T.E - Kalvisolai · 10.05.2012 · Kalvisolai.com ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com

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ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com

T.E.T Mrphpah; jFjpj; Njh;T

gj;jhk; tFg;G caphpay;

ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;

(PAPER I AND II)

Njh;T vOJk; Mrphpah;fSf;fhf

“kalvisolai.com” JizAld;

ELA.BABU VELAN, B.Sc, B.Ed, M.L.I.Sc, (M.A),

DISTRICT PRESIDENT,

TAMILNADU GRADUATE TEACHER FEDERATION,

TIRUNELVELI - (DIS), CELL : 9952329008

E.MAIL : [email protected]

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kuGk; ghpzhkKk;

1. ghuk;ghpak;

- jiyKiw jiyKiwahf flj;jg;gLk; cly; mikg;G kw;wk; nraypay; epfo;Tfs; ghuk;ghpak; MFk;

- ,J Njhw;wk; cly;nraypay; cly; cs;sikg;G ,dg;ngUf;f nray; Nghd;wtw;iw xj;jpUf;Fk;

2. ghuk;ghpa flj;jy; epfo;it Kjypy; ntspapl;lth; - fphpfh; N[hfd; nkz;ly;fphpfh; N[hfd; nkz;ly;fphpfh; N[hfd; nkz;ly;fphpfh; N[hfd; nkz;ly;

3.nkz;ly jd; Muha;r;rpf;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;l jhtuk; - gl;lhzp (igrk; rl;iltk;)gl;lhzp (igrk; rl;iltk;)gl;lhzp (igrk; rl;iltk;)gl;lhzp (igrk; rl;iltk;)

4.nkz;ly; gl;lhzpr; nrbapy; fz;lwpe;j NtWghLfs;

- tpij tbtk; - cUz;il RUf;fk;

- tpijepwk; - kQ;rs;/gr;ir

- kyhpd; epwk; - Cjh/nts;is

- fdp tbtk; - KOikahdJ/RUq;fpaJ

- fdp epwk; - gr;ir/kQ;rs;

- kyh; miktplk; - Nfhzk; /Edp

- jz;bd; cauk; - nel;il/ Fl;il

5.nkz;ly; gl;lhzp jhtuj;jpy; cauk; vd;w gz;gpid kl;Lk; nfhz;L Ma;T nra;jjhy; ,e;j Ma;T xU gz;G fyg;xU gz;G fyg;xU gz;G fyg;xU gz;G fyg;G vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. 6.nkz;lypd; Ma;T Kbtpy; fpilj;j caug; gz;G 3:1 (nel;il : Fl;il3:1 (nel;il : Fl;il3:1 (nel;il : Fl;il3:1 (nel;il : Fl;il) vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.

7.7.7.7.gPNdhilggPNdhilggPNdhilggPNdhilg; - Njhw;wjpy; ntspg;gilahf fhzg;gLk; gz;Gfshd nel;il (m) Fl;il Cjh (m) nts;is Nghd;wit Gwj;Njhw;wg; gz;G (m) gPNdhilg; MFk; 8.8.8.8.[P[P[P[PNdhilgNdhilgNdhilgNdhilg; - Gwj;Njhw;wg; gz;GfSf;F fhuzkhd FNuhNkhNrhk; my;yJ [Pd;fspd; mikg;G

9.9.9.9.mmmmy;yPy;fsy;yPy;fsy;yPy;fsy;yPy;fs; - ,U NtWg;gl;l gz;gfisf; nfhz;Ls;s [Pd;fspd; mikg;G.

10.10.10.10.mmmmy;yPNyh khh;Gfsy;yPNyh khh;Gfsy;yPNyh khh;Gfsy;yPNyh khh;Gfs; - my;yPy;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; gz;G

11. caphpd NtWghL

- ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f caphpdq;fspy; rpwpa msT khw;wk; ,Uf;Fk; - ghypd ,dg;ngUf;f caphpdq;fspy; ed;F njhpaf;$ba NtWghLfs; ,Uf;Fk;

12. khWghLfs; tiffs;

- clw;nry; khWghLfs; - clw;nry;ypy; Vw;gLk;. mLj;j jiyKiwf;F flj;jg;glhJ. - ,dr;nry; khWghLfs; - mLj;J jiyKiwf;F flj;jg;gLk; (Gjpa rpw;wpdk; cUthf

kw;Wk; ghpzhkj;jpw;F fhuzk;)

13. ,aw;if Njh;T nfhs;if,aw;if Njh;T nfhs;if,aw;if Njh;T nfhs;if,aw;if Njh;T nfhs;if

- rhh;y]; lhh;tpd;

- “caphpdq;fspd; tho;tpay; xU Nghuhl;lk; ,jpy; ntw;wp ngUgitNa epiyepWj;jg;gLk;”

14. ghpzhkk; - vspa jd;ikf;nfhz;l caphpdq;fspy; ,Ue;J Nkk;gl;l jd;ikf; nfhz;l

caphpdq;fshf khw gbg;gbahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fshFk;.

15. rpw;wpdkhjy;

- xU ,dk; neLq;fhyj;jpw;F jdpikg;gLj;jg;gLtJ - fhuzk;: Gtpf;fhuzp kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;ff; fhuzp

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16. kdpj ghpzhkk;

- 15kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; - Nuhkj;Jld; $ba rpk;gd;]p kw;Wk; nfhhpy;yh (Mg;gphpf;fh)

- 3-4kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; - N`hkpdpl;LfsN`hkpdpl;LfsN`hkpdpl;LfsN`hkpdpl;Lfs; (kdpj Kd;Ndhb- N`hNkh n`gpyp];)

– (fpof;F Mg;gphpf;fh) - 1.5 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; - N`hNkh vuf;l;l];N`hNkh vuf;l;l];N`hNkh vuf;l;l];N`hNkh vuf;l;l]; (khkpr cz;zp kdpjd;) - 1kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; - epahd;lh;jhyepahd;lh;jhyepahd;lh;jhyepahd;lh;jhy; (kj;jpa Mrpah) - Mh;f;fp n`hNkhNrg;gpad;];Mh;f;fp n`hNkhNrg;gpad;];Mh;f;fp n`hNkhNrg;gpad;];Mh;f;fp n`hNkhNrg;gpad;]; (ciwgdp fhy kdpj ,dk;)

- 75000 – 10000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; - jw;fhy; N`hNkhnrg;gpad;fsN`hNkhnrg;gpad;fsN`hNkhnrg;gpad;fsN`hNkhnrg;gpad;fs; - 18000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; - Ntl;ilahb Fifapy; tho;e;j kdpjd;

- 10000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; - tptrhak;, jdpf;FbapUg;G tho; kdpj ,dk;.

