195
KWnXw So®¿sSIvÃv tIc-f-k¿°m¿ hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v III Ãm≥tU¿Uv Xbm-dm-°n-bXv kwÿm\ hnZym- `ymk Kth- jW ]cn- io- e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw 2014
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
KWnXwSo®¿sSIvÃv
tIc-f-k¿°m¿
hnZym- ym-k-h-Ip∏v
IIIÃm≥tU¿Uv
Xbm-dm-°n-bXv
kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw
2014
Ajvd v kn.hn.
Akn. So®¿, hmWn-ta¬ bp.]n.-F-kv, tImgn-t°mSv
DÆn-Ir-jvW≥.-Fw.hn
F®v.-F-kv.-F, Pn.F-®v.-F-kv, Ipº-f, Imk-d-tKmUv
{]im-¥v.-sI.]n
bp.]n.-F-kv.-F., tZhm-[¿ bp.]n. kvIqƒ, s\Sn-bn-cp-∏v,
ae-∏pdw
kmw_-in-h≥
amÿ s{Sbn-\¿, sF.‰n @ kvIqƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
kptcjv kn.
s{Sbn-\¿, _n.B¿.-kn., Xm\q¿, ae-∏pdw
kPo-h≥. kn.hn
Akn-Â v So®¿, Imcn-bn¬, F.F¬.-]n.-F-kv. Xpcp-
Øn, Imk-d-tKmUv
A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿
Pn. kpPn-XvIp-am¿
dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.
Prepared by: State Council of Educational Research & Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram -12, Kerala. E-mail:[email protected]
Type setting by: SCERT Computer Lab.©
Government of KeralaEducation Department
2014
inev]imebn¬ ]s¶SpØh¿
hnZ-Kv[≥
tUm. cm[mIrjvW≥ sN´n-bm¿
s{]m -k¿ (dn´.), bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtfPv,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234123456789012345678901234
{]nbs∏´ A[ym-]-I-tc,
hnZym- ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-baw {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂-tXmsS KpW-ta-∑-bp≈
hnZym- ymkw Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ambn Ign-™p. F√m hn`m-K-ß-fnepw
s] -h¿°v ]T-\-t\´w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v hnZym- ymk {]{In-b-bpsS F√m taJ-
e-I-fnepw IqSp-X¬ kq£vahpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-
°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww \ΩpsS ImgvN-∏mSv F∂v tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn
N -°qSv 2005 kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-
Ibpw kwhn-[m-\sØ {]h¿Ø-\-\n-c-X-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ am{Xta Cu
e£yw ssIh-cn-°m-\m-hp-I-bp-≈q. ap≥ h¿j-ß-fn-se A\p- -h-ß-fp-sSbpw
tZio-b-X-e-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°p∂ [mc-W-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \mw
]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
aq∂mwXcØnse KWnX]mT-]p-kvXIw s]mXp-k-ao-]-\-Øn-\n-W-ßnb coXn-
bn¬ IqSp-X¬ IrXy-Xbpw Nn´bpw D≈-Xm-°m≥ {ian-®n- p-≠v. ¢mkvdqw
{]h¿Ø-\-߃, Adnhp \n¿am-W-Øn-\p-X-Ip-∂ coXn-bn¬ Fßs\ Nn -
s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂v Cu So®¿sSIvÃn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNøm≥ klm-b-I-amb kqN-\-Ifpw
A[n-I-hn-h-c-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-ج kw_-‘n® \n¿t±-i-ßfpw CXn¬ \n∂pw
So®¿°v e`n-°pw. Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\hpw apt∂m v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-X-
Ip∂ tNmZy-ßfpw N¿®bv°v tijw t{ImUo-I-cn-t°≠ Bi-b-ßfpw
CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-
t°≠ Bi-b-߃, tijn-Iƒ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®pw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-
ßfpsS `mK-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Dev]-∂-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Cu So®¿ sSIvÃn¬
{]Xn]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. IqSmsX bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw
D≠v.
Cu So®¿ sSIvÃv A[ym-]-I¿°v ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ {]{In-bm
_--‘n-X-ambn \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v th≠ Bkq-{XWØn\v klm-b-I-am-Is´ F∂v
Biw-kn-°p-∂p.
kvt\lmiwkItfmsS,
s{]m^. sI. F. lmjnw
UbdŒ¿
Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn
DÅ-S¡w
`mKw-˛1
1. s]mXpkao-]\w............................................................. 5
2. hne-bn-cp-ج kao-]\w .......................................... 36
3. KWn-X-]-T-\-k-ao-]\w ................................................. 59
4. hm¿jnI ]≤Xn ......................................................... 64
5. So®nwKv am\z¬ ............................................................ 65
`mKw- 2
bqWn-‰n-eqsS
1. \qdn-\p-a-∏pdw ....................................................................
2. Iq´n-t®¿°mw ...................................................................
3. FSpØv am‰mw ..................................................................
4. cq]-߃ tNcp-tºmƒ.....................................................
5. Hcpt]mep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ ......................................
6. t\chpw Imehpw ............................................................
7. hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw ...................................................
8. Af-∂p- ]-dbmw ................................................................
9. hoXn°mw Xpey-am°mw ...............................................
10. `mcw Adnbmw ..................................................................
11. Nn{X-K-WnXw
1.1 BapJw
s]mXp-hmb Pohn-X-Kp-W-ta-∑-sIm≠v C¥y°p apgp-h≥ amXr-I-bmb kwÿm-
\-amWv tIc-fw. s]mXp-hn-Zym- ym-k-Øns‚ hym]\w, s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-cw-KsØ
anIhv F∂nh-bmWv {][m-\-ambpw tIcf-Øns‚ Cu t\ -Øn\p Imc-Ww. kaq-
l-Ønse F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-I--sfbpw hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ Ign-s™-¶nepw
F√m-h¿°pw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym- -ymkw \¬IpI F∂Xv tIc-f-Ønse hnZ-ym-
-ym-k-cwKw t\cn-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb sh√p-hn-fnbm-Wv. 1986 se tZiob hnZ-ym-
`ymk \bsØØpS¿∂v KpW-ta∑ e£ywh®p≈ hym-]-I-amb ASn-ÿm-\-ku-
I-c-y-hn-I-k-\hpw A[-ym-]-I-]-cn-io-e-\ -]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \S-∂n- p-≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w
]mT-y-]-≤-Xnsb inip-tI-{μo-Ir-Xhpw {]h¿Ø\m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw {]{In-bm-_-‘n-X-
hp-am°n Imtem-Nn-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-ßfpw D≠mbn. CXns‚ ^e-ambn
Adn-hns\ \n¿an-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv ¢mkv-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \S-t°-≠-sX∂ Xncn-®-dn-
hp-≠mbn. C{]-Imcw Ip´nsb hnZ-ym- -ymk{]{In-b-bpsS tI{μ-ÿm-\Øp \n¿Øp∂-
Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v XpS°w Ipdn-°m≥ \ap°p Ign-™n- p-≠v.
PohnXØns‚ kakvX- ta-J-e-Ifpw A\p-\n-anjw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. t_m[-
\-imkv{Xw, ]T-\-a\ximkv{Xw F∂n-h-bnse ]pXnb Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw {]mtbm-
KnIm\p- -h-ßfpw Iptd°qSn sa®-s∏- -co-Xn-bn¬ ]T-\-km-a{KnIfpsS \n¿am-Whpw
]T-\m-\p- -h-ß-fpsS hn\n-a-bhpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v \sΩ {]m]vX-
cm-°p-∂p. F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw ]T\]ptcm-KXn \mw e£ywhbv°p∂p.
""hy-X-y-kvX-amb kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ap≈, hy-X-y-kvX-amb imco-
cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw _u≤n-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fp≈ F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw ]Tn-
°m\pw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnPbw ssIh-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp-sa∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. enwKw,
PmXn, `mj, kwkvIm-cw, aXw, AwK-ssh-I-e-y-߃ apX-em-b-h-bn¬\n∂v DS-se-
Sp-°p∂ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°m≥ \b-ßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw am{Xw t]mcm, ssii-
h-L´w apX-¬-Xs∂ tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\-e-£-y-ßfpw A[-ym-]-\-co-Xn-Ifpw Xnc-s™-
Sp-°p-Ibpw cq]-I-ev]\ sNøp-Ibpw th≠-Xp-≠v'' (F≥.-kn.-F v. 2005, ]pdw˛27).
$ hy-X-y-kvX-amb kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ßfnep-≈-h¿.
$ imco-cn-Itam am\-kn-Itam _u≤n-I-tam Bbn hy-X-y-kvX-amb Ign-hp-I-fp-
≈h¿.
tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn 2013
s]mXpkao-]\w
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
6
Cßs\- F√m hn`m-K-Ønepw s] -h¿°v ]T-\-t\´w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v hnZ-ym- -ym-k-
{]-{In-b-bpsS F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw IqSp-X¬ kq£vahpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb \ne-
]m-Sp-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww \ΩpsS Ft∏mgsØbpw ImgvN-∏mSv F∂v
F≥.-- kn-. F v. kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]mT-y-]-≤Xn \ho-I-cWw \S-
Øn-s-°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw kwhn-[m-\sØ {]h¿Ø\-\nc-Xam°pIbpw sNbvXm¬
am{Xta Cu e£yw ssIh-cn-°m\mIq F∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p. Cu ImgvN-∏m-
Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Ct∏mƒ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnZ-ym- ymk
{]{In-b-bn¬ \nc-¥cw CS-s]- p-sIm≠ncn-°p∂ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw A\p- -h-ßfpw
Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw ]T-\˛K-th-j-W-ßfpw kzmw-io-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv CXp \S-Øp-
∂-Xv. icn-bn¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ icn-bn-te°v F∂ imkv{Xobkao-]-\-amWv ChnsS
kzo-Icn®ncn-°p-∂-Xv.
1.2 ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ {]k‡n
Ign™ A©p-h¿jØn-\n-S-bn¬ hnZ-ym- -ymkcwKØv \ho-\-amb Ht´sd Bi-b-
߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏- n- p-≠v. C¥-y-bn-em-Is´, 2009 se hnZ-ym- -ymk Ah-Imi
\nbaw {]m_-e-y-Øn¬h∂-tXmsS KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym- -ymkw Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-
Im-i-ambn amdn-°-gn™p. Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnX hnZ-ym-ebw (Right based EducationalInstitution) F∂ e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ka{Kamb kvIqƒhn-I-k\ ]cn-t{]£yw
\S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v ]mT-y-]-≤-Xnsb A¥¿tZ-iob \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ FØn-t°-≠-
Xp-≠v. A¥¿tZ-iob\ne-hmcw F∂Xv GsX-¶nepw Hcp cmP-y-Øns‚ \ne-hm-c-
a√, Hcp {]tX-yI L´w ]n∂n-Sp∂ Ip´n temI-sØ-hn-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw B¿Pn-
t°≠ Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw A\p- -h-ß-fp-sSbpw BsIØpI-bmWv. BtKm-f-X-e-
Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ anI® ]T-\˛-t_m-[\amXr-I-Iƒ tIc-f-Ønse Ip´n-
Iƒ°v e`y-am-t°-≠-Xps≠∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
7
hnZym- ymk Ah-Imi\nb-a-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤Xn, hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ \nb-a-߃ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-WØn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv Bh-
iy-am-Wv.
hnZym- ymk Ah-Imi\nbaw ˛ 2009
skIvj≥ ˛ 29 (A[ymbw 5)
]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-ج \S-]-Sn-{I-ahpw
(1) {]mY-anI hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-ج
\S-]-Sn-{I-ahpw kap-Nn-X-k¿°m-cn-\m¬ hn⁄m-]\w hgn \n¿tZ-in-°-
s∏-Sp∂ Hcp A°m-Z-anI A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-Øm¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-tS-
≠-XmWv.
(2) A°m-Z-anI A[n-Im-c-ÿm\w 1˛mw D]-h-Ip∏v {]Im-c-ap≈ ]mTy-]-≤-
Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-ج \S-]-Sn-{I-ahpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ Xmsg ]d-
bp-∂h ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv :-
(a) `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ {]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-amb aqey-ß-tfm-Sp≈ A\p-tbm-
PyX.
(b) Ip´n-bpsS k¿h∑p-J-amb hf¿®.
(c) Ip´n-bpsS Adnhpw Ignhpw sshZ-Kv[yhpw {ItaW h¿[n-∏n-
°¬.
(d) imco-cn -Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS kºq¿W
hnIk\w.
(e) Ip´n°v kulr-Z-]-c-am-bXpw Ip´nsb tI{μo-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xp-amb
Hcp coXn-bn¬, {]h¿Ø-\hpw I≠p]n-Sn-Øhpw ]cy-th-£-
Whpw aptJ-\-bp≈ ]T\w.
(f) t_m[-\-am-[yaw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-´p-≈n-S-tØmfw Ip´n-bpsS
amXr-`m-j-bn-embncnt°-≠-Xm-sW-∂-Xv.
(g) `bw, am\-knI ]ncn-ap-dp-°-ap-≠m-°p∂ kml-N-cyw, DXvIWvT
F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Ip´nsb hnap-‡-am-°epw kzX-{¥-ambn A`n-
{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ip´nsb klm-bn-°-epw.
(h) Adnhv {Kln-°p-∂-Xn-\pw AXv {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pap≈ Ip´n-
bpsS Ign-hn-s‚ ka-{Khpw \nc-¥-c-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
8
kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ Ip´nIfpsSAhImiw - tIcf N´ßfpw hIp-∏p-Ifpw 2011
A°m-Z-anI A[n-ImctI{μw
1. 29 ˛mw hIp∏ns‚ BhiyØnte°v kwÿm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW
]cnioe\ Iu¨kn¬ (SCERT) Bbncn°pw A°mZanI A[nImctI{μw.
2. (1) ˛mw D]N´Øn≥ Iogn¬ hn⁄m]\w sNbvXn´p≈ A°mZanI
A[nImctI{μw Icn°pehpw aqey\n¿Wb \S]Sn{Iaßfpw
Xbmdm°ptºmƒ Cu BIvSnse 29˛mw hIp∏ns‚ (2) ˛mw D]hIp∏ns‚
D]Jfiw (a) apX¬ (f) hscbp≈ hyhÿIƒ°v tZmj-IcamImØhn[w.
(a) {]kIvXhpw {]mbm\pkrXhpamb kne_kn\pw ]mT]pkvXI߃°pw
ASnÿm\ PohnXss\]pWn ]I¿∂p \¬Ip∂Xn\mhiyamb
]T\kma{KnIƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ a‰v ]T\kma{KnIƒ°pw cq]w
\¬IpIbpw;
(b) H∂papX¬ F´phscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnte°v Hmtcm hnjbØn\pw
Bhiyamb an\naw ]T\^ew \n¿Wbnt°≠Xpw Ip´nIƒ°pth≠n
anIhpkqNI߃ hnIkn∏n°p∂tXmsSm∏w Ip´nIfpsS
]T\^eØn\p th≠nbp≈ A[ym]IcpsS DØchmZnXz
am\Zfi߃°v cq]w \¬IpIbpw;
(c) ]T\˛t_m[\ ^eØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ C≥ ˛k¿hokv A[ym]I
]cnioe\ kma{KnIƒ hnIkn∏n°pIbpw;
(d) 1995˛se sshIeyap≈ hy‡nIƒ (XpeymhImi߃, AhImißfpsS
kwc£Whpw ]q¿W ]¶mfnØhpw) BIvSns‚ hyhÿIƒ
A\pkcn®v sshIeyap≈ Ip´nIƒ°v hnZym`ymkw \¬Ip∂Xn\p
th≠n A[ym]I¿°v {]o ˛ k¿hokv, C≥ ˛ k¿hokv ]cnioe\
]cn]mSnIƒ°v cq]w \¬IpIbpw;
(e) \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Bh-
iy-amb am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-߃ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw;
(f) \b]cn]mSnIƒ, t{]m{KmapIƒ, Icn°pew, Ip´nIfpsS t_m[\^ew
F∂nhsb°pdn®v KthjWßfpw ]T\ßfpw Gs‰Sp°pIbpw AXv
IΩoj≥ sNøpIbpw.
hnZym- ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ]›mØ-e-Øn¬ \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb
hne-bn-cp-ج `c-W-L-S\m_m[y-X-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-IbmWv. CXv Dd∏phcp-
Øp∂ Xc-Øn¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Cu- ]›m-
Ø-e-Øn-emWv ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-WsØ \mw ho£n-t°-≠-Xv.
tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn- (2013) bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v ]cn-
tim-[n-°mw.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
9
1. ]TnXmhn¬ tI{μoIrXamb {]{Inbm_‘nXhpw {]h¿Øt\m∑pJhpw
aqeym[njvTnXhpamb ]mTy]≤Xn.
2. _u≤nIXeØnepw {]{InbmXeØnepw at\m`mhXeØnepw aqeyßfpsS
XeØnepw ]TnXmhv FØnt®tc≠ ]T\t\´ßƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂p.
3. ⁄m\-\n¿ΩnXn F∂ XmØznIamb ASnØdbn¬\n∂psIm≠p≈
]mTy]≤Xn.
4. hn\n-ab{]{In-b-bn¬ sshhn-[y-am¿∂Xpw bp‡-hp-amb ]T-\-X-{¥-߃ kzoI-
cn-°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw A[ym-]-I¿°v \¬Ip-∂p.
5. ]T-\-t\- w, D≈-S°kz`m-hw, ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hyXykvX \ne-hmcw F∂nh
Xncn-®-dn™v hnhn[ ]T\˛t_m[\ coXn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ hg-
°w. Is≠-ج ]T\w, Bi-b-k-ºm-Z\coXn, BK-a-\-Nn¥mcoXn, Nn¥-sb-
°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ hf¿Ø¬, kl-I-c-W-]-T\w, kl-h¿ØnX-
]-T-\w, {]Xn- -e-\-Nn¥ hf¿Ø¬, hy‡n-]-c-ambpw kwL-]-c-ambpw Ah-
k-c-߃ \¬I¬ apX-em-bh ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.
6. kuP-\yhpw km¿h-{Xn-I-hp-amb hnZym- ym-kw F∂-Xp-t]mse F√m Ip´n-I-
fp-sSbpw ]T-\-t\´w Dd-∏m-°pI-sb-∂-Xn\p {]m[m-\yw \¬Ip-∂p.
7. {]o˛ss{]adn apX¬ lb¿ sk-°-≠dn hsc ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- ka-{K-
ambn ]mTy-]-≤-Xn.
8. Hmtcm ¢mknepw hnhn-[ -hn-j-b-ß-fnse D≈-S°w tZiobXe-Ønse D≈-
S°tØmSv GIo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v tIc-f-Øn-t‚-Xmb ]mT-]p-kvXI߃ Xbm-
dm-°p∂p.
9. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-se-∂Xpt]mse H∂v, c≠v ¢mkp-I-fn-te°v amXr- mj (]cn-
k-c-]-T\w DZv{K-Yn®v), KWnXw, Cw•ojv F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p ]mT-]p-kvX-I-
߃ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
10. H∂p apX¬ \mep hscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnte°v Cw•ojv aoUnbw
]mT]pkvXIßfpw Xbmdm°p-∂p.
11. t{ijvT`mj F∂ \nebnepw amXr`mj F∂ \nebnepw aebmf
`mjm]T\Øn\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.
12. {]o-˛ss{]adn hnZym`ymkØn\mbn GIoIrX]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcn®v
Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkØns‚ `mKam°n amt‰≠XmsW∂v \n¿-tZin°p∂p.
13. hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy (sF.kn.Sn.) Hcp {]tXyI ]mTyhnjbw
F∂Xnep]cn ]mTyhnjbßfpsS hn\nabw ^e{]Zam°p∂Xnte°p≈
Hcp D]m[nbmbn D]tbmKnt°≠XmWv.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
10
14. {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-b¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v hyXy-kvXhpw \qX-\-hp-amb ]T-
\-X-{¥-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hne-
bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-s∏-SpØn \S-∏n-em-°p∂p.
15. ]T-\-t\- -ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ka-{Khpw \nc¥c-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج (CCE)Dd∏phcp-Øp∂p.
16. BtcmKy˛ImbnIhnZym`ymkw, IemhnZym`ymkw, {]hr-Øn-]cn-Nb]-T\w
F∂nh \n¿_‘nX ]mTyhnjbßfm°n ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.
17. lb¿sk-°-≠-dn-X-e-Øn¬ Imem-\p-kr-X-amb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ Xbm-dm-
°p∂p.
18. tZiobhnZym-`ym-k-\nb-a-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnXhnZym-`ym-
k-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
19. A[-ym-]-Is\ Hcp kl-c-£m-I¿Øm-hns‚ (Mentor) Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿Øn
Ip´n°v kvIqfn-\-IØpw ¢mkvap-dn-bnepw th≠p∂ Icp-Xepw XWepw A\p-
-hn-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p∂p.
20. A[ym-]-I¿ ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI\nb-a-kw-ln-Xbv°v (Code of ProfessionalEthics for School Teachers) Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
21. 21˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ]T\ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ (21st Century Learning Skills) B¿Pn-°p-
∂ -X-c-Øn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-am-b-Xv.
22. am\p-jnIaqey-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-
am-b-Xv.
23. Ah-k-c-Xp-ey-Xbpw ka-Xzhpw (Equity and Equality) e`n-°p∂ hnZym- ym-k-Øn-
\-\p-kr-X-am-b-Xv.
]T-\sØ kzm- m-hn-I-am-°n, ]Tn-Xm-°-fp-sS _u-≤n-Ihpw am-\-kn-I--hpw {]-h¿-Ø-
\-]-c-hpam-bp≈ k-a-{K hn-Im-kw e-£-y-am°p∂ a-kv-Xn-jv-I˛lr-Z-b˛l-kv-Xka-
\-zn-X-am-b ]mT-y-]-≤-XnbmWv (Curriculum for the harmony of Head, Heart andHand) \mw hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv.
F¶n¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn kao-]\w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww? AXns‚ ssk≤m-¥n-
Ihpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww?
1.3 ]mTy-]-≤Xnkao-]\w
⁄mt\-{μn-b-ßfneqsS Np‰p-]m-Sn¬\n∂p ]Tn-°m-\p≈ ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Ign-
hp-I-tfmsS-bmWv Ip´n P\n-°p-∂-Xv. temIsØ ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ t\m°n-°m-
Wm\pw a\- n-em-°m\pw CS-]-g-Im-\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p-ap≈ km[y-X-I-fmWv hnZym-
e-b-Ønse Hu]-Nm-cnI]T\w hgn Ip´n°v e`n-°p∂Xv.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
11
Xs‚ ap∂n-ep≈ {]iv\-k-μ¿ -ß-
fn¬ CS-s]- p-sIm≠v {]iv\-]-cn-l-
c-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp -∂-Xn-eq -sS-
bmWv ]T\w \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]mTy-]-
≤Xn hn\n-ab-k-ao-]-\-Øns‚ khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cn-
°Ww?
$ {]h¿Ø--\m-[n-jvTnXw
$ {]{In-bm-_-‘nXw
$ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂Xv.
$ ]T-\-t\- -߃ ssIh-cn-°p-
∂-Xn\v ]cym-]vX-am-b-Xv.
$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn- kulr-Z-]-c-am-
bXv.
$ hnIm-k-ta-JeIsf ]cn-K-
Wn-°p-∂-Xv.
$ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]Ir-X-Øn\p
tbmPn-®Xv.
$ ]T-\-tØm-sSm∏w hne-bn-cp-
Øepw HØp-tN¿∂p
t]mIp-∂-Xv.
⁄m\\n¿anXnhmZ-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-
amb ]T-\-co-Xn-bmWv ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-
bpsS B[m-cw. ]Tn -Xm -hns‚
B¿PnXamb Adn-hn-s\bpw Bi-
b-]-cn -k-c-sØbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-
sIm≠v e-{]-Z-amb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-
\-߃ Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kzm`m-hn-
I-ambn Adnhv \n¿an-s®-Sp-°m≥
km[n°pw F∂-XmWv Cu ImgvN-
∏m-Sn-s‚ {]tXy-I-X.
]T\m-\p- -h-߃
hyXykvX PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-fn¬
\n∂p- h-cp∂ ]Tn -Xm -°-fpsS
Ip´n-Iƒ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ ⁄m\\n¿am-W-{]-{In-b-
bn¬ A[-ym-]-I¿ IqSp-X¬ kPo-h-amb ]¶p-h-ln-
°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, AXv Ip´n-I-fpsS Adn-hns\ i‡n-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. ]T-\-Øn¬ hym-]r-X-cm-bn-cn-
°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ kz¥w Adnhv \n¿an-°p-I-bmWp
sNøp-∂-Xv. X߃ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xns\
]pdØp \S-°p∂ Imc-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m≥
th≠ tNmZ-y-߃ tNmZn-°p-hm≥ Ip´n-Isf A\p-h-
Zn-°p-I, ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn®v Hscm‰ icn-bp-Øcw
\¬Ip-∂-Xn\p ]Icw kz¥w A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬\n∂v
kz¥w hm°p-I-fn¬ DØcw ]d-bm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-
°p-I. CsX√mw Xß-fpsS Adnhv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥
Ip´n-Isf klm-bn-°p-∂, sNdpsX-¶nepw {][m-\-amb
Nph-Sp-I-fmWv. _p≤n-]q¿h-I-amb Duln-°¬ A¿Y-
h-Ømb Hcp t_m[t\m]m-[n-bm-Wv. AXv t{]m’m-
ln-∏n-°-Ww. ]e-t∏mgpw Xß-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\m-\p- -
h-ß-fn¬\nt∂m am[-y-a-k-º¿°-Øn¬\nt∂m Ip´n-I-
fpsS a\- n¬ Nne Bi-b-߃ cq]-s∏- n- p-≠m-hmw.
]t£, So®¿ {]Xo-£n-°p∂ hm°p-I-fn¬ Ah {]I-
Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿°p ]‰n-sb∂p hcn-√. Adn-™-
Xns‚bpw IjvSn®v Adn-bp-∂-Xns‚bpw CS-bv°p≈
CS-Øn¬ BWv ]pXnb Adnhv krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
kvIqfn\p ]pdØv ho´ntem kaq-l-Øntem hf¿Øn-
s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ Ic-hn-cp-Xp-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-em-bn-
cn°pw ]e-t∏mgpw CØcw Adnhv krjvSn-°-s∏-SpI.
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ F√m Adn-hp-Ifpw _lp-am-\n-°-
s∏-S -Ww. Adnhpw kwth-Z -\-£-a -X-bp -ap≈
Hc[ym]nI CXn-s\-∏‰n t_m[-h-Xnbm-bn-cn-°pw. Ip´n-
I-fpsS hnIm-k-km-[-y-X-Iƒ km£m¬°-cn-°m≥
klm-bn-°p-∂-hn[w {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬In-b-pw tNm-
Z-y-߃ tNmZn®pw Ahsc \bn-°m≥ So®¿°p Ign-
bpw.
At\-z -jWw, ]c-y -th-£-Ww, tNmZ-yw -tNmZn -°¬,
Unt_-‰p-Iƒ, kn≤m-¥-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°pw Bi-
b-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-]-mSp-I-fp-sSbpw krjvSn-bn-
te°pw \bn-°p∂ {]tbm-Khpw Nn¥bpw˛Ch-
sbms° kPo-h-amb CS-s]-S-ens‚ mK-am-Wv. kvIqfp-
Iƒ, tNmZ-y -߃ tNmZn-°m\pw At\-z-jn-°m\pw
X¿°n-°m\pw a\\w sNøm\pw k¶-ev]-\-ß-fn¬
FØn-t®-cm\pw ]pXnb Bi-b߃ D≠m-°m\pw
Hs° Ah-kcw Hcp-°Ww.
(F≥.-kn.-F- v. 2005, ]pdw ˛ 41, 42)
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
12
B¿PnXamb Adn-hv, Ign-hv, Xm¬∏cyw F∂nh hyXy-kvX-am-W-t√m. Cu sshhn-
[ysØ Dƒs°m-≠v, hy‡n-hy-Xym-k-sØbpw _lp-apJ_p≤n-sbbpw ]cn-K-Wn-
®p-sIm≠v ]T-\m-\p- -h-߃ Hcp-°pI F∂-XmWv {][m\w.
]T-\m-¥-co£w
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Xmev]-cy-hpw hnIm-khpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v sshhn-[y-ap≈ ]T-\-
{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ Ign-bpw-hn[w ¢mkvapdn {Iao-I-cn-°Ww. ]T-
\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ hnZym¿Yn-tI-{μo-IrXam-h-Ww. AXn\p klm-b-I-am-Ipw-hn[ap≈
]T-\m-¥-co-£-amWv k÷-am-t°-≠Xv.
]T-\-{]-{Inb
$ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xmhpw Ah-cpsS ap≥ A\p- -h-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv
⁄m\\n¿amWw (Knowledge construction) \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
$ hy‡n-X-e-Ønepw kmaq-lnIXe-Øn-ep-w ⁄m\\n¿am-Ww \S-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ hnhn[ ]T-\-ssi-en-Iƒ (Learning styles), ]T-\-th-Kw (Learning pace) F∂nh
]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v hnhn[ C{μn-bm-\p-`-h-߃ (Multi sensory experiences)\¬Ip-∂Xp hgn ]T\w ^e-{]-Z-am-Ip∂p.
$ kl-I-c-Wm-fl-Ihpw kwhm-Zm-fl-I-hp-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ ]T\w IqSp-X¬
^e-{]-Z-am-Ip-∂p.
$ ]mTy-h-kvXpX Xm¬∏-cy-P\Ihpw A¿Y-]q¿W-hp-am-°p-∂Xphgn ]T-\w
IqSpX¬ ^e-{]-Z-am-Ip-∂p.
$ ]T-\m-\p- -h-߃ Nm{In-I-ambn (Spiralling) Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xphgn ]T\w
IqSp-X¬ ^e-{]-Z-am-Ip∂p.
$ ]T\{]h¿Ø-\-߃°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hg°w (Flexibility), A\p-cq-]o-I-
cW km[yX (Adaptations) F∂nh Dd-∏m-°p∂XneqsS hyXykvX
]T\mhiyap≈-h-scbpw A`n-cp-Nn-bp≈-h-scbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°mw.
$ aXn-bmb ]T-\m-\p- -h-߃ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn\pw e`n-°p-tºmƒ am{Xta ]T\-
t\´w (Learning outcome) Dd-∏m-°m-\m-Iq.
$ ]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw DZv{K-Yn-Xambn \S-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ hnj-bm-[n-jvTnXamb D≈-S°w (Content), ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\m-h-iy-߃
F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v -tbm-Py-amb ]T-\ -t_m-[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw X{¥-ßfpw
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ F√m-h¿°pw ]T-\-t\´w (Learning outcome) ssIh-
cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
13
$ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw ka-{K-hn-I-k\w e£yw h®m-bn-cn-°Ww ]T-\-{]-
{Inb \n›-bn-t°-≠-Xv.
1.4 ]T\-t\- -߃ (Learning Outcomes)
hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v \¬Ip∂ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn
Adnhv, tijn-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-߃, aqey-߃ F∂nh Ip´n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.
CXn¬ NneXv {lkz-Im-e-bf-hn¬ B¿Pn-°p-∂Xpw NneXv Zo¿L-Imew sIm≠v
B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cßs\ Ip´n-bn-ep-≠m-th≠ am‰-ßsf ap≥Iq´n \n›-
bn-°m≥ \ap°p km[n-°pw. ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]oIcn-°p-tºmƒ kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-
Øns‚ hnhn[ L -ß-fn¬ Ip´n ssIh-cn-t°≠ e£y-ß-fmbn \mw IW-°m-°p-
∂-h-bmWv ]T-\-t\-´-߃. GXm\pw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS t{iWn-bn-eqsS
Hmtcm bqWn-‰nepw t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\-´-߃ hnI-kn®v Hcp ¢mkns‚ HSp-hn¬
t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\- -ß-fmbn amdp-∂p. hnZym- ymkIme-Øns‚ \n›nXL -ß-fn-ep≈
]T\-t\-´-ß-fmbn CXv hnImkw {]m]n-°p-∂p. ]T-\-t\-´-ß-fpsS {]tXy-IX
Ah \nco-£Whnt[-bhpw (Observable) Af-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw (Measurable)
Bbn-cn-°psa∂-XmWv. ]T-\-t\- -ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-\pw
¢mkn-\pw L´-Øn\pw HSp-hn¬ Ip´n t\tS≠ Adn-hv, tijn-Iƒ, aqey-߃,
at\m- -mh-߃ F∂nh t\Sn-bn- pt≠m F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. ]mTy-]-≤-
Xn-bpsS ^e-{]-Z-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw ]T-\-t\´w Dd-∏p-h-
cp-Øm≥ \ap°p km[n-°-Ww.
]T-\-t\- -ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Cßs\ kw{K-ln-°mw:
$ hnj-b-_-‘n-X-amb ]T-\-Øn-eqsS ]Tn -Xmhv B¿Pn-t°≠ Adnhv
(knowledge), tijn-Iƒ (Skills), at\m-`m-h-߃ (Attitudes), aqey-߃
(Values) F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xmhpw ]T-\-t\- -߃.
$ ]T-\-t\- -߃ \nco-£n-°m-hp-∂Xpw Af-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°pw.
$ {lkzhpw Zo¿L-hp-amb Ime-b-f-hn¬ t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\- -߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
1.5 ]T-\-hn- -h-ßfpw ]T-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßfpw
]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fmWv
]T\hn- -h-߃. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS ]cn-]q¿W-Xbv°v ]T-\-hn- -h-߃ D]-tbm-K-
s∏-Sp-Øntb aXn-bm-Iq.
$ sse{_dn $ Unkvtπ t_m¿Up-Iƒ
$ em_v (`mj, KWnXw, imkv-{Xw) $ Iw]yq- ¿ em_v
$ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ $ aƒ´n-ao-Unb D]-I-c-W-߃
$
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
14
CXn\p ]pdta Ip´n-I-fpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ \nc-h[n thZn-Ifpw hnZym-
e-b-ß-fn-ep-≠t√m. Chbpw ]T-\t\- -߃ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
Ø-Ww.
$ _me-k`
$ taf-Iƒ
$ Akwªn
$ ¢∫p-Iƒ
$ N¿®m-th-Zn-Iƒ
$ ]T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ
$ k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ (SPC, NSS, Scout, NCC)
$
Ip´n-I-fpsS ]cn-]q¿WhnIm-k-Øn\v CØcw LS-I-߃ AXy¥m-t]-£n-X-
ßfmWv.
1.6 Iem-]-T\hpw {]hr-Øn-]-T\hpw
Iem-]-T\w
k¿Km-fl-IX, \nco-£-W-]m-S-hw, hy-Xn-cn‡_p≤n XpS-ßn-bh Ip´n-I-fn¬
hf¿Øm≥ Iem-]-T\w AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. ]pXnb ]mT-y-]-≤Xnkao-]-\-Øn¬
s]mXphnj-b-߃s°m∏w {]m[m-\yw \¬In-bmWv Iem-]-T-\-sØbpw IW-°m-
°p-∂-Xv. kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Iem-]-T-\-Øn\v kwKo-Xw, \rØw, Nn{X-c-
N\, inev]-c-N-\, \mS-Iw, kn\na F∂o C\-ß-fmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
Ip´n-I-fpsS CØcw taJ-e-I-fn-ep≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ Xncn®-dn-bm\pw ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-
Øm\pw Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. Iem-]-T\Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb e£y-߃:
$ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Iem-hm-k-\-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-
°p-I.
$ hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ie-Isf Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n-bpsS A`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn®v Ah
A`y-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-ß-sfm-cp-°p-I.
$ hnhn[ Ie-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-bnse kuμ-cym-fl-IX Dƒs°m-
≈p-∂-Xn\pw.
$ Ie-I-fpsS Bkzm-ZyX Dƒs°m≠v kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ am\-hn-I-amb
ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
$ kmwkvIm-cnIsshhn[yw Xncn-®-dn™v kmwkvIm-cnImh-t_m[w hf¿Øp-
∂-Xn-\v.
$ Ie-bpsS Du¿Papƒs°m≠v \ho-\-ß-fmb Nn¥-I-fn -te¿s∏-Sm\pw
kmaqlnI{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\pw.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
15
$ Iesb D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn a‰p hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T\w ^e-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v.
$ _lp-ap-J --_p-≤n-hn-Im-k-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ hn`n-∂-ti-jn-bp≈ hnZym¿Yn-Isf ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ X¬∏-c-cm-°p-∂-
Xn-\v.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
{]hr-Øn-]-T\w
sshIm-cnIhpw ssh⁄m-\nIhpamb taJ-e-I-fpsS ka\-z-bhpw hnIm-khpw km[y-
am-°p∂-Xn\v {]hr-Øn-]-cn-NbhnZym- ymkw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
Hmtcm {]hrØn]T\ ¢mkn-s‚bpw ASn-Ød am\-h-tijn hnI-k-\-am-bn-cn-°-
Ww. F√m ]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw tijn-Ifpw Ign-hp-Ifpw cmjv{S-\n¿am-W-Øn-\p-X-
Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂-XmWv am\-h-tijn hnI-k\w sIm≠p-
t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. sXmgn-en-t\mSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap≈Xpw sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-hsc BZ-cn-
°p∂Xpw kmaqlnIt_m[-ap≈ ]p-Xnb Hcp sXmgn¬kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-
°-fm°n ]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb hm¿sØ-Sp-°p∂Xpw {]hrØn]T\-Øns‚ kp{]-
[m\ e£yßfm-Wv.
$ am\-h-tijnhnI-k\w
$ tZio-b-]p-tcm-KXn
$ sXmgn¬k∂-≤X
$ D¬∏m-Z-\-cw-KsØ kzm{i-bXzw
$ k¥p-en-X -hy-‡nXzhnI-k\w
$ aqey-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw hf¿Ø¬
Iem-]-T-\-Øn\pw {]hrØn-]-T-\-Øn\pw {]m[m\yw sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-thWw ]mTy-
]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNtø-≠-Xv. Ch-bpsS X\Xp km[y-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-
s\m∏w hyXy-kvX -hn-jb-ß-fp-ambn DZv{K-Yn®pw hn\n-abw sNtø-≠Xv Bh-iy-
am-Wv.
1.7 BtcmKy˛Imbn-I-hn-Z-ym-`-ymkw
imco-cnI˛am\-knIhnIm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw hf¿®bp-sSbpw ASn-Ød cq]s∏-Sp∂ L -
amWv ss{]a-dn-X-ew. AXn-\m¬ Cu L -Øn¬ apgp-h≥ Ip´n-I-ƒ°pw Btcm-K-y-
˛Im-bnIhnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øns‚ A\p- -h-߃ e -y-am-Ip∂psh∂v Dd∏phcp-tØ-≠-Xp-
≠v. Ip´n-bpsS BtcmKy˛ImbnIhnI-k-\-L- -ßsf imkv{Xo-b-ambn t]mjn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Pohn-X-io-e-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-Ibpw
sNøpI F∂-XmWv B-tcmKy˛Imbn-I-]T-\-Øns‚ kp{]-[m\ e£yw. Btcm-
Ky- -Im-bnI]T-\-Øns‚ X\Xp km[y-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-t\msSm∏w hyXy-
kvX -hn-j-bß-fp-ambn DZv{K-Yn®pw hn\n-abw \St°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
16
Btcm-Ky- Im-bnI]T-\-Øns‚ {][m\ Dt±-iy-߃ Ch-bm-Wv:
$ hnhn[ kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ DNn-X-amb coXnbn¬ ico-csØ Nen-∏n-°m\p≈ tijn-
Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-I.
$ ico-c-N-e\w \nb-{¥n-°p∂ hnhn[ L´-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw ico-csØ
k¿Km-fl-I-amb Ne-\-߃°p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
$ kmaq-lnI- DØchmZn-Ø-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw P\m-[n-]-
X-y-]-c-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Iƒ ]men-°p-Ibpw Bk-z-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.
$ Ip´n-bpsS k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hnImkw Dd∏phcp-Øp-I.
1.8 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym- ymkw (Inclusive Education)
hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ anI® {]I-S\w ImgvN-h-bv°p∂ Xß-fpsS kl-
]m-Tn-°v Xma-kn-°m≥ hoSn-√, ]mX-tbm-csØ ss]∏n-\n-S-bn¬ hen®p
sI´nb jo‰mWv Ahs‚ hoSv F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv Ip´n-Iƒ°nS-bn¬
henb N¿®mhnj-b-ambn. hnj-a-߃ ]c-kv]cw ]¶p-hbv-°p-∂-Xn-
eqsS ]cn-lmcw D≠m-hn√ F∂p a\- n-em-°nb Ip´n-Iƒ A[ym-]-
I-cpsS klm-btØmsS kam-l-cn® XpI D]-tbm-Kn®v Iq´p-Im-c\v
hoSv \n¿an®p \¬In amXr-I-bm-bn.
(Hcp hnZym-ebm-\p-`-hw)
¢mkvapdn-bn¬ F√m Ip´n-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂, Bscbpw ]pd-¥-≈mØ Hcp
]T-\m-¥-co£w kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. \ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-ambpw c≠p
hn`m-K-°m¿°v IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W-\bpw klm-bhpw {i≤bpw \¬In \oXn-]q¿h-
amb KpW-ta∑m hnZym- ymkw (Equitable Quality Education) Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.
Bsc-√m-amWv khn-ti-j-{i-≤bpw ]T-\-k-lm-bhpw ]cn-c-£bpw Bh-iy-ap-
≈-h¿?
(F)kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]pd¥≈s∏´-h-cpsS
Ip´nIƒ.
$ -ISpØ Zmcn{Zyw t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿, BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ, s]¨Ip- n-Iƒ, ]´n-I-PmXn
]´n-I-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h¿, A\y-tZ-iØp\n∂v IpSn-tb-dn-b-h¿, ÿnc-ambn
Xma-k-ku-Icyw C√m-Ø hn`m-K-°m¿, ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hnth-N\w A\p- -
hn-°p-∂-h¿ F∂n-ßs\ H´\-h[n t]¿ C°q- Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p.
]cn-an-Xn-I-sfbpw hyXy-kvXX-I-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw _lp-
am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww CØcw Ip´n-I-tfm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS kao-
]\w. hnZym-e-b-Ønse Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS CØ-c-°m-cpsS {]bm-k-
߃ \ap°v ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-Ipw.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
17
(_n) imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂ -Ip- n-Iƒ.
imco-cn-I-hpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°pw ]T-\-{]-bmkw
A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw {]tXyI ]T-\m-h-iy-ßfp≠v (Special EducationalNeeds). tIƒhn-°p-d-hv, ImgvNm ]cn-an-Xn, _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn, Ne\]c-amb
]cn-an-Xn, ]T-\-ssh-I-eyw, Hm´n-kw, skdn-{_¬ ]mƒkn, _lp-ap-J-ssh-I-ey-߃,
sshIm-cnI Ak-¥p-enXmhÿbnep≈ Ip´n-Iƒ, {i≤m-]-c-amb ]cn-anXn D≈-
h¿ F∂n-hsc√mw CXn¬ s]Sp-∂p.
Ch¿°p-th≠n ]mTy-]--≤-XnbpsS hn\n-a-bØn¬ \mw Fs¥-√mw A\p-h¿Øn-
t°-≠-Xp-≠v?
$ ]T-\m-h-iy-߃, A`n-cpNn F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn®v ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-
{X-W-w.
$ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fnØw e`y-am-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ ]mTm-kq-{X-W-
Øn¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw.
$ hyXykvX ]T-\-th-K-w, ]T-\-ssien F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v _lp C{μn-
bm-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w (Multisensory Approach) \S-∏n-em-°¬.
$ ]cn-lm-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ (Remedial Practices), t]mj-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ (En-richment Practices) F∂nh Hmtcm Ip´n°pw Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-ambn Bkq-
{XWw sNbvXp \S-∏n-em-°-¬.
$ hnhn[ hne-bn-cp-ج km[y-X-Iƒ Ab-thmsS (Flexibility) {]mh¿Øn-I-am-
°¬.
$ dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw a‰p hnZ-Kv[-cp-sSbpw klmbw Dd-∏m-°¬.
$ Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\w, ]cn-c-£- F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS \nc-¥-c-]n-
¥pW Dd-∏m-°¬.
Cu c≠p taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-I-sf- Iq-SmsX khn-tij {i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw
th≠-h-cmWv h¿[n® A`n-cp-Nnbpw Ignhpap≈ Ip´n-Iƒ (Gifted Children).Cßs\ F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bpw-hn[w kvIqƒ
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw `uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-sfbpw imkv{Xo-b-ambn {Iao-I-cn-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
18
1.9 hnhchn\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZy ˛ km[-yX
hnhc ssIam-‰-Øn\v At\Iw kwhn-[m-\-߃ \ne-hn-ep-≠-t√m. Cu Iq -Øn¬
Gsd {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb H∂mWv sF.kn.-Sn.bpsS D]-tbm-Kw. Ip´n-Iƒ ]e-X-c-
Øn¬ CXns‚ kt¶-X-߃ Gdnbpw Ipd™pw Adn-bp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. Cu Adn-
hns\ ¢mkvdqw ]T-\-Øn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]T\w Bbm-k-c-ln-
Xhpw BÀm-Z-I-c-hp-ambn am‰m≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-bpw.
Bh-i-y-IX
]mT--y-]-≤Xnhn\n-a-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v -DNnXamb sF.kn.Sn. kma-{Kn-Iƒ Dƒs∏Sp-
Ø-Ww. A®Sn® ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fmb Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbn√mbva, i_vZ-
߃ tIƒ∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ XpS-ßn-bh sF.kn.Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ Dƒs∏-
SpØn adn-I-S-°m-\m-hpw. sF.kn.-Sn-.bpsS Bh-i-y-IX GtXXv kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ thW-
sa∂pw AsX-ß-s\ -{]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw \n¿Wbn-°m≥ A[ym-]-I¿
{]m]vX-cm-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
A\p-tbm-P-yX
Ip´n-bpsS k¿K-ti-jn-sbbpw _p≤n-bpsS _lp-X-e-ß-sfbpw D±o-]n-∏n-°p∂ hn[-
Øn-ep≈ sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-I-fm-Wv th≠-Xv. Pn⁄m-kbpw DtZ-z-Khpw-hgn ]T-
\-hn-j-b-Øn-ep≈ Xm¬∏-c-yw \ne\n¿Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww sF.kn.Sn. D]-tbm-
Kw. F∂m¬ C{μnb]cn-anXn A\p- -hn-°p-∂-h¿°v Cu km[-yX Iptd°qSn {]tbm-
P\w sNøpw. i_vZw-sIm≠pw ImgvN-sIm≠pw Imc-y-߃ IqSp-X¬ A\p- -h-th-Zy-
am-°m≥ sF.kn.Sn. {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Spw. hy-X-ykvX ]T-\-ssienIƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-
sIm-≠p≈ ]T\m-\p- -h-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw CXp klm-b-I-am-Wv.
hnizm-k-yX
kma-{Kn-I-fpsS hnizm-k-yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Kh¨sa‚ v Un]m¿´vsa‚ v
ssk‰pIƒ, hnZ-ym- -ymk sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ, t]m¿ -ep-Iƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ, tkmj-y¬
s\‰vh¿°p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂p≈ hnh-c-ßfpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX Dd-∏m-°n-
thWw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥. ¢mkvdqw hn\n-a-b-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kma-{Kn-I-fpsS
{]mtbm-Kn-IX Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ≠-Xp-≠v. CØcw kma-{Kn-Iƒ, Ah {]h¿Øn-°p-
∂-Xn\-\p-tbm-P-y-amb tkm v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ F∂nh Ffp-∏-Øn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw
D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ Ip´n-bpsS
{]mbw, am\-knI\ne F∂nhbv°v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°Ww.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
19
1.10 aqe-y-߃, at\m- m-h-߃, {]Xn-_-≤X F∂nh
hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ taJ-e-Iƒ
]Tn-Xm-hn¬ am\-hnIaqe-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw `c-W-L-S\maqe-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-
t_m[w krjvSn-°pI, kmaq-lnIPohnXw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ at\m- mhw krjvSn-
°pI, kmaq-lnI{]Xn-_-≤X hf¿ØpI XpS-ßnbh ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS {]Ya
]cn-K-W\m hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv. Ch hf¿Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ Bi-b-ta-J-eIfpsS
hni-Zmwi߃ \¬Ip∂p
P\m-[n-]-Xyt_m[w
hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S°w Xnc-s™Sp-°p-tºmƒ P\m-[n-]-X-ysØ kw_-
‘n-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-{X-W-
Ønepw hn\n-ab{]{In-b-bnepw P\m-[n-]-Xykao-]-\-ap-≠m-h-Ww. P\m-[n-]-Xy]c-
amb ¢mkv, kvIqƒ CS-߃ (P\m-[n-]XythZn-Iƒ) F∂n-h-bn-eqsS P\m-[n-]-
Xy]c-amb PohnXkao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpIsb∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS e£-y-amWv.
`cWLS\maqe-y-߃
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ aqe-y-ßfpw e£-y-ßfpw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-
bn¬ {]Xn- -en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. `c-W-L-S-\maqey߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ hnZ-ym¿Yn-
Isf {]m]vX-cm-°p∂ D≈-S-°hpw hn\n-a-b{]{In-bbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ {i≤n-
°-Ww.
atX-X-c-Xz at\m- mhw
atX-X-cXz at\m- mhw hf¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ hnj-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ D≈-S-°-Øn¬ tN¿°p-
Ibpw AXn-\p-X-Ip∂ hn\n-a-b-coXn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøWw.
kln-jvWpX
hntbm-Pn-°p-∂-h-sc-t∏mepw kln-jvWp-XtbmsS ImWpI F∂ -X-Øzw ]mT-y-]-
≤Xn e£-y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
{Inbm-flI ˛ k¿Km-flI Nn¥
hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fn¬ k¿Km-flIhpw {Inbm-fl-I-hp-amb Nn¥bpw At\-z-j-Whpw
hf¿tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-I-fnepw ]T\X{¥-ß-fnepw
k¿Km-fl-I-amb At\z-j-W-߃°p≈ km[-yXbp≠m-hWw; _lp-apJ_p≤n-
bpsS (Multiple Intelligence) Xe-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
kwkvIr-Xn-tbmSpw ss]Xr-I-tØm-Sp-ap≈ BZ-chv
\ΩpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]XrItØmSpw Ncn-{X-tØmSpw BZ-c-]q¿h-amb at\m-
`mhw kr„n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤Xn hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ e£-y-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
20
ka-Xzw F∂ Bibw
hnhn[ Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw ]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw XpeyX, ka-`m-h\ F∂nh
Dd∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠Xv A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.
t\Xr-]m-Shw
]pXnb kl-{km-_vZ-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sm\pw km[-y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-
s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap-X-Ip∂ t\Xm-°sf krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ]-c-ym-]vX-amb ]T\X{¥-
߃ hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw
]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw t\Xr-ti-jn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-N-c-y-
߃ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.
Pohn-X-ss\-]pWo hnZ-ym- -ymkw
ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ hy-‡n-Iƒ°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ {]iv\-ßfpw {]Xn-_-‘-
ßfpw ^e-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb A\p-Iq-e-hpw A\p-Kp-W-hp-
amb s]cp-am-‰-Øn-te°p \bn-°p∂ Ign-hp-I-fmWv PohnXss\]p-Wn-Iƒ. kzbw
Adn-b¬, kl- m-hw, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jn, hy‡ym¥-c-_-‘w, k¿Km-fl-I-Nn-
¥, hna¿i-\m-flI-Nn-¥, Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°¬, {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Ww, sshIm-cnI
k¥p-e-\w, ]ncn-ap-dp°w ssIImcyw sN-ø¬ F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ Pohn-X-ss\-
]p-Wn-Iƒ. Ip´n-I-fpsS kml-Nc-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Cu taJ-e-I-fnse
LS-I-߃ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Pohn-XsØ Bflhni-zm-k-
tØm-sS- kao]n°m\pw apt∂-dm\pw CØcw ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ ]Tn-Xm-hns\ klm-
bn-°p∂p.
]uc-[¿aw
cmjv{S-Øn\v P\-ß-tfm-sS-∂-t]mse ]uc≥am¿°v cmjv{S-tØmSpw Nne [¿a-
ßfpw I¿Ø-h-y-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-°m-\p-≠v. cmjv{S-hn-I-k\w a\p-j-y-tijnhnI-k-
\-ambn ImWp∂ C∂sØ Ime-L- -Øn¬, ]uc-t_m-[-ap≈ P\-Xsb krjvSn-
°pI F∂-Xm-Wt√m hnZ-ym -` -ym -k-Øns‚ {][m\ [¿aw. Hcp kz-X{¥
kaqlkrjvSn-tbm-sSm∏w A®-S-°t_m-[hpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzt_m[-hp-ap≈ Hcp
kaq-l-Øns‚ krjvSn-°mbn ]uc≥amsc Xbm-dm-t°-≠Xv hnZ-ym- -ymkhy-h-ÿ-
bpsS e£-y-am-Wv.
a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-߃
a\p-j-y-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ A¥-t msS Pohn-°m-\p≈ hy-‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-
fmWv a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-߃. sFI-y-cmjv{Sk -bpsS a\p-j-ym-h-Imi{]J-ym-]-\-Øn-
eqsS km¿h-{Xn-I Aw-Ko-Imcw e`n® a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-߃°v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-
c-W-Ønepw hn\n-ab{]{In-b-bnepw {]m[m-\yw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
21
Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃
Ip´n-I-fpsS F√m-hn[ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw \ΩpsS
IS-a-bmbn amdp-∂p.
