:Elective: a system can use it for its own benefit. a system can use it for its own benefit. Limited use:Limited use: used only in limited situations. Most of used only in limited situations. Most of

the experimental RFCs fall under this category.the experimental RFCs fall under this category. Not recommended:Not recommended: inappropriate for general use. A inappropriate for general use. A

historic RFC may fall under this category.historic RFC may fall under this category.



Figure 1.3 Requirement levels of an RFC

RFCs can be found at www.faqs.org/rfcs

Note:Note:


1.5 Internet Administration

Researching Engineering


1.5 Internet Administration

Internet Society (ISOC):Internet Society (ISOC): is formed in 1992 to support for the Internet is formed in 1992 to support for the Internet standards process.standards process.

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)Internet Architecture Board (IAB) is the technical advisor to the ISOC. is the technical advisor to the ISOC.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a forum of working groups is a forum of working groups managed by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). IETF is managed by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). IETF is responsible for identifying responsible for identifying operational problemsoperational problems and and proposing solutionsproposing solutions to these problems.to these problems.Areas: Applications, Internet protocols, routing, …Areas: Applications, Internet protocols, routing, …

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) : IRSG. Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) : IRSG. IRTF focuses on long term IRTF focuses on long term research topics.research topics.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), Oct. 1998Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), Oct. 1998Names and Numbers (ICANN)Names and Numbers (ICANN)

Network Information Center (NIC)Network Information Center (NIC) is responsible for collecting and is responsible for collecting and distributing information about TCP/IP protocols.distributing information about TCP/IP protocols.


The websites for Internet organizations can be found in

Appendix F.

Note:Note:

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TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1 Chapter 1 Objectives Upon completion you will be able to: Introduction...

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