17. kuG nghwpapay; ( b.vd;.V khw;W njhopy; El;gk;)

- caphpfspd; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; cs;s b.vd;.V tpy; khw;wk; nra;Ak; El;gk; - Gjpa kugpay; gz;Gfs; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; (m) Fiwf;fg;gLk;.

18. kuG nghwpapay; - ed;ikfs;

- [Pdpd; mikg;G nray;ghl;il mwpayhk; - ,d;Rypd; cUthf;fjpw;F cjTk; - ,d;lh;nguhd; cUthf;fjpw;F (ituRf;nfjpuhd Gujk;) - iel;u[id cUthf;Fk; ep/g; [Pd;fis ghf;BhpahTf;F khw;w (iel;u[d; epiyepWj;jy;)

19.19.19.19. nu];l;hpf;~d; vz;Nlh epA+f;spa];nu];l;hpf;~d; vz;Nlh epA+f;spa];nu];l;hpf;~d; vz;Nlh epA+f;spa];nu];l;hpf;~d; vz;Nlh epA+f;spa]; - b.vd;.V it xU gFjpapy; ntl;lg; gad;gLk; nehjp.

20. b.vd;.V. ypNf~;b.vd;.V. ypNf~;b.vd;.V. ypNf~;b.vd;.V. ypNf~; - ntl;lg;ggl;l b.vd;.V Jz;Lfis xl;l itf;fg; gad;gLk; nehjp

21. caphp njhopy; El;gk; kw;Wk; FNshdpq; gad;ghL

- rhuha njhopw;rhiy – gPh; kw;Wk; xapd; - nehjp njhopy; El;gtpay; - kUe;J cw;gj;jp - caphp vjph;g;Gg; nghUs;fs; - Neha; vjph;g;Gg; jd;ikia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; kUe;Jfs; - fhpk mkpyq;fs; - tpdpfh; cw;gj;jp - itl;lkpd;fs; - Mw;wy; khw;wk; kw;Wk; tsh;rpij khw;w xOq;FgLj;Jjypy; gq;F ngWk;

- jLg;G+rp – Fwpg;gpl;l Neha;f;F vjpuhf nray;gLk; nghUs;. Mz;bn[d;dhf (vjph;g;Gj;Njhd;wp) nray;gl;L Md;bghb (vjph;g;Gg; nghUs;) cw;gj;jpf;F.

- ];Buha;Lfs; - ypg;gpLfspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk;. - khNdhFNshdpay; vjph;g;Gg;nghUs; - Gw;W Neha;f;F vjpuhf gad;gLk; vjph;g;Gg; nghUs;.

FNshd; nry;fshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;

22. lhyp – FNshdpq; Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nrk;kwp ML. cUthf;fpath; Iad; tpy;Kl;

23. %yr;nry; (];nlk;nry;)

- khWghL milahj xU nry; FOkk; - tpyq;F kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; - ikl;lhrp]; Kiwapy; gpsTngw;W mjpf nry;fis cUthf;Fk; - xU Fwpg;gpl;l nray; jd;ikAilaJ ,Utifg;gLk; - M) fUtpd; %yr;nry; - nraw;if Kiwapy; cUthFk; fUtpy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gLk;

M) cly; %yr;nry; - kdpjd; kw;Wk; cah;epiy tpyq;Ffspd; jpRf;fspy; ,Ue;J

gphpf;fg;gLk; (jha; vgpjPypa jpR, jirjpR, vYk;Gk[;i[, gdpf;Fl jputk;, fUr;nry;, njhg;Gs; nfhb ,uj;jk;)

24. caphp czhp - nehjp vjph;g;nghUs; `hh;Nkhd; epA+f;spf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; nry;fSld; nghUj;jg;gl;L czhpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;l xh; fUtp - caphpay; Jz;ly; kpd; Jhz;lyhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ - ,jd; %yk; ,uj;j FSf;Nfh]; msit mwpayhk; - clypd; er;Rj; jd;ik mwpayhk;

- FbePh; khRghil mwpayhk;. cztpd; kzk;, Rit Nghd;wtw;iw mwpayhk;

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25. kugZ kUj;Jtk; - kuG topahfNth my;yJ ngwg;gl;l Neha;fSf;F fhuzkhd [Pd;fis rhpnra;jy; my;yJ Gjpa [Pd;fis GFj;Jjy; %yk; Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;Jjy; (va;l;]; Gw;WNeha;) - clw;nry; kugZ kUj;Jtk; - FiwghLs;s KO [Pd; njhFjpia khw;Wjy; (mLj;j jiyKiwf;F nry;yhJ) - ,dr;nry; kugZ kUj;Jtk; - mz;lk; (m) tpe;J nry;fspy; nra;ag;gLk; khw;wk; (mLj;j jiyKiwf;F nry;Yk;) 26. ngh;dP~pa]; - xU tif ,uj;j Nrhif Neha; (Fzg;gLj;j itl;lkpd; gp12 gad;gLfpwJ)