{]IrXn ˛ {]Ir-Xn-hn- h kwc-£-Ww, ]cn-kcipNn-X-zw
{]Ir-Xn-sbbpw {]IrXnhn`hkwc-£-W-sØbpw kw_-‘n-°p∂ ASn-ÿm\
ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ss{]adn ¢mkp-Iƒ apX¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hy-‡n-ip-Nn-Xzwt]mse
{][m-\-amWv ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-X-z-sa∂pw ipNn-X-z-t_m[w ]uc-[¿aØns‚ ASn-ÿm\
LS-I-ßfnsem∂msW∂pw hnZ-ym¿Yn-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. {]Ir-Xnbpw
{]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ßfpw a\p-j-ys‚ Bh-i-y-߃°p am{X-ap≈Xs√∂pw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS
k¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ am‰w Zqchym-]-I-amb {]X-ym-Lm-X-߃°p Imc-W-am-
hp-sa-∂p-ap≈ at\m- mhw hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fn¬ hf¿Ø-Ww. {]IrXnhn -h-kw-c-£-Whpw
]cn-kcipNn-X-zhpw Hcp aqeyhy-h-ÿbpw at\m- m-hhpam°nam‰p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ Gs‰-SpØp \S-∏m-°-Ww.
kam-[m\hnZ-ym-`-ymkw
hy-‡n-X-e-Ønepw a‰p-≈-h-tcm-Spw ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-tfmSpw kam-[m-\-]-c-ambpw
kulm¿Z-]-c-ambpw CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ Ignhpw aqe-y-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-
I-bmWv kam-[m\hnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. kwL¿j-ßfpw kwL¿j-
߃°v hgn-sX-fn-°p∂ kml-N-c-y-ßfpw Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw im¥n-bp-sSbpw kulr-
Z-Øns‚bpw kam-[m-\-Øns‚bpw km[y-X-Iƒ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bnse hnhn[ hnj-
b-ta-J-e-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xv kam-[m-\-hn-Z-ym-`-ym-k-Øn\v
A\n-hm-c-y-amWv.
\nbakm£-cX
\nb-a-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ Adnhpw Aht-_m-[hpw Hcp P\m-[n-]-XycmP-y-Ønse
]uc-∑m¿°v A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. \nbakm£-cX Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb ]mT-
`m-K-߃ hnj-b-_-‘n-X-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv Im-e-L´Øns‚ Bh-i-y-am-Wv.
\nb-a-k-lm-b-th-Zn, \nba¢∫p-Iƒ, \nb-a- ¢n-\n-°p-Iƒ, \nb-a-t_m-[-h-¬°-cWw
F∂n-ßs\ hy-X-y-kvX -{]-h¿Ø\]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-X-y-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ Adn-hv
hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Z-y-bpsS Zpcp-]-tbm-K-ßfpw {Inan-\¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
Zn\w{]Xn-sb-t∂mWw h¿[n°p-∂p-≠v. Ip´n-Isf CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
AI‰n\n¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ t_m[-h¬°-cWw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ `mK-ambn Dƒs∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww. C‚¿s\‰v, tkmj-y¬ s\‰vh¿°nMv ssk‰p-Iƒ, C˛sabn¬ XpS-ßnb-
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
22
h-bpsSsbms° D]-tbm-KsØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ hy-‡hpw IrX-y-hp-amb [mc-Wbpw
Adnhpw ]I¿∂p \¬I-Ww. ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-X-y-߃°p≈ in£sb kw_-
‘n®pw C‚¿s\‰v D]-tbm-K-Ønse [m¿Ωn-I-Xsb°pdn®pw t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-
∂-Xn\v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.
am[-ya Ah-t_m[w
]{X˛Zri-y-am-[-y-a-߃°v hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m-\-y-ap≈ kaq-l-amWv \Ωp-tS-Xv.
Zri-y-am-[-y-a-߃°v Ip´n-I-fn¬ henb kzm-[o-\-ap-≠v. am[-y-a- Ah-t_m[w D≠m-
°p∂ hnhn[ LS-I-߃ ]mTy-]-≤Xn D≈-S°taJ-e-I-fn¬ Bh-i-y-am-Wv.
kpÿn-c -hn-I-k\ ImgvN-∏mSv
`qan a\p-j-y\p am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s∏- -X-s√-∂p-≈- ]m-cnÿnXnIm-h-t_m[w ]mTy-
]-≤Xn ]I¿∂p \¬tI-≠-Xp≠v. ]mcn-ÿnXnIamb sh√p-hn-fn-Isf kw_-‘n-
®pw ]cn-ÿnXnØI¿®bv°p Imc-W-am-hp∂ a\p-j-ys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Isf kw_-
‘n®pw ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb Kpcp-X-c-amb A]-I-S-ß-fn¬\n∂v Fßs\ c£-s∏-Sp-
Øpsa∂Xn-s\-°p-dn-®pap≈ Xncn-®-dnhv C°m-eØv {][m-\-am-Wv. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw
hnI-k-\hpw Fßs\ tbmPn-∏n-®p-t]mImw F∂ At\-z-j-Whpw kpÿn-c-hn-I-
k-\sØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw At\-z-j-W-ßfpw ]mT-y-]-≤Xn
Db¿Øn∏nSn-t°-≠XmWv. ka-{K-amb ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m[w krjvSn-°p-I-sb-
∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤Xn e£-y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.
IuamchnZ-ym-`-ymkw
inip-a-\-xim-kv{X-⁄-cpsSbpw Btcm-Ky{]h¿Ø-I-cp-sSbpw tUmIvS¿am-cp-sSbpw
A[-ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw kwbp‡ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fn-eqsS Iuam-c-hn-Z-ym- -ym-k-Øn-\mh-i-y-
amb D≈S°taJ-e-Iƒ hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ km[-yX
]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS Btcm-Kyw, ip-Nn-Xzw F∂nh kw_-‘-
amb kwi-b-ß-sfbpw Ah-y-‡-X-I-sfbpw imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv
A\n-hm-cy-amWv.
D]-t`m-K-kw-kvImcw ˛ Zqj-y- -e-߃
D]-t`mKkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Zqjy- eßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ ss{]adn
¢mkp-Iƒ apX¬ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. D]-t`m-‡mhv F∂
\ne-bn-ep≈ \ΩpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw D]-t`m-IvXr\nb-a-ßfpw hnj-b-_-‘n-X-
ambn IS-∂p-h-c-Ww.
el-cn-hn-cp≤ at\m- mhw
aZ-yw, ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ, ]pI-bn-e, a‰p elcn]Zm¿Y-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw
]pXp-X-e-ap-dbpsS Btcm-Ky-w XI¿°p-∂p-sh∂ Xncn-®-dnhv \ap-°p-≠m-hWw. mhn-
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
23
X-e-ap-dsb Ch-bpsS Zqjn-X-h-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂p kwc-£n-t°≠-XmWv. CXn-\mbn
elcn D]-tbm-K-Øns‚ imco-cnI ˛ am\-knImLmX-ßfpw A]-I-S-ßfpw hy-‡-
am-°p∂ Nn{X-߃, eLp-Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ, Zriy-߃ F∂nh D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bpsS
]cn-K-W-\bn¬ htc-≠-Xm-Wv. elcnhncp≤ at\m-`mhw krjvSn-°p-I-bm-hWw
Ch-bpsSsb√mw ASn-ÿm\e£-yw.
enwK-\oXn
]mT-y-]-≤Xn enwKka-X-zhpw enwK\oXnbpw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xm-h-Ww. B - -s]¨
hnth-N\w ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ IS-∂p-h-cm≥ ]mSn-√. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfnse Nn{X-
ß-fn¬t∏mepw enwK\oXn-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fp-≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-
\-߃ Gs‰-SpØp \S-∏m-°p-tºmƒ enwK-\oXn Dd-∏m-t°-≠Xv A[ym-]-I-cpsS
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv.
anX-h-y-b-ioew
ss{]a-dn-Xew apX¬ Xs∂ anX-h-y-b-io-e-Øns‚ _me-]m-T-߃ Ip´n-I-fn¬ k∂n-
th-in-∏n-°-Ww. anX-hybioe-Øns‚ {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\-yhpw hy-‡-am-°mw.
anX-h-y-b-ioew {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-
hp∂XmWv.
tdmUv kpc£
tdmUn¬ ]men-t°≠ \nb-a-߃, tdmU-]-I-S-߃ Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈ {]mtbm-KnI
\n¿tZ-i-߃, {]h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw tdmUv kpc-£-bpsS LS-I-ß-
fmWv. tdmUv F∂Xv Hcp s]mXpCS-am-sW∂pw \ap-°p-≈-Xp-t]mse a‰p-≈-
h¿°pw tdmUv D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ kz-mX-{¥-y-ap-s≠-∂p-ap≈ ]uc-t_m[w ]I¿∂p
\¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. tdmUv kpc-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw {]m[m-
\yw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS kzm- m-hn-I-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn¬ Cu taJ-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-
°n-bp≈ ]T-\m-\p- -h-߃ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S°]c-
amb Bi-b-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmgpw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø\-߃ {Iao-I-cn-°p-tºmgpw
aXn-bmb ]cn-K-W\ e`n-t°-≠-Xp≠v. ]T-\˛-t_m-[\ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-
t]m-Ip-tºmƒ CØcw Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´ Adnhv, ss\]p-Wn, at\m-
`mhw F∂n-hbv°v Du∂¬ thWw. Cu e£-y-߃ t\Sm≥ km[n-®n-´pt≠m
F∂v \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج {]{In-bbn-eqsS ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw IgnbWw. hnhn[
¢∫v {]h¿Ø-\-߃, SPC, NCC, Scout & Guides, JRC, hnZ-ymcwKw Iem-km-
lnXythZn, Km‘n-Z¿i≥ XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-\-߃ aqe-y-߃, at\m- m-h-߃,
{]Xn-_-≤X F∂nh hf¿Øm-\p≈ thZn-Ifm-IWw.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
24
1.11 Ah-Imim[njvTnX hnZym- ymkw (Right based Education)
Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ \n¿Wbn-°p-Ibpw temI-hym-]-I-ambn \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂-Xn\v bp\kvtIm ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CtX XpS¿∂v hnhn[
cmPy-ß-fn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Imikwc-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Ht´sd \nb-a-
\n¿am-W-߃ \S-∂n- p-≠v. C¥y-bn¬ tZiobhnZym- ymkmh-Imi\nbaw ˛ 2009
\S-∏m-°n-bXv Hcp kp{]-[m\ \mgn-I-°-√mbn IW-°m-°mw. Ip´n-I-fpsS F√m-
hn[ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw apXn¿∂-h-cmb \ΩpsS
IS-a-bmbn amdp-∂p. hnZym- ymk Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ah {][m-
\-ambpw aq∂p taJ-e-I-fn-embn -Xn-cn-°m-\m-hpw.
$ ]¶m-fnØw (Participation)
$ e`yX (Provision)
$ kwc-£Ww (Protection)
X\n°v e`y-amb Ah-Im-ißsf°p-dn®v Ip´n- Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?
]¶m-fnØw
$ Ip´n-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m Xocp-am-\-ß-fnepw Fs‚ A`n-{]mbw Bcm-
bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ Fs‚ Xm¬∏-cy-Øn\v apJy-]-cn-K-W\ e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn™v \¬Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
]¶mfnbmIm≥ F\n°v Ah-kcw e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m\pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°m\pw Ign-bp∂
hg-°-ap≈ ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Im-≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ A`n-{]m-b-߃°v am\y-amb ÿm\w e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ F\n°pw Iq´p-Im¿°pw ¢mkn¬ \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-amb
]¶m-fnØw e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ F\n-°-h-kcw e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
e`yX
$ aXn-bmb hnZym- ym-k-tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈hcpw Adn-hp-Iƒ Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]pXp-
°p-∂h-cp-amb A[ym-]-I-cpsS tkh\w F\n°v e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ A\p-h-Zn-®n- p≈ apgp-h≥ ka-bhpw ]T-\m-\p- -h-߃ e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
$ imco-cn-I˛am\-knI hf¿®sb ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p∂Xn\v tbmPn® ¢mkvdqw
A¥-co£w F\n-°v e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
25
$ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°m-h-iy-amb ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ bYm-k-abw Hcp-°n-
Ø-cm≥ Fs‚ A[ym-]-I¿°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Iem- -Im-bnI ]cn-t]m-j-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw
F\n°v In´p∂p-≠v.
B¿.-Sn.-C. (2009) Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p
$ 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v 200 {]hr-Øn-Zn-h-kßfpw
800 aWn-°q¿ t_m[-\-k-a-bhpw e`nt°≠-Xp-≠v.
$ 6 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿°v 220 {]hr-Øn-Zn-h-
kßfpw 1000 aWn-°q¿ t_m[-\-k-a-bhpw e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
kwc-£Ww
$ hnZym-e-b-Øntem ]pdtØm bmsXm-cp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw Rm≥ A\p- -hn-°p-
∂n-√.
$ Fs∂ Hcp Xc-Ønepw Bcpw Ah-K-Wn-°p∂n-√.
$ imco-cn-I-am-tbm am\-kn-I-amtbm Bbn Bcpw Fs∂ ]oUn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.
$ \n¿ -b-ambn A[ym-]-I-tcmSv CS-s]-Sm≥ F\n°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Ip´n-bm-sW-¶nepw F\n°v kzIm-cy-X-bp-≠v F∂v F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-
∂p-≠v.
$ hnZym-e-b-Ønepw ho´nepw Rm≥ G‰hpw kpc-£n-X-am-bn-cn°pw F∂v F\n°v
Dd-∏p-≠v.
tIc-f- kw-ÿm\ _memh-Imi kwc-£W IΩo-j≥
2002 sabv amk-Øn¬ IqSnb sFIycm-jv{S-k- -bpsS, Ip´n-Iƒ°v
th≠n-bp≈ {]tXyI ktΩ-f\w "Ip´n-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
Hcp temIw' F∂ io¿j-I-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb tcJ AwKo-I-cn-®-Xns‚
shfn-®-Øn¬ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ \n¿an® 2005 se _mem-h-Imi kwc-
£W IΩo-j≥ BIvSpw 2012 se tIcfkwÿm\ _mem-h-
ImiN -ßfpw {]Imcw tIcfkwÿm\ _mem-h-Imikwc-£W
IΩo-j≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ auen-Im-h-
Im-i-ßfpw _mem-h-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-°p-I-bmWv IΩo-js‚
ZuXyw.
Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v
X\n°v Fs¥ms° sNøm≥ km[n®n´p-≠v? C\nbpw Xm≥ Fs¥ms° sNtø-
≠-Xp≠v F∂v Hmtcm A[ym-]-I\pw A[ym-]n-Ibpw Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
26
1.12 sa‚dnMv
tZio-b-hn-Z-ym- -ym-km-h-Im-i-\n-baw A[-ym-]-Is\/A[-ym-]n-Isb sa‚¿ (Mentor)
Bbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. ka-{K- kvIqƒ hnI-k-\-]-cn-t{]-£-y-Øn¬ sa‚dnßn-\v -h-
enb {]kIvXnbpw {]m[m-\-yhp-ap-≠v.
hnZ-ym-`-ymk{]{In-b-bnse apJ-y-L-S-I-amb So®¿˛Ip´n _‘-Øn¬ C∂v ImX-
emb am‰w D≠m-bn- p-≠v. hn⁄m-\w- hn-X-cWw sNøp∂ Bfm-b√; Ip´n-Iƒ°v
hn⁄m\w t\Sm-\p≈ hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ah-k-c-߃ GtIm-]n-∏n°p-∂ hy‡n-
bm-bmWv So®¿ {]h¿Øn-t°-≠Xv.
bYm¿Y-Øn¬ as‰mcp hoSp-X-s∂-bmWv hnZ-ym-ebw. A[ym-]-IcmIs´, ho´p-Imcpw.
Ip´n-Iƒ°v ho´n¬\n∂v e`n-t°≠ kvt\lw, ]cn-K-W\, kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[w,
AwKo-Imcw F∂nh Gdnbpw Ipd™pamWv e`n-°p-∂Xv F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hv- Hmtcm
A[-ym-]-I\pw A[-ym-]-nIbv°pw D≠m-h-Ww. CXv Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw Hmtcm Ip´n°pw
th≠ coXn-bn¬ Ch sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-tºm-gmWv Ah-cpsS DØ-
c-hm-Zn-Xzw ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. At∏m-gmWv kvIqƒ hoSm-Ip-∂-Xv.
Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw hy‡n]chpw IpSpw-_-]c-hp-amb ]-›m-Øew a\- n-em-°p-
∂-Xn\v Xmsg -]-d-bp-∂h A[ym-]-I¿ sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ Krl-k-μ¿i-\w
$ c£n-Xm-°-fp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
$ Ip´n-sb \nc-¥-c-ambn \nco-£n--°¬
$
$
Aßs\ Ip´n°v kvt\lw, ]cn-K-W-\, kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[w, AwKo-Imcw XpS-
ßnbh \¬In Hcp kl-c-£n-Xm-hmbpw ]T-\-t\- -߃ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
klm-bn-bmbpw amdp-tºm-gmWv ]pXnb Ime-L- -Øns‚ A[-ym-]nI/A[-ym-]-I-
\mbn \mw amdp∂-Xv.
sa‚-dnßn-eqsS hgn-Im- ¬, D]-tZ-iw, ]n¥pW, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\p≈ Ah-kcw
XpS-ßn-bh Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`n°p-∂p. A\p- -h-ÿ-\mb ap≥Kman F∂ \ne-bnepw
A\p-I-c-Wo-b-\mb amXrI F∂ \ne-bn-ep-amWv sa‚¿ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-tØ-
≠-Xv. t_m[-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb klm-b-ßfpw Iu¨kenßp-sa√mw CXns‚
`mK-am-Wv. hnZym¿Yn-bn¬ Hfn-™pInS°p∂ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-sIm≠phcm≥
Hcp \√ sa‚¿°v Ign-bpw.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
27
sa‚-dnßneqsS;
$ A[ym-]-I\pw hnZym¿Yn°pw anI® hnZym- ymk A\p- -h-߃ e`n-°p-∂p.
$ A[ym-]-I-s‚bpw hnZym¿Yn-bp-sSbpw Adn-hns‚ taJe hnI-kn-°p-∂p.
$ hnZym¿Yn-bpw kvIqfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ hnZym¿Yn-bpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw hy‡n-Xzhn-Im-khpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ Iq´mb Nn¥bpw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°epw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
$ c£n-Xm-°fpw kvIqfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w i‡-am-hp-I-bpw Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\-
\n-esb kw_-‘n®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
$ Ie˛BtcmKy˛Imbn-I˛{]hr-Øn-]-T\ taJ-e-I-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Øhpw
hne-bn-cp-Øepw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\-Xm¬∏-c-y-sØbpw hy-‡n-X-z-hn-I-mk-sØbpw Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
Xn-\p≈ ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[-\-{]-{In-b-sbbpw \nc-¥c aqe-y-\n¿W-b-{]-{In-bsbbpw
klm-bn-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmbn sa‚dnMv hnI-kn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. sa‚dnMv A\p- -h-
ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- - Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ k©n-Xtc-J-bn¬ tN¿°Ww.
kvIqfnse apgp-h≥ A[-ym-]-I-scbpw sa‚¿am¿ Bbpw F√m Ip´n-I-sfbpw sa‚n
Bbpw ]cn-K-Wn®psIm≠m-hWw sa‚dnMv \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xv. ¢mknse F√m Ip´n-
I-sfbpw sNdnb {Kq∏p-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw Hmtcm {Kq∏ns‚bpw ]ptcm-KXn
Dd-∏m-°m-\p-X-Ip∂Xn\v {]kvXpX ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[-ym-]-Isc
NpaXetb¬∏n-°m≥ Btem-Nn-°m-hp-∂-XpamWv.
1.13 A[ym-]-I¿ sXmgn¬]-c-ambn ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI \nb-a-kw-lnX
(Code of Professional Ethics for School Teachers)1. hnZym¿Yn-I-tfm-Sp≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃
1.1 F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ß-tfmsS s]cp-am-dp∂p.
$ F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw ka- m-h-\-tbmsS s]cp-am-dpI.
$ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\
\¬IpI.
$ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ Bfl-hn-izm-kw, Xm¬∏-cyw, {]Xymi F∂nh P\n-∏n-
°p∂ Xc-Øn-em-hWw s]cp-am-‰w.
1.2 PmXn, aXw, h¿Kw, h¿Ww, kmº-ØnI\ne-, `mj, enwKw, P∑-ÿew F∂o
]cn-K-W-\-I-fn-√msX, \oXn, ]£-]m-X-cm-lnXyw F∂o aqey-ßsf _lp-am-
\n-°p∂p.
$ A[ym-]-I¿°v P\m-[n-]XyXØz-ß-fn-epw kln-jvWp-X-bnepw kmaq-
lnI\oXn-bn-ep-ap≈ hnizmkw hnZym¿Yn-I-fn-te°pw ]I-cp∂-p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
28
$ A[ym-]IcpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnizm-k-߃, `c-W-L-S\mXØz-߃°v
FXn-cm-bn-cp∂-m¬ AXv kvIqƒ kwhn-[m-\sØ Kpcp-X-c-ambn _m[n°pw.
1.3 hnZym¿Yn-bpsS imco-cn-I-hpw _u≤n-I-hpw sshImcn-Ihpw kZm-Nm-c-]chpw
kmaq-ln-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb hnIm-k-Øn\v A¥-co-£-sam-cp-°p∂-p.
$ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb tijn-Iƒ AXns‚ ]q¿WXbnte°p
hnI-kn-°p∂ Ime-amWv kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-Im-ew.
$ _u≤nI afi-e-Øn-\p-am{Xw hnImkw \¬I-em-h-cpXv hnZym- ymkw.
$ k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hy‡n-Xz-hn-Im-k-am-bn-cn-°Ww hnZym- ymke£yw.
1.4 kvIqƒ Pohn-XØ-ns‚ F√m Xe-Ønepw hnZym¿Yn-bpsS hy‡nXzw am\n-°-
s∏Sp∂p.
$ a\p-jy≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcp hnZym¿Yn-°p≈ P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-i-
ßfpw A¥ pw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ A[ym-]IcpsS `mKØp\n∂p≈ {]Xn-Iq-e-amb A`n-{]mb{]I-S-\w
hnZym¿Yn-bpsS Bflm- n-am-\sØ apdn-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]T-\sØ _m[n-
°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
$ kvIqfns‚ F√m {]h¿Ø-\-ßfnepw F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw kPo-h-amb
]¶m-fnØw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww.
$ sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` AwKo-I-cn-®Xpw C¥y-IqSn H∏ph®-Xp-amb Ip´n-I-fpsS
Ah-Imi{]Jym]-\hpw Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Imikwc-£W IΩo-j≥
dnt∏m¿´pw A[ym-]-I¿ a\- n-em°n {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ A®-S°w ]men-°p∂--Xn-\p-th≠n cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \nb-
am-hen Ip´n-I-fpsS a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-߃ \ntj-[n-°p--∂Xm-
h-cp-Xv.
1.5 Ip´n-IfpsS B¥cn-I-ti-jn-Ifpw {]Xn- bpw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-\p≈ Bkq-
{Xn-Xhpw Nn -s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v cq]w \¬I-Ww.
$ tIh-e-amb A°m-Z-anIt\´-߃°v D]-cn-bmbn Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw
tijnbpw {]Xn- bpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I F∂Xv A[ym-]IcpsS {][m-\- ISa-
bmWvv.
$ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS F√m-hn[ Ign-hp-Ifpw hnI-kn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ D≠m-I-Ww.
1.6 `c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ aqey-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂
hn[-Øn-em-hWw ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw.
$ P\m-[n-]-Xyw, aX-\n-c-t]-£-X, ka-Xzw, \oXn, kzmX-{¥yw F∂o `c-W-
L-S\m aqey-߃ ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ {][m\s∏´ B¥-cn-I-
[mc-bm-h-Ww.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
29
$ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]uc-∑m-cpsS IS-a-Isf°pdn®v ]d-bp∂ B¿´n-°nƒ 51
F a\- nem°p-Ibpw AXnse F apX¬ sI hsc-bp≈ Jfi-߃
Dƒs°m≠v {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
1.7 hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS Bh-iy-߃ A\pk-cn®v A[ym-]n-I-bpsS/ A[ym-]-Is‚
A[ym-]-\-coXn ]cnjvIcn°p∂p.
$ \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-bpsS {]Ir-Xw,
B¿PnXamb Adn-hv, A`n-cp-Nn, ]T-\-coXn XpS-ßn-bh ]cn-K-Wn®v t_m-
[-\-X-{¥-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb ]cn-jvI-cWw \n-c-¥cw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
1.8 Ip´n-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ Ah-cpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS cl-ky-kz- mhw
kq£n-°p-Ibpw B hnh-c-߃ \nb-a-]-c-ambn ssIam-dm-hp∂h-¿°p-am{Xw
ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNøp∂-p.
$ Hcp Iu¨k-e¿ IqSn-bmb A[ym-]n-I/A[ym-]-I\v Ip´n-bpsS hy‡n-
]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-sf√mw Adnbmw.
$ Cu hnh-c-߃ Ip´n-bpsS \∑-bv°p-th≠n hnth-I-]q¿hw am{Xta D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSp≈q.
1.9 Ip´n-Isf b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, D¬°WvTmIpe-cm-°p-I, imco-cn-I-ambn in£n-°pI,
am\-kn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°pI F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Hgn™p
\n¬°p∂-p.
$ Ip´nsb ssewKnI]oU-\-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]oU-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ah-
K-W-\-bn¬\n∂pw Nqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-
ZnXzw A[ym-]I¿°p≠v.
$ in£ sa®-s∏´ ]T-\-Øn-te°p \bn°pw F∂ sX‰n≤mcW Xncp-Ø-
s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ CØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ip´n°p e`n-°p∂ \nb-a-]-cn-c-£sb°pdn®pw
A[ym-]-I¿ Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww.
1.10 GXp hnt[-\-bpap≈ ssewKnINqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw Ip´nsb kwc-£n-°p∂p.
$ ssewKnINqj-Ww imco-cn-I--amb BLm-X-߃ am{X-a√, hf-sc-°mew
Xßn-\n¬°p∂ am\-kn-Im-Lm-XhpwIqSn Ip´n°p≠m-°p∂p.
$ _lp-am-\-s∏´ C¥y≥ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xnbpw F≥.-kn.]n. Bdpw tPmen
ÿe-ß-fnepw kvIqfp-I-fnepw \S-°p∂ ssewKnINqj-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc
\¬In-bn- p≈ am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-߃ A[ym]-I¿ ]men-t°-≠-XmWv.
2. c£n-Xm-°-tfmSpw kaq-l-tØm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃
2.1 amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSpw c£-I¿Øm-°-tfmSpw hn\-b-]q¿h-ap≈ _‘w ÿm]n-
°p∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
30
$ Ip´nsb IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp--∂Xn\v Ah-cpsS c£I¿Øm-°-fp-ambpw kplr-
Øp-°-fp-ambpw A[ym-]-I¿ \√ _‘w ]pe¿tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
$ A[ym-]Icpw c£-I¿Øm-°-fp-am-bp≈ kvt\l-]q¿W-amb _‘w
Ip´nsb A[ym-]Icp-ambn IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏n°pw.
$ `qcn-]£w c£n-Xm-°fpw Xß-fpsS Ip´n-I-fpsS kvIqfn-\-I-Øpw -]p-d-
Øp-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ah-cpsS A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂v Adn-bm≥
Xm¬∏cy-ap-≈-h-cmWv.
$ hf¿®-bpsS L -Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°p kw -hn-°p∂ ]ng-hp-IƒIqSn t\ -
ß-tfm-sSm∏w c£n-Xm-°-fp-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°p--∂Xv henb Zpc-¥-߃
Hgn-hm-°p∂--Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Ipw.
2.2 Ip´n-I-fpsS A¥- ns\ l\n-°p∂ GXp {]hr-Øn-bn¬\n∂pw hn´p-\n¬°pI.
$ a‰p≈ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS ap∂n¬h®v Bflm- n-am-\sØ CSn-®p-XmgvØn
kwkm-cn-°p∂-Xv Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ AXp-t]mseØs∂ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS A`n-am-\-sØbpw tNmZyw
sNøcpXv.
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`mKw Ip´n-I-fpsS am{Xw ]›m-Ø-esØ (Pm-Xn,
aXw, kmº-Øn-Iw, ....) ]pIgvØn∏d-bp-∂Xv a‰p≈ Ip´n-I-fn¬ hntZzjw
P\n-∏n°pw.
2.3 Ip´n-Iƒ°n-Sbn¬ C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-sØ-°p-dn®v A`n-am-\-
t_m[w hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p∂p.
$ At\Iw kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw `mj-I-fp-sSbpw aX-ß-fp-sSbpw hnizm-
k-ß-fp-sSbpw \mSmWv C¥y. CXv Hmtcm ¢mkv apdn-bnepw {]Xn-^-
en°pw.
$ F∂m¬ C¥y-bn¬ Cu \m\m-Xz-Ønepw GIXzw cq]w-sIm-≠n- p-≠v.
$ ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ kln-jvWp-Xbpw F√m kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw _lp-am-
\n°m-\p≈ a\ pw thWw.
$ Cu XØzw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS- hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ t_m[-]q¿h-
amb {iaw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
2.4 hnhn[ P\-hn- m-K-߃ XΩn-ep≈ hntZz-jhpw i{Xp-Xbpw hf¿Øp∂ XcØn-
ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hgn-hm-°Ww.
$ F√m aX-ß-tfmSpw hnizm-k-ß-tfmSpw `mj-I-tfmSpw Xpey-_-lp-am\w
hf¿Øp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv ¢mkn¬ \S-t°-≠-Xv.
$ tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-Øns‚ ASn-Ød BZyw C¥y-°m-c≥, ]ns∂ am{Xw
Hcp hn`m-K-Ønse AwKw F∂ [mcWbmWv.
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ {]Nm-c-W-Øn-\mbn kvIqƒ / ¢mkv D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
31
$ ImenI-amb kmaqlnI - cmjv{Sob Imcy-߃ N¿®-sN-øp-tºmgpw A[ym-
]-I≥/A[ym-]nI GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]£Øp \n∂v kwkm-cn-°-cp-Xv.
3. A[ym-]\w F∂ sXmgn-ent\mSpw kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-tcm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-hmZn-
Xz-߃.
3.1 sXmgn¬sshZKv[yw hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂X-n\v \nc-¥-cw ]cn-{i-an-°p∂-p.
$ Hcp hnZym¿Ynsb \nc-¥c]Tn-Xmhm-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ A[ym-]-I\pw
Aßs\ BtI-≠-Xp-≠v,
$ \nc-¥cw hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ hn⁄m\taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw
A[ym-]\coXn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Adnhv tiJ-cn-°m\pw {]tbm-K-Øn¬
hcp-Øm\pw Ign-b-Ww.
$ GsX√mw Xe-ß-fn-¬\n∂v X\n°v ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ e`n°pw F∂v
At\z-jn-°pIsb∂Xv A[ym-]-Is‚ IS-a-bm-Wv.
3.2 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ XΩnepw a‰p-≈-h¿ XΩn-ep-ap-≈ t_m[-]q¿h-amb Bi-b-
hn-\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS ]pXn-sbm-cp kwcw`w krjvSn-°p∂-p.
$ A°m-Z-an-I-amb DW-¿hv P\n-∏n-°p∂--Xpw F√m A[ym-]-I¿°pw Xß-
fp-tS-Xmb kw`m-h\ \¬Im≥ Ignbp-∂Xp-amb Hcp ss\Xn-IX kvIqfn¬
krjvSn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ Cß-s\-sbm-cp-W¿hv D≠m-°p∂--Xn\v Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw ^e-{]-Z-hp-amb
kl-I-cWw F√m A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂pw D≠m-h-Ww.
$ kvIqfnse {]iv\߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p--∂Xn¬ F√m A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw
{Inbm-fl-I-amb \n¿tZi-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw D≠m-I-Ww.
$ A[ym-]Isc am{Xa√, kvIqƒ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xm¬∏-cy-ap≈ F√m hn`m-
K-sØbpw CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ A[ym-]-I\v
Ign-b-Ww.
3.3 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-tcmSv A¥-t m-sSbpw _lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-dp-∂p.
$ kvIqfnse F√m A[ym-]-I-tcmSpw Ah-cpsS hnZym- ymktbmKy-Xtbm
Ah¿ GXp hn`m-K-Ønse Ip´n-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-sht∂m ]cnKWn-
°msX A¥-t m-sSbpw _lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-d-Ww.
3.4 A[ym-]-I¿ kzIm-cySyqj≥ FSp-°p-Itbm a‰p kzIm-cy hnZym- ymk{]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp∂-n-√.
$ A[ym-]-I≥ kzImcySyqj≥ FSp-°p-∂Xv Ah-cpsS kvIqƒ {]h¿-Ø-\-
ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂-p.
$ kz¥w {]h¿Ø-\-ta-Je anI-®-Xm-°m-\p≈ kabw Ah¿°v \jvS-am-
Ip∂-p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
32
$ kz¥w hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v kzIm-cySyqj≥ \¬Ip-tºmƒ AXv kvIqfnse
ss\XnIXØz-߃°pXs∂ hnLm-XamI-Ø° s]cp-am-‰-߃°p Imc-
W-am-bn-Øo-cpw.
3.5 Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw Xocp-am-\-ß-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-sa∂v Adn-bm-hp-
-∂Xn-\m¬ GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn-ep≈ kΩm-\-ßtfm a‰p klm-b-ßtfm
kzoI-cn-°p∂n√.
$ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ B\p-Iq-ey-߃ {]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v \¬I-
s∏-Sp∂ hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ kΩm-\-߃ A[ym-]-I¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬\nt∂m
c£-I¿Øm-°-fn¬\nt∂m kzoI-cn-°-cp-Xv.
3.6 kl{]h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-scbpw D∂-Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw A\m-h-iy-
amb Btcm-]-W-߃ D-∂bn-°p-∂n-√.
$ ]c-kv]cw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hn`m-KobkwL-߃ A[ym-]-I¿°n-S-bn¬
A`n-Im-ay-a-√.
$ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-cmbn sXfn-hp-I-fn-√mØ Btcm-]-W-߃ D∂-
bn-°-cpXv.
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp kl-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚/kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-bpsS mK-Øp-\n∂v
Kpcp-X-c-amb sX‰v ImWp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv ko\n-b¿ A[ym-]-I-cpsS
{i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
3.7 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sStbm hnZym¿Yn-I-fp-sStbm c£n-Xm-°-fp-sStbm
ap∂n¬h®v Hcp kl-{]-h¿Ø-Is\ A[n-t£-]n®v kwkm-cn-°p∂-n-√.
$ A[ym-]-Isc-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-ßfmb A`n-{]m-b-߃ D≠mImw.
F∂m¬ AXv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ coXn am\y-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ kl-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚ A[ym-]\coXnsb A]-l-kn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬
kwkm-cn-°-cpXv.
3.8 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS A[ym-]-\-\n-e-]m-Sp-Isf am\n-°p-∂p.
$ A[ym-]-\-Øn¬ anIhp ]pe¿Øp--∂h-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf «mLn-°p-
Ibpw AØcw anIhv B¿Pn-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. F∂m¬
AXv XnI®pw A‘-amb A\p-I-c-W-am-I-cp-Xv.
3.9 kl-{]-h¿ØI-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ kzImcyhnh-c-߃ cl-ky-ambn kq£n-
°pIbpw \nb-a-]-c-ambn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ am{Xw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNøp∂p.
$ GsX-¶nepw Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂, kl-{]-h¿Ø-Isc-
°p-dn-®p≈ hy‡n]c-amb hnh-c-߃ clkykz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬
Ah \nb-a-]-c-amb Imcy-߃°p am{Xta shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSp≈q.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
33
1.14 So®nMv am\-z¬
ssZ\w-Zn\ ]mTm-kq{XW tcJ-bmWv So®nMv am\z¬. ]T-\-t\- -ßsf e£y-am°n
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw So®¿sS-IvÃnepw \¬In-bn-´p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xs‚
¢mknse Ip´n-Iƒ°v tbmPn® coXn-bn¬ hg-°-tØmsS, am‰-߃ hcp-Ønbpw
Iq´n-t®¿Øpw {]{Inbm t]Pv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bmWp th≠-Xv.
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏wXs∂ hne-bn-cp-Øepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈
Bkq-{X-W-amWv {]{In-bm-t]-Pn¬ Fgp-tX-≠-Xv. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS e`n-
°p∂ hnh-c-ß-ƒ hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pnep≠mbn-cn-°-Ww.
IrXyhpw A¿Y-]q¿W-hp-amb Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-
\-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-hWw So®nMv am\z¬. Cßs\ Hmtcm BgvN-bnepw \S-∏n-
em-°nb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ hnh-c-ßsf
(ssZ\w-Zn\ hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pn-ep≈) ASn-ÿm-\-am°n So®¿ Hcp eLp-hmb
{]Xn-^-e-\-°p-dn∏v (Reflection Note) Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw SRG/Subject CouncilF∂n-h-bn¬ N¿®sN-øp-Ibpw thWw. Cu Ipdn-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-
°Ww So®-¿ XpS¿∂p≈ Bkq-{X-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv.
So®nMv am\z-ens‚ t^m¿am‰v NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
34
So®nMv am\-z¬
]mT-Øns‚ t]cv :
XnøXn :
{]Xo-£n-°p∂ kabw :
Xow :
]T-\-t\- -߃ :
Bi-b-߃ :
tijn-Iƒ :
`mjmhkvXp-X-Iƒ (`mj-bv°p -am-{Xw) :
hy-h-lmccq]-߃ (`mj-bv°p- am-{Xw) :
aqe-y-߃, at\m- m-h-߃ :
]T\kma-{Kn-Iƒ :
{]Xo-£nX D¬∏-∂-߃ :
{]{Inbm t]Pv hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pv
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw (hne-bn-cp-ج hnh-c-ß-fmWv
AS-ßnb {]{Inb ChnsS Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv.)
slUvankv{Skv/slkvam-ÃdpsS H∏v A[ym-]-I≥/A[-ym-]nIbpsS H∏v
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
35
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
{]Xn- -e-\m-flINn¥ (Reflections)Fs‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ, Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ
(]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج {]{In-b-bn-eqsS e`n® hnh-c-ß-fpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬)
$
$
$
$
XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]cn-lmc{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ˛ kqN\
$
$
$
$
{]Xn- -e-\m-flI Ipdn∏v (Reflection note) F¥n\v?
$ {]Xn-hmc SRG, k_vP‰v Iu¨kn¬ tbmK-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n°p∂-Xn-\v.
$ XpS¿ Bkq-{X-W-Øn\v Znimt_m[w \¬Ip∂-Xn-\v.
$ tSanse kn. C. t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øn-\v.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
36
]T\w (Learning) F∂Xv Ip´nIfn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw \nc-¥-c-ambpw \S-°p∂
Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv. ]T\w Imcy-£-a-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬, A\p-`-h-߃ Dt±-iym-[n-
jvTn-X-hpw ]T-\-t\-´-߃ tI{μo-I-cn-®p-am-IWw. Ip´n- t\-tS≠ tijn-Isfbpw
[mc-W-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n®v A[ym-]-I\v hy‡-amb Ah-t_m[w D≠m-I-Ww.
Hmtcm ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v D≠mth≠ ]T\t\ -߃ (Learning outcomes)ap≥Iq´n I≠p-sIm≠v ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww. Cu {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ Pohn-X-k-μ¿ -ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.
C{]-Imcw t\Snb tijn-I-fpw [mc-W-Ifpw ]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v F{X-
am{Xw ]cym-]vX-amWv? ]T-\-t\-´-߃ ssIh-cn-°m≥ C\nbpw tijn-°p-∂-h¿
Bsc√mw? \¬tI≠p∂ XpSc\p-`-h-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-IWw? Ah Fßs\
\¬Ipw? C{]-Im-c-ap≈ Nn¥-I-fmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-s‚ `mK-ambn A[ym-]-I-cn¬
D≠m-tI-≠-Xv.
Hcp ]mT- m-K-Øns‚/bqWn-‰ns‚ hn\n-a-b-Øn-\p-tijw "Fs¥ms° ]Tn®p' F∂v
hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ {]{Inbsb ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-ج (Assessment of learning)F∂p ]d-bmw. ]mT- m-K-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hv, ]T-\-
\n-e-hmcw F∂n-h-bmWv ChnsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXv hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚
Hcp Xew am{Xta BIp-∂p-≈q.
F∂m¬ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\mWv IqSp-X¬
{]mapJyw I¬∏n-t°-≠-Xv. ]T\w \S-°p∂ thf-bn¬ AXns‚ Imcy-£-a-X-
bv°p-th≠n A[ym-]-It\m kl-]m-Tn-Itfm \S-Øp∂ hnhn-[-ß-fmb CS-s]-S-ep-
Iƒ D≠m-Imw. ]T-\-Ønt\m-sSm-∏-ap≈ Cu hne-bn-cp-Øepw oUv_m°v \¬Iepw
hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ as‰m-cp -X-e-am-Wv. CXns\ ]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-ج
(Assessment for learning) F∂p ]d-bmw. CXv ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n \nc-
¥cw \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xpw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-tØmSv Cg-tN¿∂v \n¬°p-∂-Xp-amWv.
CtXm-sSm∏w ]T-\-Øn-eqsS t\Snb Bi-b-ßsfbpw [mc-W-I-sfbpw kzbw
hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw am‰-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNøp∂
Hcp Xncp-ج {]{In-bbpw D≠v. CXns\ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø-embn Icp-Xmw.
C{]-Imcw kzbw \n¿h-ln-°p∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsSbpw ]T\w km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
CXns\ hne-bn-cp-جXs∂- ]-T\w (Assessment as learning) F∂p ]d-bmw.
hne-bn-cp-ج kao-]\w
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
37
]T\w IqSpX¬ Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿h-ln-°-W-sa¶n¬ "]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-
bn-cp-ج', "hne-bn-cp-جXs∂ ]T\w' F∂n-h-bv°v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬tI-
≠-Xp-≠v. AØ-c-Øn¬ ]T\w ^e-{]-Z-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ hne-bn-cp-ج {]{In-b-
Iƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ kao-]-\-amWv \Ωƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏m-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T\kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXn\v
A\p-Kp-W-amb Hcp hne-bn-cp-ج kao-]-\hpw kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Bb-Xn-
\m¬ ]T-\-t\- -ß-ƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ hne-bn-cp-ج kao-]-\-amWv (Out-come focused assessment approach) kzoIcn-t°-≠-Xv. ]T-\-t\-´-߃°v
Du∂¬ \¬In cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ "kPoh-]-
¶m-fnØw' Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. hna¿i-\m-flINn¥, bp‡nNn¥, ]T-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-
-e-\hpw {]I-S-\hpw, ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-amb Adnhv XpS-ßn-bh ]T-\-t\- -߃°v
Du∂¬ \¬In-bp≈ ]T-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.
\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج (CCE)
\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn--cp-ج coXn-bmWv \mw kzoI-cn-®ncn°p-∂-Xv.
Ip´n-bn¬ A\pkyq-X-ambn \S°p∂ Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv ]T\w. AXp-sIm-≠p-
Xs∂ tijn-Ifpw [mc-W-Ifpw F{X-tØmfw t\Sn F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ hne-
bn-cp-ج {]{In-bbpw \nc-¥-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ka-{K-amb hne-bn-cp-ج F∂-
Xp-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv Ip´n-bpsS ssh⁄m-\n-I-hpw kmaq-ln-I-hpw sshIm-
cn-I-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fnse hne-bn-cp-ØemWv.
t{KUnMv coXn
\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v t{KUnMv coXn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xv. ss{]a-dn-X-e-Ønse t{KUnßn\v s]mXp-hmbn A©v t]mbn‚ v t{KUnMv
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. A©v t]mbn‚ v t{K-Unßns‚ t{KUv t]mbn‚ v iX-am-\hpw
t{KUpw NphsS \¬Ip-∂p.
t{KUv t]mbn‚ v iX-am\w t{KUv
75 - 100 A
60 - 74 B
45 - 59 C
33 - 44 D
33 ¬ Xmsg E
hne-bn-cp-ج {]{In-b-bpsS XpS¿®bpw ka{K-Xbpw Dd-∏m-°p∂Xn\p-th≠n {][m-
\-ambpw c≠v taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
38
CCE taJ-e-Iƒ
1. ssh⁄m-\nItaJe
2. kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cn-ItaJ-e
Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bnse hnImkw kw_-‘n® hne-bn-cp-ج
Ip´n ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p∂ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp∂p. `mjmhnj-b-߃, imkv{Xhnj-b-߃ (ASn-ÿm-\-imkv{Xw, KWn-
Ximkv{Xw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw), Iem-]T\w, {]hrØn]T\w, Btcm-Ky -Im-bnI
hnZym- ymkw XpS-ßnb F√m hnj-b-ßfpw Cu taJ-e-bn¬s∏Sp-Ømw. Hmtcm
hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-t\- -߃ Is≠Øn Ah F{X-tØmfw t\Sm≥
km[n®p F∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \S-tØ-≠Xv. ChnsS c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ hne-
-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.
1. \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-ج (CE)
2. tSw hne-bn-cp-ج (TE)
\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج ( ( ( ( (CE)))))
ss{]a-dn-X-e-Øn¬ `mjm-hn-j-b-ßfpsS -]-T\ØneqsS At\-I-ti-jn-I-fpsS
B¿P\w \S-t°≠Xp≠v. CXn¬ Bi-b-߃, hkvXp-X-Iƒ, hnhn[ hn⁄m-\-
ta-J-e-Iƒ, k¿Km-fl-I-c-N-\-Iƒ XpSßn sshhn-[y-am¿∂ D≈-S-°-hp-ap-≠v. Ch
Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v `mjm-ti-jn-Isf \n¿W-bn-°pI ZpjvI-c-am-Wv. tI´pw hmbn®pw
Imcy-߃ {Kln-°p-I, ]d™pw Fgp-Xnbpw AXv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I, k¿Km-flI cN-
\-Iƒ \S-ØpI XpS-ßnb tijn-Iƒ `mjm-]T\hp-ambn _‘-s∏- mWv hf¿Øn-
sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ tIhetijn-I-fmtbm hn⁄m-\kºmZ-\-amtbm `mjm-
]-T-\sØ th¿Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.
1, 2 ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Xoap-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv `mj, (ae-bm-fw, Cw•o-jv,
CXc- m-j-Iƒ), ]cn-k-c-]-T-\w, KWnXw F∂o hnj-b-ß-fnse {]h¿Ø-\-߃
Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Cu ¢mkp-I-fnse D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bmbn
{]kvXpX Xoans\ \ap°v \nP-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hmNn-Ihpw enJn-X-hp-amb tijn-I-
fpsS hnIm-k-Øn¬ {]mY-an-I-L- -Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ Ip´n-I-fm-I-bm¬ {ih-Ww,
`mj-Ww, en]n-hn-\ym-k-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b¬, D®m-c-W-hy-‡-X-
tbm-sS-bp≈ hmb-\, icn-bmb Bte-J-\-{I-aw, cN-\-bnse hf¿® F∂nh `mjm-
ti-jn-I-fpsS {]mY-anIL´ß-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.
imkv{X-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-L- -Ønepw Ip´n- B¿Pn® Bib
[mc-W-Iƒ, ssIh-cn-°p∂ tijn-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
39
ChnsS aq∂p coXn-bn-ep≈ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂Xv.
$ ]T\{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
$ t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج
$ bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-ج (Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-s‚bpw ka-{K-amb hne-bn-cp-
ج)
Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ ]T\{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS mK-ambn tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n A[ym-]-I≥ hnhn-
[-ß-fmb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂p. Hmtcm {]h¿-Ø\w \S∏m°p-
tºmgpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fn-Øw, ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]I-S-\-Øn-
setbm Ah-X-c-W-Øn-setbm anI-hv, {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn Fgp-Xm\pw Ipdn--∏p-
Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m-\p-ap≈ A`n-cp-Nn, Ip´n-Iƒ°v \n¿ZnjvS tijn-Iƒ F{X-am{Xw
B¿Pn-°m≥ Ign-™n- p≠v XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {iahpw
So®-dpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂v D≠mhWw. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bnse
]TnXm-hns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v s]mXp-hmbn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-
߃ D]-tbm-Kn°mw F∂p ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1. {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw ({]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-Sp-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤X,
hy‡n-KX {]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNøp-∂-Xnse anI-hv, {Kq∏nse CS-s]-S¬,
Bi-b-߃ ]¶p-h-bv°¬....)
2. Bib[mcW
3. tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°¬
4. {]I-S\w/Ah-X-cWw
5. tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج/Xbmdm°¬
{]{Inb hne-bn-cp-ج \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ, Hmtcm kqN--Ihpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
hne-bn-cp-ج \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "{]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw'
F∂ kqNIw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ G‰hpw anI® ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-
≈-h¿, anI® ]¶mfn-Ø-ap-≈-h¿, icm-icn ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≈-h¿, C\nbpw sa®-s∏-
tS-≠-h¿ F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ/ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ
So®nMv am\z-ens‚ hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pn¬ D≠m-h-Ww. Hcp tSan-\p-≈n¬ F√m
]Tn-Xm-°-tfbpw Hmtcm kqN-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw hne-bn-cp-ج \SØn
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
CXv F{]-Im-c-am-Im-sa∂v KWn-X-Ønse Hcp {]h¿Ø\ØneqsS ]cn-tim-[n-
°mw.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
40
1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS XpI H‰kwJy-I-fpsS FÆsØ
AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ KpWn-®-Xm-bn-cn-°pw F∂ Bibw cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p-
≈-XmWv Cu {]h¿Ø\w. (DZm: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 4 x 4 = 16).
Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج, ]´nI hni-I-e\w sNø¬, ]c-kv]c
_‘w Is≠-ج, \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°¬ F∂o tijn-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw e£y-
an-Sp-∂p.
CXn-\mbn So®¿ Hcp {]iv\w sImSp-°p-∂p.
Hcp Ip´n Xos∏´n ASp-°n-h®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp {]tXyI coXn-bn-em-Wv. G‰hpw
apI-fn--esØ hcn-bn¬ H∂v, AXn\v Xmsg hcn-bn¬ 3, AXn\p XmgsØ hcn-
bn¬ 5 F∂n-ß-s\.
Cßs\ 10 hcn hbv°m≥ F{X Xos∏- n D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠mIpw? Cßs\ 30 hcn
hbv°m≥ F{X Xos∏- n th≠nhcp-sa∂v Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?
Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ¢mkvdqw {]{Inb ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
10 hcnhbv°m≥ F{X Xos∏- n D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠mIpw F∂ tNmZy-amWv BZyw
]cn-K-Wn-°p-I.
Ip´n Xt‚-Xmb coXn-bn¬ DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂p.
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 100
GXm\pw t]¿ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v So®¿ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
30 hcn-bn¬ F{X-sb∂v CXpt]mse I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-amtWm?
hcn-bpsS FÆhpw BsI Xos∏´n-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w ]cn-tim-
[n-°m≥ Hcp ]´n-I-bn¬ hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
F¶n¬ ]´nI Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww?
Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw hy‡n-K-ambn ]´nI D≠m-°p-∂p. {Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv ¢mkn¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ¢mkv N¿®bv°v tijw s]mXp-hmb ]´nI cq]o-I-cn-°p-
Ibpw AXn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
41
]´nI
hcn hcn-bnse FÆw BsI FÆw
1 1 1
2 3 4
3 5 9
4 7 16
5 9 25
6 11 36
So®¿ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p:
hcn-bpsS FÆhpw BsI FÆhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘w Is≠-Øm≥
Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?
hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿°mbn So®¿ Nne tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p:
hcn H∂m-Ip-tºmƒ F{X Xos∏´n?
hcn c≠m-Ip-tºmƒ F{X Xos∏´n?
hcnbpw Xos∏´n-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘w Dt≠m?
................................................................ ?
................................................................ ? F∂n-ßs\
Is≠-Ønb Imcyw t\m v_p-°n¬ Ipdn-°p-∂p. {Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv ]c-kv]cw
hne-bn-cpØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
¢mkn¬ AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
N¿®bv°v tijw ho≠pw sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-Xp-∂p.
hcn-bpsS FÆsØ AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ KpWn-®m¬
BsI Xos∏´n-I-fpsS FÆw In´pw.
XpS¿∂v So®¿ Hcp tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p: 1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS
XpI ImWm≥ F¥mWv Ffp∏hgn?
Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Fgp-Xp-∂p. {Kq∏n¬ N¿®. - ]ckv]cw hne-bn-cp-ج ˛
sa®-s∏-Sp-ج.
¢mkn¬ Ah-X-c-Ww.
N¿®bv°v tijw sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-X¬.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
42
1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS XpI ImWm≥ H‰kwJy-I-fpsS
FÆsØ AXpsIm≠pXs∂ KpWn-®m¬ aXn.
Cu ]T-\-{]-{In-bbnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hns\ hnhn[ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v
hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw
˛ {]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-SptØm?
˛ hy‡nK-X-ambn sNøm≥ {ian-®n- pt≠m?
˛ {Kq∏n¬ ^e-{]-Z-ambn CS-s]- n- pt≠m?
˛ Bi-b-߃ ]¶p-h-®n-´pt≠m?