27. mikNy]; Nehjp – Ngf;Bhpahtpd; miky;Nyh GNuhl;bd;fs; %yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ 28. gpul;dpnrNyhd; - xU tif ];Buha;L. iuNrhg]; vd;w G+Q;irapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. 29. clYWg;Gg; gad;ghL tpjp

- [Pd; ghg;jP]; yhkhh;f; vd;gth; ntspapl;lJ

- “NjitAk; vz;zKNk cly; cWg;Gfspd; tsh;r;rp

khw;wj;jpw;F fhuzk;” (xl;lfr; rptpq;fpapd; fOj;J)

Neha;j; jilf;fhg;G kz;lyk;

1.Neha;fs; tiffs; m) Neha;f;fpUkpfs; my;yhJ Njhd;Wk; Neha;fs; M) Neha;f;fpUkpfshy; Njhd;Wk; Neha;fs;

2. Neha;fpUkpfs; my;yhJ Njhd;Wk; Neha;fs; (tsh; rpijkhw;wr; nray;ghl;Lf; FiwT) m. lahgl;b]; nkypl]; M. lahgb]; ,d;rpgpb]; ,. ,ja Neha;fs; <. rpWePufr; nraypog;G c. cah; ,uj;j mOj;jk; C. clw; gUkd; v. my;rpkh; kw;Wk; %isia jhf;Fk; gf;f thj Neha; 3. guk;giu Neha;fs; (m) kugpay; Neha;fs; - FiwghLs;s (m) jpBh; khw;wkile;j [Pdhy; Njhd;Wk; (m) my;gdprk; - nkyhdpd epwkp ,y;yhjjhy; cUthFk; - jpBh; khw;wkile;j xLq;F [Pd;fshy; Vw;gLk; - ghy; Nghd;w ntz;ik epwk; clypy; Njhd;Wk; - xsp fho;g;G epiy (Nghl;Nlh Nghgpah) (M) P̀Nkhgpypah ( ,uj;jk; ciwahik) (,) rpf;fps; nry; mdpkPah (fjph; mhpths; ,uj;jNrhif) (<) jhykPrpah (c) lTd; FiwghL (C) Fkpopr; rpWtd; Neha; 4. czTr; rj;Jg; gw;whf;Fiw Neha;fs; (Gujk;) (m) kuhRk]; - Foe;ijapd; vilFiwT - fLikahd tapw;Wg; Nghf;F - vYk;G kPJ Njhy; Nghh;j;jg;gl;lJ Nghy; cly; mikg;G (M) Fth~pNahh;fhh; - Foe;ijfSf;F cg;gpa tapW - Kfk; fhy;fspy; tPf;fk; 5. fpUkpfs; fhuzkhf Njhd;Wk; Neha;fs;

itu];fs; : NghypNah, ntwpeha;f;fb, fy;yPuy; tPf;fk;, %is ciw tPf;fk;, %isf;fha;r;ry;.

ghf;Bhpah : fhrNeha;, njhONeha;, fhyuh, ilgha;L, ff;fthd; ,Uky;, nll;ld];, gpNsf;,

epNkhdpah, rpgpyp];, NfhNdhhpah.

G+Q;ir Neha; : gilNeha; (Njhy; fNuhl;bd;fs; rpijT), nghLF

GNuhl;NlhNrhth : kNyhpah, rPjNgjp, Jhf;f tpahjp

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6. itu]; Neha;fs;

(m) rhjhuzr; rsp – iundh itu]; (M) ,d;GSad;]h - 1970y; cyif Ml;b gilj;j nfhba Neha;

- A(H1 N1) vDk; iturhy; Njhd;Wk; - Nehahspapd; Neub njhlh;G ,Ue;jhy; guTk; 7. ghf;Bhpah Neha;fs; (m) fhrNeha; - ikf;Nfhghf;Bhpak; bA+gh;FNshr]; (Fr;rp tbtk;) ghf;Bhpahthy; guTk; - fhw;W %yk; guTk; - EiuaPuy; vYk;Gfs; %l;Lfs; epzePh; Rug;gpfs; nrhpkhd cWg;Gfs; fy;yPuy; rpWePufj;ij ghjpf;Fk;

- tuhky; jLf;f Foe;ijfSf;F Nghlg;gLk; jLg;G+rp BCG (M) ilgha;L - rhy;Nkhndy;yh vd;w ghf;Bhpah %yk; cUthFk; - khrile;j ePh; czT %yk; guTk; - Flw;gFjpapy; tpf;fk; Gz;fs; Njhd;Wk; - kz;zPuy; tPf;fk; Vw;gLk; 8. GNuhl;NlhNrhthd;fs; %yk; guTk; Neha;fs; (m) kNyhpah - gpsh];Nkhbak; vDk; xl;Lz;zp %yk; cUthFk; - ngz; mdhgpy]; nfhR %yk; guTk; - gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nfhRtpy; elf;Fk;. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; kdpjdpy; elf;Fk; - nfhRtpy; ];NghNuhNrhtha;Lthf cUthFk;

- kdpj clypy; ];NghNuhNrhtha;Lfs;, rptg;gZit jhf;fp P̀NkhNrhapd; vDk; er;ir cUthf;Fk;. - P̀NkhNrhapd; kNyhpahTf;F fhuzkhd er;R (M) mkpgpf; rPjNgjp (mkpgpahrp];) - vz;lkpgh `p];liybfh vd;Dk; GNuhl;NlhNrhth cUthf;Fk;;. ngUq;Flypy; guTk;

- ePh; kw;wk; cztpd; %yk; guTk; (<f;fs; %yk;) - kyk; ,uj;j JspfSld; fhzg;gLk;

9. G+Q;irfs; %yk; guTk; Neha;fs; (m) glh;jhkiu

- vgpnlh;Nkhigl;lhd;, ikf;Nuh];Nghuk;, biuf;Nfhigl;lhd; Nghd;w G+Q;irfs; cUthf;Fk;. - ,we;j nry;iy jhf;fp mhpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; 10. Neha; guTk; topfs;

(m) Neubahf guTk; Neha; : bg;jPhpah, epNkhdpah, fhyuh, ilgha;L, kPry;]; (kzy;thhp mk;ik), Gl;lhyk;ik. (M) kiwKfkhf guTk; Neha;fs;: fpUkpfshy; khRw;w nghUs;fs; %yk; guTjy;

(,) tpyq;Ffspd; %yk; guTk; Neha;fs;: cz;zpfs;, rpuq;F cz;zpfs;(bf;];), gwitfs;,

G+r;rpfs;, ghYhl;bfs; %yk; guTk; (kNyhpah, ntwpeha;f;fb) 11. Md;bn[d; - clYf;Fs; GFe;j fpUkpapdhy; cUthFk; er;R my;yJ Neha;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhd ntsp Gujk;. 12. Md;bghb

- Md;bn[d;fSf;F vjpuhf cUthf;fg;gLk; Gujg;nghUs; - ,uj;j gpsh];kh epzePh; ypg;Nghigirl; Md;ghbfis cUthf;Fk; 13. Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy; tiffs; (m) ,aw;ifahd Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy; - Fwpg;gpl;l Neha;fSf;F; vjpuhf ,aw;ifahf ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy; (M) ngwg;gl;l Neha; jLg;ghw;wy; - Kjypy; NehAw;W gpd;G mjw;F vjpuhf ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy; ,U tifg;gLk; (1) nray;kpF ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy; (2) ke;jkhd ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy; 14. nraw;ifahd ngwg;gl;l nray;kpF jLg;ghw;wy;; cjhuzk; - (m) NghypNah jLg;G+rp NghLtjhy; fpilf;Fk; jLg;ghw;wy; (M) Kj;jLg;G+rp NghLtjhy; fpilf;Fk; jLg;ghw;wy;

15. MNuhf;fpa kdpjdpd; ,uj;j rh;f;fiu msT 80- 120kp.fp/100kp.yp 16. fpUkpfspdhy; Neha; guTk; nfhs;if : ,uhgh;l; Nfhr; kw;Wk; Yhap]; gh];lh;

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17. ,e;jpahtpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jLg;G+rpfSk; mjd; ngah;fSk;

BCG – fhrNeha;j;jLg;G+rp

DPT – njhz;il milg;ghd;, ff;Fthd; ,Uky;, nll;ld];, kP]y;];, &ngy;yh

MMR – Gl;lhsk;ik kP]y;]; &ngy;yh

DT - bg;jPhpah (njhz;il milg;ghd;), nll;ld];(,U jLg;G+rp)

TT - nll;ld]; lhf;i]L 18. ,e;jpahtpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Neha;j; jLg;G+rpj; jpl;lk;

gpwe;j Foe;ijf;F

BCG Kjy; jtiz

15 ehl;fs; NghypNah nrhl;L kUe;J

Kjy; jtiz

6tJ thuk; Kj;jLg;G+rp Kjy; jtiz 10tJ thuk; Kj;jLg;G+rp

kw;Wk; NghypNah 2tJ jtiz

14tJ thuk; Kj;jLg;G+rp kw;Wk; NghypNah

3tJ jtiz

9-12 khjk; kPry;]; Kjy; jtiz 18-24 khjk; Kj;jLg;G+rp

kw;Wk; NghypNah Kjy; Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jtiz

15khjk; 2tUlk; MMR Kjy; jtiz

2-3 tUlk; ilgha;L 1khj ,ilntspapy; ,U jtizfspy;

4-6 tUlk; D.T kw;Wk; NghypNah

,uz;lhtJ Cf;Ftpg;G jtiz

10 tJ tUlk; T.T kw;Wk; ilgha;L

Kjy; jtiz

16tJ tUlk; T.T kw; Wk; ilgha;L

,uz;lhtJ Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jtiz

19. HIV

- ,uhgh;l; NfNyh (mnkhpf;fh) kw;Wk; Yf; khd;lfpdpah; (ghhp];) MfpNahh; gphpj;njLj;jdh;

- RNA kuGg; nghUshf nfhz;l fpisf;Nfh Gujj;jhy; #og;gl;l nul;Nuh itu]; MFk;. - ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fis Fiwj;J Neha; jLg;ghw;wiyf; Fiwf;Fk;.

- viyrh (viyrh (viyrh (viyrh (ELISA) Nrhjid %yk; fz;lwpayhk; - nnnnt];lhd; gpshlt];lhd; gpshlt];lhd; gpshlt];lhd; gpshl; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Ma;T.

kdpj cly; cWg;G kz;lyq;fspd; mikg;Gk; nray;ghLfSk;

1.epAuhd;fs;

- euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; nray; myF - euk;G nry;fs;

- Jhz;ly;fis fz;lwpjy;, ngWjy; flj;Jjy; Nghd;wit ,jd; nray;fshFk;

2.euk;G ,io – euk;G nry;fspd; ePl;rpahd mikg;G 3.euk;G nry; mikg;G

m) nry; clyk; - irl;ld; vd miof;fg;gLk; - xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;lJ - nry; Ez;ZWg;GfisAk; ep]py; JfisAk; irl;Nlhgpahrj;jpy; ngw;Ws;sd. M) nld;biul;Lfs; - nry; clypy; ,Ue;J ntspNa ePl;bf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; - nry; cliy Nehf;fp kpd; Jz;liy flj;Jk; ,) Mf;]hd;

- nry; ,iofspy; kpf ePz;l fpisj;j ,io - Mf;]hd; KbAk; gFjp gpd; Kid Fkpo;

- Mf;]hd;, epA+hpnyk;kh vd;w Nghh;itahy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ - epA+hpnyk;kh kPJ cs;s ciw ikaypd;

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- ikaypd; Vw;gLj;Jk; ,ilntsp ud;tPhpd; fZf;fs; - ikaypd; ciw kPJ fhzg;gLk; nry;fs; ];Rthd;