$ Bi-b-[m-cW
˛ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn D≠m-tI≠ Bi-b-[m-cW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
Ign-™n-´pt≠m?
-˛ ho≠pw {]h¿Ø-\tam ^oUv_mt°m \¬tI≠n h∂n- pt≠m?
$ tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°¬
˛ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ tijn-Iƒ t\Sm≥ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-
™n-´pt≠m?
-˛ ]´nI cq]o-I-cn-®n- pt≠m?
˛ hcn-Ifpw Xos∏- n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n- pt≠m?
A[nI tNmZy-ßfpw So®-dpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw Bh-iy-ambn h∂n- pt≠m?
-˛ ]´nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ign-™n- pt≠m? a‰p-
≈-h-cpsS klmbw th≠nht∂m?
$ {]I-S\w/ Ah-X-cWw
˛ hy‡n-KX {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v tijhpw {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø\-Øn\v tijhpw
Is≠-Ønb Imcyw Ah-Xcn∏n-°m≥ {ian-®n- pt≠m?
˛ \nK-a\w bp‡n-]q¿hw ka¿Yn-°m≥ Ign-™n- pt≠m?
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج/ Xbm-dm-°¬
-˛ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-
Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´pt≠m?
-˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ BtWm?
-˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v ASp°pw Nn´bpw Dt≠m?
-˛ ]´nI icn-bmbn Xbm-dm-°nbn´pt≠m?
-˛ hy‡n-K-Xambpw {Kq∏v N¿®bv°v tijhpw ¢mkv N¿®bv°v tij-hp-
ap≈ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fpt≠m?
Ipdn∏v : Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Cu kqN-I߃ D]tbm-Kn®v F√m Ip´n-I-
sfbpw hne-bn-cpØn t{KUv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂n-√. Cu kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
43
ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp tSanse samØw {]I-S-\-sØ-bmWv hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv. CXn-
\mbn So®-dpsS hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pn¬ Nne Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. tSans‚
HSp-hn¬ Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw 4/3/2/1 kvtImdp-Iƒ \¬In-bmWv {]{In-b-bpsS
t{KUv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. CXns‚ sXfn-hmbn Ip´n-bpsS t\m´v_p°nse tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn `mj-bn¬ ]T-\-{]-{Inb hne-bn-cp-tØ-
≠Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
`mj-bn¬ D≈-S-°-]-c-amb Bibw e`n-°p∂p F∂-Xp-t]mse {][m-\-amWv hyh-
lm-c-cq-]-kw-_-‘n-bmb Adnhpw `mjm-ti-jn-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw Ip´n-bn-ep-≠m-
Ip∂p F∂-Xpw. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ kqN-I-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Fß-s\-bmWv
]T-\-{]-{Inb hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv?
$ ]¶m-fnØw
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Xm¬∏cyw, {Kq∏v {]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-
fn-Øw, hyXykvX `mjm-]-T-\-k-t¶-X-ß-fn-eqsS (sse{_-dn, Assk≥sa‚ v
]q¿Øn-bm-°¬ ...) Adnhv \n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°p∂ coXn F∂n-h-sbms° CXn¬
]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
$ Bib[mcW
`mj-bnse D≈-S-°-]-c-amb [mc-W, hyh-lm-c-cq-]-Øns‚ LS-\, KpW-\n-e-
hmc kqNI-߃, `mjm-]-c-amb anIhv F∂n-h-bn¬ ]Tn-Xmhv FhnsS
\n¬°p∂p F∂-XmWv A[ym-]nI ChnsS hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.
$ tijn-Iƒ
{ih-Ww, `mjWw, hmb-\, teJ-\w, k¿Km-fl-IX XpS-ßnb tijotaJ-e-
I-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cpØn ^oUv_m°v \¬Ip-∂p. ChnsS
hnhn[ mjm hyh-lmctaJ-e-Iƒ, mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ, Bi-b-hn-\n-abw F∂n-
h-bn¬ Ip´n-bpsS {]I-S\w IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
$ {]IS\w/Ah-X-cWw
`mj-bn¬ Bi-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn\v hyXykvX hgn-I-fp-≠-t√m. Ip´n-bpsS cN-\m-
ti-jn-t]m-se-Øs∂ {][m-\-amWv a‰p `mjm-{]-I-S-\-ßfpw (]mcm-b-Ww,
Bem-]-\w, A`n-\-bw, Nn{Xw-h-c, `mj-Ww) ˛ D®m-c-W-ip-≤n, kv]jvSX
F∂n-h-sbms° ]cn-K-Wn-®m-bn-cn°pw ChnsS A[ym-]nI ^oUv_m°v
\¬tI-≠Xv.
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج/Xbm-dm-°¬
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ
\S-Øn-bn- pt≠m? tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬
BtWm? tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v ASp°pw Nn´bpw Dt≠m? hy‡n-K-Xambn cN\
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
44
\S-Øn-bn- pt≠m? ¢mkv N¿®bv°v tijw {Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- pt≠m?
sX‰n-√msX cN\ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂pt≠m? F∂-
Xs°bmWv A[ym-]nI hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® taJ-e-I-fn-sem-s°, Hcp tSw Ign-bp-tºmƒ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚
ka-{K-]p-tcm-KXn I≠psIm≠v thWw ]T-\-{]-{Inb hne-bn-cpØn A[ym-
]nI t{KUv sNtø-≠-Xv.
Cu kqN-I-ß-sfm-s°-Øs∂ `mjm-]-T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ Ft∏mgpw {]k-‡-am-Wv.
Hcp tSanse hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-fnse \n¿ZnjvS ]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏m-°p∂ F√m
]T-\-{]{Inbbn-sebpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]I-S-\sØ A[ym-]n-Ibv°v hne-bn-cpØmw;
A\n-hm-cy-X-bv°-\p-k-cn®v So®nMv am\z-ens‚ {]Xn-I-c-W-t]-Pn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
I-bp-am-hmw.
$ `mjbnse Hcp ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kq£va-{]-{Inb t\m°q. (hnh-cWw
Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]T-\-{]-{Inb)
$ Ip´n-Iƒ ]qt¥m- -Øns‚ hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
{]{In-bm-L- -߃
$ e`n® A\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw (t\c-\p-`-hw, Zriyw) B¿PnX Adn-hn-s‚bpw
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Bh-iy-amb Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ/Hgn-hm-°¬
\SØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏ns‚ Ah-X-c-Ww.
$ D≈-S-°w, LS-\, `mjm-{]-tbmKw F∂nh kw_-‘n®v ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-
N¿®.
$ hnh-c-W-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-kq-N-I߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ sa®-s∏-SpØn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°¬.
CXns\ FUn-‰nMv {]{In-b°v hnt[-b-am-°p-tºmtgm?
Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ {]{In-bm-L-´-߃ Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?
$ hy‡n-KX cN\
$ {Kq∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°¬ ˛ N¿®
$ {Kq∏p-ev]∂w Xbm-dm-°¬ (F√m-hcpw N¿®-sNbvXv Hcp Dev]∂w Xbm-dm-
°¬).
$ {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb hnh-cWw {]Z¿in-∏n-°¬.
$ So®¿ th¿j≥ Ah-X-cWw.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
45
$ icm-i-cn-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Hcp Dev]∂w ]cn-K-Wn®v IrXy-amb tNmZy-߃
tNmZn-°p∂p. (Bi-b-X-ew, hmIy-L-S-\, ]Zw, A£-cw, Nn”w)
$ N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS cN-\-Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p.
Cu {]h¿Ø-\sØ hnhn[ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ ]¶m-fnØw ˛ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-epS\of-ap≈ ]¶m-fn-Øw.
$ Bi-b-[m-cW ˛ ]qt¥m- -hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Bi-b-߃, hnh-
c-W-Øns‚ LS\, kqN-I-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw kw_-
‘n® Adn-hv.
$ tijn-Iƒ ˛ `mj-Ww, hmb-\, teJ-\w... XpS-ßn-bhbn¬ Ip´n-bpsS
Ign-hv.
$ {]I-S\w ˛ hy‡n-K-X-c-N-\ -{Kq-∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºm-gpw
{Kq∏hXc-W-th-f-bnepw.
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج ˛ hy‡n-KX cN-\, {Kq∏nse sa®-s∏-SpØepIƒ, {]h¿Ø-
\-ØnepS-\ofw \S-Ønb tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج F∂nh ]cn-K-
Wn®v Cu {]h¿Ø-\sØ hne-bn-cpØn A\n-hm-cy-Xbv°-
\p-k-cn®v So®nMv am\z-en¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-a-t√m.
]T\{]{Inb hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne DZm-l-c-W-߃ {i≤n-®-t√m.
tSan-s\m-Sp-hn¬ ]T\{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ A[ym-
]n-Ibv°v (i) Xs‚ So®nMv am\z-¬ (ii) Ip´n-I-fpsS t\m v]p-kvXIw F∂nh B[m-
c-am°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(1) So®nMv am\z-ense hni-Zmw-i-߃
]T-\{]h¿Ø-\-߃ kq£va-X-e-Øn¬ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \nc-¥c
hne-bn-cp-ج imkv{Xo-b-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pambn So®nMv am\z-¬ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-
Wv. So®nMv am\z-ep-I-fn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(i) ]T-\-t\-´-߃
(ii) Bib߃/[mc-W-Iƒ
(iii) tijn-Iƒ
(iv) aqey-߃/at\m-`m-h-߃
(v) ]T\kma-{Kn-Iƒ
(vi) {]Xo-£n-°p∂ Dev]-∂-߃
(vii) kabw
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
46
(viii) {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw AS-ßnb {]{Inbm t]Ppw hne-bn-cp-
ج hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb hne-bn-cp-ج t]Ppw.
(ix) hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pnse hnh-c-߃ ASn-ÿm\-am-°n-bp≈ dn vf-Ivj≥
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ.
am\z-en¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw Dƒt®¿Øp-sIm-≠p≈ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-
{XWw, hne-bn-cp-ج kμ¿ -߃, X{¥-߃, Sqfp-Iƒ F∂nh D≠m-I-Ww.
(2) hnj-b-_-‘n-X-amb t\m´v_p°v kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-߃
ssh⁄m-\nItaJ-e-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v ASn-ÿm-\am-t°≠ {][m-\ -tc-J-
bmWv ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ t\m v_p°v. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\v t\m v-_p°v klm-b-I-am-Wv. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ k¿Km-
fl-I-X, Nn¥m{]{In-b-Iƒ, `mjmss\]pWn F∂nh t\m´v_p°n¬ {]Xn-^-en-
°pw. ]mT- mKw hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v kzoI-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ X{¥-߃, Ah-
bpsS ]q¿Øo-I-c -W-Øn\v ]Tn -Xmhv \S-Øp∂ aps∂m-cp -°-߃,
{]h¿Ø\ßfpsS hnhn[ L -ß-fnse CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ XpSßn F√m hnh-c-ßfpw
t\m´v_p°n¬ D≠m-I-Ww. {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏´ Dev]-∂-߃ kw_-
‘n® hni-Zmw-i-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw t\m v_p°n¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv.
ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn t\ -߃ hne-bn-cpØn ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v Bh-iy-amb \n¿tZ-
i-ßfpw ssIØm-ßpw A[ym-]nI \¬I-Ww. bqWn‰v Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ B
bqWn‰nse ]T-\-t\´-߃ ]Tn-Xmhv t\Sn-bn-´pt≠m F∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Hcp tcJ-bmbn t\m v-_p-°p-Iƒ ]cn-W-an-°-Ww.
Bi-b-hy-‡-X-bp-≈Xpw kμ¿ -߃°pw Bi-b-߃°pw tbm-Py-amb ]cm-a¿i-
߃ D≈Xpw kz¥w Nn¥-Iƒ kzmwio-I-cn -°p-∂-Xpw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-
∂XpamhWw t\m´v_p-°v. Imcy-߃ X∑-b-Xz-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°-Ww.
t\m v_p°n\v ka-{K-Xbpw XpS¿®bpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS∂pt]mIptºmƒ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ F√m Dev]-∂-ßfpw
t]m¿ vt^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww. ]T-\sØ kw_-‘n®v Ip´n-
°pw c£n-Xm-hn\pw A[ym-]n-Ibv°pw ^oUv_m°v \¬IpI F∂ [¿a-amWv
t]m¿ vt^mfntbm \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. CXv ]T-\sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øpw.
t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬
$ t\m´v_p°v
$ a‰p cN-\Iƒ (hy‡n-K-X-c-N-\, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb cN-\)
$ a‰v ]T-\-sØ-fn-hp-Iƒ (Nn{X-߃, tiJ-c-߃, ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃)
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
47
$ ]T-\-sØ-fn-hpIƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ip´n-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb kqN-I-߃
$ k¿Km-flI krjvSn-Iƒ
$ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Spw.
t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Øen\v Xmsg sImSpØ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
$ Bibhy‡-X
$ [mc-W-I-fpsS kzmwio-I-cWw
$ A\p-tbm-Py-amb cq]-Iev]\
$ ]q¿WX
$ X\na
t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp DZm-l-cWw ]cn-tim-[n-
°mw.
{]h¿Ø\w : ]T-t\m-]-I-cW \n¿amWw
Ggmw ¢mknse imkv{X-hn-j-b-Ønse "{]Im-i-hn-kva-b-߃' F∂ ]mT- m-K-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏ v Bh¿Ø\ {]Xn-]-X\w F∂ Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ tNm°p-
s]-´nbpw IÆmSn°jW-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Ip´n Hcp-]-I-cWw \n¿an-°p-∂p.
tNm°p-s]- n--bn¬ kam-¥-c-ambn c≠v hiØpw IÆmSn H´n-®p-hbv-°p-∂p. tNm°p-
s]- n-bn¬ Hcp hiØv sNdnb Zzmc-ap-≠m°n B hiØv H´n-®p-h-bv°p∂ IÆmSn
°jW-Øn¬ \n∂v ck-]mfn A¬∏w \o°w sNø-Ww. tNm°p-s]- n-bn¬ GsX-
¶nepw Hcp hkvXp h®v tNm°p-s]- n-bnse Zzmc-Øn-eqsS AI-tØ°v t\m°n-
bm¬ A\-¥amb FÆw {]Xn-_nw_w ImWmw. t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm hnebn-cp-Ø-
en-\p≈ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu {]h¿Ø\w Fßs\ hnebn-cpØmw F∂p
]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
(1) Bi-b-hy-‡X
an\p-k-ap≈ {]X-ew {]Im-isØ \∂mbn {]Xn-]-Xn-∏n°p∂p F∂pw {]Imiw
Bh¿Øn®v {]Xn-]-Xn-°p-∂Xp-aq-e-amWv At\Iw {]Xn-_nw-_-߃ D≠m-hp-∂Xv
F∂p-apff Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb Hcp D]-I-c-W-amWv CXv F∂v
Ip´n a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v.
(2) [mc-W-I-fpsS kzmwio-I-cWw
IÆmSn°jW-߃ A`n-ap-J-ambn hbvt°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyw, kam-¥-c-ambn {Iao-
I-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyw, IÆmSn°jWw H´n® Hcp hiØv sNdnb Zzmc-an- v,
IÆm-Sn-bnse ck-]mfn \o°w sNbvXv, Cu `mK-Øp-IqSn AI-tØ°v t\m°p-
tºm-gm-Wv {]Xn-_nw-_-߃ IqSp-X¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp--∂Xv XpS-ßnb [mc-W-Iƒ
Ip´n°v Dt≠m F∂-dn-bm≥ Ip´n-bp-ambn N¿® \S-tØ≠n hcpw.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
48
(3) DNnX-amb cq]-L-S\
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-ß-fmWv Cu kqNIw D]--tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-Øp-tºmƒ apJy-
ambpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.
$ tNm°ps]´ntbm a‰v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hkvXp-°tfm Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv.
$ D]-tbm-Kn® IÆmSn°jW-ß-fpsS hep∏w.
$ GXp hi-ß-fn-emWv IÆmSn°jW-߃ H´n-®Xv?
$ {]Xn-_nw_w cq]-s∏-tS≠ hkvXp Fhn-sS-bmWv h®-Xv?
(4) ]q¿WX
D]-I-cWw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®n- pt≠m, At\Iw {]Xn-_nw-_-߃ ImWm≥ Ign-™n-
´pt≠m XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]q¿WX hne-bn-cp-
Ømw.
(5) X\na
D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ `wKn, {]Xn-_nw_w D≠m-t°-≠- hkvXp-hns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v
(DZm: ]q°ƒ, sNdn-b-]m-h-Iƒ, sse‰v, ....), hrØn, CuSv XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬
X\na ]pe¿Øp-∂pt≠m F∂p ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® LS-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Dev]-
∂sØ (t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm) hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]T-\{]-{In-b-bpsS `mK-
ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Dev]-∂-߃ AXXp-k-a-bØv hne-bn-cpØn So®n-Mvam-\z-ens‚
{]XnIcW -t]-Pntem {]tXyI Ipdn-∏p-I-fmtbm tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-bv°mw. tSan-sem-
cn-°¬ apgp-h≥ Dev]∂-ß-sfbpw ka-{K-am-bn- I≠psIm≠v kqN-I-Øn\v A\p-k-
cn®v kvtIm¿ \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
]T\{]{In-b-bp-sSbpw t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm--bp-sSbpw t{KUv IW-°m-°p∂ coXn
tSan-\¬ BbmWv t{KUv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. CXns‚ coXnimkv{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-
°mw.
{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج, t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bnse
Hmtcm kqN-Ihpw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn "G‰hpw sa®w/sa®-s∏-´Xv/icm-icn/
C\nbpw sa®-s∏-tS-≠Xv' F∂v td‰v sNbvXv bYm-{Iaw 4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\ kvtIm¿
IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
5 kqN-I-ßfpw ]cnK-Wn-°p-tºmƒ, Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw 4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\
kvtIm¿ \¬In-bm¬ ]c-am-h[n 20 kvtIm¿ F∂v IW-°m-°mw.
t{KUnMv am\-Zfiw A\p-k-cn®v Xbm-dm-°nb NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ sdUn-
sd-°-W¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v kvtIm¿ t{KUm°n am‰mw.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
49
kvtIm¿ t{KUv
15 - 20 A12 - 14 B9 - 11 C7 - 8 D
Below 7 E
Hcp tSanse {]{In-bsbbpw t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm C\-ß-sfbpw ka-{K-ambn I≠p-
sIm-≠p-thWw Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw kvtIm¿ \¬In t{KUn-te°v am‰m≥.
$ bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-ج
Hcp bqWn-‰n¬ hnhn[ ]T-\-t\-´-߃°p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-
tØmsSbmWv hn\y-kn-®n-cn-°p∂Xv. CXn\v Hcp ka-{K-kz- m-h-ap-≠v. Hcp bqWn-
‰nse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Cu ka-{KXmt_m[-sØ-
bmWv (apgp-h≥ ]T-\--t\- -ß-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn®v) hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. hmNn-I-amb
hne-bn-cp-ج, Iznkv t{]m{Kmw, Hm∏¨_p°v hne-bn-cp-ج, tNmZy-߃ Xbm-
dm-°epw DØ-c-kq-NnI Is≠-Ø-epw, ]pXnb cN-\-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-ج XpS-ßn-
bh bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \n›nX bqWn-‰nse ]T-
\-t\- -ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Ip´n FhnsS \n¬°p∂p F∂v Xncn®dnbm≥ klm-
b-I-amb td‰n-MvkvsI-bn¬, sN°v enÃv XpS-ßn-b-hbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv. bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-ج ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\--tØm-sSm∏w kzm`m-hn-I-ambn \S-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv.
bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kvtIm¿ \¬In t{KUv
B°n tSans‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ \n›nX t^m¿am-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Hcp
tSan¬ H∂n-e-[nIw bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-ج D≠mIpw F∂Xp sIm≠v bqWn‰v
hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fpsS icm-icnbmWv tSans‚ HSp-hn¬ tN¿t°-≠-Xv. CXn-\p-]-
tbm-Kn® Sqfns‚ kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kqN-I-߃ So®¿ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Iem-]-T-\w, {]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky-˛Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw F∂o hnj-b-
߃°pw {]{In-b, t]m¿ vt^mfntbm, bqWn‰v Xew F∂n-h-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-ج
\SØn t{KUv \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
CE t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn-s‚-bpw ]T\{]{In-b, t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm, bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-
ج F∂nhbn¬ Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw t{KUv IW-°m-°n-b-Xn\v tijw A, B, C, D,E t{KUp-Iƒ°v bYm-{Iaw 5/4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\ t]mbn‚ v \¬I-Ww. Cßs\
e`n-°p∂ BsI t{KUv t]mbn‚ns‚ icm-icn IW-°m°n CE t{KUv Is≠Ømw.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
50
DZmlc-W-ambn Hcp Ip´n°v ae-bm-f-Øn\v ]T\{]{In-b, t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm, bqWn-
‰vXe hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bpsS t{KUv bYm-{Iaw A, B, B BsW-∂n-cn-°-s´.
F¶n¬ BsI e`n® t{KUv t]mbn‚ v 5 + 4 + 4 = 13 BWv. icm-icn = 13 / 3 = 4.33
BWv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Ip´n-bpsS t{KUv B BWv.
tSw hne-bn-cp-ج (TE)
ss{]a-dn-X-e-Øn¬ `mjm-hn-j-b-߃°v tSan¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´ bqWn-‰p-I-fnse
]T-\-t\- -߃ Bkv]-Z-am°n hyh-lm-c-cq-]-߃, `mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ, `mjm-ti-
jn-Iƒ F∂o taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®m-hWw tSw hne-bn-cp-ج. D≈-S° taJ-e-
Iƒ°pw tijn-Iƒ°pw Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m≠v sshhn-[y-ap≈ tNmZy-am-Xr-I-
Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. imkv{X-hn-j-b-߃°v tSan¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ bqWn-‰p-
I-fnse D≈-S°taJ-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbmWv tSw hne-bn-cp-ج \S-tØ-
≠-Xv. ]T\t\ -߃°v Du∂¬ sImSp-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Bi-b-ßfpw tijn-
Ifpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip∂ tNmZy-߃ CXn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°mw.
Hmtcm bqWn‰v/Bi-b-ta-Jebv°pw hnhn[ Xe-Øn-ep≈ am\-kn-I-{]-{In-b-Iƒ°pw
(Adnhv kzmwio-I-cn-°¬/ [mc-W t\S¬, Bi-b-߃/ [mc-W-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS
{]tbmKw, A]-{K-Y\hpw \nK-a-\-w cq-]o-I-cn°epw, hne-bn-cp-ج, krjvSn-]-cX
XpS-ßnb am\-kn-I-{]-{InbIƒ) icn-bmb shbn-t‰Pv \¬In-s°m≠v _vfq{]n‚ v
Xbm-dm°n sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tNmZy-߃ Dƒs∏- n- p-s≠∂v Dd∏phcpØn thWw
tNmZy-t]-∏¿ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv. tNmZy-߃°-\p-tbm-Py-amb kqN-I-߃ hnI-kn-
∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n- hne-bn-cp-ج \n¿h-ln-°pIbpw thWw. Hmtcm
tNmZy-Øn\pw th≠n Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p≈ kqN-I-ßsf ASnÿm\-s∏-SpØn
kvtImdp-Iƒ \¬Ip-I-bpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Hmh-tdmƒ t{KUv Is≠-Øp-Ibpw thWw.
Iem-]-T-\w, {]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛ImbnI -hn-Zym- ymkw F∂o hnj-b-ßsf
kw_-‘n®v tSan\¬ hne--bn-cp-ج {]I-S-\-hn-e-bn-cp-Øem-bmWv (PerformanceAssessment) \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\p≈ amXr-I-Iƒ AXXp hnj-b-ß-fpsS
lm‚ v_p-°n¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Iem-]-T-\w, {]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛-Im-bnI
hnZym- ymkw F∂o hnj-b-߃°pw Cu coXn-bn¬ t{KUv \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ tSan-\¬ t{ImUo-I-cWw
(1) ¢mkv 1 apX¬ 4 hsc
1 apX¬ 4 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn kn.C. hne-bn-
cp-ج, Sn.C. hne-bn-cp-ج F∂nh {]tXy-I-ambn I≠v tSan-\-embn tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn F1 t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F1 t^m¿am‰v A\p-
_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn- p-≠v. kn.C., Sn.C. F∂nh t{KUp-I-fmbmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
51
≠-Xv. F1 t^m¿am‰n¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw kn.C., Sn.C. hni-Zmw-i-߃ aq∂v
tSap-I-fn--teXpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Ah-kcw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Htc t^m¿am-
‰n¬ H∂n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Ip´n-bpsS sa®-s∏-S¬ {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn kw -
hn-°p-∂pt≠m? Bscm-s°-bmWv ]n∂m°w t]mIp-∂Xv? XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃
a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°pw.
(2) ¢mkv 5 apX¬ 8 hsc
5 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn kn.C. hne-bn-
cp-ج, Sn.C. hne-bn-cp-ج F∂nh {]tXy-I-ambn I≠v tSan-\-embn tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn F2 t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F2 t^m¿am‰v A\p-
_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn- p-≠v. kn.C., Sn.C. F∂nh t{KUp-I-fmbmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-
≠-Xv.
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-ج
ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-esbt∏mse Xs∂ {][m-\-amWv kmaq-lnI -ssh-Im-cnI taJ-
e-bnsebpw hne-bn-cp-ج. Learning to know, Learning to do, Learning to live to-gether, Learning to be F∂nh-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ss\]p-Wn-I-fmWv ChnsS ]cn-
K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-
s∏-SpØn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv.
1 Bibhn\n-ab tijn (Communication skills)
2 hy‡ym-¥c ss\]pWn (Interpersonal skills)
3 kl- mhw (Empathy)
4 hnIm-c-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with emotions)
5 am\-knI kΩ¿±-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with Stress)
6 {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijn (Problem solving skills)
7 Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬ (Decision making)
8 hna¿i-\m-flINn¥ (Critical thinking)
9 kzbmh-t_m[w (Creative skills)
10 kzbw Adn-b¬ (Self-awareness)
ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ hnhn[ hnj-b-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-]-I¿
Xs∂ Ch-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Øepw \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. AXXv hnj-b-ß-fpsS {]{Inbm
hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn Cu hne-bn-cp-Øepw \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ChnsS
{]{In-bm-tijn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w aqey-߃/at\m- m-h-߃ F∂nh cq]-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xpambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-جIqSn \S-°-Ww.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
52
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJe-bnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂
KpW]-c-amb C\-߃ Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpIbmWv th-≠-Xv. Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-
hn-s‚bpw KpW]c-amb ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln∏n°s∏-tS-≠Xp≠v.
hne-bn-cp-ج ˛hm¿jnI t{ImUo-I-cWw
(1) ¢mkv 1 apX¬ 4 hsc
1 apX¬ 4 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ tSan-\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb t^m¿am‰v (F1)
se kn.C., Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ hm¿jn-I-ambn t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v t^m¿am‰v F3
D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. CXn¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw hnj--b-_-‘n-X-amb kn.C., Sn.C.
t{KUp-Iƒ tSan-\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. (F3 ImWp-I). tSan-\¬
Bbn e`n-°p∂ kn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 3 tSan-ep-ambn Ip´n°v
e`n® G‰hpw anI® t{KUv BWv kn.C. bpsS hm¿jn-I-am-bp≈ Hmh-dmƒ t{KUv.
CXv F3 t^m¿am-‰n¬ {]tXy-I-ambn hrØ-Øn-em°n Hmh-dmƒ kn.C. t{KUv
Fs¥∂v kqNn-∏n-°m--hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂mw tSan¬ Ip´n°v e`n® t{KUmWv
Sn.C. t{KUmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse ss\]p-Wn-I-fn¬ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-
‘n®pw anI-®-h AXn-\mbp≈ tImf-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠XmWv. anIhv Xosc
{]Z¿in-∏n-°mØ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ "anIhv ssIh-cn-®n-´n√' F∂ coXn-bn¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.
(2) ¢mkv 5 apX¬ 8 hsc
5 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ AXXv hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-
]-I¿ \¬Ip∂ hnj-b-Øns‚ kn.C., Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ (F2 t^m¿am-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bXv) hm¿jn-I-ambn t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v t^m¿am‰v F4 D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
CXn¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw hnj--b-_-‘n-X-amb kn.C., Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ tSan-
\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. (F4ImWp-I). tSan-\¬ Bbn e`n-°p∂
kn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 3 tSan-ep-ambn Ip´n°v e`n® G‰hpw anI®
t{KUv BWv kn.C. bpsS hm¿jn-I-am-bp≈ Hmh-dmƒ t{KUv. CXv F4 t^m¿am-
‰n¬ {]tXy-I-ambn he-bØn-em°n Hmh-dmƒ kn.C. t{KUv Fs¥∂v kqNn-∏n-
°m--hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂mw tSan¬ Ip´n°v e`n® t{KUmWv
Sn.C. t{KUmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse ss\]p-Wn-I-fn¬ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-
‘n®pw anI-®-h AXn-\mbp≈ tImf-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠XmWv. anIhv Xosc
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
53
{]Z¿in-∏n-°mØ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ "anIhv ssIh-cn-®n-´n√' F∂ coXn-bn¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.
C{]-Imcw ssh⁄m-\nI Xe-Øn-sebpw kmaq-ln-I -ssh-Im-cnI Xe-Øn-sebpw
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cpØn ]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-
Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥-c-ambpw ka-{K-
X-tbm-sSbpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Iq´mb {ia-߃ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-
X-am-Wv. Ah km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ¢Ã¿Xe IqSn-t®-cep-I-fn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-
ج IqSp-X¬ kºp-jvS-am-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\p≈ hnhn[ t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ A\p-_-‘-ambn \¬Ip-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
54
hne-bn-cp-ج H‰-t\m- -Øn¬....
hne-bn-cp-ج
kao-]\w : ]T-\-t\- -߃°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ kao-]\w
\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج (CCE)
ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-Je kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJe
1 Bibhn\n-abtijn(Communication skills)
2 hy‡ym-¥c ss\]pWn(Interpersonal skills)
3 kl- mhw (Empathy)4 hnIm-c-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-
s∏-S¬(Coping with emotions)
5 am\-knIkΩ¿±-ß-fp-ambns]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬(Coping with Stress)
6 {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijn(Problem solving skills)
7 Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬(Decision making)
8 hna¿i-\m-flINn¥(Critical thinking)
9 k¿Km-flItijn(Creative skills)
10 kzbmh-t_m[w(Self-awareness)
\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج tSw hne-bn-cp-ج
$ ]T\{]{In-bhne-bn-cp-ج
$ t]m¿´vt^m-fntbmhne-bn-cp-ج
$ bqWn-‰vXehne-bn-cp-ج
$ Bi-b-߃,{]{In-b-IƒapX-em-b-h.
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
55
A\
p-_‘
w
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
56
2) CE, TE F∂nh Hmtcm tSanepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ hnj-b-_-‘nX
t{ImUo-I-cW t^m¿am‰v ( F2) - ¢mkv 5 apX¬ 8 hsctSw : 1/2/3
hnjbw : ..................................................... ¢mkv ........................................Unhn-j≥ ...............................
\º¿ hnZym¿Yn-bpsS t]cv CE C\-߃
{]{I
nb
t]m¿
vt^
mfntb
m
bqW
n‰v
hne
-b
ncpØ
¬
BsI
CE
t{KU
v
TEt{KU
v
dnam
¿I
vkv
F2
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
57
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
58
KWn-X-]-T-\-k-ao-]\w
59
BapJw
hkvXp-X-Isf kwJ-y-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw hym-J-ym-
\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xn-\mWv KWn-X-imkv{X]T-\-Øn¬
{][m-\-ambpw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-
Isfbpw KWn-X-imkv{X]T\w hf-sc-tbsd kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.
KWn-X-Øns‚ km[-y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØmsX Hcp Znhkw
t]mepw IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂n-√. KWn-X-im-kv{X-]-T\w Nn¥sb sXfn-
a-bp-≈-Xm-°p-I-bpw hkvXp-X-Isf imkv{Xo-b-ambn A]-{K-Yn-°p-
∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. a‰p hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T-\-
Øn¬ KWn-X-imkv{Xw Ahn- m-P-y-L-S-I-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p-≠v. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ KWn-X]T\-Øns‚ D≈-S°w
ssZ\w-Zn-\-{]-iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ ]c-ym-]vX-am-Ip-∂Xpw a‰p
hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn¬ klm-b-I-am-Ip∂ hn[-Ønepw Bbn-
cn-°-Ww. A¿Y]q¿W-amb Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS Ip´n-I-
fpsS bp‡n-Nn¥ hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂ KWn-X-]-T-\-k-ao-]-\-amWv
\mw kzo-Icn®ncn-°p-∂-Xv.
KWn-X-]-T\w ˛ e£-y-߃
hnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb e£-y-߃ t\Sp-∂-tXm-sSm∏wXs∂ ss{]adn ¢mkp-
I-fnse KWn-X-]-T-\-Øn\v Nne {]tX-y-I-amb e£-y-ßfpw \n›-bn-®n- p≠v.
$ ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnX {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v KWn-XsØ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-am-I-Ww.
$ a‰p hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T-\sØ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb KWn-X-ti-jn-Iƒ
t\Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-I-Ww.
$ Ip´n-bpsS bp‡n-Nn¥ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-bp-‡-am-I-Ww.
KWn-X-]-T-\-k-ao-]\w
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
60
$ {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn\v imkv{Xob kao-]\w kzo-I-cn-°m≥ Ip´n°v Ignhp \¬Ip-
∂-Xm-I-Ww.
$ Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v XmXv]-c-y-ap-≠m-°m≥ Ip´nsb klm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-
I-Ww.
$ hkvXp-X-Isf KWn-Xm-i-b-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn A]-{K-Yn-°m\pw hymJym-
\n-°m-\p-ap≈ Ign-hp-≠m-h-Ww.
$ KWnXw Bk-z-Zn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂- X-c-Øn-te°v Ip´nsb hf¿Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp-
∂-Xm-I-Ww.
$ _‘߃ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw, Imc-y-Im-cW klnXw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p-ap≈ Ign-hp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ IrX-y-X-tbmSpw kq£va-X-tbmSpw Imc-y-߃ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw AXns‚ {]m[m\yw
a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]c-ym-]vX-am-I-Ww.
$ Aaq¿Ø-amb Bi-b-߃ ssIIm-cyw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw
Ign-b-Ww.
$ k¿Km-flI Nn¥ hf¿Øm≥ klm-b-I-c-am-I-Ww.
$ KWn-Xm-i-b-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v KWn-X- mj D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww.
$ hkvXp-X-Isf hni-I-e\w sNbvXv s]mXp-X-X-z-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv
t\Sp-∂-Xm-I-Ww.
$ KWn-X-]-T-\-Øn¬ sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-XmI--
IWw.
D≈-S°w
Cu e£-y-߃ t\Sp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ coXn-bn-emWv temh¿ ss{]a-dn- ¢m-kp-I-fnse
D≈-S°w {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ss{]adn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂nepw Ip´n t\tS≠
D≈-S° [mc-W-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v IrX-y-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.
$ temh¿ ss{]adn ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂ Ip´n°v FƬ kwJy-Isf hym-Jym-
\n-°m\pw {Inb-Iƒ sNøp-hm\pw Ah D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn {]iv\-]-cn-l-cWw
\S-Øm≥ Ign-b-W-sa-∂p-amWv \n›-bn-®n´p≈-Xv. 1000 hscbp≈ kwJy-I-fpsS
hymJym-\hpw k¶-e\ hyh-I-e\ {Inb-bp-amWv Cu ¢m n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
cn-°p-∂-Xv. AtXmsSm∏w-Xs∂ KpW\-h-kvXp-X-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Whpw KpW-\-
{In-b-Ifpw KpW-\hkvXp-X-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≈ lc-W-Øns‚ km[y-
XIfpw N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.
$ kwJ-ym -]m-t‰-Wp-Iƒ, kwJym {]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ, FƬ hnZ-y-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS
ASn-ÿm-\ -[m-c-W-Iƒ ss{]adn¢mkp-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ip´n t\S-Ww. Ch {]tXyIw
bqWn-‰p-I-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-®n- n-s√-¶nepw aq∂mw ¢mkn¬ hnhn[ ÿeß-fn-embn
Ch Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.
KWn-X-]-T-\-k-ao-]\w
61
$ temh¿ ss{]a-dn- X-e-Øn¬ ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂ Hcp Ip´n°v NXpcw, {XntIm-
Ww, h´w(hrØw) F∂o cq]-߃ Xncn-®dn-bp-∂-Xn-\pw, hnhn[ cq]-߃
tN¿Øph®v ]pXnb cq]-ßfpw ]mt‰-Wp-Ifpw \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\pw hc-bv°p-∂-
Xn\pw Ign-b-Ww. CXn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Cu ]mT-]p-kvIX-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ ss{]adn Xe-Øn¬ ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂ Ip´n°v hnhn-[-Xcw Af-hp-I-fp-
ambn _‘-s∏´ Adn-hp-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn {]iv\-]-cn-l-cWw \S-Øp-hm≥
Ignb-Ww. \ofw, Bgw, D≈-fhv F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]mT- m-K-߃ Cu
¢mkn¬ D≠v. IqSmsX \mW-b-߃, t\m´p-Iƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn
{]iv\-]-cn-l-cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-kcßfpw D≠v. t¢m°v, Ie-≠¿
F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v ka-bw, Xob-Xn, amkw F∂nh Is≠-Øm\pw Ah-k-c-
߃ \¬In-bn- p-≠v.
$ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ hnhcw tiJ-cn-°m≥ KWnXw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn\pw, tiJ-
cn® hnh-c-߃ A\p-tbm-P-y-amb coXn-bn¬ ]´n-I-s∏SpØp-∂-Xn\pw Nn{Xo-I-cn-
°p-∂-Xn\pw hym-J-ym-\n-°p∂-Xn\pw Cu L -Øn¬ Ip´n°v Ign-b-Ww. {]iv\-
]-cn-l-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn Ch aq∂mw ¢mkn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-
≠v.
$ aXn-®p-]-d-b¬, ÿqe-K-W\w (Approximation), ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-ج,
bp‡nbpw ImcyIm-cW _‘hpw Is≠Øn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈tijn-
t\-S¬, hkvXp-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv
t\S¬, {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn\v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb am¿Kw kzo-I-cn-°¬,
Zri-y-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-\p≈ Ign-hv, krjvSn-]-cX XpS-ßnb KWnXtijn-Iƒ hnI-
kn-°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-tbm-P-y-amb coXn-bn-em-Wv D≈-S°w {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kzbw
]c-kv]cw So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\p≈ kμ¿ -ßfpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-
´p-≠v.
$ sF.kn.Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. D≈-S-°-]-c-amb Bi-b-[m-c-W-I-tfm-sSm∏w Xs∂
AhbpsS sF.kn.Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ IqSn N¿® sNbvXp t]mIp-∂- co-Xn-bn-emWv
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
$ Db¿∂ Nn¥m-tijn Bh-i-y-ap≈ {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-io-
e\w Cu L´-Øn¬ Ip´n°v e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn-\-\p-tbm-P-y-amb {]iv\-
߃ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AtXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ Bh-
iy-amb A[nI hnh-c-ßfpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn- p-≠v.
$ {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏ v {Inbm-co-Xn-Ifpw KWn-Xmibßfpw
kzmb-Ø-am-°p∂ coXn-bn-emWv ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
62
hn\n-abw
⁄m\\n¿anXn hmZ-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb t_m[-\-co-Xn-bm-Wt√m \mw kzoI-cn-®n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p- Xs∂ Ip´n°v Adnhv \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v kml-Ncyw Hcp-°p∂
coXn-bn¬ ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. Bk-zm-Z-y-I-c-amb
coXn-bn¬ ]T\w \S-°p-I, bm{¥n-I-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßfn-eq-sSbpw kq{X-hm-I-y-ß-
fn-eq-sS-bp-a-√msX {]{In-bm-_-‘n-X-ambn ]T\w \S-°p-I, KWnX ]T-\-Øn¬ Bfl-
hn-i-zm-k-ap-≠m-hp-I, KWn-Xm-i-b-ß-tfm-sSm∏w KWn-X-ti-jn-Ifpw KWn-X-tØm-Sp≈
XmXv]-c-yhpw hf-cpI XpS-ßn-bh t\Sp∂ coXn-bn-emWv KWn-X-Øns‚ hn\n-abcoXn-
Iƒ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. KWn-Xm-i-b-ßfpw bp‡nbpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ip´n°v
Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂Xpw hni-I-e\ A]-{K-Y\ km[y-X-Iƒ, bp‡n-Nn¥ F∂n-hbv°v
Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂Xv Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]co-£W \nco-£-W-߃°v Ah-k-cw \¬Ip-∂-
Xp-amWv hn\na-b-co-Xn-Iƒ.
Ifn-Iƒ, {]h¿Ø-\-߃, ]kn-ep-Iƒ, \n¿amW {]h¿Ø-\-߃, {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ F∂n-hbv°v {][m-\yw sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ hn\n-a-b-co-Xn-bmWv aq∂mw ¢mkn¬
kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \nco-£-Ww, em_v {]h¿Ø-\-߃, Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
ج XpS-ßn-b coXn-Ifpw kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. hy‡n-KX {]h¿Ø-\-߃, hy-‡n-
KX Ah-X-c-Ww, {Kq∏v Ah-X-cWw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h¿≤n-
∏n-°m\pw Ah-kcw D≠v. ]co-£W \nco-£-W-߃°mbn KWn-X-em_v D]-tbm-
Kn-°m\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
KWn-X-em_v ˛ kao-]\w
KWn-X-]-T\w sIm≠v e£y-an-Sp-∂Xv Nn¥-bpsS KWn-X-h-XvI-c-W-am-Wv. CXn\v ]T-
\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ C{μn-b-ß-fpsS kPoh ]¶m-fnØw A\n-hm-cy-am-
Wv. Chn-sS-bmWv KWn-X-em-_ns‚ {]k-‡n. kzbw ]T-\-Øn\pw kl-]-T-\-Øn-
\pap≈ Ah-k-c-߃ KWn-X-em-_n¬ e -y-am-I-Ww. KWn-X-em_v ]co-£W \nco-
£-W-߃°pw Xß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ DXv]-∂-ß-
fpsS {]Z¿i-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ CS-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.- e- yamb sNehv -Ip-d™ hkvXp-°fpw
]mgvhkvXp-°fpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Ip´n-Ifpw A[-ym-]-Icpw kvIqƒ kt∏m¿´nwKv {Kq∏pw
tN¿∂v D≠m-°p-∂Xpw tiJ-cn-°p-∂Xpw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cq]-s∏- p-h-
cp∂Xpamb DXv]-∂-ß-fmWv KWn-X-em-_n¬ D≠mbncn-t°--≠Xv. KWnXem-_ns‚
Hcp `mKw sF.kn.Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn \o°n-h-bv°-Ww.
KWn-X-em-_ns‚ `mK-ambn KWnX sse{_-dnbpw D≠m-I-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ°v {]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-°fpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw KWn-
X-em-_n¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
]mT-]p-kvXIw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ka-{KX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ coXn-bn-emWv ]mT-]p-kvXIw cq]-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn- p≈Xv. Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\hpw apt∂m v sIm≠v t]mIp-∂-Xn\pw Bh-i-y-amb
KWn-X-]-T-\-k-ao-]\w
63
\nK-a-\-ßfpw Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\pw B-h-i-y-amb tNmZ-y-ßfpw \n¿t±-
i-ßfpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ D≠v. cq]o-I-cn® Bi-b-߃ {]tbm-Kn-°p--∂-Xn\pw
]pXnb {]iv\kμ¿ -߃ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\pap≈ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬
D≠v. t{]mP-IvSv, Assk≥sa‚ v XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS km[-y-X-Iƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-IØn¬
sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. sF.kn.Sn. km[-y-X-I-fpw A[n-Ihnhc-ßfpw ]mT]pkvX-I-Øn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. {][m-\- m-K-tØm-sSm-∏w -Xs∂ hi-ß-fnse {]h¿Ø-\ßfpw
\SØn t]mIp∂ coXn-bn-emWv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Dƒs°m-≈n-
®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Hmtcm bqWn-‰ns‚bpw Ah-km\w bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈
tNmZ-y-ß-fpw, bqWn-‰n¬ \n∂v Ip´n t\tS≠ "]T\ t\´-߃' sN°venÃmbpw
sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. sN°venÃv Ip´n-Iƒ kzbw ]qcn-∏n-t°-≠Xpw So®¿ ]cn-tim-[n-
t°≠Xp-am-Wv. bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v CtX tNmZ-y-߃ Xs∂ D]tbm-K-s∏-
Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂n-√. a‰p kt¶-X-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
So®¿ sSIvÃv
{]h¿Ø\ hni-Zmw-i-߃ So®¿ sSIvÃn¬ sImSp-Øn- p-≈Xv a\- n-em°n thWw
¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNtø≠Xv. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ ¢mkvapdnbn¬ {]{Inbm _‘n-X-ambn Fßs\ sNø-W-sa∂pw Fßs\
hne-bn-cp-Ø-W-sa∂pw CXn¬ hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n- p≠v. t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm, hne-
bn-cp-ج XpS-ßnbh kw_-‘n® \n¿t±-i-ßfpw So®¿ sSIvÃn¬ D≠v. IqSmsX
So®-dpsS Adn-hn-te-°mbn Nne hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw So®¿ sSIv-Ãn¬
Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
64
amkw bqWn-‰v ]otcyUv
Pq¨ 1. \qdn-\p-a-∏pdw 25
Pqsse 2. Iq´n-t®¿°mw 18
3. FSp-Øp-am‰mw 7
BKÃv 3. FSpØp-am‰mw 13
4. cq]-߃ tNcp-tºmƒ 15
sk]v‰w-_¿ 5. Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ 10
HIvtSm-_¿ 5. Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ 12
6. t\chpw Imehpw 15
\hw-_¿ 7. hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw 20
Unkw-_¿ 8. Af-∂p- ]-dbmw 10
P\p-hcn 8. Af-∂p- ]-dbmw 14
9. hoXn°mw Xpey-am°mw 12
s^{_p-hcn 9. hoXn°mw Xpey-am°mw 10
10. `mcw Adnbmw 14
am¿®v 10. `mcw Adnbmw 5
11. Nn{X-K-WnXw 10
`mK
w ˛
1`mK
w ˛
2kvIow Hm^v h¿°v
KWn-X-]-T-\-k-ao-]\w
65
¢mkv : 3
hnjbw : KWnXw
bqWn‰v : \qdn-\p-a-∏pdw
{]Xo-£n-°p∂ kabw : 2 ]ocn-bUv
XobXn :
]T-\-t\- -߃
$ 999 hsc-bp≈ kwJy-Isf hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ hyJym\n-°p-∂p.
Bi-b-߃/[mc-W-Iƒ
$ Hcp aq∂° kwJy-bn¬ 100 s‚bpw 10 s‚bpw ÿm\sØ A°-߃ tN¿Øv
hmbn-®m¬ In´p∂ A{Xbpw ]Øp-Iƒ B kwJy-bn-ep-≠v.
$ Hcp aq∂° kwJysb 100 s‚bpw 10 s‚bpw 1 s‚bpw Iq -ß-fm-°mw.
tijn-Iƒ
$ A]-{KYn°¬, XmcXayw sNø¬, ]c-kv]-c-_-‘w Is≠-ج, hyXykvX
hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°¬, hymJym-\n-°¬, Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬
aqe-y-߃/at\m- m-h-߃
$ Xs‚ kºm-Zyw, s]mXp \∑-bv°mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ at\m- m-hw.
]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ
$ Ifn-t\m- p-Iƒ, \mW-b-߃, Nm¿ vt]-∏¿.
{]Xo-£n-X Dev]-∂-߃
$ kwJy-Isf hymJym-\n-s®-gp-Xnb ]´nI.
So®nwKv am\z¬
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
66
→→→→→
{]{Inb hne-bn-cp-ج
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1
kw`m-h\
$ hm¿jn-Im-tLm-j-Øn\v HcmgvN kw`m-h-\-bmbn
e`n® XpI Sn._n t]Pv 12 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
$ e- n® XpIsb A°-Ønepw A£-c-Ønepw Fgp-
Xp-I.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn If-߃ (Sn._n t]Pv
12) ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p
$ Nm¿´n¬/_n._n bn¬ FgpXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ So®¿ Nm¿´n¬/_n._n bn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p
$ Ip´n-Iƒ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p
$ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2t\m´p-Ifpw \mW-b-ßfpw
$ aq∂° kwJy-Iƒ ]d™v Ip´n-Iƒ {Kq∏m-Ip-∂p.
(225, 173, 408, 591, 300)
$ 100 cq]sb hyXykvX t\m´p-I-fpsS XpIbmbn
Fgp-Xnb Nm¿ v {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ \n߃°v In´nb XpIsb CXp-t]mse
hyXykvX t\m´p-I-fp-sSbpw \mW-bßfpsSbpw
XpI-bmbn Fgp-Xp-I.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Is≠-Øp∂p
$ t\m´p-Ifpw \mW-b-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Hmtcm
{Kq∏pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏p-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p
kwJym-hym-Jym\w
hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p
→→→→→
KWn-X-]-T-\-k-ao-]\w
67
→→→→→
→→→→→
{]{Inb hne-bn-cp-ج
? Rmb-dmgvN e`n® XpI-bn¬ GsXms° t\m´p-
Ifpw \mW-bßfpw D≠mImw?
$ Sn._n t]Pv 12 ¬ 775 cq]sb hyJym-\n-s®-gp-Xn-
bXv Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
$ hn´pt]mb If-߃ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ {]-bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂hsc klm-bn-°m≥, Bh-iy-
sa-¶n¬ Ifn-t\m´pw \mW-b-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ a‰p {Kq∏p-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p
$ Xn¶ƒ, sNmΔ Znh-k-ß-fnse XpIsb hyXykvX
t\m´p-I-fp-sSbpw \mW-b-ß-fp-sSbpw Iq -ambn Fgp-
Xmtam?
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn t\m´p-_p-°n¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
Ah-X-cWw So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p
Xmc-Xayw sNø¬, ]c-kv]c
_‘w Is≠-ج, hymJym-\n-
°¬, hyXykvX hgn -Iƒ
At\zjn -°¬, Xcw-Xn -cn -°¬
F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
t]m¿´vt^mfn-tbm-bpsS `mK-ambn
hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
→→→→→
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
68
→→→→→
→→→→→
{]{Inb hne-bn-cp-ج
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3
]´n-I-bn-segpXmw
$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn-te-Xp-t]mse Hcp ]´nI, tImf-ß-
fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-∏n®v t\m´p-_p-°n¬ hcbv-°p-∂p.
(t]Pv 13)
$ _p[-\mgvN e`n® XpIsb ]´n-I-bn-se-gp-Xn-bXv
t\m°q.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Sn._n t]Pv 13 t\m°p∂p
$ hymgmgvN e`n® XpIsb ]´n-I-bn-segp-Xp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.
$ ¢mkn¬ Ah--X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ So®¿ t{ImUo-I--cn-°p∂p.
$ sh≈n, i\n Znh-k-ß-fnse XpIsb hy‡n-K-X-ambn
]´n-I-bn-se-gp-Xp∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.
$ hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ {Kq∏n¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p∂p.
$ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ So®¿ Nm¿´n¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p∂p.
$ ¢mknse hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ t\m´p-_p-°nepw CjvS-
s∏´ H∂v Sn._n bnepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
A]-{K-Y\w, Xmc-Xayw sNø¬, ]c-kv]-c-
_‘w Is≠-ج, hymJym-\n-°¬, Xcw-
Xn-cn-°¬ F∂nh {Kq∏n¬ CS-s]-´p-sIm≠v
hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Ip´n-Iƒ t\m´p]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb
]´nI t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm Bbn ]cn-K-Wn®v
hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
KWn-X-]-T-\-k-ao-]\w
69
{]Xn- -e-\m-flI Nn¥ (Reflections)
Fs‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ, Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ
(]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج {]{In-b-bn-eqsS e`n® hnh-c-ß-fpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬)
$
$
$
$
XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]cn-lmc {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
$
$
$
$
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
70
bqWn‰v\qdn-\p-a-∏pdw1
BapJw
aq∂° kwJy-I-fpsS ÿm\-hn-e, hymJym-\w, {]tbmKw F∂o {][m\
Bi-b-ß-fn-eq-∂n-s°m-≠mWv Cu bqWn‰v Xb-mdm-°n-bn- p-≈Xv.
c≠° kwJy-Iƒ hmbn-°m\pw A°-Ønepw A£-c-Ønepw Ggp-Xm\pw
hymJym-\n-°m\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°-dn-bmw. AXp-t]mse AØcw kwJy-I-fp-
ambn _‘-s∏´ {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw Hcp kwJym-
t{i-Wn-bnse kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw Ah¿°-
dn-bmw.
aq∂° kwJy-Iƒ hmbn-°m\pw A°-Ønepw A£-c-Ønepw Fgp-
Xm\pw Ip´n-Iƒ Cu bqWn-‰n¬ ]cn-io-en-°p-∂p. aq∂° kwJy-Isf
ÿm\-hn-e-bv°-\p-k-cn®pw Iq -ß-fm°nbpw hymJym-\n-°m\pw kwJy-
Isf ÿm\-hn-e-bv°-\p-k-cn®v ]ncn-s®-gp-Xm\pw Ah-k-c-߃ D≠v.