4. euk;G nry; tiffs; m) ntz;ik epA+uhd;fs; - ntz;ikahd nfhOg;G ikaypdhy; Mf;]hd; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk; - ikapypDiw (m) nkLy;Nyl;ll; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. - %isapd; Gwzpia cUthf;Fk; M) rhk;gy; epA+uhd;fs; - ikaypd; ciwapdhy; %lg;gl;bUf;fhJ - ngU%isapd; ntz;ik gFjpapy; cs;sJ ,) xU Kid epA+uhd;fs;

- fUtpd; euk;G nry;fs; ,ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd - xNu xU ePl;rp kw;wk; nfhz;Ls;sJ - me;j ePl;rpNa Mf;]hd; kw;Wk; nld;buhdhf nray;gLk;

<) ,U Kid epa+uhd;fs; - xU nry; clyk; kw;wk; ,U ePl;rpfs; cs;sd. - xU ePl;rp Mf;]hdhfTk; xU ePl;rp nld;buhdhfTk; nrayhw;Wk;. - tpopj;jpiuapy; cs;s $k;G kw;wk; Fr;rp nry;fspy; cs;sJ.

c) gyKid epA+uhd;fs; - ngU%is Gwzpapy; fhzg;gLk; - gy nld;biuL xU Mf;]hd; cs;sJ

5. euk;G nry; ,izg;G kw;Wk; euk;G czh;T Jhz;ly; - xU epA+uhdpd; nld;biuL mUNf mike;j kw;nwhU epA+uhdpd; ,ilntsp FkpopAk; ,izahky; cly; njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sJ - nld;biuLfs; czh;Tfis ngw;W kpd;Jhz;ly;fshf irl;lhd; topNa Mf;rhDf;F flj;Jk;. ,izg;G gFjp topNa ,izg;G Fkpopfs; mUNf mike;j epA+uhDf;F flj;Jk;. 6. kdpj euk;G kz;lyk; tif m) ika euk;G kz;lyk; - %is jz;Ltlj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ M) Gw mikT euk;G kz;lyk; - ika euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; euk;Gfis cs;slf;fpaJ ,) jhdpaq;fp euk;g kz;lyk; 7. %is ciwfs; m) bA+uhNkl;lh; - ,ul;il fbd ciw - kz;ilNahL mbapy; ikaeuk;G kz;lyj;jpw;F ntspapy; cs;sJ. M) muf;dha;L ciw - nky;ypa ciw. eLciw - ,uj;j ehsq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ ,) igahNkl;lh;

- cl;Gw nky;ypa ciw - %is kw;wk; jz;Ltlj;ij Rw;wp neUf;fkhf cs;sJ

8. %is - nra;jpfis Ma;e;jwpAk; ika cWg;G - fl;lis kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;ghfTk; cs;sJ - %d;W ghfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ

m) Kd; %is -ngU%is, jyhk];, i`Nghjyhk]; M) eL %is -

,) gpd; %is - ghd;];, rpW%is, KFsk; 9. ngU%is - Kd; %isg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ - %isapd; ngUk;gFjp ,Jjhd; (3y; 2gq;F) - ,U miuf;Nfhsq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - miuf;Nfhsq;fis mbg;gFjpapy; ,izf;Fk; euk;G gl;il fhh;g]; fy;Nyh]k; - ngU%isapd; ntspg;gFjp ngU%isg; Gwzp (rhk;gy; nghUs;). - ngU%isapd; cl;Gwg;gFjp ntz;ikg;nghUs; vdg;gLk; 10. ngU%isg; Gwzp (rhk;gy; nghUs;) - euk;G nry;fshy; Md cly; mikg;G - rhk;gy; epw nry;fis nfhz;Ls;sd - ngUk; gFjpapy; RUf;fq;fis nfhz;L nkLgs;sq;fshf cs;sJ. ,jpy; mike;Js;s gFjpfs;

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m) ,af;fg;gFjpfs; - ngU%isapd; fl;lis kw;wk; xOq;FgLj;Jk; gFjp - cly; nray;fis fl;LgLj;Jk; fl;lis ,q;fpUe;J nry;Yk; M) czh;Tg;gFjp - czh;r;rp euk;gpd; topNa czh;Tfis ngWk; gFjp. ,) ,izg;Gg; gFjp

- gyNtW czh;jYf;F ,ilNaAs;s epidthw;wy;, jfty; ghpkhw;wk; Nghd;w gzpfs; nra;Ak; gFjp 11. ngU%is ntz;ik gFjp (ngU%is cl;gFjp) - ngU%isg; Gwzpapd; mbg;gFjpapy; cs;sJ - ikapypd ciw ngw;w euk;G ehhpiofshy; MdJ - rpy ehhpiofs; ngU%isapd; ghfq;fis ,izf;Fk; - rpy ehhpiofs; ngU%isia vQ;rpAs;s %is kw;Wk; jz;Ltlj;Jld; ,izf;Fk;. 12. ntz;l;hpf;fps; - ngU%is miuNfhsfSf;Fs; cs;s Fopfs; - %is jz;Ltlj; jputj;jhy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ

13. ngU%is – gzpfs;

- czh;T, mwpTf;$h;ik, epidthw;wy;, fw;gidj;jpwd;, fhuzfhhpak, ; Ma;e;jhpjy; Nghd;w gzpfis nra;fpwJ - Jhz;ly; nray;fisg; ngw;W mjw;Nfw;w Jyq;fs; nray;fis Jtf;fp itf;fpwJ. 14. jyhk]; - jyhkir Rw;wpNa ngU%is mike;Js;sJ - czh;T kw;Wk; ,af;F czh;tiyfis flj;Jk; gzp 15. i`Ngh jyhk]; - jyhkrpd; mbg;Gwj;jpy; cs;sJ - ghYwT elj;ijia xOq;fgLj;Jjy;