{]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw kwJym-t{i-Wn-bnse _‘w
Is≠-Øm\pw Ip´n-°-h-kcw \¬Ip-∂p.
aq∂° kwJy-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ (A_m-°-kv, Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww,
FgpØv ˛ A°w, A£-cw) Ip´n°v Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. kwJy-Iƒ Xmc-X-
ayw sNbvXv hep-Xv, sNdpXv Is≠-Øm\pw AXp-t]mse Btcm-l-
cW Ah-tcm-lW {Ia-Øn¬ {Iao-I-cn-°m\pw AXv hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw
Ip´n°v Ahkcw D≠v. aq∂° kwJy-Isf hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ hymJym-
\n-°m\pw kwJy-I-fpsS ]ckv]c _‘w Is≠-Øm\pw D≈ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ \¬In-bn- p-≠v. IqSmsX kwJym-{I-a-ß-fpsS bp‡n Is≠-Øm\pw
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw ka¿Yn-°m\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw D≠v. kwJym-
_-‘-ßsf A]-{K-Yn-°m\pw \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw Ah hni-
Zo-I-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`n°p∂p.
\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \mW-b-߃, Id≥kn t\m´p-Iƒ, hkvXp-°ƒ apX-
embhsb hyXykvX Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-I-fn¬ ssIImcyw
sNtø-≠n- h-cp∂ kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ kwJymt_m[w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p. \mW-b-ß-fp-sSbpw t\m´p-I-fp-sSbpw XpI-Iƒ hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw
a‰pw FÆw, hep∏w Ch Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw kwJym-t_m[w Ip´nsb klm-
bn-°pw. \n›nX ÿm\sØ kqNn-∏n-°m\pw {Ia-ambn \º¿ \¬tI≠n
hcp-tºmgpw kwJym-t_m[w Ip´n-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
\qdn-\p-a-∏pdw
71
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$99
t\
mSv 1 I
q´p-t
ºmƒ
100
In´p-∂
p.
$10 ]
Øp-I
ƒ t
N¿∂
m¬ 100
. 10 \
qdp-
Iƒ
tN
¿∂
Xv 1000
.
$sN
dnb
aq∂
-°-k
wJy
100
he
nbaq∂
° k
wJy
999.
$aq∂
°
kwJ
y-h
m-b
n-°p-∂
Xv
\qd
ns‚
ÿ
m\Ø
v \
n∂m-W
v.
$\
qdn-t\
mSv 10 ¬
Ipd
™ k
wJy-I
ƒI
q´n-s
b-gp-X
p-tº
mƒ
]
Øns
‚ÿ
m\Ø
v ]
qPyw
F
gp-X
-Ww.
$]
Ww \
nt£
-]n-°
p∂ {]
h¿Ø
\Ø
n-eqs
S 99 t\
mSv 1
tN
¿∂
m¬ 100
BI
p-sa∂
pw 100
t\
mSv 10
¬ X
msg-b
p≈ k
wJy-
Iƒ
tN
cp-t
ºmƒ
D≠
m-hp∂
k
wJy
Fgp-X
p-Ib
pw h
mbn-°
p-I
bpw sN
øp-∂
p.
$]
´nI
]q¿
Øn-b
m-°p-∂
-Xn-e
qsS 100
0 Ø
ns\
hym
Jym
-\n-°
pIb
pwaq∂
° k
wJy-b
nse
sN
dpX
pw h
ep-X
p-amb
k
wJy
Is≠
-Øp-
Ib
pw sN
øp-∂
p.
$I
f-ß
ƒ ]
q¿Ø
n-bm-°
p-∂-X
n-eqs
S Hcp
aq∂
° k
wJy-b
psS
ap≥
˛]n≥
k
wJy-I
ƒ I
s≠
Øn
hmb
n-°p-∂
p.
$99
9 h
sc-b
p≈ k
wJ
y-I
ƒh
mbn-°
p∂p.
$Hcp aq∂
° k
wJy-b
n¬ 100
s‚
bpw
10 s‚
bpw
ÿ
m\sØ
A
°-ß
ƒtN
¿Ø
v h
mb
n-®m¬
I
n´p∂
A{X
bpw ]
Øp-I
ƒ B
k
wJy-b
n-e
p-≠v.
$Hcp
aq∂
° k
wJys
b 100
s‚
bpw
10 s
‚b
pw 1
s‚
bpw I
q-ß
-fm-°
mw.
$c≠
v aq∂
° k
wJ
y-I
ƒ°
n-S-b
n-e
p≈ k
wJy-I
-fps
S F
Æw
Is≠
-Ø
p-∂p.
$h
r£-ssØ
-I-fps
S F
Æw I
s≠
-Øp-∂
-Xn-e
qsS 100
s\
hym
Jym
-\
n-°p-∂
p.
$]
pkvX
-I-ß
ƒ°
v \
º¿ \
¬I
p-∂-X
n-eqs
S aq∂
° k
wJy-I
ƒX
pS¿®
-bmb
n F
gp-X
p∂p.
F{X
-sb
Æw
Ds≠
∂v I
s≠
Øn h
ni-
Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
${]
mtb
m-K
nI k
μ¿`-ß
-fn-e
nS-s∏
´v Hcp
aq∂
° k
wJys
bÿ
m\-h
n-e-b
v°-\
p-k-cn®
v hym
Jym
-\n-°
p-∂p.
c≠
v aq∂
° k
wJy-
Iƒ
°n-S
-bn-e
p≈ k
wJy-I
-fps
S F
Æw
Is≠
-Øp∂
k
μ¿`-
߃
.
$99
9 h
sc-b
p≈ k
wJy-I
sf
hyX
yk
vX
coX
n-bn¬
hym
Jym
-\n-°
p-∂p.
$k
wJy-b
psS ÿ
m\-h
ne C
S-tØ
mv
t]
mIp-t
¥md
pw ]
Øv aSß
v h
¿≤
n-°
p-∂p.
$Hcp
aq∂
° k
wJys
b H∂
p-Ifpw
]Ø
p-Ifpw
\
qdp-I
-fp-a
mbn
th
¿X
n-cn®
v ]
d-b
m≥ I
gn-b
pw.
$I
fn-t
\m-´p-I
ƒ,
A_
m-°
kv C
h D]
-tb
m-K
n®v ÿ
m\
-hne
Is≠
Øn
]d-b
p-∂p.
$k
wJys
b ÿ
m\-h
n-e-b
v°-
\p-k
-cn®
v ]
ncn-s
®-gp-X
p-∂p.
bqW
n‰v s
{^b
nw
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
72
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$aq∂
-°-ß
ƒ B
h¿Ø
n®pw
B
h¿Ø
n-°
m-sX
bpw
h
yX
y-k
vX-amb
aq∂
°k
wJy-I
ƒ D≠
m-°m≥
I
gn-b
pw.
$aq∂
-°-ß
ƒ B
h¿Ø
n®pw
B
h¿Ø
n--°m-s
Xb
pw h
yXy-
kvX
-amb
aq∂
° k
wJy-I
ƒ D≠
m-°p-∂
p.$
aq∂
-°-ß
-fp-]
-tb
m-K
n®v
hyX
y-k
vX-amb
aq∂
°k
wJy-I
-fp-≠
m-°p-∂
p.
$Hcp
Iq´
w aq∂
° k
wJy-I
-fn¬
100s
‚ÿ
m\
sØ
A
°w
he
p-Xmb
k
wJy-
bmW
v h
enb
k
wJy.
$100
s‚
ÿm\
sØ
A°
w X
pey-a
m-bm¬
10 s‚
ÿ
m\
w ]
cn-t
im-[
n®pw
A
Xp
Xpe
y-am-b
m¬ 1
s‚
ÿ
m\w
]cn-t
im-
[n®
pw h
ep∏
w \
n¿Æ
-bn-°
mw.
$Hcp
Iq´
w k
wJ
y-I
sf X
mc-X
ayw sN
bvX
v h
enb
kwJ
ybpw
sN
dnb
k
wJy-b
pw I
s≠
-Øp-I
bpw
I
s≠
-Ø
nb coX
n h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-Ib
pw sN
øp∂
k
μ¿`ß
ƒ.
$aq∂
°k
wJy-I
-fn¬
h
epX
vsN
dpX
v I
s≠
-Øp-∂
p.
$Hcp
Iq´
w k
wJy-I
sf h
ep-∏
-a-\
p-k-cn®
vB
tcm-l
W A
h-tcm-l
W {I
a-Ø
n¬{I
ao-I
-cn-°
mw.
$ti
J-cn®
]
pkvX
-I-ß
ƒ°
v \
º¿ \
¬I
p-∂-X
n-eqs
S Hcp
Iq´
w k
wJy-I
sf B
tcm-l
W A
h-tcm-l
W {I
a-Ø
n¬{I
ao-I
-cn-°
p∂ coX
n h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$aq∂
°k
wJ
y-I
sf B
tcm-
lW
A
h-tcm-l
W {I
a-
Øn¬
{I
ao-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$F
Æn-s
b-Sp-°
p-∂-X
n\pw {I
aw k
qNn-∏
n-°p-
∂-X
n\pw k
wJy-I
ƒ D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$k
wJym
-]-c-amb
n X
ncn-®
-dn-b
p-∂-X
n-\mb
nh
kvX
p-°ƒ
°pw a‰pw {I
a-\
-º¿ \
¬I
p-∂
p.
$P
ohnX
k
μ¿
-ß-fn¬
h
kvX
p-°fpw a‰pw F
Æn-s
b-Sp-°
p-∂
Xpw {I
aw
kqN
n-∏n-°
p-∂X
pw F
{Xm-a
-sØ
-sb
-∂-dn-b
p-∂-
Xn\
pw {I
a-\
º¿ \
¬I
p-∂p.
$ÿ
m\
sØ
k
qNn∏
n-°m≥
kwJ
y-Iƒ
D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$aq∂
° k
wJy-I
-fp-]
-tb
m-Kn®
v k
wJym
-]-
c-amb
{]
mtb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
]
cn-l
-cn-
°p-∂
p.
${]
mtb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
]
cn-l
-cn-°
m≥ aq∂
° k
wJy-
Iƒ
D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
${]
iv\
]cn-l
-c-W
-Øn\
vaq∂
° k
wJy-I
ƒ D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$k
wJym
-{I-a-ß
-fns
e k
wJy-I
ƒ X
Ωn-
ep≈
]
c-k
v]c _
‘w
Is≠
Øn
hnI
-k
n-∏n-°
p-∂p.
]pX
nb k
wJym
{Ia-ß
ƒ cq]
o-I-cn-°
p-∂
p.
$k
wJym
-{I-a-ß
-fns
e k
wJy-I
ƒ X
Ωn-e
p≈ ]
c-k
v]-c-
_‘
w I
s≠
Øn
hni
-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-Ib
pw ]
pXnb
k
μ¿`-
Øn¬
{]
tb
m-Kn-°
p-Ib
pw sN
øp-∂
p.
$k
wJym
-{I-a-ß
-fns
e b
p‡n
hni
-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-Ib
pw ]
pXnb
kwJ
ym-{I
-a-ß
ƒ I
s≠
-Øp-
Ib
pw sN
øp-∂
p.
\qdn-\p-a-∏pdw
73
{]Xo-£nX kabw : 25 ]ocnbUv
kma-{Kn-Iƒ : Ifn-t\m- p-Iƒ, \mW-b-߃, tSm°-Wp-Iƒ, a©m-Sn, apØv,
IºvsI- p-Iƒ, kwJym-t]m-°-‰p-Iƒ, Nm¿´v, _me{]kn-≤o-
Ic-W-߃, A_m-°-kv, sNdnb Iºn IjW-߃, kwJym-
Im¿Up-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\w
\qdmw hm¿jnIw
{]h¿Ø\w Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂p.
Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ So®¿
tNmZn-°p-∂p.
? BXn-c-bpsS kvIqƒ ÿm]n-®n v F{X
h¿j-ambn?
? BXn-c-bpsS kºm-Zy-s∏- n-bnse \mW-
b-ß-ƒ GsXms°-bmWv?
? BXn-c-bpsS \mW-b-߃ FÆn-t\m-
°q. F{X-sbÆw?
? ]Øns‚ F{X Iq -ß-fp≠v?
? ]Øns‚ Iq´-߃ tN¿∂m-se{X?
Ah tN¿∂m¬ F{X cq]-bmIpw?
? Ah-km-\sØ Iq -Øn¬ F{X \mW-
b-߃?
? Ct∏mƒ F{X cq]-bmbn?
? 100 FÆw Bh-W-sa-¶n¬ F{X Hcp
cq] \mWbw IqSn thWw?
So®-dpsS hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃°v
H∏w Ip´n-Iƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
$ BXnc \mW-b-߃ sImSpØv Ah
cq]-bm-°n. In´n-bXv F√mw ]Øv cq].
? F¶n¬ F{X ]Øv cq]- t\m´p-Iƒ e`n-
®n-cn-°pw?
Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øp∂p ˛ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-
Ønepw t\m´p_p-°nepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ifn-t\m- p-Iƒ/ \mW-b-߃ D]-tbm-
Kn®v ¢mkn¬ CXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
jnPn So®¿ ¢mkns\ 6 t]¿ hoX-
ap≈ 5 {Kq∏p-I-fm-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v
Ipsd tSm°-Wp-Iƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXp. \n߃°v \¬Inb tSm°-
Wn¬ \n∂v GXv {Kq∏mWv BZyw
99 tSm°-Wp-Iƒ FSp-°p-I. H∏w
FSp-Ø-co-Xn-bpw hni-Z-am-°-Ww.
F√m-h¿°pw ]¶m-fnØw \¬I-Ww.
So®¿ ]d-™p. Ip´n-Iƒ {]iv\w
Gs‰-Sp-Øp. Ah¿ AXns‚ hni-Zo-
I-c-Whpw \¬In. {Kq∏nse Hmtcm-
cp-Øcpw BZyw 2 FÆw, ]ns∂ 3,
]ns∂ 4, ]ns∂ 5... F√m {Kq∏p-Ifpw
99 D≠m-°nb hyXykvX coXnIƒ
]d-™p. So®¿ Xs‚ {]Xn -I-
cWt]Pn¬ Ip´n-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øn-
s°m≠v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°n. {]h¿Ø-
\-Øns‚ Dt±iyw IrXy-ambn hn\n-
abw sNbvXp-. H∏w F√m Ip´n-I-fp-
sSbpw ]¶m-fnØw {]h¿Ø-\-
Øn¬ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ km[n-®p-
sh∂v So®¿ Ipdn-®n- p.
aq∂° kwJy ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂
{]h¿Ø-\w. H∏w 100 ¬ F{X ]Øp-
I-fp-s≠∂v ]cn-tim-[n-®-dn-bp-∂p.
¢mkn¬/ em_n¬ Ifn-t\m-´p-Ifpw
\mW-b-ßfpw _ -Wp-Ifpw tSm°-Wp-
Ifpw a‰pw tiJ-cn-®p- h-bv°-Ww.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
74
GsXms° t\m´p-Iƒ
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn {]h¿Ø\w hmbn°p∂p.
$ \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n-e-h-X-cn-∏n®v sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏-h-X-cWw
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج ˛ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-
Ønepw t\m´p-_p-°nepw
$ Ifn-t\m- p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
hnhn-[ t\m´p-Iƒ tN¿∂m¬ 100 cq]-bm-Ip∂Xv Nm¿´n¬ FgpXn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
1 2 5 10 20 50 XpI
2 2 1 1 100
100
]q¿Øn-bm-°mtam?
{]h¿Ø\w BZyw Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°-s´.
? \qdn-t\mSv H∂v tN¿∂m¬ F{X?
? c≠v tN¿∂mtem?
? HºXv tN¿∂mtem?
? Fß-s\-bm-WnXv Fgp-XpI?
Ip´n-Iƒ°v _n. _n bn¬ Fgp-Xm-\-hkcw. XpS¿∂v t\m v]pkvX-I-Ønepw ]mT-]p-
kvXI-Ønepw Fgp-Xp-∂p.
Ifn \mW-b-ßfpw t\m´p-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn®v
So®¿ ¢mkn¬ t\cn v A\p- hw \¬Ip∂p.
100 \v tij-ap≈ BZysØ ]Øv
kwJy-Iƒ Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-°m-\p-
amWv Cu {]h¿Ø-\w. CXn-\p-tijw
100, 200, ...., 900 apX-ep≈ BZysØ 10
kwJy-Ifpw FgpXm\pw hmbn--°m\pw
D≈ Ah-kcw So®¿ \¬IWw.
Bhiy-amb Ifn-t\m-´p-Ifpw \mW-b-
ßfpw ¢mkn¬ IcpXp-a-t√m.
Bh-iy-amb Ifn-t\m-´p-Ifpw \mW-b-
ßfpw ¢mkn¬ Hcp-°-Ww. hnhn[ \mW-
b-߃/t\m´p-Iƒ tN¿∂v 100 cq]-bm-
hp-∂Xv Nm¿´n-se-gpXn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-a-
t√m.
A]-{KY\w, ]c-kv]c _‘w Is≠-ج F∂o tijn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-tØ-
≠-XmWv.
]Øv \qdp-Iƒ
$ {]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p. t\m´p-I-fpsS FÆtam BsI XpItbm
Is≠Øn A°-Ønepw A£-c-Ønepw ]´n-I-bn-se-gp-Xp-∂p.
$ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm°n hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ Cu ]´nI Nm¿´n-se-gpXn ¢mkn¬ {]Z-¿in∏n-°p-∂p.
100 \v tij-ap≈BZysØ 9 kwJy-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ
]Øns‚ ÿm\Øv]qPyw Fgp-X-Ww.
\qdn-\p-a-∏pdw
75
XpS¿∂v
1. 100, 150, 200, 250, ...
2. 210, 220, 230, 240, ...
3. 325, 350, 375, 400, ...
4. 105, 110, 115, 120, ...
5. 105, 205, 305, 405, ...
XpS-ßnb ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m\p≈ {]h¿Ø\w \¬Ip-∂p.
ssXIƒ \Smw
hy‡n-K-X-ambn {]h¿Ø\w Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®¿ hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-
∂p.
? F{X FÆw ssXI-fp≠v?
? F{X-bn-\-am-Wp-≈Xv?
$
BZyw hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p. t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
XpS¿∂v {Kq∏nse hyXykvX km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.
t\m´p-_p-°nepw sSIvÃv_p-°nepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
]pkvX-I-\-º¿
So®¿ \S-Ønb aps∂m-cp° {]h¿Ø-\-
߃°v tijw Ip´n-Iƒ {]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-
K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
hni-I-e\ tNmZy-ß-fn -eqsS So®¿
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn-en-S-s]-Sp-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn BZysØ {]h¿Ø\w
t\m´p -_p-°n¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
Hcp kwJy-bn¬ \n∂v \n›nX FÆw kwJy-
Iƒ Fgp -Xm-\p≈XmWv ASpØ
{]h¿Ø\w.
Ah-km-\sØ {]h¿Ø-\w, Hcp kwJy-ap-
X¬ as‰mcp kwJy-hsc F{X kwJy-I-fp≠v
F∂ Is≠-Øp-∂Xn\p≈XmWv.
Hcp aq∂° kwJy-bn¬ \n∂v XpS¿®-
bmbn kwJy-Iƒ Fgp -Xm -\p≈
{]h¿Ø-am-Wn-Xv. IqSmsX Hcp kwJy-
bn¬ \n∂pw \n›nX FÆwhsc-
bp≈ kwJy-Iƒ Fgp -Xm -\p≈
{]h¿Ø-\hpw \¬In-bn- p-≠v. ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Øn-ep-≈Xp IqSmsX Cu tijn
ssIh-cn-°m-\p≈ a‰p {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ So®¿ ¢mkn¬ \¬I-Ww.
{]h¿Ø\w XpS-ßpw- apºv Ah-[n-°m-
eØv Ip´n-Iƒ hmßnb _me-{]-kn-
≤o-I-c-W-߃ ¢mkn¬ sIm≠p-h-
cm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. {Kq∏p-I-fn¬
_me-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ \¬In ]mT-
]p-kvX-IØnse "]pkvX-I-\-º¿'
F∂ {]h¿Ø\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.
10 \qdp-Iƒ tN¿∂-XmWv 1000 F∂
Bibw hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-XmWv Cu
{]h¿Ø-\w. t\csØ 10 ]Øp-Iƒ
tN¿∂m¬ 100 F∂v Ip´n°v t_m[y-
s∏- n- p-≠v. Ifn-t\m- p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v
¢mkn¬ CXv ImWn®v sImSp-°-Ww.
{]h¿Ø\w ]mt‰¨ cq]-Øn-emWv
Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
]Øv hyXykvX Iq -ß-fpsS XpI 100
hcp∂ hn[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww Cu
{]h¿Ø\w kwL-Sn -∏n -t°-≠-Xv.
a©m-Sntbm apØp-Itfm D]-tbm-Kn®v
{Kq∏n¬ Cu {]h¿Ø\w kwL-Sn-∏n-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
76
c≠v kwJy-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ kwJy-
I-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈
{]h¿Ø-\-am -Wn -Xv . {]h¿Ø\w
XpSßpw apºv sNdnb kwJy-Iƒ
\¬Imw. DZm: 3 apX¬ 7 hsc, 42
apX¬ 49 hsc F∂n-ß-s\. CØcw
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Inb tijw ]mT-
{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-te°v IS-°mw.
XpS¿∂v CXv Is≠-Øm-\p≈ hgn-sb-
°p-dn®v N¿®-sNbvXv \nK-a\ cq]o-I-
cWw \S-Ømw.
t\m´p-_p-°nepw ]mT-]p-kvXI-Ønepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p.
$ XpS¿®-bmbn Fgp-Xnbpw A√m-sXbpw Ah-km-\sØ kwJy Fßs\
Is≠Ømw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-°Ww.
$ Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ A[nI{]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬I-Ww.
kwJy-I-sf{X?
So®¿ tNmZy-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ap≥]v \¬Inb Adn-hns‚ shfn-®-
Øn¬ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ Is≠-Ønb coXn {Kq∏n-e-h-X-cn-∏n®v
N¿® sNø-s´.
$ {Kq∏p-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]mT-]p-
kvX-Ønepw t\m´p-_p-°nepw tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
$ CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ c≠v tNmZy-߃
Ip´n-Iƒ D≠m-°p-Ibpw DØcw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNø-s´. t\m v_p-°n¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂v So®¿ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-a-t√m.
Hcp kwJy apX¬ as‰mcp kwJy-h-sc-bp≈ kwJy-I-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øm-
\p≈ hgn F¥mWv? N¿®.
$ {Kq∏p-I-fpsS Ah-X-cWw
$ \nK-a\w
$ So®-dpsS t{ImUo-I-cWw ˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج (]mT-]p-kvX-Iw, t\m v_p-°v)
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Ah-km-\sØ kwJy-bn¬ \n∂v BZysØ kwJy-Ip-d®v AXn-t\mSv 1 Iq´n-bm¬
BsI kwJy-I-fpsS FÆw In´pw.
A]-{K-Yn-°¬, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°¬, \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°¬,
kmam-\y-h-XvI-cn-°¬ F∂o {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
KWn-X-Iymºv
aq∂° kwJy-Iƒ XpS¿®-bmbn Fgp-Xm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø\w. Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-
ambn sNøp-∂p.
$ ]mT-]p-kvX-IØnepw t\m v_p-°nepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
XpS¿∂v Hcp kwJy-bpsS ap≥˛]n≥ kwJy-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ kzbw Fgp-Xp-∂p.
(]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw t\m´v_p-°n-epw)
\qdn-\p-a-∏pdw
77
If-ß-fnse kwJy FgpXmw
ap≥ {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-Wn-Xv.
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Hgn™ If-ß-fnse kwJy-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWv Is≠-ØpI?
$ kzX{¥ {]Xn-I-cWw
$ XpS¿∂v ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
kw`m-h\
HcmgvN kw`m-h-\-bmbn e`n® XpI A£-c-Ønepw A°-Ønepw Fgp-Xp∂ Cu
{]h¿Ø\w Ip´n-Iƒ kzbw sNøp-∂p. A°-Ønepw A£-c-Ønepw Fgp-Xm-\p≈
IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Im≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.
t\m´p-Ifpw \mW-b-ßfpw
So®¿ \¬Inb aps∂m-cp° {]h¿Ø-\-
߃°v XpS¿®-bmbn {]iv\w So®¿ Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ 775 cq] D≠m-hp∂ 3 hyXykvX hgn-
Iƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v.
$ tImf-ß-fn¬ BZyw HscÆw hy‡n-
K-X-ambn sNø-s´.
$ XpS¿∂v {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v sa®-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂p.
CXp-t]mse ASpØ cs≠-Æ-hpw.
hy‡n-KXw ˛ {Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-ج.
$ Ah-X-cWw
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج (]mT-]p-kvX-IØnepw, t\m v_p°nepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p).
Ifnt\m´p-Ifpw \mW-b-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-
kcw \¬I-Ww.
]´n-I-bn-se-gpXmw
"kw`m -h-\' F∂ {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚
XpS¿®bpw sXm´p-ap-ºsØ {]h¿Ø-\-
Øns‚ hf¿®-bp-am-Wn-Xv. So®¿ {]iv\w
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ip´nIƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn
tcJ-s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
GsXms° t\m´p-Iƒ tN¿Øm¬ 100
F∂ {]h¿Ø-\w t\csØ sNbvXn-
cp-∂p. ¢mkn¬/ em_n¬ Ifn-t\m- p-
Ifpw \mW-b-ßfpw IcpXn BZyw
Ipd®v aps∂m-cp° {]h¿Ø-\-߃
\SØWw. 225, 175, 140, 360, ... F∂n-
ß-s\. CXn-\p-tijw ]mT-`m-KsØ
{]iv\-Øn-te°v IS-°mw. kw`m-h\
F∂ {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-
Wn-Xv.
kwJy-tbmSv H∂v
Iq´p-Itbm
Ipd-°pItbm
sNbvXm¬ aXn.
100 cq]-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn CXp-
t]mse Hcp ]´nI t\csØ ¢mkn¬
cq]o-I-cn-®n- p-≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ D≠m-°p∂
IqSp-X¬ hgn-Iƒ t]m¿´vt^mfntbm-
bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. Ifn-t\m- p-Ifpw
\mW-b-ßfpw Icp-Xp-a-t√m.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
78
XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬In Ip´n -I-fpsS tiJ-c -W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn
t]m¿ vt^mfntbm kqN-I-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cp-Ømw.
A]-{K-Y-\w, Xmc-X-ayw, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ, At\z-jn-°¬, ]c-kv]c
_‘w Is≠-ج, hymJym-\n°¬, Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬ F∂o {]{In-bm-ti-
jn-Iƒ aq∂v {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw IqSn hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
If-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm°mw
$ ÿm\-hne Dd-∏n-°m\pw ÿm\-hn-
ebv°v A\p-k-cn®v kwJy-Iƒ ]ncn-s®-
gp-Xm-\p-ap-≈-XmWv Cu {]h¿Ø-\w.
So®¿ c≠° kwJy-bn -eqsS
{]h¿Ø\w XpS-ßp-∂p.
$ Ip´n -Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]´nI
]q¿Øn-bm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
A_m-°-kn¬ {Iao-I-cn-°mw
So®¿ A_m-°-kn¬ kwJyIƒ
ÿm\-hn-e-bv°\p-kn®v {Iao-I-cn-°p-
∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-
°p∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ F√m-hcpw t\m´p-_p-°n¬ Hcp
aq∂° kwJy-sb-gp-Xp-∂p. XpS¿∂v
Ah-cp-≠m-°nb A_m-°-kn¬ AXv
Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse {]iv\w Gs‰-SpØv ]´nI hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]q¿Øn-bm°n
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
A]-{K-Y-\w, hymJym-\w, \n¿amWw, Bkz-Zn-°¬ F∂o tijn-Iƒ So®¿
hnebncp-Øp-∂p.
hep-Xmcv? sNdp-Xmcv?
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-
∏n -°p -∂p. Hcp Iq´w
kwJy-bn¬ \n∂v henb
kwJy Fßs\
Is≠Øpw?
kwJym-Im¿Uv, kwJym t]m°‰v
F∂nh ¢mkntem/ em_ntem k÷-
am-°-Ww. aq∂° kwJy-I-fpsS
ÿm\-hn-e-bmWv Du∂¬ \¬tI-≠-
Xv. CØcw [mcmfw {]h¿Ø-\-߃
¢mkn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw So®¿ \¬Ip-
a-t√m.
A_m-°-kv, kwJym-Im¿Uv Ch
¢mkn¬ So®¿ Hcp-°-Ww. Iºn
IjW-߃, apØp-Iƒ, sX¿tam-
tImƒ Ch D]-tbm-Kn®v ¢mkn¬
A_m-°kv \n¿an-°mw. F√m Ip´n-
Iƒ°pw A_m-°-kn¬ sNøm≥
So®¿ kuIcyw Hcp-°-Ww. kwJym
hymJym-\-Øn\pw ÿm\-hne Dd-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø-\am-Wn-
Xv.
jw\ So®¿ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn-se {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v
tijw ¢mkns\ sNdp-{Kq-∏p-I-fm-°n. t\csØ Ip´n-
I-sf-s°m≠v Xbm-dm-°n® aq∂° kwJy-I-fpsS
Im¿Up-Iƒ 10 hoXw Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw \¬In.
Im¿Unse kwJy-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn t\m´p-
_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. {Kq∏n¬ In´nb Im¿Up-Isf
Ah-tcm-l-W-{I-a-Øn¬ H∂n-\p-]p-dsI H∂mbn H´n-
®p. Hmtcm {Kq∏pw Ah¿°v In´nb Im¿Unse kwJy-
Iƒ hmbn-°p-Ibpw H´n® kwJymIm¿Up-Iƒ ¢mkn¬
{]Z¿in-∏n-°p-Ibpw Npa-cn¬ Xq°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\qdn-\p-a-∏pdw
79
? sNdnb kwJytbm?
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse {]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn Gs‰-SpØv ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p. Is≠-
Ønb coXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw t\m´p-_p-°nepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Hcp Iq´w aq∂° kwJy-I-fn¬ \qdns‚ ÿm\sØ A°w hep-Xmb kwJy-
bmWv henb kwJy. 100 s‚ ÿm\w Xpey-am-bm¬ ]ns∂ 10 s‚ ÿm\w ]cn-
tim-[n®pw AXpw Xpey-am-bm¬ H∂ns‚ ÿm\w ]cn-tim-[n®pw kwJy-I-fnse
henb/ sNdnb kwJy-Iƒ Is≠-Ømw.
Ipd-sh{X?
A°-ß-fpsS ÿm\w amdp-tºmƒ kwJy-Iƒ°v D≠m-hp∂ am‰w Xncn-®-dn-bm-\mWv
Cu {]h¿Ø\w \¬In-b-Xv.
Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw... {Iao-I-cn°mw
{]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ Hmtcm hn`mKw ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-sSbpw \º¿ {Ia-ambn Fgp-Xp-∂p. sNdp-Xn¬
\n∂v hep-Xn-te°v {Ia-ambn Fgp-Xp∂ Cu coXn Btcm-l-W-{I-a-am-sW∂v
Ip´n-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
sNdptXm heptXm
{]h¿Ø\w So®¿ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
X∂n- p≈ aq∂-°-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v A°-߃ Bh¿Øn-°msX F{X aq∂-° kwJy-
Iƒ D≠m°mw?
hy‡n-K-X-ambn Fgp-Xp-∂p. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øp-
∂p.
Cu A°-߃ Bh¿Øn--°msX F{X c≠-°-kw-Jy-Iƒ D≠m°mw?
$ 4, 5, 0, ... {]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p. ]c-am-h[n kwJy-I-sf-gpXn hep-Xn¬
\n∂pw sNdp-Xn-te°v {Ia-ambn Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ Hcp kwJy-bpsS CStØ A‰Øv ]qPyw hcp∂ kμ¿`w N¿® sNøp-∂p.
t\m´ns‚ FÆw
Ifn-t\m- p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ¢mkn¬ Cu {]h¿Ø\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-a-t√m.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
80
a©m-Sn, apØv, Iºv sI v Ch D]--tbm-
Kn®v Cu {]h¿Ø\w ¢mkn¬ kwL-
Sn-∏n-°mw. Hcp aq∂° kwJysb
hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-bn¬ Iq´-ß-fm-°p∂
{]h¿Ø-\-am --Wn -Xv. Hcp aq∂°
kwJy-bn¬ F{X H∂p-Iƒ, ]Øp-
Iƒ, \qdp-Iƒ Ds≠∂v t_m[y-s∏-
Sm≥ Bh-iy-sa -¶n¬ A[n-I-{]-
h¿Ø\w So®¿ \¬I-Ww.
tNm°p-Iƒ FÆmw
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
357 s\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®Xv So®¿ hni-Zo-I-cn®p
\¬Ip-∂p. XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
t]Pv 17 se {]h¿Ø\w Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-
X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw t\m´p-_p-°nepw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
henb kwJy
CsXm-cp Ifn-bm-Wv. kwJy-I-fpsS ÿm\-hne Dd-∏n-°m≥ CXp-]-I-cn-°pw. G‰hpw
henb kwJy BcpsS tImf-Øn-emtWm Abmƒ Bbn-cn°pw hnP-bn. ssUkv
Gdn-bp∂ Bƒ°v In´p∂ kwJy GXv If-Ønepw FgpXn at‰-bmƒ henb kwJy
t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw XS-bn-Smw. C\n Ifn-®p-t\m-°q.
]mt‰¨ ]q¿Øn-bm-°mtam?
kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘w Is≠Øn XpS¿kwJy Fgp-Xp∂ Cu
{]h¿Ø\w c≠° kwJy-Iƒ DZm-l-c-W-ambn \¬In So®¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
{]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn Gs‰-SpØv t\m´p-_p-°nepw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Ip´n-Iƒ ka¿Yn-°p-∂p. ]pXnb ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂p.
A]-{K-Y-\w, ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-ج, bp‡n ka¿Y\w, {]iv\ cq]o-
I-cWw F∂o tijn-Iƒ So®¿°v hne-bn-cp-Ømw.
_mKns‚ hne
{]h¿Ø\w Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®¿ Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃
tNmZn-°p-∂p.
? F¥mWv Is≠-tØ-≠Xv?
? Fs¥ms° hnh-c-߃ \¬In-bn- p≠v?
? Ch D]-tbm-Kn®v {]iv\w Fßs\ ]cn-l-cn°pw?
Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
t\m v GXv?
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse {]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-]-c-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
Ifnt\m´p-Ifpw \mW-b-ßfpw D]-tbm-
Kn®v So®¿ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {]h¿-
Ø\w ¢mkn¬ sNbvXp ImWn-°p-
at√m.
\qdn-\p-a-∏pdw
81
? t\m´p-Isf hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-bn¬ Nn√-d-bm-°n-bm¬ BsI Fßs\ Is≠Ømw?
? hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ 500 cq]sb t\m´p-Ifpw \mW-b-ß-fp-ambn Fß-s\-sb√mw
am‰mw?
$ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ {Kq∏nepw hy‡n-]-c-ambpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-
Ww.
$ Ifn-t\m v D]-tbm-Kn®v {]h¿Ø\w ¢mkn¬ \SØmw. (I®-h-Sw)
$ CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn "50 cq] t\m v' F∂ {]h¿Ø\w sNø-Ww.
\º¿ \¬Imw
]mT-]p-kvXIØnse t]Pv \º¿ 10 se "]pkvX-I\-º¿', "kwJy-Isf{X?' F∂o
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-bmbpw Cu {]h¿Ø-\w \¬Imw.
XpI ]{¥-≠m-°mtam?
KWn-X-Øn¬ Xm¬]cyw P\n-∏n-°m≥ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, AXn-ep≈ bp‡n F∂nh Ip´n-Iƒ kzbw Is≠-
Øm≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
If-߃ \nd-°mw, he-tØm´pw Xmtgm´pw, Iq´n t\m°mw
KWnX kuμcyw Bkz-Zn-°m≥ Ip´n-Isf {]m]vX-am-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-
t°≠ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfmbn Ch D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
82
bqWn‰vIq´n--t®¿°mw2
BapJw
Hcp aq∂° kwJysb hyXykvX kwJy-I-fpsS XpI-bmbn Fgp-
X¬, aq∂° kwJy-I-fpsS k¶-e-\w, {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-ß-fpsS
\n¿≤m-cWw kwJym-{I-a-Ønse kwJy-I-fpsS _‘w Is≠-ج
F∂o {][m\ Bi-b-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n¬ N¿® sNøp-
∂Xv.
c≠° kwJy-Iƒ Fgp-Xm-\pw, hmbn-°m\pw hymJym-\n-°m\pw
XpI ImWm\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°-dn-bmw. Hcp aq∂° kwJy-tbmSv
as‰mcp kwJy Iq´p-∂-Xn\v ÿm\-hne A\p-k-cn®v FgpXn XpI
ImWp-∂ coXn Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]cn-io-en-°p-∂p. Hcp kwJy-
bpsS Cc-´n, ]Ip-Xn, F∂o Bi-b-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
{]mtbm-KnI {]iv\ ]cn-l-c-W-Øn¬ A]-{K-Y-\-tØm-sSm∏w k¶-
e--\-Øns‚ {]k-‡nbpw {]tbm-Khpw t_m[y-s∏-Sp--∂p. Hcp Iq´w
kwJy-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v kwJym--_-‘-ßsf kw_-
‘n® \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p. kwJym-{I-a-ß-fpsS
bp‡nbpw kwJym-ku-μ-cyhpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw AXp-t]m-ep-≈h
kzbw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ Ah-k-chpw \¬Ip-∂p.
Iq´nt®¿°mw
83
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ$
Hcp k
wJys
b A
Xn¬
Xms
g-b
p≈ct≠
m A
Xn-e
-[n-I
tam
kwJ
y-I-
fps
S X
pI-b
mbn
hyX
ykvX
coX
n-b
n¬ F
gp-X
m≥ I
gn-b
pw.
$c≠
p I
q-ß
sf I
q´n-t®
¿°
p-∂-X
n\v
k¶
-e\
{I
nb D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$Hcp
aq∂
° k
wJy-t
bmS
v as‰mc
pk
wJ
y I
q´p -∂
-Xn\
v H∂
p-Ifpw
]Ø
p-Ifpw
\
qdp-I
fpw
I
q´n-b
m¬aX
n. C
ßs\
Iq´
p-tº
mƒ "10' H∂
p-I
sf H
cp ]
Ømb
pw "10' ]
Øp-I
sf
Hcp
\qd
mbpw ]
cn-K
-Wn®
v A
XmX
pÿ
m\Ø
v I
q-W
w.
$Hcp
kwJ
y apX
¬ X
pS¿®
-bmb
as‰mc
p k
wJy-h
-sc-b
p≈ k
wJy-I
--fps
S B
sI
F
Æw
ImW
p-∂-X
n\v
he
nb k
wJy-b
n¬ \
n∂v sN
dnb
kwJ
y I
pd®
v H∂
v I
q´n-b
m¬ a
Xn.
$X
pS¿®
-bmb
c≠
v F
Ƭ
k
wJy-
Iƒ
I
q´n-b
m¬ I
n´p-∂
Xv Hcp
H‰
kwJ
y-bm-b
n-cn-°
pw.
$c≠
v C
c-´-k
w-J
y-I
ƒ I
q´n-b
m¬
In´p-∂
Xv H
cp C
c´ k
wJy
Bb
n-cn-
°pw
.
$c≠
v H‰ k
wJy-I
ƒ I
q´n-b
m¬ I
n´p-
∂X
v Hcp C
c´ k
wJy
Bb
n-cn-°
pw.
$Hcp
\n›
nX k
wJy
XpI
-bmb
n I
n´m-h
p∂ k
wJym
tP
mUn-
Iƒ
I
s≠
-Øp∂
{]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ sN
øp-∂
p. Hcp
kwJ
ysb
c≠
p k
wJy-I
-fps
S X
pI-b
mbn
hyX
ykvX
coX
n-bn¬
F
gp-X
p-∂
p. X
pI "100
' I
n´p-∂
-Xn\
v X
∂n-c
n-°p∂
k
wJy-I
sf ]
ncn-®
p-I
≠v c
t≠
m A
Xn-e
-[n-I
tam
kwJ
y-I-fps
S X
pI-b
mbn a\
°W
-°
mbn
Is≠
-Øp-∂
p. tcJ
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
p-∂p.
$c≠
p aq∂
° k
wJ
y-I
-fps
S X
pI I
s≠
-Øp-∂
p. X
pII
mWp∂
-Xn-\
mbn
kwJ
-y-Isf h
ym-J
-ym-\
n-°p-∂
p. H∂
p-Ifpw
]Ø
p-Ifpw \
qdp-I
-fpw D
]-tb
m-Kn®
v ]W
-an-S-]
m-Sp-I
-fp-a
mbn _
‘-
s∏
´ {]
tb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
]
cn-l
-cn-°
p-∂p. k
¶-e
\ {I
nb-
bn¬
ÿ
m\-h
neb
psS {]
m[m-\
yw t_
m[-y-s
∏-Sp-∂
p.
$]
mT-]
p-kvX
-I-Ø
n¬ \
¬I
nb {]
h¿Ø
-\-Ø
n-eq-s
Sb
pw I
qSp-X
¬k
am\
{]
iv\
-ß-fn-e
q-sSb
pw H
cp k
wJy
apX
¬ a
s‰mc
p k
wJy-
hscb
p≈ k
wJy-I
-fps
S F
Æw
Is≠
-Øp-∂
p.
$c≠
v H‰ k
wJy-I
--fps
S X
pIb
pw c≠
v C
c´ k
wJy-I
-fps
SX
pIb
pw X
pS¿®
-bmb
c≠
v k
wJy-I
-fps
S X
pIb
pw I
s≠
Øn
Ah
-bps
S {]
tX
y-IX
(H
‰tb
m C
c--tb
m) h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$Hcp
kwJ
ysb
h
yXyk
vXk
wJy-I
-fps
S X
pI-b
mb
nh
y-X-yk
vX coX
n-bn¬
F
gp-
Xp∂
p.
$Hcp
aq∂
°k
wJ
y-tb
mSv
as‰mcp
aq∂
° k
wJ
yI
q´p-∂
-Xn-\
p≈ coX
n-Iƒ
hni
-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
${]
mtb
m-K
nI {]
iv\
-߃
]cn-l
-cn-°
p-∂-X
n\v k
¶-e
-\-
{Inb
D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
${]
iv\
]
cn-l
-c-W
-Øns
‚h
y-X-yk
vX coX
n-Iƒ
h
ni-
Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
84
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$Hcp
kwJ
y-tb
mSv A
tX
k
wJy
Iq´
n-bm¬
A
Xns
‚ C
c´n
(c≠
vaSß
v) I
n´pw.
$c≠
v aq∂
° k
wJy-I
-fps
S ]
c-am-
h[
n X
pI 1
998
Bb
n-cn-°
pw.
$k
wJym
_
‘-ß
ƒ D]
-tb
m-K
n®v
t{i
Wo
cq]
o-I-c-W
w.
$C
c´n (c
≠v aSß
v/ Hcp
kwJ
y-tb
mSv A
tX
k
wJy
Iq´
n-bX
v)F
∂ B
ib
w e
`y-a
m-Ip∂
{]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
-fn-e
qsS C
c´n I
s≠
-Ø
p-∂p.
{]mt
bm-K
nI {]
iv\
-ß-fn¬
D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$G
‰h
pw h
enb
aq∂
° k
wJy-t
bmS
v AtX
kwJ
y I
q´p-t
ºmƒ
XpI
]
c-am-h
[n
e`n-°
p-∂p.
$X
∂n-c
n-°p∂
kwJ
y-Iƒ
XΩ
n-ep≈
_‘
w I
s≠
Øn k
wJym
-t{i
Wn
]q¿
Øn-b
m-°p-∂
p. b
p‡n
hni
-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p. ]
pXnb
kwJ
-ym-t{i
Wn
cq]
o-I-cn-°
p-∂p.
$k
wJ
y-I
-fps
S {]
tX
y-I
-X-
Iƒ
]
cn-t
im-[
n®v k
wJym
-_
‘-ß
sf
kw_
-‘n®
v\
nK-a-\
-߃
cq]
o-I-cn-°
p-∂
p.
$k
wJym
{I
a-ß
-fps
S b
p‡n
hni
-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
Iq´nt®¿°mw
85
{]h¿Ø\ hni-Zmw-i-߃
{]Xo£nX kabw : 18 ]ncn-bUv
kma-{Kn-Iƒ : kwJym-Im¿Up-Iƒ, Ifn-t\m- p-Iƒ, Nm¿ v t]∏-dp-Iƒ
bqWn‰ v hni -I -e\w
Bscms° tN¿∂m¬
{]iv\w So®¿ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
∂p. So®¿ 2 t]¿ hoX-ap≈ {Kq∏n¬
Im¿Uv \¬Ip-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ \º¿ Fgp-
Xp-∂p.
$ So®-dpsS \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm
{Kq∏pw 70 XpI-bm-bn -h-cp∂ tPmSn-Iƒ
Is≠-Øp-∂p. Hmtcm {Kq∏pw Hcp tPmSn
BZyw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ho≠pw Ah-
kcw \¬Ip-∂p. So®¿ _n._n bn¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
F√m tPmSn -Ifpw e`n® {Kq∏p -Iƒ
GsXms°?
Ip´n-Iƒ Sn._n bnepw F≥._n bnepw tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Fs‚ Nn¥
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn {]h¿Ø\w
hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®¿ Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-
°p-∂p.
? ]g-Øns‚ hne-sb{X?
? \mcßbvt°m?
? BsI hne ImWm≥ tSman Nn¥n-®Xv
GsXms° coXn-bn-emhpw?
$ a\-°-W-°mbn ]d-bm-\-h-k-cw. H∏w
Is≠-Ønb hgnbpw.
$ Ifn-t\m-´p-Ifpw \mW-b-ßfpw D]-tbm-
Kn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ F≥._n bnepw Sn._n bnepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Bscms° tN¿∂m¬, Fs‚ Nn¥
F∂o {]h¿Ø-\-߃ c≠°
kwJy-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ap∂-dnhv
]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p≈XmWv.
]mT-`mKw XpSßpw apºv ¢mkn¬
Nm¿ v t]∏¿ apdn®v sNdnb Im¿Uv
cq]-Øn-em°n hnX-cWw sNø-Ww.
Ip´n-Iƒ Im¿Un¬ ]pkvX-I-Øn-ep≈
kwJy Fgp-X-Ww. 2 t]¿ tN¿∂v Ifn-
°-Ww. tai-∏p-dØv/s_©n¬ Im¿Uv
hbv°p-∂Xv kwJy-Iƒ ImWmØ
coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww. Hcmƒ°v Hcp
kabw 2 Im¿Uv FSp-°mw. Im¿Unse
XpI 70 Bbn In´p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Im¿Uv
AtX t]mse kwJy-Iƒ ImWn-
°msX s_©nse a‰v Im¿Up-Iƒ°v
H∏w CS-I-e¿Øn hbv°-Ww.
{]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-b¿ln-°p∂hsc
a‰p-≈-h¿s°m∏w CS-I-e¿Øn tPmSn-
bm-°-Ww. 70 s‚ tPmSn-Iƒ apgp-h-
\mbn -e- n-®n-s√-¶n¬ So®¿ th¿j≥
\¬I-Ww.
CtX Im¿Uns\ aq∂° kwJy-
bm°n am‰n as‰mcp Ifn ]n∂oSv Bkq-
{XWw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
¢mkn¬ Bh-iy-amb Ifn-t\m- p-Ifpw
\mW-b-ßfpw So®¿ Icp-X-Ww. Ip´n-
Iƒ°v X߃ Nn¥n® coXn CXp-]-
tbm-Kn®v ¢mkns\ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
Øm≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
86
Bscm-s°-bmWv IqSp-X¬ thK-Ønepw IrXy-ambpw DØcw Is≠-Øn-b-sX∂v
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ c≠v kwJy-I-fpsS XpI "100' In´p∂ hyXy-kvX-amb 10 tPmSn-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-
ambn Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.
So®¿ t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v CXns\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ A[nI {]h¿Ø\w a\-°-W-°mbn sNøm≥ Ip´n-Isf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.
$ Is≠-Ønb coXn hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]d-bp-∂p. F≥._n bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
]ncn-s®-gpXn XpI Is≠-Øm-\p≈ hyXykvX km[y-X-Iƒ So®¿ D]-tbm-K-s∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww.
hcnbpw \ncbpw
$ 9 If-߃ sIm≠p≈ am{¥nI NXpcw Ip´n-Iƒ apºpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®n- p-≠v.
13 6 11
8 10 12
9 14 7
$ XpS¿®-bmbn 9 A°-߃ hcp∂ Hcp am{¥nI NXp-
c-am-Wn-Xv.
? hcnbpw \ncbpw tImtWmSp tImWpw Iq´n t\m°-
s´. F¥v {]tXy-I-X-bm-W-h¿ Is≠-Øn-bXv?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ kz¥-ambn 1 apX¬ 9 hsc kwJy-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v CØ-c-samcp am{¥nI
NXpcw \n¿an-°-s´.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ Is≠-Ønb coXn ]d-bp-∂p. bp‡n ka¿Yn-°p-∂p.
$ Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ So®¿ th¿j≥ \¬I-Ww.
$ ChnsS \¬Inb am{¥nI NXp-c-Øns‚ So®¿ th¿j≥ t\m°q.
So®¿ th¿j≥
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Iq´nt®¿°mw
87
$ XpS¿∂v c≠° kwJy-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂
as‰mcp am{¥nI NXpcw (DZm: 16 ˛ 24, 31
˛ 39......) \n¿an-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏Smw.
t]m¿´vt^mfntbm kqN-I-ß-fp-]-tbm-
Kn®v Chsb So®¿°v hne-bn-cp-Ømw.
$ aq∂° kwJy-I-fpsS k¶-e\w Dd-∏n-®-
Xn -\p -tijw ]mT-]p -kvX-I-Ønse
am{¥nI NXpcw Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬Imw.
_n√v t\m°mw, ]nd-∂mƒ kΩm\w
$ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ip´n-
Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂p.
Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ So®¿ tNmZn-
°p-∂p.
? ]e-hy-RvP\w hmßn-b-Xn\v F{X cq]-
bmbn?
? ]®-°dn hmßn-b-Xnt\m?
? c≠pw tN¿Øv F{X cq]-bm-bn?
??? tacn-bpsS kºm-Zy-s∏- n-bn¬ F{X cq]-
bp≠v?
? tSman-bpsStXm?
??? BsI F{X cq]?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
So®¿ Bh-iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p.
$ {]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂-hsc Ifn-t\m v/\mWbw Ch-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS {]iv\
]cn-l-c-W-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p.
{KŸ-ime
$ hy‡n-K-X-hm-b\
So®-dpsS hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃
hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw tImtWmSv
tImWmbpw Iq´n-°n-´p∂ kwJy,
XpS¿®-bmb 9 kwJy-I-fpsS BsI
XpIsb 3 sIm≠v lcn-®-Xm-W-t√m.
3 sIm≠v lcn-°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°-dn-bm-
Ø-Xp-sIm≠v kwJy So®¿ t\cn v ]d-
™p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.
¢mkn¬ Ifn-t\m v/\mWbw Ch D]-
tbm-Kn®v ]T-\-{]-{Inb kwL-Sn-∏n-°-
Ww. c≠v aq∂° kwJy-Iƒ Iq´p-
tºmƒ ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cWw Fß-s\-
sb∂v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hni-Z-ambn
\¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Bh-iy-amb hni-I-
e\ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°-Ww. Hmtcm
L´hpw _n._n bn¬/Nm¿´n¬ Fgp-
X-Ww. Ifn-t\m v/\mWbw Ch-bpsS
klm-b-tØm-sSbpw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-
Ww. H∂ns‚ ÿm\Øpw ]Øns‚
ÿm\Øpw ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cWw hcp∂
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv \¬In-b-Xv. CXp-
t]m-ep≈ IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃
\¬Im≥ So®¿ {i≤n-°p-a-t√m.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
88
? {KŸ-im-e-bn¬ F{X ae-bmfw ]pkvX-
ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p?
? ]pXnb ae-bmfw ]pkvX-I-ß-sf{X?
? BsI ae-bmfw ]pkvX-I-ß-sf{X?
??? Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-߃ Ct∏mƒ F{X-
bp≠v?
??? {KŸ-im-e-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ BsI-bp≈ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS FÆ-sa{X?
$ F≥._n bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
A]-{K-Yn-°¬, Duln-®p-]-d-b¬, {]iv\w \n¿W-bn-°¬,
hne-bn-cp-ج F∂o tijn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-ØWw
Imbn-I-taf
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ kzbw/{Kq∏n¬ Xøm-dm-°nb
hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
∂p.
? BZy-Zn-hkw ]s¶-SpØ B¨Ip- n-I-
sf{X?
? c≠mw Znh-ktam?
? c≠p Znh-khpw IqSntbm?
????$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn DØcw Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p
F≥._n bnepw Sn._n-bnepw Bh-iy-
amb tcJ-s∏-Sp -Ø-ep -Iƒ \S-
Ønsb∂v So®¿ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.
hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃°v tijw a\-
°W-°n-eqsS DØcw Is≠-Øm≥
BZyw Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. Is≠-
Ønb coXnbpw hni-Z -am -°-Ww.