- fpsh;r;rp, Nfhgk;, gak;, Jhz;Ljy; Nghd;w kdntor;rp ntspg;ghLfis fl;LgLj;JfpwJ 16. eL%is - jyhkrpw;Fk; gpd; %isf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;sJ - eL%isapd; ,ilNa nry;Yk; fhy;tha; ngU%is Foy; - eL%isapd; KJFgf;fk; fhzg;gLk; miutl;lf; Nfhsq;fs; fhh;Nghuh Fthl;hpn[kpdhfhh;Nghuh Fthl;hpn[kpdhfhh;Nghuh Fthl;hpn[kpdhfhh;Nghuh Fthl;hpn[kpdh. - ghh;j;jypd; mdpr;ir nray;fisAk; ghh;itapd; rhh;G ,af;fj;ijAk; fl;LgLj;JfpwJ. 17. %isj; jz;L - eL%is kw;Wk; gpd;%is Nrh;e;j mikg;G. 18. gpd; %is - gpd; %isapy; fhzg;gLk; gFjpfs; m) rpW%is - ngU%isf;F fPo;Gwk; cs;sJ - eLikag;gFjp kw;wk; ,uz;L gf;fthl;L fjg;G cs;sJ - ,af;F jirfspd; ,af;fq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk; (xLjy; kw;Wk; elj;jy;) M) ghd;]; - rpW%isapy; cs;s fJg;Gfis ,izf;fk; euk;G ehhpio ghyk;. - ngU%isapy; ,Ue;J rpW%isf;F nra;jpfis flj;Jk;.

- cwf;fk;, Rthrpj;jy; njhlh;ghd nraYf;Fk; cjTk; ,) KFsk; - jz;Ltlj;Jld; ,izAk; %isapd; gFjp - ,jaj;Jbg;G ,uj;jf;Foy; RUf;fk; %r;R tpLjy; Nghd;w nray;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk; gyNtW mdpr;ir nray;fspd; ikak;. - KFsj;jpd; ntz;l;hpf;fps; ngU%is miuf;Nfhs ntz;l;hpf;fpSld; ,ize;Js;sJ. 19. jz;Ltlk; - %isapd; njhlh;r;rpahd Foy; Nghd;w mikg;G - KJFjz;bd; euk;G FoYf;Fs; mike;Js;sJ

- igahNkl;lh;, muf;dha;Lrt;T, bA+uhNkl;lh; Nghd;w rt;Tfshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ - fOj;J Gilg;G kw;Wk; ,Lg;G Gilg;G gFjp mfd;Ws;sJ. - ,e;j Gilg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J jz;Ltl euk;G Njhd;Wk; - jz;Ltlj;jpd; fPo;Kid KbTehh; ePl;rp vdg;gLk;. - jz;Ltl KJFgf;f ikaj;jpy; FWfyhd gs;skhd KJFgf;f gpsT cs;sJ - jz;Ltl khh;G gf;f ikaj;jpy; mfd;w gs;skhd khh;Ggf;f gpsT cs;sJ. - jz;Ltl ikag;gFjp neLfpYk; %isj; jz;Ltl jputj;jhy; Md ikaf;Foy; cs;sJ. ,J %isapd; ntz;l;hpfpspd; njhlh;r;rpahFk;

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- jz;Ltl Gwg;gFjp nkLy;yh ciwAs;s ntz;ik epA+uhd;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - jz;Ltl cl;gFjp nkLy;yh ciwaw;w rhk;gy; epA+uhd;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - %isf;Fs;Sk; ntspNaAk; euk;Gj; Jhz;ly;fisf; flj;Jk;. kw;Wk; mdpr;ir nraypd; ikakhf cs;sJ. 20. Gw mikT euk;G kz;lyk; - %is kw;Wk; jz;Ltlj;jpy; ,Ue;J cUthFk; euk;Gfs; ,ij cUthf;Fk; 21. %is euk;Gfs; - %isapy; ,Ue;J 12 ,iz fghy euk;Gfs; cUthFk;. m) czh;r;rp euk;Gfs; - c.k; . ghh;it euk;G M) ,af;F euk;Gfshf - c.k;: Ntf]; euk;G (,jak;) ,) fyg;G euk;Gfs; (czh;r;rp kw;Wk; ,af;fk; - Kfk;) 22. jz;Ltl euk;Gfs; - 31 ,iz jz;L tl euk;Gfs; cUthFk; - czh;r;rp Nth; kw;Wk; ,af;f Nth; cz;L - midj;Jk; fyg;G euk;Gfs; 23. jhdpaq;fp euk;G kz;lyk; - ghpT kw;wk; vjph; ghpT euk;Gfs; cs;sd - xd;Wf;nfhd;W vjpuhf nray;gLk; - midj;J cWg;GfisAk; fl;LgLj;Jk;. 24. ehskpy;yh Rug;gp kz;lyk; - clw;nraypay; epfo;Tfis Ntjpapay; Kiwg;gb xUq;fpizj;jy;;

- tsh;r;rp, ,dg;ngUf;fk;, tho;it njhlh;e;J NgZjy; Nghd;w ,ay;ghd nray;fis fl;LgLj;Jk; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizf;Fk;. - ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfisAk; mit Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ - vd;Nlhfpiud; Rug;gpfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; 25. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfs; mike;Js;s ,lq;fs;

m) jiy – gpl;A+l;lhp kw;Wk; gpdpay; Rug;gp

M) fOj;J – ijuha;L kw;wk; ghuhijuha;L Rug;gp

,) khh;G – ijk]; Rug;gp <) tapw;Wg;gFjp

fizak; - yhq;fh; `hd;]; jpl;Lfs;

ml;hPdy; Rug;gp - ml;hPdy; fhh;nlf;]; kw;wk; ml;hPdy; nkLy;yh

,dg;ngUf;fr;Rug;gp - tpe;jfk; (Mz;) mz;lk; (ngz;) 26. `hh;Nkhd;fs; - ehskpy;yh rug;gpfs; Ruf;Fk;