(]pkvX-I-ßsf ae-bm-fw, Cw•o-jv
BsI F∂n-ßs\ L´-ßfm°n
Xncn®v hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ \¬In
{]{In-bm-_-‘n-X-ambn kwL-Sn-∏n-°-
Ww) kwJy-Iƒ Iq´p-tºmƒ ÿm\-
hn-e-bv°-\p-k-cn-®mWv Iq´p-∂-sX∂v
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.
""c≠v aq∂° kwJy-Iƒ Iq´m-\p≈ Cu{]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ DØcw Is≠-Øm≥Fs¥ms° hni-I-e\ tNmZy-ß-fmWv\n߃ Iq´p-Im-tcmSv tNmZn-°p-I. Rm≥{]iv\w D∂-bn-®p. Ip´n -Iƒ t\m´v_p°n¬ tNmZyw Ipdn-°p-tºmƒ Rm≥Ahsc \nco-£n-®p. A∏p Ahy-‡-ambnt\m´n¬ Ft¥m Ipdn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepwAh≥ D∂-bn® tNmZyw IrXy-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Aß-s\-bp-≈-h¿°vBZy Ah-kcw \¬In. ]ns∂ Ah¿{Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-SpØn, ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. Ah¿ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.XpS¿∂v BZyw a\-°-W-°mbpw ]ns∂Fgp-Xnbpw DØcw Is≠-Øn. t]m¿ vt^mfntbm kqN-I-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®vAh¿ Xøm-dm-°nb tNmZy-ßsf Rm≥hne-bn-cp-Øn. Ah-cpsS {]I-S-\sØss\]p-Wn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn.'' ....So®¿ Xs‚ {]Xn-I-cW t]Pn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn.
Hcp kwJy apX¬ as‰mcp kwJy hscF{X F∂Xv BZyw ]mT- m-KØv Ip´n-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v. AXv Hm¿Ω-s∏-SpØn {Inb sNbvXm¬ aXn.
Iq´nt®¿°mw
89
F{X Iq´w
Ip´n-Iƒ {]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-
°p-∂p.
So®¿ Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ \¬Ip-
∂p.
? F¬.-]n. bn¬ \n∂v F{X tXß In´n?
? bp.]n bn¬ \nt∂m?
?? Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?
kzX{¥ {]Xn-I-c-Ww.
Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn {]iv\w \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp∂p.
Ah-X-cWw ˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse kzbw hnebn-cp-ج tImfw hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]q¿Øn-bm-
°p-∂p. So®¿ ]cn-tim-[n®v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
kwJym kuμcyw
1 apX¬ 5 hsc-bp≈ kwJy-I-fn¬ XpS¿®-bmb aq∂v A°-߃ sIm≠v henb
kwJybpw AXns\ Xncn-s®-gp-Xnb sNdnb kwJybpw Iq´n-bm¬ In´p∂ XpI-bpsS
kuμcyw Ip´n-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂p.
321 432 543123 234 345
444 666 888
Rm≥ \qdp-Iƒ BZyw a\ n¬
Iq´n. 70 c≠v {]mhiyw Iq´n. 2
IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xp-sIm≠v 62 \v
]Icw 60 Iq´n DØ-c-Øn-seØn
as‰m∂p Is≠-Ømtam?
hnP-tbm-’hw
a\-°-W-°mbn DØcw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
hy‡n-K-X-ambn DØcw Is≠-Øn, Is≠-Ønb coXn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Sn._n bnepw F≥._n bnepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
A]-{K-Y\w, Xmc-Xayw sNø¬, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°¬,
Duln-°m-\p≈ Ignhv F∂o tijn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-ØWw
k¿°kv
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
? k¿°kv I≠ ]pcp-j-∑m-sc{X?
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
90
? kv{XoItfm?
??
Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp∂p
$ Ah-X-cWw
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج F≥._n bnepw Sn._n
bnepw
\ndw \¬Iq
\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kwJy-Iƒ Iq´n t\m°n DØ-c-ambn e`n-°p∂ kwJy-Iƒ D≈
If-߃°v \ndw \¬In-bm¬ Nn{X-Øn¬ Hfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Bsc∂v Is≠-Øm≥
Ign-bpw. CXp-hsc sNbvXp-h∂ {Inb-Iƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
$ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-tijw
? F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Nn{Xw Hcp t]mse-bmtWm?
? Nn{Xw hyXy-kvX-am-hm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øepw ]c-kv]c hne-bn-
cp-Øepw \S-Øp-∂p. So®¿ hne-bn-cpØn
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
kΩm\w t\Smw
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]´n-I-sb-°p-dn®v s]mXp-N¿®/hni-I-
e\ tNmZy-߃.
$ ]´nI hy‡n-K-X-ambn Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.
{Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNøp-∂p.
$ sa®-s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cWw.
c≠v aq∂° kwJy-tbm-sSm∏w Hcp
c≠° kwJy-Iq´n DØcw Is≠-Øp-
I-bmWv Chn-sS. Ip´n-Iƒ {Inb sNøp-
tºmƒ ÿm\w sX‰n FgpXn {Inb
sNøp∂hsc Is≠-Øp-Ibpw Ah-X-
cW ka-bØv Ah¿°v BZy ]cn-K-
W\ \¬In {Inbm- mKw icn-bm-t°-
≠Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
Øp-Ibpw thWw.
?
kn\n km\nX dknb djoZv ssee B≥kn
_\n-b≥
j¿´v
Npcn-Zm¿
anUn
tSm∏v
IpS
_mKv
kmcn
BsI
Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn
X∂n- p≈ hnh-c-ßsf Hcp ]´n-I-bn-
te°v am‰n-b-Xn-\p-tijw A]-{K-Yn-°p-
∂Xv IqSp-X¬ Ffp-∏-am-bn-cn-°pw.
AXn\v ]´nI cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn
hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ So®¿ tNmZn-
°-Ww. XpS¿∂v t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬
]´nI cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p. hne-Iƒ ]pXp-
Xmbn D≠m°nb ]´n-I-bn¬ Fgp-
XWw
Iq´nt®¿°mw
91
$ ¢mkvXe t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn F≥._n bn¬ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
$ Sn._n bnse tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øp-∂p. Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$
A]-{K-Yn-°p-∂p, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°p-∂p, ]c-kv]-c-_‘w
Is≠-Øp-∂p, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p, {IaoI-cn-°p-∂p F∂o tijn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-
Øp∂p
H‰tbm Cc- tbm?
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p
? H∂m-asØ tNmZyw ]cn-tim-[n-®-t∏mƒ XpIbv°v F¥v {]tXy-I-X-bmWv Is≠-
Øn-bXv?
$ CXp-t]mse a‰v aq∂v tNmZy-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n®v Ip´n-Iƒ {]tXy-IX Is≠Øn
]d-b-s´.
So®¿ Hmtcm tNmZyhpw ]cn-l-c-W-Øn\p tijw t{ImUo-I-cn-°p∂p ˛ F≥._n
bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ kam-\-amb coXn-bn¬ Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw 5 tPmSn kwJy-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn
FgpXn DØcw Is≠-Øs´
t]m¿ vt^mfntbm kqN-I-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p.
A[nI {]h¿Ø\w
$ A[n-I-ambn \¬Inb 8 {]h¿Ø-\-߃ (t]Pv 30, 31, 32) bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-
en\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ XpS¿®-bmb c≠p kwJy-I-fpsS XpI F√m-bvt∏mgpw Hcp H‰kwJy-bm-bn-
cn°pw.
$ c≠v Cc´kwJy-I-fpsS XpI Ft∏mgpw Hcp Cc´kwJy-bm-bn-cn°pw.
$ c≠v H‰kwJy-I-fpsS XpIbpw F√m-bvt∏mgpw Cc- -kw-Jy-bm-bn-cn°pw.
$ Hcp Cc´kwJybpw Hcp H‰kwJybpw Iq´n-bm¬ DØcw H‰-kw-Jy-bm-bn-
cn-°pw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
{]iv\m-]-{K-Y-\w, hymJym-\n-°¬, ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-ج, \nK-a\w cq]o-
I-cn-°¬, kmam-\y-h-ev°-cn-°¬, \n¿Δ-Nn-°¬ F∂o {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ So®¿
hne-bn-cp-ØWw
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
92
$ Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\hpw Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn®v kz¥-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°-s´.
]T-\-Øn¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v So®¿ Bh-iy-amb ]n¥pW \¬I-
Ww.
A[nI {]h¿Ø\w So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
hgn-I-s≠-Ømtam?
So®¿ IYm-cq-]-Øn¬ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p
Cc´n/aSßv F¥m-sW∂v So®¿ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p
$ Cc´n kwJy-Iƒ e`n-°p∂ If-ßsf _‘n-∏n®v hgn ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. If-
߃°v \ndw \¬Imw/hc-I-fn-eqsS ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n°mw
XpS¿® ImWmtam?
kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Is≠Øn ]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂p ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-
bm-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ]pXnb ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw Ah-kcw \¬Ip-Ibpw
Ah hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
A{]-{K-Yn-°¬, Xmc-X-ayw sNø¬, hymJym-\n-°¬, {]iv\w cq]o-I-cn-°¬,
\nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°¬ F∂o tijn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-ØWw.
Iq´n-t\m°q
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kwJy-Iƒ Bh¿Øn®pw A√m-sXbpw Hcp t{iWn-bmbn hcn-
bmbpw \nc-bmbpw Iq´pI F∂ Dt±-iy-amWv {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]n∂n¬. F√m-bvt∏mgpw
DØ-c-ambn 450 In´-W-sa-∂n-√. ]c-am-h[n In´m≥ {ian-°-Ww. Hcp L´w Ign-bp-
tºmƒ kwJy-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmtg°pw Ip´n a\- n¬ Iq´m≥ Bcw- n-°pw. CXmWv
bYm¿∞ e£yw.
DØcw 450 In´m≥ H∂m-asØ hcnbpw \ncbpw \ne-\n¿Øn c≠m-asØ hcnbpw
\ncbpw Hgn-hm°n kwJy-Iƒ Bh¿Øn-°msX sNøm≥ \¬I-Ww.
kwJybpw kwJybpw
kwJymkuμcyw Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bp≈XmWv Cu {]h¿Ø-\w.
FSp-Øv-am‰mw
93
bqWn‰vFSp-Øv-am‰mw3
BapJw
aq∂° kwJy-I-fpsS hyh-I-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Cu
bqWn‰v Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Hcp aq∂° kwJy-bn¬ \n∂v
as‰mcp aq∂° kwJy Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ
Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.
hyh-I-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v c≠°kw-Jy-I-fpsS {Inb-I-fmWv
sXm v Xmsg-bp≈ ¢mkn¬ ssIImcyw sNbvXn- p-≈-Xv. Xs‚ Pohn-
XNp‰p-]m-Sp-ambpw A√m-sX-bp-ap≈ {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-߃ ]cn-
l-cn-°m≥ hyh-I-e-\-{Inb D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. Cu bqWn-‰nepw
CØcw km[y-X-Ifpw kml-N-cy-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
IqSmsX kwJym-t{i-Wn-bnse kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øn¬
hyh--I-e\ {Inb-I-fpsS km[yX Fß-s\-sb∂v ]mT- mKw N¿®
sNøp-∂p.
kwJyIƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv hepXv, sNdpXv Is≠-Øm≥ Ip´n
CXn-\Iw tijn t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v. Cu tijn c≠v kwJy-I-fpsS
hyXymkw ImWm≥ Ip´n ChnsS D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. IqSmsX
Xs‚ Pohn-X-Np‰p-]m-Sp-am-tbm, kml-N-cy-ß-fp-amtbm A√m-sX-
bp≈ \nc-h[n {]mtbm-Kn-I-{]-iv\-߃ \¬In-b-Xn-eqsS Ahsb
hni-I-e\w sNbvXv {]iv\-\n¿≤m-cWw \SØm≥ Ip´n Ignhv t\Sp-
∂p. CXp-hgn Dulw tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج, Xmc-Xayw, A]-{K-Y-\w,
\nK-a-\-cq-]o-I-cWw, ZØ-߃ ssIImcyw sNø¬, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
ج, kwJym- -hym-Jym-\w, kwJym-_-‘-߃ Is≠-ج,
hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ Is≠-ج F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ Nn¥m-h-gn-I-fn-
eqsS IS∂p t]mhp-Ibpw AXv kz¥w mj-bn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m\pw
{Kq∏v/kwL-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏ v sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ah-
kcw e`n-°p-∂p. kwJym-t{i-Wn-bnse kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
Is≠Øn ka¿Yn-°m\pw ]pXnb kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ {]mtbm-Kn-°m\pw
{]m]vXn t\Sp-∂p. Ch \nXy-Po-hnX {]iv\-ß-fnepw {Ib-hn-{I-b-ß-
fnepw a‰pw G¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Ip´n°v klm-b-I-c-ambn Xocp-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
94
bqW
n‰v s
{^b
nw
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$k
wJy-I
ƒ X
mc-X
ayw
sN
øp-∂
-Xn-\
p≈ {]
tb
m-KnI
kμ
¿-ß
-fn¬
\
n∂v A
h-b
psS h
ep∏
h
yXym
kw
hyh
-I-e
\ {I
nb-I
-fn-
eqs
S X
ncn-®
-dn-b
p∂ {]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ.
${]
mtb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
hni
-I-e
\w
sN
bvX
v hyh
-I-e
\ k
m[y-
X-I
ƒ X
ncn-®
-dn-b
p-Ib
pw {]
iv\
-\n¿
W-b
w, h
nh-c-ti
-J-c-W
w, A
]-
{K-Y
-\w, \
n¿[
m-cW
w X
pS-ß
nb L
-ß-fn-e
qsS A
h k
z¥-amb
n]
cn-l
-cn-°
p-Ib
pw sN
øm-h
p∂ k
μ¿
-߃
.
${]
mtb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
\n¿
[m-c
Ww
sN
øp-t
ºmƒ
kwJ
y-Iƒ
XΩ
n-ep≈
_
‘w
Is≠
-Øp∂
{]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ.
$k
wJy-b
p-amb
n _
‘-s∏
´ {]
iv\
-߃
sN
øp-∂
-Xn-e
qsS ]
pXnb
\nK
-a-\
-߃
cq]
o-I-cn-°
p-∂p.
$k
wJym
]mt
‰-W
p-Iƒ
hni
-I-e
\w
sN
øp-∂
-Xn-e
qsS k
wJy-I
ƒX
Ωn-e
p≈ _
‘w
Is≠
Øn h
ni-Zo--I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$Hcp
kwJ
y-b
n¬
\n∂
vas‰mc
p k
wJy
Ipd
-bv°
p-∂-
Xn-\
p≈ coX
n-Iƒ
h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
${]
mtb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
]cn-
l-cn-°
p-∂-X
n\v h
yh-I
-e-\
-{I
nb D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
${]
iv\
]
cn-l
-c-W
-Øns
‚h
yXyk
vX coX
n-Iƒ
h
ni-Zo-
I-cn-°
p-∂p.
$h
yh
-I-e
\
{Inb
-I-f
psS
DØ
cw i
cn-b
mtW
msb
∂v
]cn-t
im-[
n-°p-∂
-Xn-\
p≈coX
n k
a¿Y
n-°p-∂
p.
$k
wJ
y-I
-fps
S {]
tX
y-I
-X-
Iƒ
k
w_
-‘n®
v \
nK-a-\
-ß
ƒ cq]
o-I-cn-°
p-∂p.
$k
wJym
-{I-a-ß
-fps
S b
p‡n
hni
-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$k
wJy-I
-fps
S h
ep∏
w X
mc-X
ayw
sN
ømw
.
Hcp
kwJ
ysb
°mƒ
F
{X sN
dp-
XmW
v/he
p-XmW
v F
∂v I
mWp-∂
-X
n\v A
h-b
psS h
yXym
kw
I≠
m¬aX
n.
$\
nXy-P
o-hnX
{]
iv\
-߃
]
cn-l
-cn-
°p-∂
-Xn-\
mbn h
yh-I
-e\
{I
nb D
]-
tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$h
yh-I
-e-\
-{In-b
-I-fps
S {I
nbm-
ew
icn-b
mtW
m F
∂v ]
cn-ti
m-[n-°
p-∂-
Xn-\
v.
$Hc-°
hpw B
h¿Ø
n°mØ
aq∂
-°-
kw-J
ybpw
A
Xv X
ncn-s
®-gp-X
nbk
wJ
ybpw
X
Ωn-e
p≈ h
yXym
-k-
amb
n I
n´p∂
k
wJy-b
psS A
°Ø
pI-b
psS {]
tX
y-I-X
.
$Hcp
kwJ
ym-{I
-a-Ø
nse
kwJ
y-Iƒ
XΩ
n¬ \
n›n-X
-amb
Hcp
_‘
wD≠
v.
FSp-Øv-am‰mw
95
kabw : 20 ]ocnbUv
kma-{Kn-Iƒ : Ifn-t\m- p-Iƒ, \mW-b-߃, a©mSn, apØv, Nm¿ v t]∏¿
bqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\w
IS-bn-te°v
kwJy-I-fpsS hep∏w Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv
{Inbm- ew Is≠-Øp∂ Cu {]h¿Ø\w
c≠° kwJy-I-fpsS hyh-I-e\w
Hm¿Ωs∏-Sp-Øp∂ H∂m-Wv.
$ hy‡n-KX hmb\/{]iv\m-h-X-cWw
So®-dpsS CS-s]-S¬˛ hni-I-e\
tNmZy-߃
? t_m¿Un¬ Fs¥ms° hnh-c-߃?
? Hmtcm-bn-\hpw C∂v F{X-sbÆw
hn‰p?
? hnev]-\bv°v tijw C∂v F{X-
sbÆw _m°n-bp≠v?
? Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?
? c≠m-asØ {]iv\w Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p∂p
So®-dpsS hni-I-e\ tNmZy߃
{]iv\-Øns‚ Hmtcm L´hpw Ip´n-Iƒ
hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°-s´. \n¿≤m-
c-W-Øn\v hnjaw t\cn-Sp-∂p-sh-¶n¬
am{Xw hni-I-e\ tNmZy-ß-fm-hmw.
{Inbm- ew Is≠-Øm≥ a\-°-W°v
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I. tijw Is≠-
Ønb coXn ]d-bp-Ibpw Sn._n bnepw
F≥._n bnepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNøp-I. CXp-t]mse ASp-Ø-L- -ß-
fnepw a\-°-W-°mtbm A√m-sXtbm
{Inbm- ew Is≠-Ø-s´.
? Hmtcm-bn\hpw Ct∏mƒ F{X- _m-°n-bp≠v?
? C∂v Hmtcm-bn-\hpw F{X-sb-Æw sIm≠ph∂p?
$
? AΩp Hmtcm-bn-\hpw F{X-sbÆw hmßn?
? AΩp hmßn-b-Xn-\p-tijw Hmtcm-bn-\hpw F{X-sb-Æ-ambn?
? Fß-s\ -I-s≠Øpw?
Xmc-Xayw sNø¬, ]ckv]c _‘w Is≠-ج, kwJysb hymJym-\n°¬,
A]-{K-Yn-°¬ F∂o -ti-jn-Iƒ So®¿°v hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
96
? hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p. {Kp∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ah-X-
cWw \S-Øp-∂p.
$ kz¥w coXnbpw a‰p-≈-h¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n® coXnbpw Sn._n bnepw F≥._n bnepw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
imkv{X-am-knI
Hcp kwJytb-°mƒ F{X sNdp-XmWv/
hepXmWv as‰mcp kwJy F∂v ImWp-∂-
Xn\v Ah-bpsS hyXymkw I≠m¬ aXn
F∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]p\:{Iao-I-c-
W-Øn-eqsS \n¿≤m-cWw sNøm-hp∂ Hcp
{]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
$ hy‡n-K-X-hm-b\ \S-Øp-∂p
So®¿ Nne tNmZy -ß-fn -eqsS
{]h¿Ø\w hni-Zo-I-cn®v sImSp-°p∂p
$
$
$ CXp-t]mse H∂ns‚ ÿm\Øv ]p\:{Iao-I-cWw hcp∂ tNmZy-߃ So®¿
D≠m°n \¬I-Ww.
]T-\-k-lm-b-\n[n
hyh-I-e\ {Inb-I-fpsS {Inbm-^ew icn-
bm-tWm-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-®-dn-bm≥ D]-I-
cn-°p∂ Cu {]h¿Ø\w hfsc hni-Z-ambn
Sn._n bn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v.
$ hy‡n-K-X-hmb\bv°v tijw So®¿
Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-ß-fn -eqsS
{]h¿Ø\w hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.
$ A[n-I-ambn \¬Inb Cu {]h¿Ø\w
a\°W-°mbn sNbvXv \n¿≤m-cWw
sNbvX coXn hni-Z-am-°-s´. Ifn-t\m-
´p-I-ƒ D]-tbm--Kn®v AXn-\p-tijw
¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-a-t√m.
Hcp aq∂° kwJy-bn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp
aq∂° kwJy Ipd -bv°p -∂Xpw
]p\:{Iao -I -c -W-Øn -eqsS {Inb
sNtø≠Xp-amb Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-am-
Wn-Xv. Ifn-t\m- v, \mW-b-߃, a©m-
Sn, IºvsI- v, apØv XpS-ßn KWn-X-
em-_nse hyXykvX hkvXp-°ƒ D]-
tbm-Kn®v ¢mkn¬ sNbvXp t\m°mw.
]T\ ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bp≈ Ip´n-Isf
BZyw ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww. AX-\p-k-cn®v
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNø-
Ww.
Hcp aq∂° kwJy-bn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp
aq∂° kwJy Ipd-bvt°≠n hcp-
tºmƒ, kwJysb ]p\:{Iao-I-cn®v
\n¿≤m-cWw sNøp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-
\p-]-tbm-Kn® AtX hkvXp-°ƒ D]-
tbm-Kn®v {]h¿Ø\w ¢m n¬ \S-
Ømw. H‰bv°pw {Kq∏mbpw So®¿°v
¢m n¬ {]h¿Ø\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.
{Inbm-^-ew icn-bmtWmsb∂v ]cn-
tim-[n-°p∂ coXn a‰v DZm-l-c-W-߃
\¬Inbpw Ip´n-bn¬ Dd-∏n-°-Ww. H∂n-
s‚bpw ]Øn-s‚bpw ÿm\Øp ]p\-
{I-ao-I-cWw hcp∂ IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ So®¿ \¬I-Ww.
FSp-Øv-am‰mw
97
IYm-]p-kvXIw
$ So®-dpsS aps∂m-cp° {]h¿Ø-
\-߃°p tijw Sn._n bnse
{]iv\w Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ hy‡n-KX \n¿≤m-cWw
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp--ج (Sn._n, F≥.-
_n)
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Ønb
hgn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
_m¶n-te°v
"]n≥h-en-°pI' F∂ ]Zw \nXy
Pohn-X--Øn¬ Ip´n D]-tbm--Kn-°p-
∂p≠v. \nt£]n°pI F∂Xv Iq´n-
t®¿°pI F∂pw ]n≥h-en-°pI
F∂Xv Hcp Iq´-Øn¬ \n∂v FSp-
Øp-am-‰p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.
$ ¢mknse "_m¶nwKv' Ifn°p
tijw ]T-\ - {] -h¿Ø\w
hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®-dpsS hni-I-e\ tNmZy-
߃
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn {]iv\w
]cnl-cn-°p∂p. tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øp-Ibpw ]cn-l-cn® coXn
Ah -X - c n - ∏ n -° pIb p w
sNøp∂p.
Acn-°-S-bn¬, {In°‰v
Ip´n -Iƒ hy‡n-K -X -ambn
{]h¿Ø-\w hmbn-°p-∂p.
? 25 Intem Acn-bpsS hne
F{X?
c≠p {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv D≈-Xv. {]mtbm-KnI
{]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ hyh-I-e-\-Øns‚
hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn -∏n -°p-∂p.
aq∂° kwJy-I-fn¬ ]qPyw h∂m¬ Fß-
s\-bmWv {Inb sNøp-∂Xv F∂-XmWv ChnsS
sImSp-Øn- p-≈-Xv. {]h¿Ø\w XpSßpw apºv
120 ¬ \n∂v 80 Ipd-bv°p-∂Xpw 102 ¬ \n∂v
80 Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xp-amb {]iv\-߃ Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°-Ww. kam-\-amb Ipd®p {]iv\-߃
ap≥{]-h¿Ø-\-ambn \¬I-Ww. IqSmsX
sskUv sF°¨ ]d-bp-∂Xpw {i≤n-°-Ww.
kwJy-Iƒ Ipd-bvt°≠n hcp-tºmƒ, henb
kwJy-bnse H∂ns‚bpw ]Øn-s‚bpw
ÿm\Øv ]qPyw h∂mepw henb kwJy-bnepw
sNdnb kwJy-bnepw H∂ns‚ ÿm\Øv ]qPyw
h∂mepw {Inb sNøp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb-∂mWv
Cu c≠p {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS sNøp-∂-Xv.
kwJy ]ncn-s®-gp -Xnbpw ]p\:{Iao-I-cn®pw
sNdnb kwJy-tbmSv F{X Iq´n-bm¬ henb
kwJy In´pw F∂v t\m°nbpw BZyw {]iv\w
]cn-l-cn-°mw. CtXm-sSm∏w Sn._n bnse sskUv
sF°¨ ]d-bp∂ \n¿t±iw IqSn ]cn-K-Wn®v
c≠m-asØ {]iv\hpw ]cn-l-cn-°mw.
{]h¿Ø\w XpSßpw apºv ¢m n¬ Hcp
_m¶v kwhn-[m\w amXr-I-bm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ifn-t\m v, \mW--b-߃, CS-]mSv cio-Xp-Iƒ
apX-em-bh Hcp-°-Ww. So®-dpsS \n¿t±-i-a-
\p-k-cn®v Ip´n-Iƒ _m¶v Poh-\-°mcpw CS-
]m-Sp-Im-cp-ambn amd-s´. F√m-h¿°pw CS-]mSv
\S-Øm≥ kuIcyw Hcp-°p-Ibpw \S-Ønb
CS-]mSv IrXy-am-tWm-sb∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-
Ibpw thWw. XpS¿∂v sSIvÃv _p°nse
"_m¶n-te°v' F∂ {]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-Sp-°mw.
ChnsS {]iv\ \n¿W-bw, A]-{K-Y-\w, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°¬,
{]tbm-Kn-°¬ F∂o tijn-Iƒ So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
98
? A—s‚ ssIbn¬ F{X cq]-
bp≠v?
??? {ioe¶ F{X d¨sk-Sp-Øp?
? C¥ytbm?
$ c≠p {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hy‡n-K-X-ambn \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-ج
$ ¢m vXe Ah-X-cWw
$ Is≠-Ønb hgn-Iƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw t\m´p-_p-°nepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ apºv sNbvX 2 {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Dd-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn-emIWw A[nI {]h¿Ø-
\߃ \¬tI-≠Xv.
kvIqfn-te°v
hy‡n-K-X-amb hmb-\bv°p
tijw So®¿ Nne hni-I-e\
tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-Itbm
AXn -\p≈ A¥-co£w
¢mkn¬ Hcp-°p-Itbm sNøp-
∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øn-b-Xn-
\p-tijw coXn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-
∂p. t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂p.
$ A[n-I-ambn \¬Inb {]h¿Ø\w t\csØ sNbvXXns\ H∂p IqSn Dd-∏n-°p-
∂p. ChnsS c≠p hgn-I-fp-≠v, 686 ¬ \n∂v BZyw 247 Ipd-bv°p-∂p. In´nb DØ-
c-Øn¬ \n∂v 265 Ipd®v _m°n ImWp-∂p. as‰m∂v 247 Dw 265 Dw Iq´n In´n-b-
Xns\ 686 ¬ \n∂v Ipd®v hyXymkw ImWp-∂p.
apØ-»n-bpsS {]mbw
{]mb-hy-Xymkw ImWpI F∂-XmWv {]h¿Ø-\w. a\-°-W-°mbn sNøm≥ Bh-
iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Is≠-Ønb coXn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøs´. XpS¿∂v Ip´n-I-
tfmSv Xs‚ IpSpw-_-Ønse a‰w-K-ß-fpsS {]mb-hp-ambn Xs‚ {]mb--Øns‚ hyXymkw
ImWp-Ibpw AXns\ t]m¿ vt^mfntbm B°n am‰p-Ibpw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXns\
ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn Nne tNmZy-߃ \n¿an-°pIbpw sNømw. kqN-I-ß-fp-]-tbm-
Kn®v hne-bn-cpØn KpWm-flI Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
A]-{K-Y-\w, Xmc-Xayw, hymJym-\n-°¬,
hyXykvX hgn -Iƒ At\z-jn -°¬,
Bibw hn\n-abw sNø¬, t_m[y-s∏-
Sp-ج F∂nh So®¿°v hne-bn-cp-Ømw.
Bh-iy-amb A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃
ChnsS \¬I-Ww.
Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ c≠v tNmZy-ß-fp-≠v.
{]iv\ ]cn -l-c -W-Øn\p c≠n -SØpw
]p\:{Iao-I-c-W-amWv \S-tØ-≠-Xv. ¢mkn¬
KWn-X-em-_nse apØp-t]m-ep≈ km[-\-
߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v CXv {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CtX tNmZyw bp.]n bn¬ 375
]mbv°‰pw 2, 3, 4, 5 ¢mkp-I-fn¬ 329 Dw sImSp-
Øm¬ F{X D≠mhpw F∂ H‰ tNmZy-Øn-
te°v amt‰-≠Xpw ¢mkn¬ AXv {]{In-bm-
_-‘n-X-ambn \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
$
FSp-Øv-am‰mw
99
D®- -£-Ww, ]m¬ hnX-cWw
hnZym-e-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp∂ c≠v {]iv\-ß-fm-Wn-h.
Ip´n-I-fpsS hy‡n-K-X-hm-b-
\bv°v tijw So®¿ Nne hni-
I-e\ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-Ibpw
Is≠-Ønb coXn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-
Ibpw tcJ-s∏-SpØpIbpw
sNøp-∂p.
$ A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ {Inbm-^ew Is≠-Ø-s´. XpS¿∂v 98 \p
]Icw 100 Ipd-®m¬ {Inbm- -e-Ønse hyXym-k-sa¥v F∂v So®¿ tNmZn-°p-
Ibpw AXn-s\-°p-dn®v ¢mkn¬ N¿® \SØpIbpw sNø-Ww. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈
IqSp-X¬ tNmZy-߃ So®¿ ¢mkn-e-h-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.
bqWnt^mw
hy‡n-KX hm -b-\bv°v
tijw So®¿ Nne hni-I-e\
tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
? Hmtcm-bn\w XpWnbpw F{X-
hoXw tÃm°p≠v?
? ]pXn-bh Hmtcmbn\hpw F{X-
hoXw?
? Ct∏mƒ Hmtcm-bn-\hpw F{X-
bmbn?
? hnX-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw Hmtcm-
bn-\hpw F{X-hoXw _m°n
h∂p?
? Hmtcm-bn-\hpw F{X-bmWv
hnX-cWw sNbvXXv?
? {]iv\-]-cn -l-c-W-Øn\p≈
Ffp∏hgn GXmWv?
$ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpIbmsW-¶n¬ Fs¥ms° hnh-c-߃ thWw?
A]-{K-Y-\w, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°¬, {Iao-I-cn-°¬, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج,
Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬, hne-bn-cp-ج F∂o tijn-Iƒ So®¿°v hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv.
IrXy-amb hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ Xbm-dm-°-
Ww. hni-I-e\ tNmZy-Øns‚ e£yw ]´n-I-
bnse Hmtcm tImf-Øn-s‚bpw Xe-s°´pw
AXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ hnh-c-ßfpw Ip´n-Iƒ-
Xs∂ Is≠-Øp-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu hnh-c-߃
h®v BZyw kzbw ]´nI Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw AXv
{Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. XpS¿∂v
¢mkv N¿®-bn-eqsS s]mXp-hmb Hcp ]´nI
cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw hy‡n-K-X-ambn {]iv\w ]cn-
l-cn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ c≠v ]´n-I-Ifpw ¢mkn¬ ]cn-
N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw {]iv\-]-cn-l-cWw H‰-t\m-
´-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-am-bXv
Is≠-Øp-Ibpw AXns‚ \ymbo-I-cWw \S-
Øp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
sSIvÃv-_p-°nepw t\m´p-_p-°nepw Rm≥ Is≠-
Ønb hgnbpw Iq´p-Im¿ Is≠-Ønb hgnbpw
Fgp-Xp-∂p. kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øepw ]c-kv]c
hne-bn-cp-Øepw kqN-I-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v \S-
Øp∂p.
{]tbmKnI {]iv\-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv
{]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn-
eqsS IS∂p t]mhp-∂p. ]p\x-{I-ao-I-c-W-Øn-
eq-sS-tbm- F{X Iq´n-bm¬ henb kwJy
In´pw (Icon) F∂o coXntbm {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-
W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
100
]mhmS j¿´v
tÃm°v
]pXn-bh
BsI
hnX-c-W-Øn\p
tijw _m°n
hnX-cWw
sNbvXXv
* ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬Inb
kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج tcJ ]cn-
tim-[n®v Ip´n-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
ØWw
]´nI ˛ 1
]´nI ˛ 2
inip-Zn\ dmen
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
? F¥mWv Is≠-tØ-
≠Xv? Fßs\ Is≠-
Øpw?
$ kzX{¥ {]Xn-I-cWw.
$ h y ‡ n - K - X - a m b n
{]iv\ ]cn-lmcw.
$ ¢mkv Ah-X-c-Ww.
A]-{K-Y-\w, hymJym-\w, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°¬ Ch hne-bn-cp-Ø-
Ww.
$ kz¥-ambn Is≠-ØnbXpw ¢mkn¬ Is≠-Øn-b-Xp-amb hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ
sSIvÃv _p°nepw t\m´p_p-°nepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
$ Ipd-®Xv icn-bm-tWm-sb∂v Rm≥ ]cn-tim-[n® coXn (t]Pv 43) Ip´n-Iƒ kzbw
Fgp-X-s´.
sdUv t{Imkp-Im-cpsS FÆw ImWm≥ kvIu´n-
s‚bpw ssKUvkn-s‚bpw FÆw Iq´n BsI Ip´n-
IfpsS FÆ-Øn¬ \n∂v Ipd-bv°mw. B¨Ip´n-I-
fn¬ \n∂v kvIu´n-s‚bpw s]¨Ip-´n-I-fn¬ \n∂v
ssKUv-kn-s‚bpw FÆw Ipd®v _m°n hcp-∂Xv Iq´n-
bm¬ aXn. BsI Ip´n -I -fn¬ \n∂v BZyw
ssKUvkns‚ FÆw Ipd-bv°p-∂p. Ipd®p In´nbXn¬
\n∂v kvIu´n-s‚bpw FÆw Ipd-bv°p-∂p. Cßs\
hyXykvX hgn-I-fp-≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-s√-¶n¬
So®¿ th¿j-\n-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.
tÃm°v ]pXn-bh BsI hnX-c-W-Øn\v hnX-cWw
tijw _m°n sNbvXXv
]mhmS
j¿´v
FSp-Øv-am‰mw
101
imkvt{Xm-’hw
So®-dpsS hni-I-e\ tNmZy-ß-fpsS
klm-b-tØmsS hy‡n-K-X-ambn
{]iv\ \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp-∂p. Bh-
iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ sSIvÃv-
_p-°nepw t\m´p_p-°nepw \S-Øp-
∂p.
kwJym-tKm-]pcw
BZysØ kwJym-]-Sn-bnse CStØm hetØm D≈ henb kwJy-bn¬ \n∂v
sNdnb kwJy Ipd-®mWv c≠m-asØ kwJym-]-Sn-bnse kwJy-Iƒ Is≠-tØ-≠-
Xv. XpS¿∂v AXv t]mse a‰p-≈-h-bpw. BZy-]Snbnse Hgn™ If-Ønse kwJy
636 Bbn-cn-°p-a-t√m.
A[nI-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃
1. a\°-W-°n\v {]m[m\yw \¬In {]h¿Ø\w Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww.
2. Ip´n-Iƒ kzbw sNø-s´. Htcmbn\hpw hmßnb hnebpw hn‰-hn-ebpw {]tXy-
I-ambn FgpXn hyXymkw ImW-s´. hyXym-k-߃ XΩn¬ Iq´n-bm¬ A[n-I-
ambn In´nb cq] In´pw (]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Bhmw).
3. c≠v aq∂° kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw ]p\:-{I-ao-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS
ImWp∂p.
4. BsI 469 Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ 2 hoXw
\¬Ip-tºmƒ Cc´n 938 eUp
thW-a-t√m. BsI D≈ eUp
840. C\n 938 ¬ \n∂v 840 Ipd®p
t\m°q. as‰mcp hgn eUp-hns‚ FÆ-Øn¬ \n∂v 469 Ipd-bv°p∂p. XpS¿∂v
_m°n h∂Xns\ 469 ¬ \n∂v Ipdbv-°p-∂p.
5. BsI Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ \n∂v B¨Ip- n-I-fpsS FÆw Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw
XpS¿∂v B¨Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw s]¨Ip-´n-I-fp-sSbpw FÆ-Øns‚ hyXymkw
ImWp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
Fenbpw ]q®bpw
Ip´n-Iƒ kzbw sNø-s´. Bh-iy-amb \n¿t±-i-߃ \¬In-bm¬ aXn. \Sp-hnse
NXp-c-Ønse 6 kwJy-Isf ]c-kv]cw Ipd®v sIm≠v, DZm: 840 ¬ \n∂v 5 kwJy-Iƒ,
Ipd-bv°p-∂p. Cßs\ 15 {Inb sNbvXv e`n® DØcw Np‰p-ap≈ If-ßfn¬ AS-bm-
f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. At∏mƒ Hcp Ifw _m°n-bm-Ipw. AXmWv aWn-b≥ Fen°v c£-s]-
Sm-\p≈ am¿Kw.
Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ 2 tNmZy-ß-fp-≠v.
c≠m-asØ tNmZy-Øns‚ DØcw Is≠-
Øm≥ a‰v Nne coXn-Iƒ sSIvÃv-_p-°n¬
hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
ChnsS \¬Inb 5 {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw CXp-
hsc N¿® sNbvXv Dd-∏n® {Inb-I-fp-ambn
_‘-s∏- m-Wv. Ip´n°v kzbw sNøm-\p-≈Xv.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
102
hyXymkw Fgp-Xmw.
c≠v aq∂° kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw 245 In´m-hp-∂Xv GsXms° F∂-
XmWv kwJym-N{Iw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xv. Nne If-ß-fn¬ kwJy \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
NneXv Iq´n-t\m-°n-bpw a‰p NneXv Ipd®p t\m°nbpw Is≠-Ømw.
kam-[m\w
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬Inb \n¿t±-i-߃°v ]pdsa Hcp aq∂° kwJy Fgp-Xp-
tºmƒ (DZm: 314) BZysØ A°hpw aq∂m-asØ A°hpw XΩn¬ H∂ns‚ hyXym-
k-amWv D≈-sX-¶n¬ DØ-c-Øn¬ \qdns‚ ÿm\Øv ]qPyw tN¿°-Ww. (DZm: 314
Xncn-s®-gp-Xn-bm¬ 413. Ch XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw Fgp-tX-≠Xv 099 F∂m-Wv. Xncn-
s®-gp-Xp-tºmƒ 990 F∂pw.)
kwJym-t{iWn ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
kwJym-t{i-Wn-bnse kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ \n›nX _‘w Is≠Øn AXns‚
bp‡n Ip´n-Iƒ ]d-bp-Ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNø-s´. CXp-t]mse a‰v kwJym-t{i-Wn-
Iƒ D≠m-°-s´.
A]-{K-Y-\w, hymJym-\w, ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-ج bp‡n-k-a¿Yn-°¬
F∂o tijn-Iƒ So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
Xmgp-Ifpw Xmt°m-ep-Ifpw
c≠v aq∂° kwJy-Iƒ XΩn¬ hyXymkw ImWp∂ {]h¿Ø-\w. hyXymkw I≠-
Xn-\p-tijw XmgpIfpw Xmt°m-ep-Ifpw XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n-°-Ww.
HºXpw Rm\pw
Ip´n-Iƒ kwJy-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°-s´.
So®¿ Nne tNmZy-߃ D∂-bn-°-Ww.
? kwJy-Iƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw {]tXy-I-X-bpt≠m?
? {Inbm- m-K-Øn-s‚bpw {Inbm- -e-Øn-s‚bpw {]tXy-IX F¥mWv?
? {Inbm- m-K-Øns‚bpw {Inbm- -e-Øn-sebpw kwJy-I-fpsS ap≥- -]n≥ kwJy-Iƒ°v
Fs¥-¶nepw {]tXy-I-X-bpt≠m?
? {Inbm- -e-Ønse kwJy-I-fpsS A°-ØpI ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ \n߃ F¥v \nK-
a-\-amWv cq]o-I-cn-°p-I?
? CXp-t]mse IqSp-X¬ {Inb-Iƒ sNøp-at√m?
? XpS¿®-bmbn Htc A°w hcp-∂-hbpw (DZm: 333, 777 F∂n-h) CS-hn´v Htc
A°w hcp-∂-hbpw (DZm: 545, 969... F∂n-h) CXn\v A\p-tbm-Py-a-√.
FSp-Øv-am‰mw
103
{]tXy-IX Is≠-Øq.
Hcp Bkzm-Z\ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. CjvS-ap≈ Hcp aq∂° kwJy FgpXn 90, 180,...
810 hsc-bp≈ kwJy-Iƒ Ipd®p t\m°-s´. {]tXyIX Ah¿ Is≠Øn ]d-bp-
Ibpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNø-s´.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
104
bqWn‰vcq]-߃ tNcp-tºmƒ4
BapJw
NXp-cw, {XntIm-Ww, h´w F∂o Pyman-Xob cq]-߃ Xncn-®-dn-
bm-\pw, Cu cq]-߃ tN¿Øv h®v hnhn[ cq]-߃ D≠m-°m\pw
hc-bv°m\pw D≈ Ignhv t\S-emWv Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS e£y-
an-Sp-∂-Xv.
Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ cq]-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw {XntIm-Ww, NXp-cw, h´w
Ch Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ Ignhv 2˛mw ¢mkn¬ h®p-Xs∂ Ip´n t\Sn-
bn- p≠v. ChnsS AØcw {]h¿Ø\-߃ H∂p-IqSn sNbvXv B
Ignhv Dd-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv apt∂m´v t]mIp-∂-Xv. NXp-cw,
{XntIm-Ww, h´w F∂o cq]-߃ tN¿Øv h®v hyXy-kvXhpw
BI¿jI-hp-amb [mcmfw cq]-߃ \n¿an-°p-hm\pw Ah hc®v
\ndw sImSpØv `wKn-bm-°m\pw D≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNøp-∂-Xn-
eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ°v Pyman-Xob Nn¥bpw ImgvN-∏mSpw Bkzm-Z-
\tijnbpw hnIkn∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. KWn-X-em_v D]-tbm-K-
s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v ChnsS km[yX hf-sc-
tb-sd-bm-Wv. kq£va-X-tbm-sSbpw IrXy-X-tbm-sSbpw cq]-߃
tN¿Øv h®v hc-bv°m\pw \n¿an-°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhv Ip´n-I-fn-ep-≠m-
°m≥ Cu bqWn‰nse {]h¿Ø-\-߃ F√mw Xs∂ klm-b-I-
c-am-Wv. Db¿∂ ¢mkp-I-fnse Pyman-Xob ]T-\-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bp-
≠m-°-emWv apJy-ambpw Cu ]mT- m-KØv e£y-an- n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
cq]-߃ tNcp-tºmƒ
105
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$N
Xpc
w, {X
ntI
m-Ww, h
´w
$N
Xp-c
w, {X
ntI
mWw
Ch
-bps
S h
i-
߃
.
$N
Xp-c
-°´
$N
p‰p-]
m-Sp-a
p≈ cq]
-ß-fn¬
\
n∂pw N
Xp-c
w, {X
ntI
m-Ww, h
´w
Ch
X
cw-X
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$C
u cq]
-߃
tN
¿Ø
v h
®v at\
m-l-c-amb
cq]
-߃
, ]
mt‰-W
p-I
ƒ C
h D
≠m-°
p-Ib
pw \
ndw
\¬
Ip-I
bpw s
Nø
p∂ {]
h¿Ø
-\
-߃
.$
NX
p-cw, {X
ntI
m-Ww, h
´w
Ch
tN
¿Ø
vh®
v cq]
-߃
D≠
m°n
Ah
h
c-b
v°p-∂
p.
$C
u¿°
n-ep-I
ƒ,
Iº
p-Iƒ
F
∂nh
D]
-tb
m-K
n®v N
Xp-c
w,
{Xnt
ImW
w F
∂nh
\
n¿an°
p∂p. h
i-ß
-fps
S F
Æw
Is≠
Øp-∂
p.
$N
Xp-c
-°--b
psS cq]
-Øn-e
p≈ h
kvX
p-°ƒ
X
cw-X
n-cn-°
p-∂p.
$I
S-e
m-kv, I
m¿U
v C
h aS°
n I
fn-∏
m--ß
ƒ D≠
m-°p-∂
p.
$N
p‰p-]
m-Sp-a
p≈ cq]
-ß-fn¬
\n∂
pw N
Xp-c
w, {X
ntI
m-Ww,
h´w
Ch
Xnc
n-®-dn-b
p-∂p.
$N
Xp-c
w, {X
ntI
m-W
w, h
´w
Ch
D]
-tb
m-Kn®
v hnh
n[ c
q]-
߃
D≠
m-°
p-I-b
pw h
c-
bv°
p-Ib
pw sN
øp-∂
p.
$k
q£va-X
-tb
m-sSb
pw I
rXy-
X-tb
m-sSb
pw A
f-h
p-Iƒ
FSp-°
p∂p
$Sm≥
{Kmw
I
jW
-߃
D]
-tb
m-Kn®
v cq]
-߃
D≠
m-°p-
∂p.
${X
nam-\
-cq-]
-߃
D≠
m-°
p-∂
p.
bqW
n‰v s{^
bnw
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
106
{]Xo£nX kabw : 15 ]nco-bUp-Iƒ
kma-{Kn-Iƒ : NXp-cw, {XntIm-Ww, h´w F∂o BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ [mcmfw
I´n-°-S-emkv IjW-߃
: hf-Iƒ, \mW-b-߃, Sm≥{Kmw IjW-߃, Cu¿°n-ep-
Iƒ, Xos∏- n-°-ºp-Iƒ, s]≥kn¬, d∫¿, If¿s∏≥kn¬,
Nmbw
bqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\w
NXp-cw, {XntIm-Ww, h´w F∂o cq]-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv t\Sp-Ibpw
Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ [mcmfw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Cu ]mT-Øns‚ BZy- m-K-ß-
fn¬.
2˛mw ¢mkn¬ t\Snb Cu Adnhv Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn NXp-cw, h´w, {XntImWw
F∂o cq]-߃ Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-amWv XpS-°-Øn¬
Xs∂ \¬In-bn- p-≈-Xv.
\ndw sImSp°mw
NXp-cw, {XntIm-Ww, h´w Ch Xncn-®-dn-
bm\pw IrXy-X-tbm-sSbpw `wKn-tbm-sSbpw
\ndw \¬Ip-hm\pw D≈ Ignhv t\Sp-∂-Xn-
\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ ]mT- m-KsØ
Nn{X-߃°v \ndw \¬I-Ww.
{XntIm-Ww, NXp-cw, h´w Chbv°v
{]tXyIw \ndw \¬Ip∂p F∂v So®¿
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.
IrXy-X, `wKn, \nd-ß-fpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-°¬ F∂nhsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
tN¿Øp-hbv°mw
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambpw/kwL-ambpw KWn-X-
em-_n¬ \n∂pw {XntIm-Ww, h´w,
NXpcw F∂o cq]-߃ Bh-iym-\p-k-
cWw FSpØv tN¿Øv h®v Sn._n.
bnse cq]-߃ \n¿Ωn-°-s´.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah¿°n-jvS-ap≈ cq]-߃
(]£n-I-fp-sS-tbm, hkvXp-°-fp-sS-tbm,
arK-ß-fp-sS-tbm) D≠m-°m-\p≈ Ah-
k-chpw D≠m-I-Ww.
NXp-cw, {XntIm-Ww, h´w Ch Dƒs∏-
Sp∂ BI¿j-I-amb (ck-I-c-am-b)
cq]-߃ hc-®p-≠m°n t^mt´m-Ãm‰v
tIm∏n-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬I-Ww.
AXn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
\ndw \¬Imw. Ch t]m¿ v-t^m-fn-tbm-
bn¬ tN¿°mw.
NXp-cw, {XntIm-Ww, h´w Ch Xncn-
®-dn-bpI F∂ Bibw Dd-∏p-h-cp-
Øm≥ Xs∂-bp≈ as‰mcp {]h¿Ø-
\-amWv CXv.
NXp-cw, {XntIm-Ww, h´w Ch Hmtcm-
∂n -s‚bpw Htc hep -∏-ap -≈Xpw
hyXykvX hep-∏-ap-≈-Xp-amb cq]-
߃ I´n-°-S-em-kn¬ D≠m-°n-bXv
IqSp -X¬ FÆw KWn-X-em-_n¬
thWw.
NXp-cw, {XntIm-Ww, h´w Ch hcp∂
Nn{X-߃ hc-®p-≠m-°n-tbm, tiJ-
cnt®m Ip´n -Iƒ°v \¬In Cu
{]h¿Ø\w sNømw.
cq]-߃ tNcp-tºmƒ
107
$ Hmtcm L´-Ønepw D≠m-°nb cq]-
߃°v D]-tbm-Kn® {XntIm-Ww, NXp-
cw, h´w Ch-bpsS FÆw Ip´n-Iƒ FSp-
sØ-gp-X-Ww.
$ D≠m-°nb cq]-߃ Nm¿´n¬ H´n®v
{]Z¿in-∏n°mw.
$ If¿ cq]-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬ sh≈-°-S-
em-kn¬ H´n®v t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-
bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.
Nne cq]-am-Xr-I-Iƒ A[ym-]nI
Xbm-dm°n \¬I-Ww.
Iºyq- ¿ {]h¿Ø\w
KWn-X-cq-]-߃ hcbv°mw
]e \nd-Ønepw hep-∏-Øn-ep-ap≈ KWn-X-cq-]-߃ hc-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈-XmWv Cu
{]h¿Ø-\w. sF.Sn@kvIqƒ ·p/en\Ivkv Pq\n-b¿ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-Ønse SIvkv
s]bn‚ v tkm vSvshb-dmWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
tkm vSvshb¿ Xpd-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hgn
Applications → Education → TuxPaint F∂ {Ia-Øn-tem,
Favorites → TuxPaint F∂ {Ia-Øntem SIvkv s]bn‚ v Xpd-°mw.
Ip´n-I-fpsS \nco-£W ]mS-h-hpw, mh-
\bpw k¿§m-fl-I-Xbpw hf¿Øm≥
tbmPn® {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
cq]-ß-fpsS hep∏w A\p-tbm-Py-
amtWm?
tN¿Øv h® cq]-ß-fpsS
tN¿®bpw IrXy-Xbpw
`wKn
]pXpa
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
108
SIvkv s]bn‚ v Xpd∂v CS-Xp- m-KsØ Tools ¬ \n∂v Shapes sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. he-
Xp- m-KsØ Shapes ¬ {XntIm-Ww, ka-N-Xp-cw, NXp-cw, hrØw XpS-ßnb cq]-߃
hcbv-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ _ -Wp-Iƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. \ndw \nd® cq]-߃°pw, \ndw
\nd-°mØ cq]-߃°pw thtd thtd _ -Wp-I-fp-≠m-Ipw. Bh-iy-amb cq]-Øns‚
_´¨ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I, XpS¿∂v Xmsg-bp≈ colours ¬ \n∂v CjvS-s∏´ \ndhpw
sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. C\n cq]w hc-bv°m-\m-bn, Nn{Xw hc-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]X-e-
Øn¬ ¢n°v sNbvXv Bh-iyamb hep-∏-Øn-\mbn {UmKv sNøp-I. th≠ ÿe-Øn-
se-Øp-tºmƒ aukv _´¨ hnSp-I. Ct∏mƒ aukv Nen-∏n-®m¬, ÿm\-Ønt\m
hen-∏-Ønt\m am‰w hcmsX cq]sØ Xncn-°m≥ (Id-°m≥) Ign-bpw. DNnX-amb
aukv Ne-\-Øn-eqsS Bh-iy-amb tXmXn¬ Xncn® tijw ho≠pw ¢n°v sNbvXv
cq]sØ Dd-∏n-°mw.
{XntIm-Whpw NXp-chpw
So®¿ Nne \n¿tZ-i-߃ \¬Ip-∂p.
$ Htc hep-∏-ap≈ NXp-c-߃ h®v hnhn[
cq]-߃ D≠m°p-I.
$ Sn._n. bnse cq]-߃ D≠m-°mw,
]pXn-b-h-bp-am-Imw.
$ t]∏-dn¬ h®v Ah Ip´n-Iƒ hc-bv°p-
∂p.
$ F{X NXp-c-߃ F∂v FÆn-∏-d-bp-∂p.
$ hyXykvX hep-∏-Øn-ep≈ NXp-c-°-
jW-߃ tN¿Øv h®v cq]-߃ \n¿an-
°p-∂p.
$ t]∏-dn¬ hc-bv°-p-∂p.
A£c cq]-߃ (Ip´n-I-tfmSv hy‡n-K-X-
amtbm kwL-am-tbm) D≠m-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-
°mw. NphsS sImSp-Øh Nne amXr-I-I-fm-Wv.
XpS¿∂v Htc hep-∏-ap≈ {XntIm-W-߃
tN¿Øv h®v {XntIm-Ww, NXpcw a‰v Pyman-Xob
cq]-߃ F∂nhbp≠m-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-
te°v IS-°mw. NphsS sImSpØ {Iaw kzoI-
cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ Htc hep-∏-ap≈ c≠v {XntIm-W-߃
tN¿Øv h®v hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb cq]߃
D≠m-°p-I.
$ Ah t]∏-dn¬ h®v hc®v \ndw \¬Ip-I.
Pyman-Xob cq]-߃ am{Xw D≠m-
°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-w cq]-߃ tN¿Øv
h® tijw Ah hc-bv°m-\p≈XmWv
Cu {]h¿Ø-\w. Ip´n-IfpsS hc-bv°m-
\p≈ Ign-hv ]cn-tim-[n-°-Ww.
Fs¥¥v cq]-ß-fmWv In´nbsX∂
tNmZy-߃ Hmtcm L -Ønepw tNmZn-
°m≥ So®¿ {i≤n-°-Ww.
Htc hep-∏-ap≈ {XntIm-W-ß-fpsS
[mcmfw amXr-I-Iƒ em_n¬ Ds≠∂v
So®¿ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.
cq]-߃ tNcp-tºmƒ
109
$ Htc hep-∏-ap≈ aq∂v {XntIm-W-߃ tN¿Øv h® hyXykvX cq]-߃ \n¿Ωn-
°p-I.
$ 4 {XntIm-W-ß-fm-bm¬
$ 5 {XntIm-Wßfmbm¬
CXp-t]mse hyXykvX hep-∏-ap≈ {XntIm-
W-߃ tN¿Øv h®v ]e ]e cq]-߃
\n¿an®v hc®v \ndw \¬Im-\p≈
{]h¿Ø\߃ \¬Imw.
XpS¿∂v NXp-c-ßfpw {XntIm-W-ßfpw
tN¿∂p≈ Pyman-Xob cq]-߃ \n¿an-°p∂p.
CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS In´n-bh t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬ tiJ-cn®p hbv°mw.
G‰hpw anI-®Xv Nm¿´n¬ H´n®v ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. t]m¿´v
t^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج kqN-I-߃ h®v hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww. XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-kvXIw
t]Pv 55 se hne-bn-cp-ج tImfw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
Db¿∂ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-t°-≠p∂ Pyman-Xob cq]-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm-\p≈ Ah-
k-c-amWv ChnsS Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`n-°p-∂-Xv.
h´w hcbv°mw
$ hf-Ifpw s]m´p-Ifpw \mW-b-ßfpw
a‰pw h®v ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ D≠m-°mw-.
$ -h-f-Iƒ h®v h´w hc-bv°p∂p.
$ \ndw sImSpØv `wKn-bm-°p∂p.
Hmtcm Ip´n°pw A\p- hw In´nsb∂v
So®¿ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.
$ Cu cq]-ß-sfms° D]-tbm-Kn®v Ip´n-I-fpsS kwLw KWnX ]q°fw D≠m-
°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w a’-c-ambn \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. G‰hpw anI-®-Xn\v kΩm-
\hpw \¬Imw. AXv ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
Cß-s\bpw cq]-߃
$ cq]-߃ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw hc-bv°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂ hy‡n-KX
{]h¿Ø-\hpw kwL-{]-h¿Ø-
\hpw \¬Imw.
$ tbmPn® \nd-߃ \¬Imw.
anI-®Xv Is≠-Øm≥ Rm≥
kzoI-cn-®Xv
$ cq]-ß-fpsS `wKn
$ hc-I-fpsS IrXyX
$ A\p-tbm-Py -amb cq]-ß-fpsS
sXcs™-Sp-°¬
$ cq]-ß-fpsS hyXy-kvXX
$ \ndw \¬In-b-Xns‚ `wKn
hf-Iƒ, s]m´p-Iƒ, ko°z≥kp-Iƒ,
\mW-b-߃, hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ sh´n-
sb-SpØ I´n-bmb Im¿Uv t_m¿Uv
IjW-߃ F∂nh KWn-X-em-_n¬
Bh-iy-Øn\v D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
110
cq]-ß-fpsS Nne amXr-I-Iƒ A\p-_‘-t]-Pn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. A[ym-]n-Ibv°v
Ah t^mt´m-Ãm‰v FSpØv Ip´n-Iƒ°v sImSp-°mw. Ah t\m°n Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an°s´.
hcbv°mw hcbv°mw C\nbpw hcbv°mw
$ Ip´n-bpsS CjvS-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈
Nn{X-]m-t‰-Wp-Iƒ D≠m-°mw.
So®¿ Nne tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS Ah¿
hc® Nn{X-Ønse cq]-ß-sf-°p-dn-
®p≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS Adnhv ]cn-tim-[n-
°p-∂p. DZm: F{X {XntImWw? NXp-
c-ß-fpt≠m? F{X FÆw?
NphsS sImSp-Øh t]mse-bp≈ Nne
amXr-I-Ifpw \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ip´n-
Iƒ°v t\m°n hc-bv°mw.
KWn-X-cq-]-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈
Sm≥{Kmw D]-tbm-Kn®v ck-I-c-amb cq]-߃ D≠m-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\w. CXv Pyman-
Xo-b-amb Adnhv D≠m-°p-∂-tXm--sSm∏w Hcp hnt\m-tZm-]m-[nbpw IqSn-bm-Wv.
s]mXpsh ka-N-Xp-csØ 7 `mK-ß-fm-°n-b-XmWv Sm≥{Kmw. ChnsS kmam-¥-cnIw
Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cn-N-b-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ AXns\ 2 {XntIm-W-ß-fm°n ]cn-K-Wn-°-
Ww. Aßs\ ka-N-Xp-c-Øns\ 8 IjW-ß-fm-°n-b-Xp-]-tbm-Kn-®mWv at\m-l-c-
ß-fmb cq]-߃ Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Sm≥{Kmw IjW-߃ [mcmfw KWn-X-em-_n¬ D≠m-I-Ww.
D≠m-°nb Nne amXr-I-Iƒ Nm¿´n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n°mw.
cq]-ß-fpsS `wKn, IrXy-X, hyXy-kvXX F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-S-Ww.
Xpey AI-e-Øn¬ \nc-bmbpw hcn-
bmbpw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønb IpØp-Iƒ
tbmPn-∏n®v Nn{X-߃ hc-°p∂
{]h¿Ø-\-amWv ChnsS sImSp-Øn-cn-
°p-∂-Xv.
CXp-hsc amXr-I-Iƒ h®v hc-bv°m-
\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm -bn -cp -∂p.
ChnsS AØcw klm-b-an-√msX
IpØp-Iƒ tbmPn-∏n®v cq]-߃ hc-
bv°m-\p≈ Ign-hmWv D≠m-°-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv. Free hand drawing \p≈ Ignhv
D≠m-Im≥ CXv klm-b-I-am-Wv. {KnUv
t]∏¿, Pntbm-t_m¿Uv Ch D]-tbm-
K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
cq]-߃ tNcp-tºmƒ
111
\n¿anXn (Iºyq- ¿ {]h¿Ø-\w)
Sm≥{Kmw F∂Xv Hcp ]pcm-X\ ssN\okv tj∏v sKbnamWv. Hcp ka-N-Xp-csØ
{]tXyI coXn-bn¬ Ggv cq]-ß-fm-°p∂p (IjW-߃). Cu cq]-ßsf Sm≥kv
F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Chbn¬ 5 ka-]m¿iz {XntIm-W-ßfpw Hcp ka-N-Xp-chpw Hcp
kmam-¥-cn-Ihpw D≠m-Ipw. Ch D]-tbm-Kn®v (F√mw D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww) hnhn[cq]-
߃ D≠m-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv sKbnw. sF.Sn@kvIqƒ ·p/en\Ivkv Pq\n-b¿ Hm∏-td-
‰nwKv knÃ-Ønse PotImw-{]nkv tkm v‰vshb-dmWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
tkm vSvshb¿ Xpd-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hgn
Applications → Education → GCompris F∂ {Ia-Øn-tem,
Favorites → GCompris F∂ {Ia-Øntem PotImw-{]nkv Xpd-°mw.
PotImw-{]nkv Xpd-∂v,
Ipcp-°-gn-°¬ → KWn-X-cq-]-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ \n¿anXn
tkm v‰vshb¿ Xpd-°p-tºmƒ kv{Io\n¬ he-Xp- m-KsØ t_mIvkn¬, D]-tbm-Kn-
t°≠ KWn-X-cq-]-ßfpw (Sm≥kv) CS-Xp- m-KsØ sNdnb t_mIvkn¬ \n¿an-t°≠
amXr-Ibpw ImWmw. CXn\p Xmsg-bmbn ]® \nd-Øn¬ hf™ Aº-S-bm-f-ß-tfm-
Sp-Iq-Snb Iptd _ -Wp-Ifpw ImWmw. CS-Xp- m-KsØ t_mIvkn¬ ImWp∂ amXr-I,
he-Xp- m-KsØ t_mIvkn¬ Ahn-sS-bp≈ Sm≥kv cq]-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v \n¿an-°pI
F∂-XmWv sKbnw.
$ Sm≥kv cq]-ßsf (KWnX cq]-ß-sf) \o°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-bn¬ ¢n°v sNbvXv
hen-°p-I.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
112
$ sXc-s™-SpØ KWn-X-cq-]-ßsf Id-°p-∂-Xn--\pw, CSw-hew Xncn-°p-∂-Xn\pw
CS-Xp- m-K-Øp≈ ]® \nd-Øn-ep≈ Btcm _ -Wp-I-fn¬ ¢n°v sNøp-I. (Hcp
KWn-X-cq-]-Øn¬ ¢n°v sNbvX-tijw AXn\v ]pdØv ¢n°v sNbvXv hen-®mepw
AXns\ Xncn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.)
$ Hcp KWn-X-cq-]-Øn¬ ¢n°v sNbvX tijw AXn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°v sNbvXm¬
180° Xncn°mw.
Hmtcm KWn-X-cq-]hpw \n›nX ÿm\Øv A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ h®mWv amXr-
I-bn-ep≈ cq]w \n¿an-t°-≠-Xv. CXn\v klm-b-I-amb c≠v _ -Wp-Iƒ IqSn CS-Xp-
`m-KØv ImWmw. amXr-I-bpsS sNdnb Nn{X-ap≈ _ -Wp-Iƒ. Ch-bnse BZy-_- -
Wn¬ Hmtcm XhW ¢n°v sNøp-tºm-gpw, Hmtcm KWn-X-cq]w amXr-I-bn¬ Fhn-sS-
bmWv ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v \nd-hy-Xym-k-Øn-eqsS ImWn-®p-X-cpw. tcJm-Nn-{X-
ap≈ _´-Wn¬ ¢n°v sNøp-tºmƒ, amXr-I-bpsS bYm¿∞ hep-∏-Øn-ep≈ Hcp
tcJm Nn{Xw he-Xp- m-KsØ t_mIvkn¬ Zriy-am-Ipw. CXn¬ \n∂v Hmtcm KWn-X-
cq]w ÿm]n-t°≠ ÿm\w Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.
Hcp amXrI icn-bmbn ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-tºmƒ AXn\v A`n-\-μ\w Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw
H∏w as‰mcp amXrI {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. F{X cq]-߃ CXp-]-tbm-Kn®v
\n¿an-°m≥ Ignbpw F∂-XmWv ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xv.
Iºp-Iƒ sIm≠pw cq]-߃
{XntIm-Ww, NXpcw F∂o cq]-ß-fpsS hi-ß-fpsS (h°p-I-fp-sS) FÆw IqSn a\-
n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Iºp-Iƒ sIm≠pw cq]-߃ F∂ `mKw. Np‰-fhv F∂ Bibw
a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw h°p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv klm-b-I-c-am-Wv.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ D≠m-°nb {XntIm-W-ß-fp-sSbpw NXp-c-ß-fp-sSbpw hi-߃ a‰v Ip´n-
Iƒ°v FÆn-∏-d-bmw.
hyXykvX \of-ß-fn-ep≈ Iºp-Iƒ
sIm≠pw Ch D≠m-°p-∂p≠v F∂v
So®¿ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.
$ NXp-c-ß-fpsS hi-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-
sb-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-bm-hmw.
$ {Kq∏v N¿®-bv°p-tijw s]mXp-hmb
Ah-X-c-Ww.
So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn°p-∂p.
t]Pv 59 se If-Ønse Iºns‚ IW°v
Ip´n-I-fn¬ bp‡n-Nn¥ hf¿Øp-hm≥
klm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm tNmZy-Øn\pw H∂n-e-[nIw hgn-I-fn¬ DØcw Is≠-
Ømtam F∂pw ]cn-tim-[n-°-Ww. NphsSbp≈ tNmZy-ß-fp-am-Imw.
Xos∏-´n-°-ºp-Iƒ, Cu¿°n-ep-Iƒ,
hmƒhvSyq_v Ch KWnX em_n¬
D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww
Htc hep-∏-ap≈ Iºp-Iƒ sIm≠p≈
{XntIm-W-am-Imw.
2 Iºp-Iƒ°v Xpey-h-ep-∏-am-Imw.
Htc hep-∏-ap≈ Iºp-Iƒ sIm≠p≈
NXp-cw.
c≠v hoXw Iºp-Iƒ Xpey-ambn
FSpØv NXp-cw.
cq]-߃ tNcp-tºmƒ
113
$ NXp-c-°´bpsS BIr-Xn-bnep≈
hkvXp-°ƒ tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ Ip´n-
I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.
$ So®¿ AØcw hkvXp-°ƒ tiJ-
cn-®n-cn-°-Ww.
Hcp Iºv am‰n c≠v NXp-c-am-°p-∂Xv F{X coXn-bn¬ sNømw? Fßs\?
c≠v Iºp-Iƒ tN¿Øv 9 NXp-c-߃ Is≠-Ømtam?
$ CØcw IqSp -X¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ip´n -Iƒ°v So®¿
\evIWw.
$
? c≠v IºpIƒ am{Xw am‰n 3 NXp-c-am-°-Ww. Fß-s\-sbms°
sNømw?
? \mev Iºp-Iƒ am‰n 3 NXpcw D≠m-°mtam? Fßs\?
? c≠v Iºp-Iƒ am‰n aq∂v NXp-c-߃ D≠m-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?
? F{X Xos∏´n Iºp-Iƒ tN¿ØmWv Cu cq]w
D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
? F{X {XntIm-W-߃ F∂v Is≠Øq?
? aq∂v Iºp-Iƒ am{Xw am‰n Htc-sbmcp {XntImWw am{Xw Fß-s\-bm°mw?
? c≠v Iºp-Iƒ am‰n aq∂v {XntIm-W-߃ B°pI. GsXms° coXn-bn¬ CXv
sNømw?
NXp-c-°´
Np‰p-]mSpw D≈ hkvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw NXp-
c-°- -bpsS BIr-Xn-bp-≈h Is≠Øn Fgp-
Xp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
$ CØcw hkvXp-°-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]´nI-
s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
$ Ah-bpsS apJ-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-
Isf°pdn®v N¿®-bm-Imw.
$
$
""ASpØ Nn{X-߃ hcbv°p'' F∂ {]h¿Ø\w Ip´n-bpsS bp‡n-Nn¥ hf¿Øp-
∂-Xn\pw Nn{X ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\pw D≈ Ignhv D≠m-Im≥ klm-bn-
°pw. CXn-eqsS kwJym-]m-t‰-Wn-te°pw Ip´n-Isf \bn-°mw. CØcw IqSp-X¬ ]mt‰-
Wp-Iƒ hc-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw Ip´n-Iƒ°v \evI-Ww.
sXm∏nbpw tXmWnbpw
]e Ifn-∏m-´-ß-fnepw D≈ Pyman-Xob cq]-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p∂
{]h¿Ø-\-amWv ""sXm∏nbpw tXmWnbpw''. {]tXyI coXn-bn¬ IS-emkv/Hme Ch
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ apJ-߃ F√mw NXp-c-߃
$ 6 NXp-c-ap-J-߃
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
114
apdn®pw aS-°nbpw D≠m-°p-tºmƒ ]e-hn-[-ap≈ {XntIm-Whpw NXp-chpw BWv
tN¿∂v hcp-∂Xv F∂v Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ ]‰pw.
$ tXmWn, sXm∏n, Ch ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬Øs∂ \n¿an-°-Ww (hy‡n-K-X-amtbm
kwL-amtbm BImw).
$ Hmtcm L -Ønepw D≠m-Ip∂ cq]-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww.
$ hyXykvX amXr-I-Iƒ hyXykvX kwL-߃ sNbvXv Ah s]mXp-hmbn Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°mw.
$ XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-ambn \evImw.
Hme-∏¥v IS-emkv ]£n
Hme-°nfn Xhf
Hme-∏mºv hnam-\w...
XpS-ßnb amXr-I-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ A[ym-]-Is‚ klm-b-tØmsS \n¿an-°-s´.
$ D≠m-°nb cq]-߃ ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°Ww
$ D≠m-°nb coXn N¿® sNø-Ww.
˛ hyXykvX ˛ `wKn
˛ IrXyX ˛ thKX
˛ kl-I-c-W-a-t\m- mhw ˛ Ah-X-c-W-an-Ihv
Ch hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS Ip´n-bpsS KWnX Xmev]cyw h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂-
Xm-Wv. Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ hkvXp-°-fn-se√mw KWnX cq]-߃ \nc-h[n ImWm-sa∂
Xncn-®-dnhpw Ip´n-bv°p-≠m-IWw.
cq]-߃ tNcp-tºmƒ
115
A\p-_‘w (1)
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
116
A\p-_‘w (2)
Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ
117
bqWn‰vHcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ5
BapJw
KpW-\-h-kvXp-X-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bi-b-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-
‰n¬ {][m-\-ambpw D≈-Xv.
Bh¿Ø\ k¶-e-\-amWv KpW-\-sa∂v Ip´n-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-
´p-≠v. 2, 5, 10 F∂n-h-bpsS KpW-\-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw D≈ Ah-kcw ap≥ ¢mkn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`n-
®n- p-≠v. Cu [mc-W-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-
߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°-dn-bmw.
6 × 6 hsc-bp≈ KpW\ hkvXp-X-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw Ah ]´n-
I-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Cu bqWn-‰n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-
bn- p-≠v. Hcp ]mt‰-Wns‚ XpS¿® KpW-\-h-kvXp-XIfp-ambn _‘-
s∏-SpØn Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. AXn-eqsS Ip´n-I-fpsS bp‡n
Nn¥bpw KWnX kuμ-cym-kzm-Z\ tijnbpw h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-
bp-∂p.
KpW-\-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ, KpW-\-{Inb Ch D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn {]mtbm-
KnI {]iv\-߃ A]-{K-Yn-°m\pw ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw D≈ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ sNøm≥ Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw e`n-°p-
∂p. AXn-eqsS \nXy-Po-hnX kμ¿ -ß-fnse Nne {]iv\-߃ ]cn-
l-cn-°m\pw Ip´n°v Ign-bp-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
118
bqW
n‰v s
{^b
nw22
]
ntcyU
v
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$Hcp
kwJ
ysb
\
n›nX
X
hW
Bh
¿Ø
n®v I
q´p-∂
-Xn-\
p-]-I
cw
Bk
wJys
b F
Æw
sI
m≠v K
pWn-
®m¬
aX
n.$
KpW
\ {I
nb-b
nse
k
wJy-I
-fps
S{I
aw
amd
n-bme
pw K
pW-\
--e
-Øn¬
am‰
-ap-≠
m-In-√
.
${]
mtb
m-KnI
k
μ¿
-ß-fn¬
{]
iv\
-]
-cn-l
-c-W
-Øn\
v KpW
\ h
kvX
p-X-
Iƒ
D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$\
nX-y-P
-ohnX
{]
iv\
-߃
]
cn-l
-cn-
°p-∂
-Xn\
v KpW
-\-{I
nb D]
-tb
m-Kn-
°p-∂
p.
$Hcp
]mt‰-W
nse
k
wJ
y-I
ƒX
Ωn¬
\nb
-X-amb
Hcp _
‘-ap-≠
v.
$Hcp
]mt‰-W
ns‚
X
pS¿®
I
s≠
-Ø
m≥
X
∂n-c
n-°p∂
k
wJ
y-I
ƒX
Ωn-e
p≈ _
‘w
Is≠
-Ø-W
w.
${]
mtb
m-K
nI k
μ¿`-ß
-fn-e
q-sSb
pw {]
iv\
-]-cn-l
-c-W
-Øn-e
q-sSb
pw B
h¿Ø
\ k
¶-e
-\-amW
v KpW
\w
F∂
p t_
m[y-s
∏-
Sp-∂
p.
$KpW
\ h
kvX
p-X-I
ƒ c
q]o-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
Ah
]´n-I
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
p∂p.
$h
yXy-k
vX-amb
{]
mtb
m-K
nI {]
iv\
-߃
A
]-{K
-Yn-°
p-∂-X
n-e
qsSb
pw h
yXyk
vX h
gn-I
ƒ A
t\
z-jn-°
p-∂-X
n-eq-s
Sb
pw {]
iv\
]cn-l
-cW
w \
S-Ø
p-∂p.
$]
kn-e
p-Iƒ
]
cn-l
-cn-°
p-Ib
pw A
Xns
e b
p‡n
ka¿Y
n-°p-
Ib
pw sN
øp-∂
p.
$Hcp
]mt
‰-W
nse
k
wJy-I
-fps
S _
‘w
Is≠
-Øp-∂
p. b
p‡n
ka¿Y
n-°p-∂
p.
$]
pXnb
]
mt‰-W
p-Iƒ
cq]
o-I-cn-°
p-∂p.
${]
mtb
mKk
μ¿`-ß
-fn-e
qsS
KpW
\ h
kvX
p-X-I
ƒ cq]
o-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
${]
mtb
m-KnI
k
μ¿`-ß
-fn¬
{]i
v\ ]
cn-l
-c-W
-Øn\
vK
pW\
h
kvX
p-X-I
ƒ D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
${]
mtb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-ß-fps
S]
cn-l
-c-W
-Øn\
v K
pW-\
-{I
nb D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$KpW
-\-{I
n-b-b
p-amb
n _
‘-
s∏
´
kwJ
ym-_
-‘-ß
ƒI
s≠
Øn
hni
-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂
p.
Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ
119
{]Xo-£nX kabw : 22 ]ocnbUv
kma-{Kn-Iƒ : Ip∏n-bpsS AS-∏p-Iƒ, kzoIz≥kv, ]q°ƒ, s]m´p-Iƒ,
s^hn-t°mƒ, Nm¿ vt]∏¿, t{Umbnw-Kvjo-‰v, am¿°¿s]≥,
kvsI®vs]≥, t]\, a©m-Sn, apØp-Iƒ apX-em-bh.
bqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\w
{]th-i-t\m-’hw
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS ap∂-dnhv hne-bn-cp -
Øm≥/Hm¿a-s∏-SpØm≥ D≈ Hcp
{]h¿Ø-\-am-WnXv
$ {]th -i -t\m -’-h -sØ-°p -d n® v
¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂p.
$ XpS¿∂v ‰n._n t]Pv 63 se {]h¿Ø\w sNøp-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ GXm\pw t]¿ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ ap∂-dnhv hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
KWnX em_nse hkvXp -°tfm
h¿°vjo-‰p-Itfm D]-tbm-Kn®v Ifn-I-
fn-eq-sStbm 2, 5, 10 F∂n-h-bpsS KpW-
\-∏- n-I-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ap∂-dnhv So®¿
Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-
Ibpw sNø-Ww.
Ifn-h≠n
1 × 3 apX¬ 6 × 3 hsc-bp≈ KpW\w Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
{]iv\w So®¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
? A_p-hn\v 2 Ifn-h-≠n-bp-≠m-°m≥
F{X AS-∏p-Iƒ th≠n h∂p?
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ GXm\pw t]¿ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
∂p.
? cmPp-hn\v 4 h≠n-bp-≠m-°mt\m?
Ip∏n-bpsS AS-∏p-Iƒ/koIz≥kv a‰p
hkvXp-°ƒ Ch-sbms° KWn-X-
em_n¬ Hcp-°n-bn-´p-≠mIpa-t√m.
Ch KpW-\-hp-ambn _‘-∏´ {]iv\-
߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m\pw {]iv\ ]cn-
l-c-W-Øn\pw {]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂-
hsc klm-bn-°m\pw (^oUv_m°v
\¬In) {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-
XmWv.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Hcmƒ IqSn h∂m¬ 6 t]cmbn
At∏mƒ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
6 {]mhiyw 2
6 × 2 = 12
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
120
$ Is≠-Øp∂p
$ XpS¿∂v 2 t]¿°pw IqSn F{X AS-∏p-Iƒ th≠n h∂p? F∂ {]iv\w Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
? hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
? Hcp h≠n D≠m-°m≥ F{X AS-∏p-Iƒ?
? cmPp F{X h≠n D≠m°n?
? F{X AS-∏p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p?
Iq -ß-fmhmw
1 × 4 apX¬ 6 × 4 hsc-bp≈ KpW\w ChnsS
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. {]iv\w So®¿/Ip´n-Iƒ
hmbn-°p-∂p. hy‡n-K-X-ambn BsI Ip´n-
I-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
]q°-sf{X?
$ ‰n._n t]Pv 65 se Nn{Xw \nco-£n-°p-
∂p.
$ Hmtcm tNmZyhpw hmbn®v DØcw If-
Øn-se-gp-Xp-∂p.
$
]mt‰¨ ]qcn-∏n°mw
$ Ip´n-Iƒ ]mt‰-Wnse kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-
ep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ ‰n._n/F≥._n bn¬ ]qcn-
∏n-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
So®¿ Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n® bp‡n hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Iq´epw KpWn-°epw
$ ‰n._n t]Pv 65 se ]´nI t\m´p-_p-°n¬ hc-bv°p-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.
¢mknse Ip´n-Isf Iq´-ß-fm-°n-
s°m≠pw Cu {]h¿Ø\w XpS-ßmw.
KWn-X-em-_ns‚ km[y-X-Ifpw D]-
tbm-Kn-°mw.
3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 18
CXns\ 6 × 3 = 18 Fs∂-gpXmw
ap≥Iq´n Xs∂ Iq´n-I-tfmSv ]q°ƒ
tiJ-cn®p sIm≠p-h-cm≥ ]d™pw
Cu {]h¿Ø\w sNømw.
1 × 6 apX¬ 6 × 6 hsc-bp≈ KpW\w
CXp-t]mse sNøm-a-t√m.
Hmtcm ]mt‰-Wn-sebpw kwJy-Iƒ
XΩn-ep≈ _‘w (bp‡n ka¿Y-\w)
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw
\¬I-Ww. ]mt‰-Wnse kwJy-Isf
KpW-\-h-kvXp-XI-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-
Ømtam?
1 × 2 = 2, 2 × 2 = 4, 3 × 2 = 6 ...
Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ
121
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
CXp-t]mse as‰mcp ]´nI Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-amtbm
So®¿ Nm¿´n¬ hc®p \¬Intbm Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.
$ t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ ‰n._n t]Pv 66 se ]´nI Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ BZysØ 4 {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn
sNøp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ kzbw/]c-kv]c hne-bn-cp-ج \S-Øp-∂p.
{Inbm-tijn So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
3 × 4 Cu {Inb D]-tbm-Kn®v ]cn-l-cn-°m≥
Ign-bp∂ Hcp {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\w Ip´n-Iƒ
cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p. F≥._n
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Xbm-dm-°n-bh {Kq∏n¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ kzbw/]c-kv]c hne-bn-cp-ج \S-Øp-
∂p.
$ {Kq∏nse \√ tNmZy-߃ t\m´p-_p-
°n¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
{]{In -b-Ifpw {]iv\-cq -]o -I-cW
tijnbpw So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn® {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-
l-cn® coXnbpw \nK-a-\hpw FgpXn
t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p.
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
t]Pv 66 se A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃
CXp-hsc \¬Inb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-
bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wnh.
I≠p-]n-Sn°q
\nXy-Po-hnX kμ¿`-
ß-fnse {]iv\-߃
KpW-\-{Inb D]-tbm-
Kn®v ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw
Hcp KpW-\-{In-bsb
{]mtbm-KnI kμ¿ -hp-
ambn _‘n-∏n®v
{]iv\ cq]o-I-cWw \S-
Øm-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-
amWv Hcp-t°-≠-Xv.
{]iv\ cq]o-I-c-Ww
Hcp {]iv\ cq]o-I-c -W-Øn-eqsS
{]iv\ \n¿W-bw, {]iv\ hni-I-e-\w,
A]-{K-Y\w, hyXykvX hgn -Iƒ
At\z-jn-°¬, {]iv\ ]cn-l-cWw
F∂o tijn-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-
°p-∂p.
{]iv\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v hyXykvX
X{¥-߃ So®¿°v kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-
bpw.
$ {Inb \¬I¬
$ DØcw \¬I¬
$ Nn{Xo-I-cWw \¬I¬
$ kμ¿`w \¬I¬
$ Hcp {]h¿Ø\w \¬I¬
$
$
{]iv\-߃ {Kq∏nepw ¢mknepw
t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS hyXykvX
KWnX {]iv\-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cn-
Nn-X-am-Ip-∂p.
Ch t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øp-Ibpw sNømw.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
122
$ Hmtcm {]iv\hpw Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
$ Ah ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
{]iv\ ]cn-l-c-Whpw {Inbm-ti-jnbpw So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
{Iaw amdn-bm¬
KpW-\-{In-b-bnse kwJy-I-fpsS {Iaw amdn-bmepw KpW-\- -e-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-∂n√
F∂ Bibw Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS KpW\hkvXp-X-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Whpw \S-°p-∂p.
AXn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv C\n-bp-≈-h.
‰n._n t]Pv 67 se {]iv\w So®¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Isf ¢mkn\p ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mbpw Cu {]iv\m-h-X-c-Whpw hni-I-e-
\hpw \S-Øm-a-t√m.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS t\m´p-_p°n¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ Nm¿´n¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 20
4 × 5 = 20
4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 20
5 × 4 = 20
AXm-bXv 4 × 5 = 5 × 4
? c≠n-tebpw {Inbbpw DØ-chpw t\m°q. F¥p {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wp-≈Xv?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ ]d-bp∂p
apI-fn¬ ]d™ Bibw So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
CXp-t]mse Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw am‰nbpw {]h¿Ø\w \¬Imw.
ho≠pw Hcp kwJym-I-fn-bmImw
KWn-Xm-kzm-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø\w ‰n._n. t]Pv 67 se {]iv\w So®¿ Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ {]tXy-IX Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ a‰v kwJy-Iƒ hnNm-cn®v CXp-t]mse sNøp-∂p.
Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ
123
s]m´p-Iƒ F{X?
$ ‰n._n t]Pv 68 se Nn{Xw \nco-£n-°p-∂p. AXn\p Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂
Hmtcm tNmZyhpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv If-Øn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-∂p.
? 5 × 6 = 6 × 5 = 30 CXn¬ \n∂pw F¥p a\- n-embn?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS `mj-bn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p/]d-bp-∂p.
$ GXm\pw t]¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Iq´n-bmepw KpWn-®mepw
$ {]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
$ ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
]qcn-∏n°q
$ Ip´n-Iƒ t\m´p-_p-°n¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p. hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ Nm¿´n¬ FgpXn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
Iºyq- ¿ {]h¿Ø\w
KpW-\- ew I≠p-]n-Sn°mw
c≠v kwJy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^ew I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI, KpW-\-^ew hfsc thK-Øn¬
I≠p-]n-Sn®v ssS∏v sNøpI XpS-ßnb tijn-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp
sKbn-am-Wn-Xv. sF.Sn@kvIqƒ ·p/en\Ivkv Pq\n-b¿ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-Ønse
PotImw-{]nkv tkm vSvshb-dmWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
tkm vSv shb¿ Xpd-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hgn
PotImw-{]nkv Xpd-∂v,
IW°v → IW-°vIq- -ep-I-fn-te°v t]mImw → KpW\w
sKbnw Xpd-°p-tºmƒ kv{Io\n¬ Hcp Nn{Xhpw Rm≥ Xøm-dmWv Fs∂-gp-Xnb Hcp
t{ImUo-I-cWw
KpW-\-{In-b-bnse kwJy-I-fpsS {Iaw amdn-
bmepw KpW-\- eØn¬ am‰w hcp-∂n-√.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
124
_´Wpw ImWmw. Cu _ -Wn¬ ¢n°v sNøp-tºmƒ Hcp KpW-\-{Inb {]Xy-£-s∏-
Sp-Ibpw Hcp _eq¨ kmh-Imiw Xmtg°v hogm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNøpw. _eq¨
Xmsg hogp-∂-Xn\v apºmbn kwJy-I-fpsS KpW-\- ew Iot_m-Up-]-tbm-Kn®v ssS∏v
sNøpI F∂-XmWv Ifn. \n›nX ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ kwJy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^ew
ImWpI F∂-XmWv CXp-sIm≠v e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. icn-bmbn DØcw ssS∏v sNbvXm¬
a‰v c≠v kwJy-Iƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-Spw.
ASpØ L´-Øn-te°v t]mIp-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ henb kwJy-Iƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw _eq-Wns‚ thKX IqSp-Ibpw sNøpw.
Cu {]h¿Ø-\w, hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw F∂ Ggm-asØ bqWn-‰nepw D]-tbm-Kn-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ
$ Ip´n-Iƒ {Kq∏m-Ip∂p
$ Hmtcm {Kq∏pw 12 a©mSn FÆn-sb-Sp-
°p-∂p
$ Ah hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ Iq´-ß-fm-
°p∂p
$ Hmtcm kμ¿ -Øn-sebpw KpW\cq]w Fgp-Xp∂p
$ ‰n._n t]Pv 69 ¬ 12 s\ hyXykvX Iq -ß-fpsS KpW\ ^e-ambn Fgp-Xn-bXv
Nm¿´n¬ FgpXn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øn-b-Xp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.
$ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
? 20 s\ CXp-t]mse hyXykvX Iq -ß-fpsS KpW-\- -e-ambn Fgp-Xmtam?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠Øn t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ t\m´p-_p-°n¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏nse hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ Nm¿´n-se-gpXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ a‰p {Kq∏p-Imcpw So®dpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
kPp-hns‚ t\m´p-Iƒ
50 s\ 5 s‚bpw 10 s‚bpw KpW-\- -e-ambn
hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-
\w.
$ ‰n._n t]Pv 69 se {]iv\w hmbn-°p-
∂p.
{]bmkw t\cn-Sp∂hsc KWn-X-em-
_nse hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v {Kq∏n-
ep≈h¿t°m/So®¿t°m klm-bn-
°m≥ Ignbpat√m.
{Ia-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ck-I-c-amb {]tbm-
K-amWv ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv
F∂v {i≤n-°p-a-t√m.
Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ
125
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
$ GXm\pw t]¿ ¢mkn¬ AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v Ifnt\m v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
$ F√m-hcpw Is≠-Øn-bXv kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
So®¿ F√m-h-scbpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
A∏p-hns‚ amPnIv
‰n._n t]Pv 69 ¬ \¬Inb {]h¿Ø\w So®¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ A∏p-hns‚ kq{Xw Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ icn-bmbn Is≠-Øn-b-h-cn¬ Hcmƒ CXp-t]m-ep≈ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ {Inb sNbvXv DØcw Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ hnNm-cn® kwJy Is≠Øn∏d-bp-∂p.
$ kq{Xw Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.
{]{In-bbpw {Inbm-ti-jnbpw So®¿°v hne-bn-cp-Ømw.
Iºyq- ¿ {]h¿Ø\w
KpWn-X-ßsf ]nSn°mw
c≠v, aq∂v F∂o kwJy-I-fpsS KpWn-X-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp Ifn-bm-Wn-
Xv. sF.Sn@kvIqƒ ·p/en\Ivkv Pq\n-b¿ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-Ønse PotImw-{]nkv
tkm^v‰vshb-dmWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
tkm v‰vshb¿ Xpd-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hgn
PotImw-{]nkv Xpd-∂v,
IW°v → IW-°vIq- -ep-I-fn-te°v t]mImw → IW-°vIq- -ep-I-fn-te°v → KpWn-X-
ßsf ]nSn°mw
sKbnw Xpd-°p-tºmƒ kv{Io\n¬ If-ß-fn-embn Iptd kwJy-Ifpw Hcp kwJym-Xo-
\n-tbbpw ImWmw. If-߃°v apI-fn¬ \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂ kwJy-bpsS KpWn-X-ß-
fmbn hcp∂ If-Ønse kwJy-Isf kwJym-Xo\n hngp-ßpI F∂-XmWv Ifn.
kwJymXo\nsb \o°p-∂-Xn\v Iot_m-Unse Btcm Io Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
kwJysb hngp-ßp-∂-Xn\v kvt]kv _m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
H∂v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-tºmƒ ASp-Ø-Xn-te°v X\nsb t]mIpw. 2, 3 F∂o kwJy-I-
fpsS KpW-nX-߃°v ]pdta Db¿∂ kwJy-I-fpsS KpWn-X-ßsf I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-
\p≈ Ifnbpw e`n-°pw. c≠n-t‚bpw aq∂n-t‚bpw am{Xta Ip´n-Iƒ°v \evtI-≠-
Xp≈p.
Cu {]h¿Ø\w, hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw F∂ Ggm-asØ bqWn-‰nepw D]-tbm-Kn-
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
126
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
CjvSnI ASp°mw
$ Nn{X-Øn-ep≈ Ip´n sNøm≥ {ian-°p-∂-
Xp-t]mse 8 CjvSn-I-Isf NXpc cq]-Øn¬
ASp°nhbv°m≥ Ign-bn√. Aßs\ NXpc
cq]-Øn¬ sNøm-\√ ChnsS Dt±-in-®-Xv.
? 8 CjvSn-I-Isf F{X hyXykvX coXn-I-fn¬
ASp°n hbv°mw?
$ KWnX em_nse Xos∏´n/a‰p hkvXp-°ƒ
Hmtcm {Kq∏pw 8 FÆw hoXw FSp-°p-∂p.
$ hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ ASp°n hbv°p-∂p.
$ KpW-\-{In-bbpw Ip´n-Iƒ t\m´p-_p-°n¬
Fgp-Xp-∂p.
So®¿ {]{In-bbpw Bi-b-[m-c-Wbpw hne-
bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
If-߃ ]qcn-∏n°mw
6 × 6 hsc-bp≈ KpW\ hkvXp-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xm-\p≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
‰n._n t]Pv 70 se BZy Ifw Ip´n-Iƒ \nco-£n-°p-∂p.
{]iv\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p∂p/So®¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ hni-I-e\ tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS CS-s]-Sp-∂p.
? \ndw sImSp-°mØ If-ß-fnse kwJy-Iƒ GsXms°?
? 9 F∂ kwJy Fßs\ In´n?
?
?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ {Kq∏n¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏p-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
3, 5, 7 F∂n-ßs\ IqSn hcp∂ Hcp ]mt‰¨. Hcp kwJysb AtX kwJy-
sIm≠v KpWn® ^ew. Cu coXn-bn-emImw Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-Ww.
So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p∂p
KWn-X-em_v ap≥Iq´n k÷-
am-°n-bn- p-≠m-Ip-at√m. Ip´n-
Iƒ Bh-iy-amb hkvXp-
°ƒ FSpØv hyXykvX
coXn-bn¬ ASp-°n-h-bv°p-
Ibpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNø-s´.
8 × 1
4 × 2
2 × 4
1 × 8
Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ
127
{KnUv t]∏¿ \¬In If-߃ ]q¿Øn-
bm-°m\pw \ndw \¬In hyXykvX
]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ Is≠-Øm\pw So®¿
Ah-k-c -sam -cp -°-Ww. Ah
t]m¿´vt^m-fn -tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp -
ØWw Cu {KnUv ]qcn-∏n-®Xv Nm¿´n-
se-gpXn {]Z¿in-∏n-°-Ww.
{KnUv D≈ t\m´p-_p-°p-Iƒ hmßn-
bmWv tcjva So®¿ Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬In-
b-Xv. kwJy-I-sf-gpXn Ah XΩn-ep≈
hyXykvX _‘-߃ Is≠-Øm\pw
XpI ImWp-tºmƒ Ffp-∏-hgn Is≠-
Øm-\p-sams° So®¿ Cu {KnUv t]∏¿
D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Hcp kwJysb AtX kwJy-sIm≠v KpWn-®m¬ In´p∂
kwJy-I-fmWv 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36 F∂nh.
\nK-a\ cq]o-I-c-Ww, ]c-kv]c_‘w Is≠-ج F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-
∂p.
$ C\n Hgn™ If-߃ So®¿ \¬Inb
{KnUv t]∏-dn¬ ]q¿Øn-bm°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ kzbw/]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-ج \S-
Øp-∂p.
So®dpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
]qcn-∏n® If-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb
]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.
So®¿ hni-I-e\ tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS CS-s]-Sp-∂p.
? Hmtcm hcn -bn -sebpw kwJy-Iƒ
t\m°q. Ah XΩn¬ F¥p _‘-am-
Wp-≈Xv?
?
?
?
$ Is≠-Ønb ]mt‰-Wp-Ifpw Ah-bpsS
bp‡nbpw {Kq∏n¬ ka¿Yn-°p-∂p.
$ Xt‚-Xn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
Xmc-Xayw sNø¬, ]c-kv]-c -_‘w Is≠-ج, bp‡n ka¿Yn-°¬
F∂o {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
‰n._n t]Pv 70 se c≠m-asØ If-߃ \nco-£n-°p-∂p.
$ kwJy-I-sf-gp-Xp∂p
$ {]tXy-IX Is≠Øn ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p
So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p∂p
Htc DØcw In´p-∂p. \Sp-hn-ep≈ kwJysb 3 sIm≠p KpWn-®m¬ DØcw
In´pw.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
128
Iºyq- ¿ {]h¿Ø\w
I≠p-]n-Sn°mw
Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ KpW-\- ew Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp Ifn-bm-Wn-Xv. KpW-\-{Inb
Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, Hm¿Ω-i‡n ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw CXv D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
sF.Sn@kvIqƒ ·p/en\Ivkv Pq\n-b¿ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-Ønse PotImw-{]nkv
tkm^vSvshb-dmWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
tkm v‰vshb¿ Xpd-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hgn
PotImw-{]nkv Xpd-∂v,
IW°v → IW-°vIq- -ep-I-fn-te°v t]mImw → IW-°vIq- -ep-I-fn-te°v → Hm¿Ω-
i‡n D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ IW-°nse Ifn-Iƒ → KpW\w
sKbnw Xpd-°p-tºmƒ kv{Io\n¬ Iptd Im¿Up-Iƒ \nc-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw.
Hmtcm Im¿Un-t‚bpw adp-]p-dØv Hcp KpW-\-{In-btbm Hmtcm DØ-ctam Hfn-™n-cn-
°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. Im¿Un¬ ¢n°v sNbvXm¬ AXv Xpd∂v adp-]p-d-Øp-≈Xv ImWm≥
Ign-bpw. c≠v Im¿Up-Iƒ am{Xta Htc-k-abw Xpd-∂p-sh-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p.
Hcp Im¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ KpW-\-{In-b-bpsS DØcw as‰m-cp-Im¿Un-ep-
≠m-Ipw. KpW-\-{In-bbpw AXns‚ DØ-chpw H∂n\p ]pdtI as‰m∂v F∂ {Ia-
Øn¬ Xpd-∂m¬ Ah c≠pw A{]-Xy-£-am-Ipw. apgp-h≥ Im¿Up-Ifpw A{]-Xy-£-am-
°pI F∂-XmWv sKbnw. At∏mƒ ASp-Ø-L- -Øn-te°v t]mIpw. AhnsS BZy-
tØ-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ Im¿Up-I-fp-≠m-Ipw.
Cu {]h¿Ø-\w, hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw
F∂ Ggm-asØ bqWn-‰nepw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
If-߃ ]qcn-∏n°mw
‰n._n t]Pv 70 se {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
6 × 6 hsc-bp≈ KpW\ hkvXp-X-Iƒ
Fgp-Xnb {KnUv Nm¿ v So®¿ {]Z¿in-
∏n°p-∂p.
$ AXn¬ \n∂pw Ip´n-Iƒ 3 s‚ Iq´-
ßsf Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v IrXyX hcp-Øp-
∂p.
DZm: 1 × 3 = 32 × 3 = 6
KWnX ¢∫n-te°v
tcjva So®¿ CXns\ Hcp KWnX ¢∫v
{]h¿Ø-\-ambpw am‰n. AsX-ß-s\-
sb∂p t\m°mw.
3 s‚ 6 hsc-bp≈ KpW-\-]- nI Hcp
{Kq∏p-Im¿ Nm¿´n¬ kzoIz≥kv H´n®v
D≠m-°n.
Cu coXn-bn¬
4 s‚bpw 6 s‚bpw ]´n-I-I-fp-≠m°n
Ahbpw KWn-X-aq-e-bn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-
®p. kz¥-am-bp-≠m°n t]m¿ v t^mfn-
tbm-bnepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.
1 × 3 = 32 × 3 = 6
Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ
129
.............
.............
.............6 × 3 = 18
4 s‚bpw 6 s‚bpw Iq -ßsf CXp-t]mse Is≠Øn t\m´p-_p-°nepw So®-
dpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\p-tijw ‰n._n bnepw Fgp-Xp-∂p.
hgn-I-s≠Ømw
KpW-\-∏-´nI/{Inb Hm¿sØ-Sp-°m\pw KWn-Xm-kzm-Z-\-Øn-\p-am-bn-´p-≈-XmWv Cu
{]h¿Ø-\w.
$ KpW\ {Inbm-^-e-߃ hy‡n-K-X-
ambn Is≠Øn t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
So®¿ {Inbm-tijn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ DØ-c-ambn e`n® If-ß-fn-eqsS hc-
bv°p-∂p.
$ tImgn-b-Ωsb Iq´n¬ FØn-°p-∂p.
6 × 6 hsc-bp≈ KpW-\-∏- nI Dd-∏n-°p-
∂-Xn-\mbn tcjva So®¿ \¬Inb Nne
Ifn-Iƒ CXm...
CXp-t]mse hgn Is≠-ج, \ndw
\¬I¬, IpØp-Iƒ tbmPn-∏n®v Hfn-
™n-cn-°p-∂-hs\ Is≠-ج XpS-
ßnb km[y-X-Ifpw tcjva So®¿
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn. So®-dpsS
¢mknse jmln-Z -bpw, Bcybpw
kz¥-ambn Cßs\ {]h¿Ø\w
sNbvXv t]m¿´vt^m-fn -tbm-bn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
ssUkv Ifn
$ Ip´n-Isf \mtem At©m t]cp≈
{Kq∏m-°n.
˛ Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw 1 apX¬ 6 hsc-
bp≈ kwJy-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb c≠v
ssUkv hoXw \¬In.
$ BZyw {Kq∏nse Hcmƒ c≠p
ssUkp-an-Sp-∂p.
$ F√m-hcpw c≠p ssUkn-tebpw
kwJy-Iƒ (4 × 3 = 12) KpWn®v
DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp∂p, ]d-bp-∂p.
˛ BZyw ]d-™-bmƒ°v 5 t]mbn‚.v
{Kq∏nse F√m-h¿°pw ssUkn-Sm-
\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬Ip∂p.
F√m-hcpw ssUkn-´p-I-gn-™m¬
t]mbn‚ v Iq´p-∂p. Ifn-bnse hnP-
bnsb Is≠-Øp-∂p.
tNmtZym-Ø-c-°fn
Ip´nIƒ c≠p {Kq∏m-Ip-∂p. Hcp {Kq∏v
{Inb ]d-bp∂p
DZm : 4 × 6 \memdv.
at‰ {Kq∏v DØcw ]d-bp∂p 24. DØcw
icn-bm-bm¬ t]mbn‚ v \¬Ip-∂p.
C\n c≠mw {Kq∏v tNmZyw tNmZn-°p-
∂p. H∂mw {Kq∏v DØ-c-hpw. Cßs\
Ifn XpS-cp-∂p.
10 tNmZy-Øn-\p-tijw G‰hpw IqSp-
X¬ t]mbn‚ v In´nb {Kq∏ns\ Is≠-
Øp-∂p, hnPbn Bbn {]Jym-]n-°p-
∂p.
CXp-t]m-ep≈ a‰p Ifn-Ifpw So®¿°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-a-t√m.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
130
kvIqƒ tÃm¿
KpW-\-{Inb (Hc°w × Hc°w, 10 × Hc-°w) k¶-e\w F∂nh {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\
]cn-l-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]cn-io-en-°p-I-bmWv Chn-sS.
$ ‰n._n t]Pv 72 hne-hn-h-c-∏- nI Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ XpS¿∂v Hmtcm {]iv\hpw hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬/¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ kzbw/]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
{]iv\ \n¿W-bw, A]-{K-Y-\w, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°¬, \nK-a\w
cq]o-I-cn-°¬, {Inbm-ti-jn F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
4 {]h¿Ø-\-߃ CXp-t]mse sNøp-∂p.
5˛m-asØ {]iv\-Øn¬ 24 DØcw hcp∂ hyXykvX KpW\ {Inb-Ifpw KpW-\hpw
k¶-e-\hpw tN¿∂p hcp-∂-hbpw Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p. t\m´p-_p-°n¬ Fgp-Xp-
∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏nse hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ t\m´p-_p-°n-se-gp-Xp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏nse coXn-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ C\nbpw hcmØ coXn-Iƒ "So®¿ sh¿j≥' F∂ coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.
? F√m km[-\-ßfpw 4 FÆw hmßn-bm¬ BsI F{X cq]bmIpw?
$ Ip´n hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 F∂o kwJy-Isf 4sIm≠v KpWn-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ap-≠v.
AXp-t]mse (2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 10) × 4Cu coXn-bnepw sNømw
AXm-bXv 10 × 4 = 40
10 × 4 = 40
10 × 4 = 40
= 120$ BsI XpI Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬/¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
{]iv\ cq]o-I-cWw Ip´n-I-fpsS {]iv\hni-I-e-\-tijn h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xmbntcjva So®¿ Is≠-Øn.
c≠p-t]-cp≈ {Kq∏n¬ Hcmƒ Xbm-dm-°nb tNmZyw at‰ Ip´n°v ssIam-dp-∂p.
Cßs\ ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dnbtijw tNmZyw hmbn°p∂p. Bh-iy-amb am‰w hcp-Øp-∂p. {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p. ssIam-dp-∂p. hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. A`n-{]mbw hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.Cu coXn-bmWv tcjva So®¿ Xs‚¢mkn¬ kzoI-cn-®-Xv.
\n߃ GXp coXn kzoI-cn°pw?
Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ
131
$ kzbw/]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
]´n-Isb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ip´n-Iƒ tNmZy-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ \√/icn-bmb tNmZy-߃ {Kq∏n¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏p-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ F√m-hcpw t\m´p-_p-°n¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ {]iv\]cn-l-cWw \SØn t]m¿´v-t^mfn--tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
^pSvt_mƒ a’cw
{]iv\]cn-l-cWw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ {]iv\w hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
So®¿ F√m-h-scbpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ GXm\pw t]¿ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
h≠n-Iƒ F{X?
Ip´n-I-fn¬ bp‡n-Nn-¥bpw {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-ti-jnbpw h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ Hcp
]kn-em-Wn-Xv.
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-
∂p.
Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS So®¿
CS-s]-Sp-∂p.
? F√mw Ccp-N-{I-h-≠n-bm-bm¬ F{X-sb-
Æ-ap-≠mIpw?
? ap®-{I-h-≠n-bm-bmtem?
? aq∂p h≠nbpw D≠m-°n-bm¬ GXp
h≠n-bm-bn-cn°pw IqSp-X¬ D≠m-hpI?
? ....................................................................
? ap®{I h≠n-bpsS FÆw H‰tbm? Cc- tbm?
? \mev N{I h≠n-bpsS FÆw 1 Bbm¬ a‰p-≈-h-bpsS FÆw F{X-sbm-s°-bm-
bn-cn°pw?
hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃
tcjva So®-dpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ hni-
I-e\ tNmZy-߃ hfsc IrXy-am-bn-
cn-°-Ww. Ah {Ia-ambn tNmZn-
°Ww.
Ip´n-bpsS Nn¥m-{]-{In-bsb XS- -s∏-
Sp-ØmsX thWw Ah D∂-bn-°m≥.
Hmtcm tNmZy-Øn-eq-sSbpw GXm\pw
Ip´n-Iƒ°v icn-bmb hgn- sX-c-s™-
Sp -°m≥ Ign -b-Ww. Ip´n -I -fpsS
Nn¥sb t\¿h-gn°v \bn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-
cn-°Ww hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
132
?
?
? Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Cu ]kn-en\v ]cn-lm-c-ambn \nc-h[n km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
Ccp-N{Iw ap®{Iw \mevN{Iw
1 8 1
2 ...... ......
3 ...... ......
Cu ]´nI hn]p-e-s∏-SpØn t\m°q.
kvIqƒ_kv
$ {]iv\w Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°p∂p
So®¿ {]iv\]cn-l-c-W-Øn-te°p \bn-
°p∂ hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-
°p-∂p.