- ,it Ntjpapay; Kiwapy; GujkhfNth, mkpNdh mkpykhfNth, ];buha;LfshfNth ,Uf;Fk;. 27. gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp - %isapd; i`NghjyhkRld; ,ize;Js;sJ - gl;lhzp msT cs;sJ - ehskpy;yh FOtpd; elj;Jdh; vd miof;fg;gLk; - Kd; gFjp mbNdhi`Nghrp]; vdg;gLk; - gpd; gFjp epA+Nuhi`Nghrp]; vdg;gLk; 28. mbNdhi`Nghrp]; (gpl;A+l;lhp) Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fs;

m) nrhkl;Nlhl;Nuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd; (STH/GH) - tsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhd; vdg;gLk; tsh;r;rpia fl;LgLj;Jk; - Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - Fs;sj;jd;ik (Foe;ijfspy;) - mjpfk; Rue;jhy; - mRuj;jd;ik (Foe;ijfspy;)

- mf;Nuhnkfyp - nghpath;fspy; mjpfk; Ruj;jy; (ePz;l if, fhy;fs;) M) ijNuhl;Nuhgpf;

- ijuha;L Jhz;Lk; `hh;Nkhd; (TSH) - ijuha;L rug;gpapd; tsh;r;rpia Jhz;Lk; - ijuhf;rpd; cw;gj;jpia Jhz;Lk; ,) ml;hpNdh fhh;l;bf;NfhbNuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd;

- ml;hPdy; Gwzpia Jhz;Lk; `hh;Nkhd; (ACTH) - My;Nlh];BNuhd; kw;Wk; fhh;bN]hd; cw;gj;jp nra;a ml;hPdy; Gwzpia Jhz;Lk;.

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<) ghypf;fps; nry;fis Jhz;Lk; `hh;Nkhd; (FSH) - Mz;fspy; tpe;J cUthjiy Jhz;Lk; - ngz;fspy; mz;lr;Rug;gp Kjph;tiljiy Jhz;Lk;

c) Yl;bdprpq; `hh;Nkhd; (LH) - ngz;fspy; Ruf;fk; `hh;Nkhd; - mz;lr;nry;ypy; (fpuhgpad; ghypf;fps;) ,Ue;J mz;lk; (Kl;il) ntspg;gLtij Jhz;Lk;. - <];l;Nuh[d; kw;wk; Gnuhn[];l;uhd; Nghd;w `hh;Nkhd;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;F fhuzkhf cs;sJ.

C) ,ilaPl;Lr; nry;fis Jhz;Lk; `hh;Nkhd; (ICSH) - Mz;fspy; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; - nl];Nlh];BNuhid (Mz; ,d `hh;Nkhd;) Ruf;fr; nra;Ak;

v) Nyf;Nlh[Pdpf; `hh;Nkhd; (LTH) - ghy; Rug;gpapd; tsh;r;rpia Jhz;Lk; - Foe;ij gpwe;j gpwF ngz;fSf;F ghy; cw;gj;jpia Jhz;Lk; 29. epA+Nuhi`Nghigrp]; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fs; m) Mf;]pNlhrpd; - ngz;zpd; fUg;igia RUf;fTk; tphpf;fTk; nra;J kfg;NgW epfo;it Jhpjg;gLj;Jk;

M) thN]hgpu];]pd; (Md;b il A+hpbf; `hh;Nkhd; - ADH) - mlh;j;jpahd rpWePiu Fiwe;j msT cUthf;Fk; - ,uj;j Foy;fis RUq;fr; nra;J ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij cah;j;Jk; - ,J Fiwthf Rue;jhy; ilahngb]; ,d;rpgpbir Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. 30. ijuha;L Rug;gp - fOj;J Fuy;tisapd; gf;fj;jpw;F xd;whf mike;Js;sJ. - ijuhf;]pd; vd;w `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;Fk;. - ijuhf;]py; ilNuhrpd; vd;w mkpNdh mkpyKk; mNahbd; fye;j gujKk; cs;sJ. 31. ijuhf;rpd; gzp - MSik `hh;Nkhd; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiu kw;Wk; mNahbd; msit xOq;FgLj;Jk;. - rpWePuf nray;ghl;ilAk; rpWePh; Nghf;ifAk; fl;LgLj;Jk;. 32. ijuha;L FiwghLfs; m) i`Nghijuha;b]k; (ijuhf;]pd; Fiwthf Ruj;jy;) (1) vspa fha;lh; (Kd; fOj;J foiy) - mNahbd; gw;whFiwthy; Vw;gLk; - fha;lh; vd;gJ ijuha;L tPq;fp fhzg;gLk; epiy. (2) kpf;]pbkh (nghpath;fspy; Njhd;Wk;) - Fiwe;j tsh;rpij khw;w tPjk; - cly; kw;Wk; kd mstpy; Ntfk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gly;

- vil $Ljy;, Njhy; fbdkhjy;, , Fiwthd ,ja Jbg;G (3) fphpbdp]k; - (rpwpath;fspy; cUthFk;)

- Fs;sj; jd;ik kw;Wk; Fd;wpa tsh;r;rp

- FiwghLs;s gw;fs;, JUj;jpa ehf;F M) i`gh; ijuha;b]k; (ijuhf;]pd; mjpfk; Ruj;jy;) (1) vf;Nrh/g;jhy;kpf; fha;lh; (fpNutpd; Neha;) - cah; ,uj;j mOj;jk; kw;Wk; glglg;G - kpifahd tsh;rpij khw;wk; kw;Wk; fisg;giljy; 33. fizak; Rug;gp - ,U tpjkhd gzpfis nra;Ak; ehskpy;yh Rug;gp

- vf;Nrhfpiud;, vz;Nlhfpiud; vd;w ,U gFjp cs;sJ.

34. vf;Nrhfpiud; gFjp (ehsKs;s Rug;gp gFjp – fizak;) - fiza ePiu Ruf;Fk;

35. vz;Nlhfpiud; gFjp (ehskpy;yh Rug;gp gFjp – fizak;) - ,J yhq;fh;`hd;]; jpl;Lfis cs;slf;fpaJ. - ,jpy; ,U tifahd nry;fs; cs;sd. (1) gPl;lh nry;fs; - ,d;Rypd; kw;Wk; mikypd; Ruf;Fk; (2) My;gh nry;fs; - FSf;Nfhfhd; `hh;Nkhid Ruf;Fk;

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36. ,d;Rypd; `hh;Nkhd;

- ,ay;ghd ,uj;j rh;f;fiu msit guhkhpf;Fk; (80-120kp.fp. / 100 kp.yp. ,uj;jk;) - nry;fs; FSf;Nfh]; vLj;Jnfhs;tij Cf;Ftpf;Fk; - FSf;Nfhir fpisf;Nfh[dhf khw;wp fy;yPuypy; Nrkpf;fg;gLjiy mjpfhpf;Fk; - ,J Fiwthf Rue;jhy; lahgb]; nkypl]; vd;w Fiwghl;L Neha; cUthFk; (FSf;Nfh]; rpWePhpd; %yk; ntspg;gLk;) 37. FSf;Nfhfhd; `hh;Nkhd; - fiza yhq;fh;̀ hd;]; jpl;Lfspy; cs;s My;gh nry;fs; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; - ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiuapd; msT FiwAk; NghJ Ruf;Fk; - fpisf;Nfh[d; FSf;Nfhrhf khWtij Jhz;b ,uj;j rh;f;fiu msit cah;j;Jk;. 38. ml;hPdy; Rug;gp - rpWePufj;jpd; kPJ mike;Js;sJ.

- fhh;nlf;];, nkLy;yh vd;w ,U gFjpfs; cs;sd. 39. ml;hPdy; fhh;nlf;]; m) My;Nlh];BNuhd; (kpduNyh fhh;bf;fha;l; `hh;Nkhd;) M) fhh;bNrhd; (FSf;Nfhfhh;bfha;L `hh;Nkhd;) ,itg; Nghd;w `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;fpd;wd. (1) My;Nlh];BNuhd; `hh;Nkhd; - nghl;lhrpak; gh];gu]; madpfis fopTePf;fk; nra;Ak; - ePh; kw;Wk; Nrhbak; cwpQ;rg;gLjiy Cf;ftpf;Fk; (2) fhh;bN]hd; `hh;Nkhd; - fpisf;Nfh[d; FSf;Nfhrhf khWtij Jz;LfpwJ - ,uj;j rh;f;fiu msit cah;j;Jk; - mow;rp jLg;G tpidfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. 40. ml;hPdy; nkLy;yh - cUkhwpa euk;G Gwg;gilr; nry;fshy; MdJ. - ,J Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fs; (m) ml;hPdypd; (vgpne/g;hpd;) (M) ehh; ml;hPdypd; (ehh; vgpne/g;hpd;)

- ,uz;L `hh;Nkhd;fSk; “mtrufhy `hh;Nkhd;fs;” kw;Wk; “rz;il `hh;Nkhd;fs;” vdg;gLk;. - ,jaj; Jbg;gpd; Ntfj;ij mjpfhpf;Fk; - Rthr tPjj;ij mjpfhpf;Fk; - fpisf;Nfh[d; FSf;Nfhrhf khWtij Cf;Ftpf;Fk;

41. tpe;jfRug;gp - irl;Nlh[pdpf; cWg;G (,dnry;fis cUthf;Fk; cWg;G) - ,jd; ehskpy;yh gFjp Mz;l;Nuh[d; (Mz; ,d) `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;fpd;wJ.

- mjpfg;gbahd Mz;l;Nuh[d;, nl];Nlh];BNuhd; vdg;gLk;. - ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfspd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; tpe;J cw;gj;jpia ,e;j `hh;Nkhd; Jhz;Lk;.

- fufug;ghd; Fuy;, Kf cNuhk tsh;r;rp Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. 42. mz;lr; Rug;gp - mz;lfKk; xU irl;Nlhn[dpf; cWg;G.

- ,J <];l;Nuh[d;, GNuhn[];l;uhd; kw;Wk; hpyhf;]pd; vDk; `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;Fk;. (m) <];l;Nuh[d; - ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfspd; tsh;r;rpf;F cjTfpwJ. - cNuhk tsh;r;rp nkd;ikahd Fuy; nkd;ikahd clyikg;Gf;F fhuzkhfpd;wd. (M) GNuhn[];l;uhd; - khjtplha; epiy kw;Wk; fh;g;gepiyia guhkhpf;Fk; (,) hpyhf;]pd;

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45. gpdpay; Rug;gp - %isapd; fhh;g]; fy;Nyhrj;jpd; mbapy; cs;sJ. - nkyNlhdpd; vDk; nghUisr; Ruf;Fk; - khh;G fhk;G khw;Wk; tpijg;igapd; epwkp mlh;j;jpf;F fhuzkhFk;. 46. nry;gphpjy; - ];dPlh; vd;gth; Kjd; Kjypy; kiwKf nry;gphpjiy fz;lwpe;jhh; (1873) - nry;gphpjy; ,U nray;fspd; %yk; elf;Fk; (1) cl;fU gphpjy; (2) irl;Nlhgpshrk; gphpjy; - nghJthf nry;fspy; 3tif nry;gphpjy; elf;Fk;

(1) Neh;Kfg; gphpT – Vikl;lhrp]; (Amitosis)

(2) kiwKfg; gphpT – ikl;lhrp]; (Mitosis)

(3) Fd;wy; gphpT – kpahrp]; (meiosis)!

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