? F{X t]¿ hoXw Ccn-°m-hp∂ ko‰p-
I-fm-Wp-≈Xv?
? 3 t]¿°n-cn-°m-hp∂ F{X ko‰p≠v?
? AXn¬ F√mw Bfp-Iƒ Ccp-∂n -
´pt≠m?
? F¶n¬ F{X t]cmbn?
?
?
?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ {]iv\]cn-l-cW am¿K-߃ Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
{]iv\\n¿W-bw, hni-I-e-\w, ]cn-l-cn-®- co-Xn, \nK-a-\w, {Inbm-tijn F∂nh
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Hcp _kv Ifn cq]-Øn-emWv tcjva
So®¿ Cu {]iv\w ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-
∏n-®-Xv.
{]iv\-Øns‚ BZy- mKw Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-
l-cn-®-Xn-\p-tijw Ifn XpS¿∂p.
_kv HmSp -∂-Xmbn A`n-\-bn -®p.
ASpØ tÃm∏n¬ _kv \n¿Øn Ip´n-
Iƒ Cd-ßp-∂p. CXn-eqsS {]iv\-
Øns‚ c≠mw `mKhpw Ip´n-Iƒ°v
hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw ]cn -l-cn -
°m\pw Ign-™-Xmbn So®¿ So®nwKv
am\z-en¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. F√m Ip´n-
Iƒ°pw Cu {]h¿Ø\w \∂mbn
CjvS-s∏- p F∂pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn.
Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ
133
A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃
\mev A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
$ hy‡n-KXambn Ip´n-Iƒ Hcp {]iv\w hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®¿ hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
$ ]cn-l-cn® coXnbpw {Inb-Ifpw \nK-a-\hpw (DØ-c-hpw) t\m´p-_p-°n¬/t]∏-
dn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
kqN-I-߃ So®¿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m.
Im‰m-Sn-°p∂v bp.]n kvIqƒ
F¬.-]n., bp.]n hn`m-Kßfnse Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆ-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnh-c-߃ ChnsS
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ°v ZØ-ß-fpsS hni-I-e\w \SØn Ah Hcp ]´nI cq]-
Øn¬ Fgp-Xm≥ So®¿ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.
$ hnh-c-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn®p Is≠-Øp-∂p.
˛ So®dpw Cu hnh-c-߃ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv {]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v klm-
b-I-am-Ipw.
˛ Bh-iy-amb hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ So®¿ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
?
?
?
So®¿ tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS ]´nI cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°v Ip´n-Isf \bn-°p-∂p.
?
?
$ ZØ-ß-fpsS hni-I-e\w kqN-I-߃ h®v So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ Cu c≠v ]´n-I-Ifpw Ip´n-Iƒ t]m¿ v t^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ ]´n-Isb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn tNmZy-߃ Xøm-dm-°p-
∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ kz¥-am-bp-≠m-°nb tNmZy-ßfpw a‰p≈hbpw \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp∂p.
Ah t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
134
tNmZy-cq-]o-I-c-Ww, {]iv\m-]-{K-Y\w Ch So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. ^oUv_m°v
\¬Ip-∂p.
Iq -ß-fm°mw
Iºn-bn¬ 36 apØp-I-fp-≠v. Ah _m°n hcmØ coXn-bn¬ Xpey-amb Iq -ß-fm-°q.
Fß-s\-sbms° Iq´-ß-fm°mw?
a‰p FÆ-߃ FSpØv sNbvXp-t\m-°q.
\£{X-°fn
2 t]¿ XΩn-ep≈ Ifn-bm--Wn-Xv. Hcmƒ°v 2 XhW ssUkn-Smw. BZy XhW ssUkn-
Sp-tºmƒ e`n® kwJy-bv°-\p-k-cn®v hrØw hc-bv°Ww. c≠mw XhW ssUkn- -
t∏mƒ e`n® kwJy-°-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm hrØ-Ønepw \£-{X-߃ hc-bv°-Ww.
C\n c≠m-as‚ Ah-k-c-am-Wv. B¿°mtWm IqSp-X¬ \£-{X-߃ e`n-®Xv Abmƒ
Pbn-°pw.
dmln-Zbpw \μ-\bpw Cu Ifn Ifn-®p. Ah¿ hc-®Xv t\m°q.
dmlnZ
2 × 4 = 8
\μ\
3 × 5 = 15
CXv ]´n-I-bn¬ FgpXn t\m°n-bmtem.
t]cv hrØw \£{Xw BsI \£{Xw
dmlnZ 2 4 2 × 4 = 8
\μ\ 3 5 3 × 5 = 15
dmlnZ ssUkn-´ -
t∏mƒ BZyw 2 Dw
]n∂oSv 4 Dw BWv
In´n-b-Xv.
t\chpw Imehpw
135
bqWn‰vt\chpw Imehpw6
BapJw
t¢m°v, hm®v F∂nh t\m°n kabw ]d-bp-∂-Xn\pw Ie-≠-
dn¬ \n∂pw hnh-c-߃ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Bh-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fmWv Cu ]mT-- m-K-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≈-Xv.
Ie-≠-dn¬ \n∂pw Xob-Xn, Znhkw F∂nh Is≠-Øm≥ Ah¿°-
dn-bmw. BgvN-bnse Znh-k-ß-fpsS FÆw, t]cp-Iƒ, Cw•ojv amk-
ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ F∂nh {Ia-ambn ]d-bm\pw Ie-≠-dn¬ \n∂pw
hnti-j-Zn-h-k-߃, Ah[n Znh-k-߃ F∂nh Is≠-Øm\pw
Ah¿ Ign™ ¢mkn¬ ]cn-io-en-®n- p-≠v. c≠v Znh-k-߃°n-S-
bnse Znh-k-ß-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øm\pw Ah¿°-dn-bmw.
t¢m°n¬ t\m°n kabw ]d-bp-∂-Xn\pw ka-b-Øns‚ hyXykvX
bqWn-‰p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v kabw IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu ]mT-
`m-K-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p. {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-
{XWw sNøm≥ Ie-≠¿, t¢m°v F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn
ssSwtS-_nƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v Ip´nsb {]m]vX\m°p-∂p. Cw•o-
jv, ae-bmfw amk-ß-fnse Xob-Xn-Iƒ Is≠-Øm\pw Cu amk-
߃ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øm\pw bqWn‰v klm-b-I-am-
Ip∂p.
\n›nX ka-b-߃°n-S-bnse ka-b-ssZ¿Lyw IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn\pw
an\n- p-Iƒ tN¿∂v aWn-°qdpw aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ tN¿∂v Znh-khpw
IW-°m-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]mT- m-KØv \¬In-bn- p-≠v.
\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ {]h¿Ø\ Ie-≠¿ Xbm-dm-°m\pw \n›nX
{]h¿Ø-\-߃°v Bh-iy-amb kabw IW-°m-°m\pw s{Sbn≥,
a‰v hml-\-߃ apX-embh bm{X-s°-Sp-°p∂ kabw Is≠-
Øm\pw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ D≠v.
kabssZ¿Ly-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ t_m[w Ip´n-I-fn¬ D≠m-°p-∂-
Xn\pw hyXykvX PohnX taJ-e-I-fn¬ kabw Fß-s\-sb√mw _‘-
s∏-Sp∂p F∂pw ]mT-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw a\- n-em-°mw. kabw
AXns‚ hne-b-dn™v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw {]h¿Ø-\-߃°-
\p-k-cn®v ka-bsØ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m\pw ]mT-`mKw ssIImcyw
sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
136
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$k
ab
w A
f-°
p-∂-X
n-\p≈
D]
-I-c-
W-ß
-fmW
v t¢
m°v, h
m®v F
∂n-h
.
$k
ab
w I
W-°
m-°p-∂
-Xn\
p≈ Hcp
bqW
n-‰mW
v aW
n-°q¿
.
$aW
n-°q-d
n-s\
-°mƒ
sN
dnb
k
ab
wan\
n‰ne
pw an\
n-‰n-s
\-°
mƒ sN
dnb
kab
w sk
°‚
nepw ]
d-b
p-∂p.
$Znh
-kw, amk
w, h
¿j
w F
∂n-h
bpw
ka-b
-Øns
‚ b
qWn-‰
p-I-fm-W
v.
$k
a-b
-hp-a
mb
n _
‘-s∏
-SpØ
n{]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ
Bk
q-{X
Ww
sN
øp-∂
p.$
{]h
¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ
Bk
q-{X
Ww
sN
øp-∂
-Xn\
v ssSwt
S-_
nƒ,
Ie
-≠
¿ F
∂nh
k
lm-b
-I-c-am-W
v.
$I
e-≠
-dn¬
\
n∂pw [
mcmf
w h
nh-c-
߃
I
s≠
-Øm≥
I
gn-b
p-∂p.
Ie
-≠
-dn¬
Cw•
o-jv, ae
-bmf
w amk
-ß-
fns
e X
ob-X
n-I-fp-a
p-≠v.
$Hcp
Ip´
n-bps
S Hcp
Znh
-ksØ
h
yXy-k
vX-ß
-fmb
{]
h¿Ø
-\-
ßfpw
A
h G
tX
Xv k
a-b
Øv sN
øp-∂
p-sh
∂pw
I
mWn-°
p∂{]
h¿Ø
-\h
pw Z
nh-tk
\ \
mw G
¿s∏
-Sp∂
{]
hr-Ø
n-I-fn¬
Ipd
™k
a-b
hpw I
qSp-X
¬ k
a-b
hpw Ds≠
∂v I
s≠
-Øp-∂
p.$
an\
n‰v k
qNn-b
p-sS N
e-\
-ti
jn t\
m°n 5
an\
n‰v, 10 a
n\n‰
v,, 15 a
n\n‰
vF
∂n-ß
s\
XpS
¿∂
v 60 an\
n‰v ]
q¿Ø
n-bm-°
m-hp-∂
Xv "k
ab
w' F
∂{]
h¿Ø
-\-Ø
n-eqs
S a\
- n-e
m-°p∂
p.
$t¢
m°n¬
an\
n‰v k
qNn-b
psS ÿ
m\w
t\
m°n
kab
w an\
n-‰n¬
]d-b
p∂p
Fgp-X
p∂p
{Iao-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$I
pd™
k
ab
w sk
°‚
v D]
-tb
m-Kn®
v ]
db
msa∂
v {]
h¿Ø
-\-
ßfne
qsS t_
m[y-s
∏-Sp-∂
p.$
Znh
-kw, B
gvN
, amk
w, h
¿j
w F
∂n-h
bpw k
a-b
-Øns
‚ h
enb
bqW
n-‰p-I
-fm-s
W∂
v I
s≠
-Øp-∂
p.
${]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ B
kq-{X
Ww
sN
øp-t
ºmƒ
e
`y-a
mb k
a-b
-hp-
amb
n _
‘-s∏
-SpØ
n {I
ao-I
-cn-°
p∂p. {]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ°
v B
\p-
]m-X
n-I-amb
n k
ab
w h
n\n-t
bm-K
n-°p-∂
-Xns
‚ {]
m[m\
yw a\
- n-
em°
n ssSwt
S-_
nƒ, b
m{X
m ]
´nI
F
∂nh
X
bm-d
m-°p-∂
p.
$I
e-≠
¿ t\
m°n C
w•o-j
v, ae
-bmf
w amk
-߃
, amk
-Øns
e Znh
-k
-ß-fps
S F
Æ-Ø
n-ep≈
hyX
ym-k
w apX
-emb
h
nh-c-ß
ƒ I
s≠
-Ø
m≥ I
gn-b
p-∂p.
Znh
-kw, B
gvN
, amk
w, h
¿j
w C
h -X
-Ωn-e
p≈_
‘w
Is≠
-Øp-∂
p.$
Ie
-≠¿ t\
m°n
hnti
-j-Zn-h
-k-ß
ƒ, B
tL
m-j-Zn-h
-k-ß
ƒ P
∑-
Zn\
w F
∂nh
I
s≠
-Øp-∂
- {]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ.
$h
m®
v, t¢
m°
v t\
m°
nk
ab
w ]
d-b
p-∂p.
$\
n›n-X
-k-a-b
-߃
°n-S-b
n-e
p≈ k
a-b
-ssZ¿L
ywI
W-°
m-°p-∂
p.$
aW
n-°q¿
, an\
n‰v C
h-
bps
S ]
c-k
v]c _
‘w
hni
-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$B
kq-{
XW
w sN
øp-∂
-X
n\v ssSwt
S-_
nƒ \
n¿an-
°p-∂
p.
$I
e-≠
¿ t\
m°n
Cw•
o-j
v, ae
-bmfw amk
-ß-
fns
e X
ob-X
n-Iƒ
, h
nti
-j
-Zn-h
-k-ß
ƒ F
∂nh
Is≠
-Øp-∂
p.
bqW
n‰v s
{^b
nw
t\chpw Imehpw
137
kabw hmbn-°m\pw ]d-bm\pw Ip´n-
Iƒ°-dn-bmtam F∂-XmWv Chn-sS
]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv. t¢m°ns‚ klm-
b-tØmsS So®¿ CXp sNøp-I-tbm,
As√-¶n¬ So®¿ ]d-bp∂ kabw
t¢m°n¬ ImWn-°p-Itbm sNøm≥
Ip´n°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. "APn-
bpsS Hcp Znhkw' t]mse Hcp ka-
b-{Iaw hy‡n-K-X-ambn Hmtcm
Ip´nbpw Ah-cpsS t\m´v _p°n¬
Xøm-dm-°-s´. t¢m°v hc-bv°m≥
\n¿_--‘n--t°-≠-Xn-√. CXns\ t]m¿ v
t^mfntbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. cmhn-
se, D®-bv°v, sshIp--t∂-cw, cm{Xn
F∂n-ßs\ ka-b-{Iaw Xcw-Xn-cn-
°p∂p.
amXvkv em_nse t¢m°v D]-tbm-Kn®v
an\n‰v kqNn 5 an\n‰v hoXw CS-hn v 55
an\p v Ign™v 60 an\n‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-
°p-∂Xpw kabw 1 aWn-°q¿ BIp-
∂Xpw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ]cn-Nn-X-
amb a‰v A\p- -h-ßfpw Dƒs∏-SpØn
ka-bsØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. an\n‰v
kqNn, aWn-°q¿ kqNn F∂n-h-bpsS
Ne-\w, 60 an\n‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ
aWn-°q¿ kqNn-bpsS ÿm\w F∂n-
hbpw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Im¬
aWn-°q¿, Ac aWn-°q¿, ap°m¬
aWn-°q¿ F∂o ]cn-Nn-X-amb {]tbm-
K-߃ aWn-°q¿ kqNn, an\n‰v kqNn
F∂n-h-bpsS hep∏ hyXymkw apX-
embh Cu L -Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
Ø-Ww.
{]Xo-£nX kabw : 15 ]ocnbUv
kma-{Kn-Iƒ : t¢m°v, Ie≠¿,
¢mkv ssSwtS-_nƒ
bqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\w
APn-bpsS Hcp Znhkw
APn Hcp Znhkw sNøp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃
t¢m°ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-
Øn¬ \¬In-bXv Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn
hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®¿ Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃
tNmZn-°p-∂p.
? cmhnse sNøp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃
Gh?
? Ft∏m-gmWv kvIqƒ hnSp-∂Xv?
? APn ]Tn-°p-∂Xv Ft∏m-gmWv?
?
XpS¿∂v t]Pv 77 se Imcy-߃ hmbn-°p-∂p. {]h¿Ø-\sØ cmhn-se, D®, sshIp-
t∂-cw, cm{Xn F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn®v Fgp-X-s´.
AΩ-tbmSv At\z-jn®v AΩ-bpsS Hcp
Znhkw Xøm-dm-°m≥ Ip´n-tbmSv \n¿t±in-
°p-∂p.
kabw
A©v an\n‰v hoXw CS-hn-´p≈ coXn-bn¬
kqNn-bpsS ÿm\w t¢m°n¬ Ip´n-Iƒ \nco-
£n-°p-∂p. kqNn-bpsS ÿm\hpw Fgp-Xnb
ka-bhpw _‘-s∏-SpØn kabw hni-I-
e\w sNøp-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
an\n‰v kqNn 12 ¬ XpSßn ho≠pw 12 ¬
FØp-tºmƒ 60 an\n‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-hp-∂p.
60 an\n‰v -= 1 aWn-°q¿
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
138
Fs‚ Znhkw
apºv sNbvX {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®-
bmbn sNtø-≠-Xm-Wn-Xv.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
? \n߃ Znhkhpw sNøp∂ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ GsXms° ka-b-ß-fn-emWv?
(D®- -£W ka-bw, kvIqƒhn v ho´n-se-Øp∂ kabw, Dd-ßp∂ ka-bw)
$ {]Xn-I-c-W-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
kabw Fgp-Xmtam? kqNn hcbv°mw
an\n‰v kqNn-bpsS ÿm\w t\m°n 5 an\n‰v CS-hn v kabw t\m°n ]d-bp-∂-Xv CXn-
\Iw a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v.
¢mkn¬ So®¿ Hcp°nb {]h¿Ø\Øn\v tijw ]pkvX-I-Ønse "kabw Fgp-
Xmtam' F∂ {]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn Gs‰-SpØv ]cn-lcn-°p-∂p.
XpS¿∂v "kqNn hc-bv°mw' F∂ {]h¿Ø-\hpw hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
A]--{K-Yn-°¬, hc-bv°¬, {Iao-I-cn-°¬, F∂o {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ hne-
bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
Hm´a’cw
]mT- m-KsØ {]h¿Ø\w So®¿ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
? arK-߃ HmSm-s\-SpØ kabw Ip´n-
Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p?
? F{X- a--Wn-°mWv a’cw Bcw- n-®Xv?
? Hmtcm arKhpw HmSm-s\-SpØ kabw
F{X?
? BcmWv BZyw HmSn-sbØnbXv?
t]Pv 82 ¬ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw FSpØ kabw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw If-ß-fn¬ t¢m°p-I-fn¬
kqNn-Iƒ hc®v IrXy-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Hcp \nanjw
$ {]h¿Ø\w Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn
hmbn-°p-∂p.
? Hmtcm-∂n\pw F{X kabw thWw?
? kzX{¥ {]Xn-I-c-W-w.
So®¿ IYm-cq-]-Øn-emWv Cu `mKw
¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. Hmtcm
arKhpw Hm -Øn-s\-SpØ ka-bw, aWn-
°q¿, an\n‰v F∂nh tN¿Øv ]d-bp-
∂-Xn-eqsS kabw F∂ Bibw H∂v
IqSn Dd-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
an\n‰n-s\-°mƒ sNdnb ka-bsØ
kqNn-∏n-°m≥ sk°‚ v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂p F∂ Bi-b-amWv CXn-eqsS
t\tS-≠-Xv. hfsc Ipd™ kabw
Bh-iy-ap≈ Nne {]h¿Ø-\-߃
t\m´p-_p-°n¬ FgpXn tN¿°-s´.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-ß-
fpsS ka-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn
So®¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. tijw t]Pv
80 se If-߃ ]qcn-∏n-°-Ww. Bh-
iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \SØn hne-
bn-cp-Ø--Ww.
t\chpw Imehpw
139
$ hfsc Ipd™ kabw Bh-iy-ap≈
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ GsX√mw? F≥._n
bn¬ Ipdn-°p-∂p. Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ t¢m°nse Hmtcm kqNnbpw F¥m-
sW∂pw t¢m°n-sebpw UnPn-‰¬
t¢m°n-sebpw aWn-°q¿, an\n‰v, sk°‚ v F∂n-h-bpw ]d™p sImSp-°p-∂p.
sk°‚ns‚ hne-b-dn-bm-\mbn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse apb-ens‚ Nn{Xw, ck-I-c-amb
a‰v DZm-l-c-W-߃ F∂nh Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ Iºyq- ¿ {]h¿Ø\w
hm®nse kabw {Iao-I-cn-°mw.
(t]Pv 83)
ka-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp sKbn-am-Wn-Xv. kabw F∂ Bibw Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw,
hm®v t\m°n kabw ]d-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ tijn t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw CXv klm-bn-°pw.
hm®n¬ kabw {Iao-I-cn-°pI F∂-XmWv {]h¿Ø-\w. sF.‰n @ kvIqƒ ·q/ en\Ivkv
Pq\n-b¿ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-Ønse PotImw-{]nkv tkm v‰vshb-dmWv CXn-\mbn D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
tkm v‰vshb¿ Xpd-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hgn
Applications - Education - GCompris F∂ {Ia-Øntem
Favorites - GCompris F∂ {Ia-Øntem PotImw-{]nkv Xpd-°mw.
PotImw-{]nkv Xpd-∂v,
I≠p-]n-Sn-°mtam → ]e-Xcw Ifn-Iƒ → t¢m°v ]T\w
sKbnw Xpd-°p-tºmƒ Hcp hm®pw AXns‚ CS-Xp- m-K-Ømbn hm®v {Iao-I-cn°mw
F∂-Xns‚ Xmsg Hcp ka-bhpw ImWmw. X∂n-cn-°p∂ kabw hm®n¬ {Iao-I-cn-
°pI F∂-XmWv Ifn. aukv D]-tbm-Kn®v aWn-°q¿, an\n‰v kqNn-Iƒ Xncn®v kabw
{Iao-I-cn-°mw. icn-bmbn {Iao-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXn\v A`n-\-μ\w Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw
H∏w {Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn as‰mcp kabw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. BZy-L- -
ß-fn¬ e`n-°p∂ ka-b-Øn¬ aWn-°qdpw an\n‰pw am{Xta D≠m-Iq. F∂m¬ XpS¿∂v
e`n-°p∂ ka-b-Øn¬ sk°‚pw D≠m-Ipw.
F{X aWn-°q¿
c≠v ka-b-߃°n-S-bnse -ssZ¿Lyw IW-°m-°m≥ Cu {]h¿Ø-\w e£y-an-Sp-
∂p.
$ Ip´nIƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn {]iv\w hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®¿ Nne hni-I-e\tNmZy-߃ tNmZn°p-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
an\n‰ns\°mƒ sNdnb kabw kqNn-
∏n-°m≥ sk°‚ v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
140
ap≥Iq´n Xs∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v t¢m°ns‚
Nn{Xw t^mt´m-Ãm‰v FSpØv \¬In.
Ah-cXv I´n-bp≈ Im¿Uv t_m¿Un¬
H´n®p sIm≠p h∂p. Sw•o-\¿ sIm≠v
kqNn-Iƒ D≠m°n. ¢mkns\ {Kq∏p-I-
fm°n. XpS¿∂v Rm≥ ]d™ 8 aWn 43
an\p´v kabw t¢m°n¬ {Iao-I-cn-®p.
{Kq∏n¬ ]c-kv]cw ssIamdn t]mcmbva
]cn-l-cn®v sa®-s∏-SpØn Rm≥ as‰mcp
kabw ho≠pw ]d-™p. AXv {Iao-I-cn-
®p. Cßs\ 5 {]mhiyw Ign-bp-tºm-
tgbv°pw Ip´n-Iƒ Rm≥ Dt±-in®
XeØnte°v FØn. F√m Ip´n-Ifpw
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]¶m-fnIfm-bn.
tPmPn So®¿ Xs‚ hne-bn-cp-ج
tImf-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ip´n-Iƒ°v
ho´nte°p sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ Hcp
t¢m°p≠mbn. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw \√
t¢m°p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. AXv t]m¿´v
t^mfntbm kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v
hne-bn-cpØn.
kab-ssZ¿Lyw IW-°m-°p-tºmƒ 10
aWn apX¬ 4 aWn hsc F∂Xv
t]mse-bp-≈-h-bn¬ 10 apX¬ 12 hsc
2 aWn-°q¿ F∂pw 12 apX¬ 4 hsc 4
aWn-°q¿ F∂pw BsI 6 aWn-°q¿
BIp-∂Xpw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. IqSp-
X¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°mbn kam-\-amb
]´nI cq]-s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.
? cmhnse 10 aWn apX¬ 12 aWn hsc
F{X aWn-°q¿?
? 10 aWn apX¬ 1 aWn-h-sctbm?
hy‡nK-X-ambn {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-
°p-∂p. {Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Sn._n bnepw F≥._n
bnepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p ˛ ]c-kv]cw hne-
bn-cp-Øp∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
24 aWn-°q¿ tN¿∂v Hcp Znh-kw.
A]-{K-Y-\w, Xmc-Xayw sNø¬, \nK-a-\-cq-]o-I-cWw F∂o tijn-Iƒ So®¿
hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
Fs‚ Zqchpw ka-bhpw
an\n-‰pIƒ°n-S-bnse kabw ImWp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
$ {]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-Xambn Ah-X-cn∏n-°p∂p.
t¢m°ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS So®¿ kabw ImWn-®p -sIm-Sp-°p∂p.
So®¿ Ip´n-Isf 5 t]¿ hoX-ap≈ {Kq∏m-°p-∂p.
t]Pv 85 t^m¿am‰v Ip´n-Isf sIm≠v F≥._n bn¬ sNøn-°p-∂p. (hy‡n-K-X-am-bn)
{Kq∏n-e-h-X-c-Ww. sa®-s∏-Sp-ج˛ ¢mkvXe Ah-X-c-Ww. Sn._n-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج
$ Nm¿´n-se-gpXn ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
t\chpw Imehpw
141
kvIqƒ hm¿jnIw
Bi-b-m-h-X-c-W-Øn\v Nne tNmZy-ß-
fmhmw
? 10.30 Ign™v 30 an\n‰m-bm¬ ka-b-
sa{X?
? 10.30 Ign™v 40 an\n‰m-bmtem?
?
10.30 Ign™v 40 an\n‰m-bm¬ kabw
ASpØ aWn-°q-dn -te°v IS-°p-∂Xv
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
\nXy-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn
CØcw kμ¿ -߃ So®¿ IqSp-X¬
\¬Ip-at√m?
sdbn¬th tÃj≥
So®¿ \¬Inb aps∂m-cp° {]h¿Ø-
\-Øn-\p-tijw Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn {]iv\w hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
$ {]iv\\n¿≤m-cWw sNbvX coXn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
A]-{K-Y-\w, {Iao-I-cn-°¬, {]tbm--Kn-°¬ F∂o tijn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
Im¿ bm{X
aps∂m-cp° {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v tijw So®¿
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse {]h¿Ø\w Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°p-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ sa®-s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cWw
$ sSIvÃv-_p-°nepw t\m v_p°nepw Bh-
iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p.
Xoh-≠n-bm{X
Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®¿ Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃
tNmZn-°p-∂p.
{]h¿Ø\w XpSßpw apºv Xmsg
sImSpØ coXn-bn¬ Hcp ]´nI So®¿
Nm¿ v t]∏-dn¬ Xøm-dm-°-Ww.
kabw aWn-°q¿ an\n‰v
an\n‰n¬
90 an\n‰v 1 30
130 an\n‰vv 2 10
1 40
65 an\n‰v 1
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p
tijw kam-\-amb a‰p {]iv\-߃
Ip´n-bpsS PohnX ]cn-k-c-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏-SpØn \¬I-Ww. CØcw
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ t]m¿´v t^mfntbm
kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cp-Ø-
Ww.
c≠v ka-b-߃ e`n-®m¬ BsI
kabw Is≠-Øp-I-bmWv Cu
{]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Dt±-iyw. cmhnse
30 an\n‰pw D®bv°v 40 an\n‰pw cmPp
^pSvt_mƒ Ifn-®p. F¶n¬ cmPp
F{X kabw pSvt_mƒ Ifn-®p. AXv
aWn-°q-dnepw an\n‰n-ep-ambn Fßs\
]d-bpw. AΩ cmhnse `£Ww Xøm-
dm-°m≥ 45 an\n‰pw D®- -£Ww Xøm-
dm-°m≥ 1 aWn-°q¿ 30 an\n‰pw FSp-
Øp. F¶n¬ `£Ww ]mIw sNøm≥
AΩ BsI F{X ka-b-sa-Sp-Øp.
aWn-°q¿, an\n‰v F∂ coXn-bn¬
Fßs\ ]d-bpw. CØcw Nne A\p -
h߃ Ip -n°v ap≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ambn
\¬I-Ww.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
142
? h≠n ]pd-s∏´ kabw?
? FØn-tN¿∂ kabw?
?
?
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn {]iv\ \n¿≤m-cWw
sNøp-∂p.
$ Is≠-Ønb coXn ¢m n-e-h--X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
BcmZyw
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ip´n -Iƒ {]iv\
\n¿≤m-cWw \S-Øp-∂p.
$
bm{Xbpw ka-bhpw
hy‡n-]-c-amb hmb-\bv°v Ah-k-cw.
So®¿ Nne hni-I-e\tNmZy-߃
tNmZn-°p-∂p.
? F{X aWn°v bm{X ]pd-s∏´p?
? Uman¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ F{X ka-bsa-
Sp-Øp?
?
?
?
? hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ F{X aWn°v Xncn-s®Øn?
XpS¿∂v "bm{X-∏´nI, kμ¿i\ kabw' F∂o ]´n-I-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]q¿Øn-
bm-°p-∂p.
{Kq∏n-e-h-X-c-Ww˛
t]mcm-bva Is≠Øn ]cn-l-cn-°p∂p
Ah-X-cWw ˛ F≥._n bnepw Sn._n bnepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
]´n-Isb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Iq´p-Im-c-t\mSv tNmZn-°m≥ tNmZy-߃ Xøm-dm-
°p-∂p. t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج kqN-I-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cpØn KpWm-
flI Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ FgpXn kq£n-°p-∂p.
c≠v ka-b-߃°n-S-bn-ep≈ kab
hyXymkw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-
\-am-WnXv.
ssSwtS-_nƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xns‚
{]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®v ¢m n¬ Hcp
eLp-N¿®. AXns‚ {]m[m\yw
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. e`y-amb ka-b-
-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Ø-\-߃ {Iao-
I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ssSwtS-_nƒ Xøm-dm-
°Ww F∂ B-i-b-Øn\v {]m[m-\yw
\¬I-Ww.
c≠v ka-b-߃°n-S -bn -ep≈
ssZ¿Lyw Is≠-Øp∂ {]h¿Ø\w
t\csØ \¬Inbn-cp-∂p. aWn-°qdpw
an\p´pw tN¿∂ kμ¿ -Øn¬ ka-b-
ssZ¿Lyw Is≠Øp-I-bm-WnhnsS
sNøp-∂-Xv.
t\chpw Imehpw
143
tPmenkabw
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®¿ Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃
tNmZn-°p-∂p.
? H∂m-a-sØ-bmƒ F{X kabw tPmen
sNbvXp? Fßs\ Is≠-Øn?
XpS¿∂v c≠m-a-sØbpw aq∂m-a-sØbpw tNmZy-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p. hy‡n-K-Xw- -
{Kq-∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-ج.
$ {Kq∏-h-X-cWw
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج˛ Sn._n. bnepw F≥._n. bnepw
v$ Sn._n. bnse kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج
tImfw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
\ap°v Is≠Ømw
Znh-kw, BgvN, amkw, h¿jw F∂n-hbpw
ka-b-Øns‚ bqWn-‰p-I-fmWv F∂ Bi-b-
-amWv Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS t\tS-≠-Xv.
$ {]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn®v
]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
$ hy‡n-KX Ah-X-cWw.
$ Is≠-Ønb {]tXy-I-X-I-fpsS N¿®.
$ BZysØ tNmZyw F√m-hcpw Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
XpS¿∂v t]Pv 91 se "BtLm-j-߃' F∂ {]h¿Ø\w
Ie-≠¿ t\m°n ]q¿Øn-bm-°Ww.
ae-bmf amkw
Ie-≠dn¬ Cw•o-jv, ae-bmfw amk-߃ Is≠Øn hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
$ amk-߃ FgpXn ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
? \nß-fpsS ]nd-∂mƒ GXv ae-bmf amk-Øn-em-Wv?
R߃ ¢m n¬
Hcp P∑-Zn\ Ie≠¿
\n¿Ωn®p.
¢mkn¬ t¢m°v D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
t\csØ CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. aq∂p t]cp-
sSbpw kabw So®¿ t¢m°n¬
ImWn®p sImSp-°-Ww.
hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ip´n-ItfmSv Ie-≠¿
sIm≠p-h-cm\pw Xs‚ P∑-Zn\w
GsX∂v tNmZn®v a\- n -em°n
hcm\pw ap≥Iq´n \n¿t±iw \¬I-Ww.
Ie-≠¿ t\m°n amkw, h¿jw
F∂nh Is≠-Øp-∂p. amk-Ønse
Znh-k-ß--fpsS FÆw, Ah[n Znh-k-
߃, hnti-j-Zn-h-k-߃, Zn\m-N-c-W-
߃ F∂n-hbpw Ie-≠-dn¬ \n∂v
Is≠-Øp-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
144
Fßs\ ]dbmw
]mT-`m-K-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Ipd-™Xpw IqSnbXpw Bb kabw
Bh-iy-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ D≠-t√m. AØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf A\p-tbm-Py-amb
bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ Fgp-Xm-\p-≈-XmWo {]h¿Ø-\w. sk°‚ v kabw apX¬ h¿j-߃
hsc FSp-°p-∂h tbmPn® bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ip´n-Isf {]m]vX-
am-°-Ww.
hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw
145
bqWn‰vhcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw7
BapJw
6 × 6 hsc-bp≈ KpW\ hkvXp-X-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-®n- p-≠v.
Ch D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn KWnX/{]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-
cn-°m≥ Ah¿°-dnbmw.
9 hsc-bp≈ KpW\ hkvXp-X-Iƒ (9 × 9 hsc), c≠° kwJysb
Hc° kwJy-sIm-≠pw, c≠° kwJy-sIm≠pw D≈ KpW\w
F∂o {][m\ Bi-b-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n-ep-≈Xv.
KpW-\-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ (9 × 9 hsc) cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p. AXn¬ \n∂v
KpW-\-∏-´nI \n¿an-°m\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p. hyXykvX
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS c≠-°-kw-Jysb Hc° kwJy-
sIm≠pw c≠° kwJy- sIm≠pw KpWn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hyXykvX
hgn-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂p. 10 sIm≠p≈ KpW-\-Øns‚
Ffp-∏-hgn Is≠-Øm\pw Ign-bp-∂p. Cc´n/aSßv Bi-b-Øn-\p≈
{]h¿Ø-\hpw Cu bqWn-‰n-ep-≠v. {Inb-Iƒ a\-°-W-°mbn
sNøm\pw Ip´n-Iƒ tijn t\Sp-∂p. hyXy-kvX-amb {]mtbm-KnI
{]iv\-߃ A]-{K-Yn-°m\pw hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°m\pw
\nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS Ip´n°v Ign-bp-∂p.
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج, Nn{Xo-I-cn-°¬, hne-bn-cp-ج, Bkz-Zn-°¬
F∂o {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Ifpw {]iv\m-]-{K-Y-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tijn-
Ifpw Cu bqWn-‰n¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
\nXy-Po-hnX kμ¿ -ß-fnse hyXy-kvX-amb {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-
°m≥ KpW-\-h-kvXp-X-I-sfbpw KpW-\-{In-b-sbbpw Ip´n-Iƒ
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kwL-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS kzbw ]cym-
]vXX-bn-te°v FØmw F∂ at\m- m-hhpw Ip´n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-
Sp∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
146
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$Hcp
kwJ
ysb
B
h¿Ø
n®p
Iq´
p-∂
-Xn-\
p-]-I
cw
B
kwJ
ysb
FÆ
w-sI
m≠v KpW
n-®m¬
aX
n.
$Hcp
kwJ
ysb
H∂
v sI
m≠v KpW
n-®
m¬ A
tX
k
wJy-I
n-p-∂
p.
$Hcp
kwJ
y-bps
S C
c´n
ImW
m≥c≠
v sI
m≠v KpW
n-®m¬
aX
n.
$Hcp
kwJ
y-bps
S \
n›nX
aSß
pI
mW
p-∂-X
n\v A
Xns
\ \
n›nX
kwJ
y -sI
m≠p
KpW
n-®m¬
aX
n.
$c≠
° k
wJ
ysb
Hc°
k
wJ
y-sI
m-≠p≈
KpW
-\w.
$c≠
° k
wJys
b c≠
° k
wJy-
sI
m-≠p≈
KpW
\w.
$Hcp
]mt‰-W
ns‚
X
pS¿®
I
s≠
-Ø
m≥
X
∂n-c
n-°p∂
k
wJ
y-I
ƒX
Ωn-e
p≈ _
‘w
Is≠
-Ø-W
w.
${]
mtb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
h
ni-I
-e\
w sN
øp-∂
p. A
]-{K
-Yn-°
p-∂
p. {]
iv\
w ]
cn-l
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$KpW
-\-h
-kvX
p-X-I
ƒ c
q]o-I
-cn-°
p-∂p. A
h {I
ao-I
-cn-°
p-∂p. ]
´n-
I-s∏
-Sp-Ø
p-∂p.
$k
wJy-I
-fps
S aS-ß
p-I-fpa
mbn
_‘
-s∏
´ {]
iv\
-߃
h
ni-I
-e
\w
sN
øp-∂
p. A
]-{K
-Yn-°
p-∂p. {]
iv\
-]-cn-l
-cW
w \
S-Ø
p-∂
p. \
nK-a\
w cq]
o-I-cn-°
p-∂p.
${]
mtb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
]
cn-l
-cn-°
p-∂-X
n-eqs
S KpW
\Ø
ns‚
(c≠
°w
x Hc-°
w) h
yXyk
vX h
gn-I
ƒ A
t\
z-jn-°
p-∂p. ]
cn-
ti
m-[n-°
p-∂p. t_
m[y-s
∏-Sp-∂
p.
$c≠
° k
wJ
y-I
-fps
S K
pW-\
-Øns
‚ h
yXyk
vX h
gn-I
ƒk
a¿Y
n-°p-∂
p.
${]
mtb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
cq]
o-I-cn-°
p-∂p.
$KW
nX ]
mt‰-W
p-Ifpw ]
kn-e
p-Ifpw KW
nX {]
iv\
-ßfpw ]
cn-
l-cn-°
p-∂p.
${]
mtb
m-K
nI k
μ¿`-ß
-fn-
eqs
S K
pW-\
-h-k
vXp-X
-Iƒ
cq]
o-I-cn-°
p-∂p.
${]
iv\
]
cn-l
-c-W
-Øn\
vK
pW\
hk
vXp-X
-Iƒ
D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
${]
iv\
]
c-nl
c-W
-Øn\
vK
pW\
{Inb
D]
-tb
m-K
n-°p-
∂p.
$K
pW\
hk
vXp-X
-Iƒ
D]
-tb
m-K
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
p∂ {]
mtb
m-K
nI {]
iv\
-߃
cq]
o-I-cn-
°p-∂
p.
$K
pW-\
-hp-a
mbn
_‘
-s∏
´k
wJ
ym-_
-‘-ß
ƒ I
s≠
-Ø
n h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-°
p∂p
bqW
n‰v s
{^b
nw
hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw
147
{]Xo-£nX kabw : 20 ]ocnbUv
kma-{Kn-Iƒ :
kvIqƒ Im¿jnI ¢∫v/]®-°dn Irjn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]{Xhm¿Ø/kn.Un, {KnUv
D≈ t\m´p-_p-°v, ssUkv, KpW-\-{In-bm-Im¿Uv ˛ DØ-c-°m¿Uv, Nm¿´v t]∏¿,
t{UmbnwKv jo‰v, am¿°¿, kvsI®v t]\, a©m-Sn, apØp-Iƒ, s]m´p-Iƒ, kzoIz≥kv
hnhn[ \nd-Øn-ep-≈-h, s^hn-t°mƒ, kvsIbn¬.
bqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\w
R߃ F{X-t]¿
$ "Hcp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ' F∂ bqWn-‰p-ambn _‘-s∏-´p≈ ap∂-dnhv
{]h¿Ø-\-amWn-Xv.
c≠p-Iq´w Infn-I-fp-≠v. Ah XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-jWw {i≤n-°q.
Iq´w 1 : R߃°v Xpey FÆ-ap≈ c≠p Iq -am-Im≥ Ignbpw.
Iq´w 2 : R߃°v Xpey FÆ-ap≈ aq∂p Iq -am-Im≥ Ignbpw.
Iq´w 1 : RßfpsS FÆw ]Øn¬ Ipd-hmWv.
Iq´w 2 : RßfpsS FÆhpw \nß-fpsS FÆhpw Xpey-am-Wv.
? So®¿ {]iv\w AhXcn∏n-°p-∂p. Infn-I-fpsS kw`m-jWw {i≤n-®t√m. Hmtcm
Iq -Øn-sebpw Infn-I-fpsS FÆ-sa-{X-bmWv?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Is≠-Ønb coXn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
2 × 3 = 3 × 2, Hcp Iq -Ønse Infn-I-fpsS FÆw 6, KpW\hkvXpXmcq]-Øn¬
So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 103 se "\ndw \¬Imw' F∂ {]h¿Ø\w Ip´n-Iƒ
sNøp-∂p.
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. (KpW\hkvXpX F∂ Bib [mc-W)
kvIqfnse ]®-°-dn-tØm- -sØ-°p-dn®pw Im¿jn-I-¢∫v {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf°pdn®pw D≈
]{X-hm¿Ø / kn.Un {]Z¿i\w/ A\p- -h-ß-fpsS Ah-X-cWw CXn-eqsS ]mT- mKw
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Im¿jnI ¢∫v
6 s‚ KpW\hkvXpX cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-am-WnXv 6 × 6 hscbp≈
KpW\hkvXp-X-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-®-Xp-t]mse So®¿ {]{In-bm-_-‘n-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
148
ssXIƒ \Smw
7s‚ KpW\hkvXp-X-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-
°p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS. 2 × 7 apX¬ 7 × 7hsc
hf-anSmw
2 × 8 apX¬ 8 × 8 hscbp≈ 8 s‚ KpW\hkvXpX cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø\w
KpW-\- ew ImWmw
Hcp t]mep-≈-h¿ tNcp-tºmƒ ˛ ]mTw 6 F∂ ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ KpW-\- ew I≠p-
]n-Sn°mw F∂ I-ºyq- ¿ {]h¿Ø\w hni-Zo-I-cn-®n- p-≠v. AtX coXn-bmWv Chn-
sSbpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv.
hnf-sh-Sp∏v
2 × 9 apX¬ 9 × 9 hscbp≈ 9 s‚ KpW\hkvXpX cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø\w
6 × 6 s‚ XpS¿®bpw hf¿®-bp-amWv C\n-bp≈ {]h¿Ø\w.
Cu \mev {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw IS-∂p-t]mb Ip´n-Iƒ t]Pv 107 se Hgn™ If-
߃ ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ hy‡-K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. So®¿ th¿j≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
? ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn-se \oe \nd-ap≈ If-ß-fnse kwJy-I-fpsS {]tXy-IX
F¥mWv?
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ GXm\pw t]¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p∂p
Hcp kwJysb AtX kwJysIm≠v KpWn-®m¬ In´p∂ kwJy-bmWv. 1, 4, 9, 16,25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100 apX-em-bh.
Ip´n-Iƒ°v {KnUv t]∏¿ \¬Ip∂p. ]´nI ]qcn-∏n®v \ndw \¬In `wKn-bm-°p-∂p.
t]m¿´vt^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
t]m¿ vt^mfntbm kqNI-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
{Ia-Øn-em°mw, ]´nI Xo¿°mw
107 se If-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bt√m
AXn¬ \n∂v 7s‚ KpW-\-∏- nI Ip -nIƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Im¿jnI ¢∫v, ssXIƒ \Smw, hf-anSmw, hnf-
sh-Sp∏v F∂o {]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNøp-tºmƒ
KWn-X-em-_ns‚ km[yX ]c-am-h[n So®¿
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw
149
So®¿ hni-I-e\tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
? 7 Hcp Xh-W-bm-bm¬ AXns\ KpW\cq-]-Øn¬ Fßs\ Fgp-Xmw?
$ 7 + 7 CXns\ 2 × 7 = 14 Fs∂gpXmw.
$ _m°n-bp-≈-hbpw Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fpsS t\m´p-_p-°n-em-Is´.
$ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw cq]o-I-cn® ]´nI So®¿ hne-bn-cp-ØWw.
$ {]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂-hsc KWn-X-em-_nse kma-{Kn-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn So®¿
klm-bn-°p-a-t√m.
$ Cu ]´nI So®¿ Nm¿´n-se-gpXn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-Xp-∂p.
7 s‚ ]´nI D≠m-°n-b-Xp-t]mse 8 s‚bpw 9 s‚bpw ]´nI Ip´n-Iƒ t\m´p-_p-°n¬
]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
{]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂-hsc a©m-Sntbm a‰p hkvXp-°tfm Iq -ß-fm°n h®p-sIm≠v
So®¿°v klm-bn-°m-at√m.
Cu bqWn-‰ns‚ Ah-km\w A\p-_‘w 1 F∂ t]cn¬ Nne Ifn-Iƒ \¬In-
bn- p-≠v. KpW-\-h-kvXp-X-If Dd-∏n-°m≥ \¬Inb Cu Ifn-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw
So®¿ Ip´n-I-sf-s°m≠v Ifn-∏n-t°-≠-XmWv.
F\n-°-dnbmw
hy‡n-K-X-ambn hni-I-e-\w-sN-øp-∂p.
$ A]-{K-Yn-°p∂p.
$ \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.
So®¿ {]iv\\n¿Wbw, KpW-\-h-
kvXp-X-Iƒ Ch hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
? 8 × 8 Cu {Inb-bn-eqsS ]cn-l-cn-
°m-hp∂ Hcp {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\w
Is≠-Ømtam?
$ ct≠m aqt∂m t]¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-∂p.
$ XpS¿∂v hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ {]iv\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
KpW\ hkvXp-X-Isf eLp-hmb {]mtbm-
KnI {]iv\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp∂
{]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. {]iv\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-
°m\pw So®¿ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.
{]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂-hsc So®¿ Fßs\
klm-bn°pw? hni-I-e-\-tNmZy-߃
GsXm-s°-bm-bn-cn-°pw?
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
150
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. Nm¿´n¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p. t\m v
_p°nepw Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm {Kq∏pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ a‰p {Kq∏p-Im¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p
So®¿ {]iv\ cq]o-I-cWw, Ah-X-c-Ww, tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج, KpW\ hkvXpX
F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
a‰p {Inb-Iƒ \¬Intbm, A√m-sXtbm eLp {]iv\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw
Ah t]m¿ vt^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
So®¿ hne-bn-cpØn ^oUv _m°v \¬Ip-∂p.
{]iv\cq]o-I-cWw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ kqN-I-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bmImw?
Ip´n-I-fp-sam-Øp≈ N¿®-bn-eqsS kqN-I-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-at√m?
kqN-I-߃ Ch-bm-bmtem?
$ hmbn®p a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ {]iv\w/tNmZyw.
$ Bibw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-bp≠v (\nXy-Po-hnX kμ¿`-߃).
$ Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-߃ IrXy-ambn Dƒs°m-≈n-®n- p-≠v.
tN¿∂m-se-{X, aS-ßp-Iƒ
tN¿∂m-se{X? aS-ßp-Iƒ F∂o c≠p {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Hcp kwJy-bpsS \n›nX
aSßp ImWp-∂-Xn-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. aSßv ImWm≥ KpWn-°p-I-bm-Wv sNøp-∂Xv. Ch
c≠pw a\-°-W-°mbn sNøm-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
8 × 8 + 6 × 6 = 10 ×10, 3 × 3 + 4 × 4 = 5 × 5, 9 × 9 + 12 × 12 = 15 × 15 XpS-ßnb
Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fn-te°pw Ip´nsb \bn-°mw.
So®¿ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Fß-s\-bmWv Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°pI?
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv hne-bn-cp-Øp-I?
t]Pv 109 se A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃/XpS¿
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn®v {]iv\w ]cn-l-
cn°p-∂p.
Hmtcm {]iv\hpw So®¿ {]{In-bm-_-‘n-X-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
hnhn[ {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Ifpw Ip´n-I-fpsS Bi-b-[m-c-Wbpw So®¿ hne-bn-
cp-Ø-Ww.
aSßp-Iƒ
2 s‚ Cc´n 4. AXp-sIm≠v 28 s‚
Cc´n I≠m¬ 4 sIm≠v KpWn-
®Xpw AXns‚ Cc´n I≠m¬ 8sIm≠p KpWn-®Xpw In´pw.
hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw
151
ac-®o-\n-°rjn
Hcp kwJysb c≠v Hc° kwJy-I-fpsS KpW\ {Inb-bmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
? 8 × 2 F∂-Xn¬ hcn-Iƒ F{X? 8
? \nc-Iƒ F{X? 2
CXp-t]mse a‰p-≈-hbpw Ip´n-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
24 ac-®o-\n-°-ºp-Isf hcnbpw \nc-bp-ambn GsXms° coXn-bn¬ \Sm≥ Ignbpw.
$ So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ Adn-hp-\n¿am-W-L- -ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS t\m´p-_p-°n¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Nn{Xo-I-cn-°¬, {Iao-I-cn-°¬ F∂o ti-jn-Ifpw KpW\hkvXp-X-Iƒ F∂
Bib [mc-Wbpw So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ CXp-t]mse 36, 20 XpS-ßnb kwJy-Ifpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ koIz≥kv / s]m´p-Iƒ H´n®v Ip´n-Iƒ t]m¿ vt^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
AwK-߃ F{X?
{]mtbm-KnI {]iv\w So®¿ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.
{Kq∏n¬ Fß-s\-bmWv hne-bn-cp-ØpI? kqN-I-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cn°pw?
kqN-I-߃
$ F¥mWv Is≠-tØ-≠-sX∂v a\- n-embn.
$ A\p-tbm-Py-amb hgn kzoI-cn-®p.
$ {Inb-Iƒ icn-bmbn sNbvXp.
$ {Inbm- -e-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv DØ-c-Øn-seØn
(\nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øn).
$ sXc-s™-SpØ hgnbpw {Inbm-co-Xnbpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-™p.
CtX kqN-I-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n So®dpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
152
hnØp-I-sf{X?
{]tbm-KnI {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS c≠° kwJysb Hc° kwJy-sIm≠v KpWn-
°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ coXn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv ChnsS sNøp-∂-Xv.
¢mkn¬ Cu {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n®v CXp-t]mse Bh-iy-amb hni-I-e\tNmZy-
߃ \¬In So®dpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-at√m?
$ So®¿ KpW-\-Øns‚ hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ Nm¿´n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v thWw
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥.
A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃ / XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-߃
c≠v {]iv\-ßfpw Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
{]iv\m-]-{K-Y-\w, {Inbm-coXn F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p
$ CXp-t]m-ep≈ a‰p {]iv\-߃ \¬Ip-∂p. Ah ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p. t]m¿ vt^mfn-
tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ So®¿ hne-bn-cpØn ^oUv _m°v \¬Ip-∂p.
{]iv\-cq-]o-I-cWw
c≠° kwJysb Hc° kwJy-sIm≠v KpWn-t°≠ {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-߃ Ip´n-
Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p. {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. sa®-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
{]iv\]cn-l-cWw \SØn t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
{]iv\cq]o-I-c-Ww, {]iv\m-]-{K-Y-\-L-´-߃, c≠° kwJysb Hc°
kwJy sIm≠p≈ KpW\w F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Bh-iy-amb ^oUv_m°v \¬Ip-∂p.
hnØv \Smw
Hcp {]mtbm-KnI{]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n®v AXns‚ ]cn-l-c-W-Øn-\mbn c≠°
kwJysb c≠-° kwJy-sIm≠v KpWn-t°≠ kμ¿`w Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-
eqsS thWw So®¿ c≠° kwJysb c≠° kwJysIm≠v KpWn-°m-\p≈
hyXykvX {Inbm-co-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥. 4 coXn-Iƒ Chn-sS-bp-≠v. Ah Ip´n-
I-fp-am-bp≈ N¿®-bn-eqsS Nm¿ v sNbvXp-sIm≠v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. XpS¿∂v "hyXymkw' F∂
{]h¿Ø\w \¬Imw.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNøp∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-Iƒ kz¥w t\m´p-_p-
°n¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw
153
$ {Kq∏p-Iƒ Nm¿´ntem/_n._n-bntem FgpXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ So®¿ {Inbm-coXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ ta∑ / t]mcmbva Is≠-Øp-∂p. ^oUv_m°v \¬Ip-∂p.
$ So®¿ th¿j≥ Ah-X-cWw Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ \S-Ø-Ww.
aq∂pw HºXpw, hyXymkw
3 s‚ 3 aS-ßmWv 9. AXp-sIm≠v kwJy I≠p-]n-Sn-t°≠ Bh-iy-an√. 9 sIm≠v
KpWn® kwJy In´m≥ 36 s\ 3 sIm≠v KpWn-®m¬ aXn. lcWw ChnsS Dt±-in-°p-
∂n-√. Ip´n-Iƒ kz¥-ambn Is≠Øn B coXn ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°s´. Bh-iy-
sa-¶n¬ So®¿°v klm-bn-°mw. "hyXymkw' F∂ {]h¿Ø\w So®¿ ¢mkn¬ {]{Inbm
_‘n-X-ambn sNø-Ww.
]Ønse ]qPyw
1 apX¬ 20 hsc-bp≈ kwJy-Isf 10 sIm≠v KpWn® ]´nI Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-
ambn ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]Øv sIm≠v KpWn-°m-\p≈ Ffp∏hgn Is≠-Øp-∂p. kz¥w
`mj-bn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Ch t\m´p-_p-°n-emWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv.
$ So®¿ N¿®-bn-eqsS t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
ap∏-Øn-bmdv
36 s\ 3 hyXykvX kwJy-I-fpsS KpW-\- -e-ambn 4 hyXykvX coXn-I-fn¬ Is≠-
Øm-\p≈ kμ¿ -amWv Chn-sS-bp-≈Xv
$ Ah Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-Øp-∂p, KpW-\-{Inb F∂ Bibw F∂nh So®¿
hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ CXp-t]m-ep≈ a‰p km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn t]m¿´v t^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
Ømw.
hne-hy-Xymkw
{]mtbm-KnI {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. {]iv\]cn-l-c-W-Øn-\mbn c≠°
kwJy × c≠° kwJy (16 × 14 ) {Inb D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. AXns‚ hyXykvX
coXn-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS So®¿ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Nm¿´n¬ / _n._n bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
154
XpS¿ {]h¿Ø\w \¬Ip-∂p.
14 Intem{Kmw sh≠° C∂sØ hne-{]-Imcw s]mXpam¿°-‰n¬ hn‰m¬ F{X
cq] A[nIw e`n°pw?
$ {]iv\w hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
$ s]mXp-am¿°-‰nse C∂sØ hne At\z-jn-°p-∂p/‰n._n t]Pv 112 se {]iv\-
Øn¬ \n∂pw hne Is≠-Ømw.
$ {]iv\ ]cn-l-cWw hy‡n-KXw
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p
$ hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p. t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ ]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 113 se t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ CtX kqN-I-߃ h®v So®dpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃
ChnsS 8 {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-߃ \¬In-bn-cn°p-∂p. AXn¬ 8˛m-a-tØXv {]iv\
cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-≈-Xm-Wv.
1, 3, 7, 8 {]h¿Ø-\-߃ {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW L -ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-I-Ø-°-hn[w
So®¿ Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww.
a‰p-≈h Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn®v / So®¿ hmbn-®p-sIm-SpØv Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-
l-cn-°p-∂p.
t]m¿ v t^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Bh-iy-amb ^oUv_m°v \¬Ip-∂p.
So®¿ {]iv\m-]-{K-Y-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tijn-Ifpw {Inbm-ti-jnbpw hne-
bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
kwJym-∏-Sn-Iƒ
]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 114 ¬ \¬Inb kwJy-m∏-Sn-Iƒ \nco-£n-°p-∂p. ]Sn-bnse
kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-Øp-∂p. kwJym-∏-Sn-Iƒ t\m´p-_p-
°n¬ hc-bv°p-∂p. kwJym-∏-Sn-I-fnse F√m If-ß-fn-sebpw kwJy-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
{Kq∏n¬ Is≠-ØnbXns‚ bp‡n ka¿Yn-°p-∂p. hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-Øp-∂p, \n¿an-°¬, bp‡n ka¿Yn-°¬, {Inbm-
tijn F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Ip´n-Iƒ ]pXnb kwJym-∏-Sn-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p. Ah t]m¿ v t^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp-Øp-∂p.
So®¿ kqN-I-߃ h®v hne-bn-cpØn ^oUv_m°v \¬Ip-∂p.
hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw
155
N¥-ap≈ KpW\w
KWn-Xm-kzm-Z-\-Øn\pw bp‡n-k-a¿Y\Øn\pw D≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-am-WnXv.
]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 114 ¬ \¬Inb N¥-ap≈ KpW\w Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
{Inbbpw {Inbm- -ehpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p. ]c-kv]c_‘w Is≠-Øp-∂p.
_m°n-bp-≈h ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
{Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. bp‡n ka¿Yn-°p-∂p.
¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p Nm¿´n¬/_n._n.-bn¬.
So®¿ Nm¿´n¬/_n._n.-bn¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-ج, bp‡n-k-a¿Y-\w, Xmc-Xayw sNø¬,
{Inbm-tijn F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Cu {]iv\-Øn¬ Fs¥ms° hni-I-e-\-tNm-Zy-߃ tNmZn-®p.
$ {Inbm- m-KsØ kwJy-Iƒ t\m°q. F¥p {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wp-≈Xv?
$
$
KpWn-°msX FgpXmw
KWn-Xm-kzm-Z-\-Øn\pw bp‡nka¿Y\-Øn-\p-ap≈ as‰mcp {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
ap≥{]-h¿Ø\w sNbvXXpt]mse CXpw sNø-Ww.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
156
A\p-_‘w ˛ 1
Iq´p-Im-cs\ Is≠Ømw
So®dpw Ip´n-Ifpw tN¿∂v 7 s‚ KpW-\-∏-´n-I-bpsS {Inbm-Im¿Upw DØ-c-
°m¿Upw Xøm-dm-°p-∂p. k¨]m-°vjo‰v/t{UmbnwKv jo‰v/ Im¿Uvt_m¿Un¬ s]¿sa-
\‚ v am¿°¿/ am¿°¿ F∂n-h-sIm≠v `wKn-bmbn Fgp-X-Ww.) Ip´n-I-fn¬
]IpXnt]¿°v {Inbm-Im¿Upw a‰p-f-f-h¿°v DØ-c-°m¿Upw \¬Ip-∂p.
hnkn-e-Sn-°p-tºmƒ {Inbm-Im¿Un\p Xpey-amb DØ-c-°m¿Up-≈-hsc
Is≠Øn Iq´p-Im-cm-Ip-∂p.
$ So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ Im¿Up am‰n \¬In Ifn XpS-cp-∂p.
H∂mbv ]dbmw Hcmfv ]dbmw
Quick number game s\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wn-hnsS. Ip´n-I-tfmSv F√m-hcpw
IqSn 1 apX¬ 10 hsc FÆm≥ ]d-bp-∂p. ]t£ Hcp \n_-‘-\-bp≠v. 1 F∂v Hcmƒ
]d-bp-∂tX tIƒ°m≥ ]mSp-≈q. c≠p-t]tcm/ IqSp-X¬ t]tcm Hcp kwJy Htc
kabw ]d-™m¬ ho≠pw H∂n¬ \n∂p Xs∂ XpS-ß-Ww.
CXp-t]mse 1 x 7 = 7 Htcgv Ggv apX¬ 10 x 7 = 70 ]tØgv Fgp-]Xv hsc {Ia-ambn
Ip´n-Iƒ hfsc thKw ]d-b-Ww.
Htcgv Ggv
ct≠gv ]Xn-\mev
aqt∂gv Ccp-]sØm∂v
\mtegv Ccp-]-Øn-sb v... Cßs\ ]tØgv Fgp-]Xv hsc ]d-bp∂p
H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ t]¿ Htc-k-abw ]d-™m¬ ho≠pw Htc-gn¬ XpS-ßWw
hmem°n am‰¬ Ifn
\n¿t±-i-߃ s]s´∂v {Kln-°m\pw {]Xn-I-cn-°m\pw Hm¿Ω i‡n h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p-
ap≈ Hcp Ifn-bm-WnXv.
Hcp ¢mknse Ip´n-Iƒ°v samØ-amtbm, sNdp kwL-ß-fmtbm Ifn-°m-hp∂ Hcp
Ifn-bmWv hmem°n am‰¬.
Ip´n-Iƒ Ccn-°p-∂p. G‰hpw ap∂n-en-cn-°p∂ Bƒ ]mºns‚ Xebpw
G‰hpw ]nd-In-en-cn-°p∂ Bƒ ]mºns‚ hmep-am-Wv.
7 s‚ KpW-\-Øn-\mbn 10 Ip´n-Iƒ hoX-ap≈ {Kq∏p-I-fm-°p-∂p. Xe- m-K-Øp-\n∂v
\º¿ \¬Ip-∂p.
7, 14, ...... 70 ( 7 s‚ KpWn-X-߃)
hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw
157
So®¿/ Hcp Ip´n aqt∂gv F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. At∏mƒ 21 \º¿ In´nb Ip´n s]s´∂p
Xs∂ 21 F∂pw as‰mcp {Inbbpw (Btd-gv) ]d-bp-∂p. s]s´∂p ]d-bm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-
bmƒ G‰hpw ]nd-In¬ t]mbn-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ t]mbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ a‰p Ip´n-Iƒ
"hmem°n am‰n-bns√, \ns∂ R߃ hmem°n am‰n-bns√' F∂p sNm√p-∂p. C\n
hmembn amdnb Bƒ {Inb ]d-bp-∂p. Cßs\ Ifn XpS-cp-∂p.
ssUkv Ifn
KpW\hkvXp-X-Iƒ Dd-∏n-°p∂Xn\p≈ as‰mcp Ifn-bm-Wn-Xv. Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw c≠p-
hoXw ssUkv \¬I-Ww. Hcp ssUkn¬ 1 apX¬ 6 hsc-bp≈ kwJy-Ifpw at‰-
Xn¬ 4 apX¬ 9 hsc-bp≈ kwJy-I-fp-sa-gp-Xmw. kwJy-Iƒ a‰p coXn-bn-ep-am-Imw.
Ip´n-Isf \mtem At©m-t]-cp≈ {Kq∏m-°p-∂p. c≠v ssUkv \¬Ip-∂p.
$ {Kq∏nse Hcmƒ c≠v ssUkn-Sp-∂p. c≠p ssUkn-tebpw kwJy-Iƒ
(4 x 8 = 32) KpWn®v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-∂p.
F√m-hcpw t\m´p-_p-°n¬ CsX-gp-XWw.
$ {Kq∏nse F√m-h¿°pw ssUkn-Sm-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬Ip∂p.
$ XpS¿∂v DØ-c-Øns‚ hep-∏-Øn\\pk-cn®v F√m-h¿°pw {Ia-ambn 5, 4, 3, 2,1 t]mbn‚ v \¬Ip-∂p.
$ ct≠m aqt∂m h´w Ifn-®-Xn-\p-tijw hnP-bnsb Is≠-Øp-∂p.
t\csØ ]d™ 4 Ifn-Iƒ 8 s‚bpw 9 s‚bpw ]´nI Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw D]-tbm-K-
s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
2 ssIbptSbpw hnc-ep-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn 9s‚ ]´nI cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\sb∂v Ip´n-Isf
]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
KpW\ hkvXp-X-Iƒ Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v at‰-sXms°
Ifn-Iƒ So®¿°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØmw?
˛ Im¿Up-Ifn (KpW-\-{Inb, DØ-cw)
˛ ssUkp-Ifn
˛ tNmtZym-Ø-c-°fn
˛
˛
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
158
bqWn‰vAf∂p ]dbmw8
BapJw
\of-w, D≈-fhv F∂n-h-bpsS bqWn-‰p-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-bpsS
{]tbm-K-hp-amWv Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ N¿®- sN-øp-∂-Xv. Ip´n-Iƒ
Ah-cpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X- kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ \of-Øns‚ hnhn[ bqWn-
‰p-I-sf-°p-dn®pw {ZmhI Af-hp-I-fpsS hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-sf-°p-
dn®pw a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v. \of-Øn-s‚bpw {ZmhI Af-hp-I-fp-sSbpw
hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS A¿∞-Xew apX-em-b-h-sb-°p-dn®v
{]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw a‰pw Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hni-Zo-
I-cn-°p∂p.
\ofØns‚ bqWn-‰p-I-fmb sk‚o-ao-‰¿, ao‰¿ F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-
bp-∂-Xn\pw Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ \nc-
h[n {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Cu bqWn-‰n¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
AXp-t]mse Xs∂ {ZmhI Af-hp-I-fpsS bqWn-‰mb an√o en‰¿,
en‰¿ _‘-hpw. ]c-kv]-c-_-‘w, Xmc-Xayw sNø¬, hymJym-\n-
°¬, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج, {]iv\m-]-{K-Y\w, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-
jn-°¬ XpS-ßnb {]{In-bm-ti-jn-I-fn-eqsS Cu bqWn‰v IS-∂p-
t]m-Ip-∂p. Duln®p ]d-b¬, IrXy-X-s∏-Sp-ج ]pXnb {]iv\-
ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw XpS-ßn-b-hbv°pw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ CS-ap-≠v.
hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-߃, t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm apX-em-bh hne-bn-cp-Øn-
s°m≠v A≤ym-b-Øns‚ e£yw ssIh-cn®p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-
Ø-Ww.
Af∂p ]dbmw
159
bqW
n‰v s{^
bnw
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$\
ofw
Af-°
p-∂-X
n\p≈
b
qWn-‰
mWv
ao‰
¿.
$sN
dnb
\
of-ß
ƒ A
f-t°
-≠n-h
-cp-
tº
mƒ sk
‚na
o-‰¿ D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$100
sk
‚na
o-‰¿ tN
¿∂
-XmW
v 1
ao‰
¿.
$Db
-cw, h
Æw, I
\w, X
mgvN
F∂
n-hb
pwA
f-°
p-∂X
v \
of-Ø
ns‚
b
qWn‰
v D]
-tb
m-Kn-®
m-Wv.
$\
ofw
Af-°
p-∂-X
n\v k
vsI
bn¬
, Sm∏
vF
∂nh
D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$Dul
n®p ]
d-b
p-∂-X
n\v N
ne X
{¥-ß
ƒ{]
tb
m-Kn°
mw.
$\
of-h
p-amb
n _
‘-s∏
´ {]
mtb
m-K
nI{]
iv\
-߃
]
cn-l
-cn-°
p-∂-X
n\v \
of-
Øns
‚ b
qWn‰
v D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
${Z
mh-I
-߃
A
f-°
p-∂-X
n-\p≈
b
qWn-
‰mW
v e
n‰¿.
$e
n‰-dn-t
\-°
mƒ
I
pd™
A
f-h
p-Iƒ
an√
n e
n‰¿ D]
-tb
m-Kn®
v A
f°
mw.
$1000
an√
o-en-‰
¿ t
N¿∂
-Xm-W
v 1
en‰
¿.
hnh
n[ h
ep-∏
-Øn-e
p≈ A
f-h
p-]m-{X
-ß-
fp≠
v.
$D≈
-fh
p-amb
n _
‘-s∏
´ {]
mtb
m-KnI
{]i
v\-ß
ƒ D≈
-f-h
ns‚
b
qWn‰
v D]
--tb
m-Kn®
v ]
cn-l
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$Htc h
kvX
p-hns
‚ \
ofw
hyX
ykvX
am\
-Z-fi
-߃
D]
-tb
m-Kn®
v Af-°
p-tº
mƒ h
yXyk
vX A
f-h
p-I-fmW
v In´p-∂
-sX
∂pw
AX
p-sI
m≠v Hcp
\n›
nX G
II
w th
W-sa∂
pw t_
m[y-
s∏
-Sp∂
{]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ$
IrX
y-X,
kq£
vaX
C
h ]
men-®
p-sI
m≠v \
ofw
Af-°
p-∂-
Xn\
pw \
of-Ø
ns‚
h
nhn[
b
qWn-‰
p-Iƒ
X
mc-X
ayw
sN
øp-∂
-X
n-\pw ]
c-k
v]-c-_
‘w
Is≠
-Øp-∂
-Xn\
pw \
nK-a\
w cq]
o-I
-cn-°
m\pw D≈
k
μ¿
-߃
, {]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ.
$P
ohnX
k
ml-N
-cy-ß
-fp-a
mbn
_‘
-s∏
´v h
nhn[
X
e-ß
-fn-
ep≈
A
f-h
p-amb
pw A
f-h
p-]-I
-c-W
-ß-fp-a
mbpw
_
‘-s∏
´k
μ¿`-ß
ƒ,
{]h
¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ.
$I
p´n-I
ƒ \
nc-¥
cw
ssI
Im-c
yw sN
øp∂
h
kvX
p-°-fp-a
mbn
_‘
-s∏
-SpØ
n Dul
-Øn¬
\n∂
pw I
rXyX
, k
q£vaX
F∂
n-h
bv°
v {]
m[m\
yw \
¬I
n {]
mtb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
\
n¿≤
m-cW
w sN
øm≥
{]
iv\
]cn-l
m-c-Ø
ns‚
hnh
n[ L
-ß-fn-e
qsS
IS∂
p t]
mIp∂
{]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ.
$A
f-h
p-]m-{X
-߃
]
cn-N
-b-s∏
-Sp-I
bpw A
f-h
p-Iƒ
Dul
n-°p-
Ib
pw b
Ym¿∞
A
f-h
p-Iƒ
I
s≠
-Øp-I
bpw
sN
øp∂
{]h
¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ. an√
n e
n‰¿ A
f-h
p-Iƒ
Dd-∏
n-°p-∂
-Xn-\
p≈{]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ.
$e
n‰¿ A
f-h
p-Iƒ
D]
-tb
m-K
n-t°
≠ k
μ¿`-ß
fpw
{]
tb
m-Kh
pw.
$\
nXy-P
o-hn-X
-Øn¬
{Z
mhI
A
f-h
p-amb
n _
‘-s∏
´ {]
mtb
m-K
nI {]
iv\
-߃
\
n¿≤
m-cW
w sN
øm≥
{]
iv\
-]-cn-l
-c-W
-Ø
ns‚
h
nhn[
L
´ß
-fn-e
qsS I
S-∂
p-t]
m-Ip∂
{]
h¿Ø
-\-
߃
.
$\
of-Ø
ns‚
b
qWn-‰
p-Iƒ
XΩ
n-ep≈
]
c-k
v]-c-_
‘w
hni
-Zo-I
-cn-°
p∂p.
$ao‰
¿,
sk
‚n-a
o-‰¿,
tS∏
v/k
vsI
bn¬
D]
-tb
m-K
n®v
\of
w I
rXy-amb
n A
f-°
p-∂
p.
$\
ofw A
f-h
p-amb
n _
‘-
s∏
´ {]
mtb
m-K
nI {]
iv\
-ß
ƒ ]
cn-l
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$D≈
-f-h
ns‚
b
qWn-‰
p-Iƒ
XΩ
n-ep≈
]c-k
v]c _
‘w
hni
-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p. (a
n√n-e
n-‰¿, e
n‰¿).
$A
fh
v ]
m{X
w D]
-tb
m-K
n®v
D≈
-fh
v I
rXy-amb
n A
f-
°p∂
p.
$D≈
-f-h
p-amb
n _
‘-s∏
´{]
mtb
m-K
nI {]
iv\
-߃
]cn-l
-cn-°
p-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
160
{]h¿Ø\ hni-Zmw-i-߃{]Xo-£nX kabw : 24 ]ocnbUv
kma-{Kn-Iƒ : kvsIbn¬, tS∏v, NcSv, s]m´nb kvsIbn¬, ao‰¿
kvsIbn¬, Iºv, KWnX em_nse kma-{Kn-Iƒ
bqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\w
ap√-∏qhv hmß-nb-t∏mƒ
Af-°p-∂-Xn\v AwKo-IrX Af-hp-tIm¬ Bh-iyamsW∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sm-\p≈
{]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
Sn._n. t]Pv 115 se {]iv\w So®¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Nn{Xw \nco-£n-°p-∂p.
? ap√-∏q-hns‚ Afhv hyXy-kvX-ambn In´n-b-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?
$ N¿®
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah¿ Ccn-°p∂ s_©ns‚ \ofw Nm¨ Af-hn¬
Is≠-Øp-∂p.
? \nß-fpsS s_©nse F√m-h¿°pw Htc Af-hmtWm In´n-bXv?
$ Af-hp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
$ Af-hnse hyXymkw N¿® sNøp-∂p.
$ Iºv, NcSv Ch sIm≠v Af-°p-∂p.
$ Af-hp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
$ Af-hnse hyXymkw N¿® sNøp-∂p.
? F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Af-hn¬ hyXymkw h∂Xv?
? Bcv Af-∂mepw Ft∏mgpw Htc Afhv In´m≥ F¥p sNøWw?
$ N¿®
$ t{ImUo-I-cWw
kvsIbn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v \ofw Af°mw
? Htc Afhv In´m≥ kvsIbn¬ sIm≠v Af-∂mtem?
? Fß-s\-bmWv kvsIbn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v Af-°pI?
? Hcp kvsIbn-en¬ Fs¥ms° hnh-c-ß-fmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ kvsIbn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
$ GXm\pw t]¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Htc Afhv In´m≥ Hcp AwKo-IrX
Af-hp-tIm¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv.
Af∂p ]dbmw
161
$ sSIvÃv-_p°v t]Pv 116 se Ip´n-I-fpsS kw`m-jWw So®¿ ChnsS t{ImUo-I-cn-
°p-∂p.
s]≥knens‚ \ofw
$ sSIvÃv-_p°v t]Pv 116 se s]≥kn-ens‚ \ofw \nco-£n®p ]d-bp-∂p.
$ sSIvÃv-_p°v t]Pv 117 se s]≥kn-ens‚ \ofw Ip´n-Iƒ Af-s∂-gp-Xp-∂p.
Fs‚ s]≥kn¬
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ssIh-i-ap≈ s]≥kn-ens‚ \ofw Af-s∂-gp-Xp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏nse henb s]≥kn-en-s‚bpw sNdp-Xn-s‚bpw \ofw Is≠Øn t\m´p-_p-
°n¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
Af-hnse IrXyX So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
\ofw F{X?
FhnsS \n∂v Af-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bmepw Hcp
sk‚o-ao-‰¿ AI-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ip´n-Isf {]m]vX-cm-°p-∂-
hn[w thWw So®¿ Cu {]h¿Ø\w Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°m≥.
Ifn-h≠n
100 sk.ao-. = 1 ao. F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈
{]h¿Ø-\-am-WnXv. sSIvÃv-_p°v t]Pv 117 se
{]iv\w So®¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Nne hni-I-e\tNmZy-߃ BImw.
$ Hcp s]´n-bpsS \of-sa{X?
$ h≠n-bp-≠m-°m≥ F{X s]´n-Iƒ D]-tbm-
Kn®p?
$ Ifn-h-≠n-bpsS BsI \ofw F{X?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ So®¿ Nm¿´n-se-gpXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
s]m´n -t∏mb Hcp kvsIbnep
ambmWv kuay So®-¿ ¢mkn¬ h∂-
Xv. AXp-]-tbm-Kn®v 4 sk.ao. \of-
ap≈ s]≥kn¬ B¿°v Af-°m≥
Ignbpw F∂ {]iv\w So®¿ Ah-X-
cn-∏n-®p.
$ s]m´n-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-In-√.
$ ]qPy-an-√m-ØXv sIm≠v ]‰n-√.
$ H∂v C√. ]ns∂ Fßs\ Af-
°pw.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Cß-s\-bmWv {]Xn-I-
cn®-Xv. XpS¿∂v kvsIbn-ense
sk.ao. tcJ-s∏-Sp -Ønb
GsXmcp hc-bn¬ \n∂m-bmepw
Fßs\ Af-°-W-sa∂v So®¿
hni-Zo-I-cn-®p sImSp-Øp.
100 sk‚nao-‰¿ = 1 ao‰¿
100 sk.ao. = 1 ao.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
162
dn_¨ hmßmw
$ Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw ‰n._n.-bn¬ ]d™
{]Imcw dn_¨ \¬Ip-∂p.
$ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw (cay, Bcy)
dn_-Wns‚ \ofw sk‚nao-‰-dn¬
t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p.
$ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
Xmc-Xayw sNø¬, ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-ج, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn
F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Fs‚ Dbcw
sSIvÃv-_p°v t]Pv 118
$ Ip´n-Iƒ c≠p t]cp≈ {Kq∏m-Ip-∂p.
$ Dbcw ]c-kv]cw Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ s_©n¬/{Kq∏n¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-
∂p.
$ IqSnb Db-cw, Ipd™ Dbcw I≠p-
]n-Sn-°p-∂p.
$ Hmtcm s_©p-Imcpw/{Kq∏p-Imcpw
Ah ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ‰n._n.-bn¬ ]d-™-{]-Imcw {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
Af-hnse IrXyX, Xmc-Xayw sNø¬, ]c-kv]cw _‘w Is≠-ج,
{]iv\ cq]o-I-c-Ww, Ah-X-cWw F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
Duln°mw, Af°mw
\ofw Duln®p ]d-bm-\p-≈-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. ‰n._n.
t]Pv 119 se ]´n-I-bnse hkvXp-°ƒ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Dulw hy‡n-K-X-ambn ‰n._n.-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ bYm¿Y Afhv Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ Dulhpw bYm¿Y Afhpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.
$ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p ˛ aXn-®p-]-d-b¬.
$ bYm¿Y Afhv ˛ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
aXn®p ]d-b¬, Af-hnse IrXyX F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
kuay So®¿ Xte Znhkw Xs∂ henb
dn_¨ {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v \¬In. 50 sk.ao.
\of-Ønepw 1 ao‰¿ \of-Ønepw D≈ dn_-
Wp-Iƒ Ah¿ apdn-s®-Sp-Øp.
4 {Kq∏q-Im¿°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]mI-
Øn¬ ¢mknse Npa-cn¬ \men-S-Ømbn
sSbve-dnwKv tS∏v kuay So®¿ H´n-®p-h-
®p. Npa-cn¬ H∂c ao‰¿ hsc sk‚o-ao-‰-
dn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-®mepw aXn.
Af∂p ]dbmw
163
sImSn-acw
cmhnse 10 aWn apX¬ 4 aWn-h-sc-bp≈ ka-bØv Hcp aWn-°q¿ CS-hn v
kvIqfnse sImSn-a-c-Øns‚ \ofw Ip´n-Iƒ Af-s∂-gp-Xp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm ka-bØpw Hmtcm {Kq∏p-Im¿ Af-°p-∂p.
$ Hmtcm ka-bØpw CXv Hcp ]´nI cq]-Øn¬ t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ ]´n-Isb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n tNmZy-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ ¢mkn¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ ]´n-I-hn-i-I-e\w sNbvXv ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
{]{In-b, Af-hnse IrXy-X, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-
∂p.
"\n¿an°mw' Cu {]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNøp-∂p. So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Dbcw Duln°mw Af°mw
Duln-°m\pw Af-s∂-gp-Xm\pw D≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø-\w. ‰n._n. t]Pv 120 se ]´n-I-
bn¬ Dulw Ip´n-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ bYm¿Y Afhv Is≠-Øp∂p.
$ kzbw, ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
aXn®p ]d-b¬, Af-hnse IrXyX F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
`£-W-ime
hÆw, Bgw, I\w Cßs\ Af-hns‚ hyXykvX kμ¿ -߃ Hcp-°p-I-bmWv Cu
{]h¿Ø-\w.
kvIqƒ `£-W-im-e-bnse henb Hcp ]m{Xw ImWn-®p-sIm≠v CXns‚ hÆw F{X-
bm-bn-cn°pw F∂ {]iv\w D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
? GXv Af-hmWv hÆw?
? ]m{X-Øns‚ hÆw Fßs\ I≠p-]n-Sn°pw?
$ hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-Iƒ GXm\pw t]¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ hÆw Af∂p Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ AXp-t]mse ]m{X-ß-fpsS Bghpw Is≠-Øp-∂p.
? hmXn¸-Sn-bpsS I\w F{X?
$ N¿®
$ Af∂p Is≠-Øp-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
164
Ip´n-I-fpsS ho´nse hmXn¬∏-Sn-bpsS I\w Duln-s®-gp-Xp-∂p.
$ bYm¿Y Afhv Is≠-Øp-∂p.
aXn-®p-]-d-b¬, IrXyX F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
{XntIm-Ww, cq]߃ F∂o {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNøp-
∂p.
t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm `mK-ambn So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Dulw icn-bmtWm?
$ CXp-hsc sNbvX {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Hcp hne-bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
aXn-®p-]-d-b¬, Af-hnse IrXyX F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.
$ t]m¿ vt^mfntbm `mK-amtbm / bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-ج `mK-amtbm CXv ]cn-K-
Wn-°mw.
]´nI ]qcn-∏n°mw
sk‚n-ao-‰¿, ao‰¿ _‘w D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ]qcn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Hcp ]´n-I-bm-Wn-Xv.
$ ]´nI t\m´p-_p-°n¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]ckv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-ج So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
F{X ao‰¿
sk‚oao‰¿, ao‰¿ Af-hp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ k¶-e-\-Øn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. (‰n._n. t]Pv 122)
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Nm¿´n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ c≠v A[n-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Ah hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ {]iv\-]-cn-l-cWw \S-Øp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]ckv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
{]iv\-\n¿W-bw, A]-{K-Yn-°¬, {]tbm-Kn-°¬ F∂o tijn-Iƒ
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Af∂p ]dbmw
165
_m°n F{X?
sk‚n-ao-‰¿, ao‰¿ Af-hp-Iƒ tN¿∂v hcp-∂Xpw hyh-I-e\ {Inb D]-tbm-Kn®v ]cn-
l-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xp-amb {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-ß-fmWv Chn-sS-bp-≈-Xv.
BZyw {]iv\w So®¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ¢mkv N¿®-bn-eqsS Nm¿´n¬ Fgp-Xn-s°m≠v {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
A[n-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃
$ F{X-ao-‰¿? _m°n F{X? F∂n-hbv°v tijw \¬Inb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ hy‡n-
K-X-ambn Hmtcm {]iv\hpw hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ ]cnl-cn-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
{]iv\-\n¿W-bw, A]-{K-Yn-°¬, ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-ج F∂o tijn-
Iƒ So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ t]m¿ v t^mfn-tbm-bpsS `mKambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
bqWnt^mw
$ {]iv\w Ip´n--Iƒ hy‡n-KX-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®¿ {]iv\w hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p.
$ XpS¿∂v Nne hni-I-e-\-tNm-Zy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Ønb coXn {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ Iq´p-Im¿ Is≠-Ønb coXn kz¥w t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. CXn\v ‰n. _n t]Pv 124 ¬ \¬Inb kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂p. CtX kqNIw h®v So®dpw hne-bn-cp-ØWw.
Fßs\ ]dbpw
$ ]´nI hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Af-hp-]m-{X-߃
D≈-f-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. Af-hp-]m-{X-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm≥ Ip´n°v
Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
166
$ Afhp]m{X-߃ ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®p-sIm≠v N¿® \S-Øp-∂p.
$ ‰n. _n t]Pv 125 ¬ ]d-™-{]-Imcw Cu {]h¿Ø\w sNø-Ww.
sh≈w Af°mw
D≈f-hns‚ GI-I-amb an√o-en-‰¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
? ¢mknse BcpsS hm´¿t_m- n-en¬ BWv IqSp-X¬ sh≈w sIm≈p-∂Xv?
? Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?
N¿®
XpS¿∂v Sn. _n bn¬ ]d-™-{]-Imcw Cu {]h¿Ø\w sNøp-∂p.
sh≈w \ndbv°mw
1000 an√n-en-‰-dmWv Hcp en‰¿ F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
]mens‚ Afhv
an√n-en-‰¿ _‘w Dd-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w 500 an√n-en-‰¿ = Ac-en-‰¿ F∂pw Ip´n-Isf
]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-Øp∂p F∂ tijn So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Ip∏n-bnse sh≈w
D≈-f-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v ]cn-l-cn-°m-hp∂ Hcp {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-am-Wn-Xv.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p. (a\-°-W-°mbpw sNømw)
{]iv\m-]-{K-Y\w, ]c-kv]-c-_‘w I≠-ج, ]cn-l-cn® coXn F∂nh
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Hcp en‰¿, F{X-{]m-hiyw
Cu c≠p {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw 1 en‰¿ Af-hns\ hyXykvX Af-hp-]m-{X-ßfp-ambn
_‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈-h-bmWv.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]´nI ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ F{X-{]m-hiyw F∂-Xn¬ {Kq∏nse hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-I-fn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ t\m´p-]p-kvX-
I-Øn¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Af∂p ]dbmw
167
]c-kv]c_‘w Is≠-ج (hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°¬ F∂nh
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
2 en‰-dns‚ hyXykvX km[y-X-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp∂p
$ t]m¿ v t^mfntbm `mK-ambn So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
F{X en‰¿
D≈-f-hns‚ k¶e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø\-am-Wn-Xv.
$ So®¿ Sn. _n t]Pv 127 se {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ hni-I-e\ tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-߃ Nm¿´n-se-gp-Xp-∂p.
$ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p∂p.
$ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ {]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂-hsc hni-I-e-\-tNm-Zy-ß-fn-eqsS So®¿ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
{]iv\-\n¿W-bw, hni-Ie\w A]-{K-Yn -°¬, ]c-kv]-c -_‘w
Is≠-ج Ch So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm `mK-ambpw So®¿°v Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv.
hn‰-t∏mƒ
$ D≈-f-hns‚ hyh-I-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\w.
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ¢mkv N¿®-bn-eqsS Nm¿´n-se-gpXn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
A[n-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ {]iv\w \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ kzbw / ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
So®¿ hni-I-e-\-tNm-Zy-Øn-eqsSbpw {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\ \¬Inbpw {]bmkw
t\cn-Sp-∂-hsc klm-bn-°p-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
168
{]{In-b, t]m¿ v-t^m-fntbm hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.
tX≥
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
? tX\ns‚ Afhv F{X?
? GsXm-s°-bn\w Ip∏n-I-fp≠v?
?
?
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn DØ-c-Øn-se-Øp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p
$ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
t\m´p-_p-°nepw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn-
sb∂v So®¿ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ kzbw, ]c-kv]cw, So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p.
$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج t^m¿am‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
{]iv\w \n¿W-bn -°p∂p, A]-{K-Yn -°p-∂p, hyXy-kvX-h-gn -Iƒ
At\z-jn-°p-∂p, ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-Øp-∂p, {]tbm-Kn-°¬ F∂o
tijn-Iƒ So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Af∂p ]dbmw
$ hy‡n-KX hmb\.
$ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p∂p.
$ Af-hp]m{X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cWw.
(aq∂v en‰¿ ]m{Xw D]-tbm-Kn®v AΩp-hn\v BZyw aq∂v en‰¿ ]m¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
XpS¿∂v 3 en‰¿ ]m{Xw c≠v {]mhiyw \nd®v 5 en‰¿ ]m{Xw \nd-bv°p-∂p.
At∏mƒ 1 en‰¿ ]m¬ _m°n-h-cpw. Cu 1 en‰¿ ]m¬ \¬In-bm¬ 4 en‰¿ ]m¬
AΩp-hn\v e`n-°pw).
hoXn°mw Xpey-am°mw
169
bqWn‰vhoXn°mw Xpey-am°mw9
BapJw
lcWw F∂ Bibw Ip´n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈
Hcp bqWn‰m-Wn-Xv. Cu bqWn-‰n¬ lc-WsØ Bh¿Ø-\-
hyhI-e-\-sa∂ coXn-bnepw Hcp \n›nX FÆsØ Xpey-amb Iq -
ß-fm-°p∂p F∂ \ne-bnepw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
k¶-e-\hpw hyh-I-e-\hpw c≠° kwJy-Iƒ Dƒs∏´ KpW-\hpw
CXn-\Iw Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Ah D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn
Bh¿Ø-\-hy-h-I-e-\-amWv lcWw F∂pw AXv kqNn-∏n-°m≥
÷ Cu Nn”w D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂pw ChnsS ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂p.
lc-WsØ Bh¿Ø-\-hy-h-I-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. lc-
W-Øn\v KpW\ hkvXp-X-I-fp-ambpw _‘-ap-s≠∂v Ip´n-Iƒ°v
Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
eLphmb {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-߃ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw lcWw
Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {Inb-Iƒ a\-°-W-°mbn sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ kμ¿ -
߃ Cu bqWn-‰n-ep-≠v. lcW {Inb-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kwJym
]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-bpsS _‘w, XpS¿®
F∂nh Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Ah-k-c-ap≠v.
hymJym-\n-°¬, ka¿Yn-°¬, Nn{Xo-I-cn-°¬, \nco-£n-°¬, {Iao-
I-cn-°¬ XpS-ßnb {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ°v Cu bqWn-‰n¬ Du∂¬
\¬Ip-∂p.
\nXy-Po-hnX kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ lc-W-{Inb D]-tbm-Ks∏SpØn ]cn-
l-cn-t°≠ {]iv\-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂p t]mIm\pw Ip´n°v Ah-kcw
e`n-°p-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
170
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$Hcp
\n›
nX F
ÆsØ
X
pey-a
mbI
q´-ß
-fm°
n am‰
p-∂-X
n\v l
c-W
-{I
nb D
]-tb
m-Kn-°
p∂p (B
h¿Ø
\h
yh-I
-e-\
w)
$l
c-W
-{In-b
sb
hyX
y-kvX
-co-
Xn-I
-fn¬
h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
(Bh
¿Ø
\
hyh
-I-e
\w
Iq´
-ß-fm-°
¬,
Xpe
y-amb
nh
oXn-°
¬)
$Hcp
\n›
nX F
ÆsØ
X
pey-a
mbn
hoX
n-°p-∂
-Xn\
v l
cW
{Inb
D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
lcW
sØ
K
pW-\
-h-k
vXp-X
-I-fp-
amb
n _
‘-s∏
-Sp-Ø
p-∂p.
$Hcp
\n›
nX F
ÆsØ
X
pey-a
mb I
q´-ß
-fm-°
p-∂-X
n-\p≈
{]h
¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ sN
øp-∂
-Xn-e
qsS B
h¿Ø
\ h
yh-I
-e-\
hpw
lc-W
hpw X
Ωn-e
p≈ ]
c--k
v]c _
‘w
Is≠
-Øp-∂
p. A
Xp-
t]
mse
K
pW-\
-h-k
vXp-X
-Ifpw
l
c-W
-hp-a
m-b
p≈ ]
c-k
v]-c-
_‘
w I
s≠
-Øp-∂
p.
$l
c-W
-{In-b
-Iƒ
sN
øp-∂
-Xn-
\p≈
h
yXyk
vX h
gn-I
ƒh
ni-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$Hcp
kwJ
ysb
H∂
v sI
m≠v l
cn-
®m¬
l
c-W
-e
w A
tX
k
wJy-X
-s∂
-bm-b
n-cn-°
pw. c≠
v sI
m≠v l
cn-
°p-t
ºmƒ
B
k
wJy-b
psS ]
Ip-
Xnb
pw
$l
c-W
-hp-a
mbn _
‘-s∏
´ e
Lp-{]
m-tb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
]
cn-l
-cn-°
p-∂
p.
${I
nb-I
ƒ a
\-°
-W-°
mbn sN
tø
-≠-
Xn\
v hnh
n[ a
m¿K-ß
ƒ D
≠v
$k
wJy-I
sf 1
, 2
sI
m≠v l
cn-°
m-\p≈
{]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ s
Nø
p-∂
p. A
h-b
psS l
c-W
-e
w h
ni-I
-e\
w sN
øp-∂
p. ]
c-k
v]c
_‘
w I
s≠
-Øp∂
p. \
nK-a\
w cq]
o-I-cn-°
p-∂p.
$l
c-W
-hp-a
mbn
_‘
-s∏
´ {I
nb-I
-fn¬
a\
-°-W
-°ns
‚ k
m[y-
X-I
ƒ {]
tb
m-Kn°
p∂p.
$\
nXy
Poh
nX k
μ¿
-ß-fns
e {]
iv\
-߃
h
ni-I
-e\
w sN
øp-
∂p, A
]-{K
-Yn-°
p-∂p, l
c-W
-{Inb
D]
-tb
m-Kn®
v \
n¿≤
m-cW
wsN
øp-∂
p.
${]
mtb
m-KnI
{]
iv\
-߃
]cn-
l-cn-°
p-∂-X
n\v l
c-W
-{Inb
D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$Hcp
]mt‰-W
ns‚
X
pS¿®
I
s≠
-Ø
m≥ X
∂n-c
n-°p∂
k
wJy-I
ƒ/
Nn{X
-߃
X
Ωn-e
p≈
_‘
wI
s≠
-Øp-∂
p.
$N
n{X
-߃
\
nco-£
n-°p∂
p, ]
c-k
v]-c-_
‘w
Is≠
-Øp-∂
p, X
pS¿∂
p≈ N
n{X-ß
ƒ h
c®
p tN
¿°
p-∂p,
bp‡
nk
a¿Y
n-°p-∂
p.
$l
c-W
-{In-b
-bpa
mb
n _
‘-
s∏
´v
kwJ
ym-_
-‘-ß
ƒI
s≠
Øn h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
bqW
n‰v s
{^b
nw
hoXn°mw Xpey-am°mw
171
{]Xo£nX kabw : 22 ]ocnbUv
kma-{Kn-Iƒ : t\m´p]p-kvX-Iw, _me-am-kn-I-Iƒ, I´n-°-S-em-kn¬ apdn-s®-
SpØ {XntIm-W-cq-]-߃, Ifn-t\m- p-Iƒ, a©m-Sn, apØp-Iƒ,
s]m´p -Iƒ, koIz≥kv, s^hn-t°mƒ, Nm¿´v t]∏¿,
t{Umbnw-Kv jo‰v, am¿°¿ t]\, kvsI®v t]\, kvsIbn¬.
bqWn‰v hni-I-e\w
kvam¿ v ¢∫v
\n›nX FÆw hkvXp-°sf Xpey-ambn Iq -ß-fm-°m\pw Bh¿Ø\ hyh-I-e-\-
Øn-eqsS {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw ChnsS Ah-kcsamcp-°-Ww.
$ eLp-N¿®
]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßfpw a‰pw kuP-\y-ambn e`n°p∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v eLp-N¿®.
N¿®-bv°n-S-bn¬ tNmZy-߃ So®¿ D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
? 5 t]¿°v 2 hoXw t\m´p-]p-kvXIw \¬Im≥ F{X t\m´p-]p-kvXIw thWw?
? 12 t]¿°v 2 s]≥kn¬ hoXw \¬In. BsI F{X s]≥kn¬ \¬In?
XpS¿∂v ]mT- mKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
? ]pXp-ae kvIqfn\v GsXms° ]T-t\m-
]-I-c-W-߃ kuP-\y-ambn e`n®p?
? Ip´n-Iƒ Sn._n 131 se t\m´okv hmbn-
°p-∂p. Is≠-Øp-∂p. Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
? 18 t\m v ]pkvXIw 2 FÆw hoXw F{X
t]¿°v \¬Imw?
? Fßs\ Is≠-Øpw?
˛ Ip´n-Iƒ {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p.
? 18 t\m´p ]pkvXIw 9 t]¿°v Xpey-ambn
\¬I-Ww. Hmtcm-cp -Ø¿°pw F{X
FÆw hoXw In´pw?
KpWn-®p-t\m°mw
If-ß-fnse kwJy-I-fn¬ GsXms° kwJy-
I-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-amWv If-Øn¬ Xs∂-
bp-≈Xv F∂-XmWv Is≠-tØ-≠-Xv.
18 t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-hp-am-bmWv jmln\
So®¿ ¢mkn¬ h∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v
{]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. Ip´n-Iƒ°v
]pkvXIw \¬In hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. Ah
Bh¿Ø\ hyh-I-e\ cq]-Øn¬
Nm¿´n¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn Ip´n-I-fpsS
{]Xn-I-c-W-߃ IrXy-ambn So®¿
hne-bn-cp-Øn.
kam-\-amb IqSp-X¬ kμ¿`-߃/
kml-N-cy-߃ So®¿ Hcp-°n. KWn-
X-em-_nse a©mSn, apØp-Iƒ, Iºp-
Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hkvXp-°ƒ
D]-tbm-Kn®v Xpey Iq´-ß-fm-°m\pw
Bh¿Ø\ hyh-I-e-\-Øn\pw D≈
Ahkcw Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬In.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
172
2 × 3 = 6
2 × 4 = 8
2 × 6 = 12
2 × 8 = 16
apX-em-bh t\m´p ]pkvXIØn¬ FSp-sØ-gp-Xp-∂p.
]pkvX-I-hn-X-cWw
15 t\m´p ]pkvXIw 3 FÆw hoXw \¬In-bm¬ F{X t]¿°v In´pw? Cu {]iv\w
So®¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
? Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?
$ Bh¿Ø\ hyh-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS (15 ¬\n∂v 3 hoXw Ipd-bv°p-∂p. F{X
{]mhiyw Ipd-bv°m-sa∂v Is≠-Øp-
∂p.)
$ 15 ¬ F{X 3 s‚ Iq -sa∂p Is≠-Øn-
bm¬ aXn.
$ F{X 3 Iƒ tN¿∂mWv 15 (5 × 3 = 15) F∂v Is≠-Øn-bm¬ aXn.
$ 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 15 Bh¿Ø\ k¶-e\w ˛ 5 × 3 = 15
$ ............................................
Cu coXn-I-sfms° Ip´n-Iƒ ]d-t™-°mw.
CXn¬ Hcp coXn-bn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ t\m´p ]pkvX-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®p Xs∂ Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Ønb coXn Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°p-∂p.
$ So®¿ CXns\ 15 ÷ 3 = 5 F∂-Xn-te°v t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ CXns‚ hmb-\bpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Nn”w {]tXyIw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
15 t\m v ]pkvXIw 5 t]¿°v Xpey-ambn \¬In-bm¬ Hcmƒ°v F{X-sbÆw
In´pw?
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ 5 Ip´n-Isf hnfn-°p-∂p.
$ Ah-cpsS t]cv Nm¿´n¬ Fgp-Xp∂p.
-$ Hmtcm t\m´p]pkvXIw hoXw \¬Ip∂p.
-$ AXpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
3 4
12 2 16
6 8
Bh¿Ø\ hyh-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS
lcWw F∂ Bibw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
∂p. lcW Nn”w ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p. lc-WsØ KpW-\-h-kvXp-°-fp-
ambn _‘-s∏-Sp -Øp-∂p F∂n-
hbmWv Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
hoXn°mw Xpey-am°mw
173
$ ssIbn-ep≈ t\m´p]pkvXIw Xocp-∂-Xp-hsc XpS-cp-∂p.
? Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw F{X hoXw In´n?
$ Sn._n t]Pv 133 ¬ \¬Inb ]´nI CXp
t]mse Ip´n-Iƒ ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ CXns\ 15 ÷ 5 = 3 F∂mWv hmbn-°p-
I-sb∂v So®¿ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Sn._n t]Pv 134 ¬ \¬In-b-Xp-t]mse
Bh¿Ø\ k¶-e\w, KpW\w F∂n-h-
bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn So®¿ lc-WsØ
hni-Zo-I-cn°p-∂p.
$ Ah Nm¿´n¬ FgpXn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
¢mkv sse{_dn
Hcp kwJysb Xpey-ambn hoXn-°p-∂-Xn\v lc-W-{Inb D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-
\mbn \¬Inb Nne {]h¿Ø-\-ßfmWv "¢mkv sse{_-dnbpw' F∂Xpw t]Pv 135se {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw.
$ hmg-tØm-´w, s]≥kn-ep-Iƒ, F{X ]m°-‰n-em°mw F∂o {]h¿Ø-\-߃
hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°-s´.
cq]-ap-≠m°mw
$ {Kq-∏p-Iƒ°v I´n IS-em-kn¬ sh´n-sb-SpØ {XntIm-W-߃ hnX-cWw sNø-
Ww.
$ {XntIm-W-߃ tN¿Øv sh®v Sn._n bn¬ ]d-™-Xp-{]-Imcw cq]-߃ D≠m-
°p∂p.
$ lcW {Inbm-cq-]-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ -Hmtcm {Kq∏pw ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bw, {]iv\m-]-{K-Y-\w, {Inbm-tijn F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn-cp-
Ø-Ww.
CXv Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\-ambn am‰m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
F{X-tai thWw?
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNøp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
{Inbm-tijn, Ah-X-cWw So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
Ip´n t\m´p]pkvXIw BsI
cay 1, 1, 1
B_nZv 3
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
174
KWn-X-¢∫v
hy‡n-KXw/{Kq∏v/¢mkn¬ ]Z-kq-cy≥
\n¿an-°p-∂p.
kwJy-Iƒ FgpXnt®¿°p-∂p. \ndw
\¬In `wKn-bm°n t]m¿ vt^mfn-tbm-
bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. So®¿ hne-bn-
cp-Øp∂p
...÷...
20÷...
10...÷... ...÷4
GsXmcp kwJy-sbbpw 1, 2 Ch
sIm≠v lcn-°p-tºmƒ lc-W-^-e-
Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.
FXnsc hcp∂ If-ß-fnse kwJy-Iƒ
Htc KpW-\-h-kvXp-Xsb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
DZm-l-cWw:
15 ÷ 3 = 5 AYhm 5 × 3 = 1515 ÷ 5 = 3 AYhm 3 × 5 = 15km[y-am-sW-¶n¬ CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ IqSp-X-embn \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
{]tXy-IX F¥v?
Nn{X-Ønse {InbIƒ \nco-£n-°p-∂p.
So®-dpsS tNmZy-߃
$ Htc \nd-ap≈ If-߃ I≠n-t√. If-
ß-fnse {InbIƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw
{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Dt≠m?
\men-te°v
kwJym-kq-cys‚ \Sp-hnse kwJy lc-W-
-e-ambn hcp∂ coXn-bn¬ kwJy-Iƒ Fgp-
Xn-tN¿°-Ww.
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp∂p
$ Is≠-Ønb coXn- Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p
Bi-b-[m-cW hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p
]d-bmtam
$ {]iv\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p, ]cn-
l-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Is≠-Ønb coXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
kam-\-amb IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Ip-
∂p. 2 sIm≠v lcn-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃
\¬Ip-∂p.
? 1 sIm≠v lcn®-t∏mƒ lc-W-^ew
F{X? {]tXy-IXsb¥v?
? 2 sIm≠v lcn-®-t∏m-gp≈ lc-W- ew t\m°q. F¥p {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wp-≈Xv?
? 10 sIm≠v lcn-®-t∏mtgm?
$ lc-W- -e-߃ {Kq∏n¬ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
$ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p. t\m´p_p°n¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm {Kq∏pw ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
GsXmcp kwJy-sbbpw H∂v sIm≠v lcn-®m¬ lc-W- ew AtX kwJybmbn-
cn-°pw. c≠v sIm≠v lcn-°p-tºmƒ kwJy-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-bmWv lc-W- ew.
t]Pv 137 se amdn-t∏mbn, sX‰n-t∏mbn F∂o {]h¿Ø-\-߃ So®¿ ¢mkn¬
{]{In-bm-_-‘n-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-a-t√m.
hoXn°mw Xpey-am°mw
175
F{X-t]¿°v sImSp°mw
cq]-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn lc-WsØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-am--Wn-Xv.
s]≥knepw Iq´p-Imcpw
$ {]iv\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p∂p.
$ ]cn-l-cn-°p∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ {]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂-hsc s]≥kn-ep-Iƒ h®p-sIm-≠v Xs∂ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏p-Iƒ Is≠Ønb coXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p ˛ {]iv\m-]-{K-Y-\w, lcWw F∂ Bibw, Ah-
XcWw.
anTm-bn-sb{X
injvSw F∂ coXn-bn¬ Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-t°-≠-Xn-√.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p∂p.
$ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p∂p.
$ ]cn-l-cn® coXn GXm\pw t]¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ So®¿ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.
{]iv\m-]-{K-Y-\w, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°¬, lc-Ww, Ah-X-cWw,
F∂nh So®¿ hne-bn--cp-Øp-∂p.
s\√n° F{X?
$ So®¿ Hcp s]mXn (s\√n°/a‰v hkvXp-
°ƒ) Db¿Øn∏nSn®v Cu {]iv\w Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn -
°p∂p.
$ {Kp∏n¬ Xs‚ coXn Ah-X-cn--∏n-°p∂p.
$ KWn-X-em-_n¬ \n∂pw Bh-iy-amb
hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v {Kq∏n¬ hy‡X hcp-Øp-∂p.
$ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
So®¿ Nne tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS CS-s]-Sp∂p.
? s\√n-°-bpsS FÆw H‰-kw-Jy-bmtWm? Cc´ kwJy-bmtWm?
? F¥psIm≠v? Fß-s\-bmWv Is≠-Øn-b-Xv.
2 hoXw sImSp-Øm¬ _m°n hcn-√.
AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Cc´ kwJy-
bmWv. AXn¬ GXm-sW∂p Is≠-
Øm≥ 3 s‚ KpWn-X-ßfmb Cc´
kwJy ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ aXn.
6, 12, 18 Cu aq∂v kwJy-bn-se-Øp-
∂p. CXn¬ F√m \n¿t±-i-߃°pw
tbmPn-°p∂ kwJy Is≠Øp-∂p.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
176
]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ
$ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hni-I-e\w sNøp∂p.
$ _‘w Is≠-Øp∂p.
$ GXm\pw Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-X-cn∏n-°p∂p.
$ Ah-bpsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج/ Nm¿´n¬.
]mT- m-KØv sImSpØ Nn{X-]m-t‰-Wp-I-fpsS XpS¿® Is≠-Øp-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n
t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ CS-s]-S¬ So®¿ \S-tØ-≠-
Xm-Wv. Is≠-Ønb _‘-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v XpS¿∂p≈h hc®v tN¿°-s´. lc-
W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v ASpØ c≠v kwJy-Iƒ Fgp-Xm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
\¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Iºyq- ¿ {]h¿Ø\w ˛ lcWw
(t]Pv 138)
Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ lc-W- ew Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp Ifn-bm-Wn-Xv. lc-W-{Inb
Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. sF.‰n @ kvIqƒ ·q/ en\Ivkv Pq\n-b¿ Hm∏-
td--‰nwKv knÃ-Ønse PotImw-{]nkv tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fmWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-Xv.
tkm v‰vshb¿ Xpd-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hgn
PotImw-{]nkv Xpd-∂v,
IW°v ˛ IW°v Iq´-ep-I-fn-te°v t]mImw ˛ Hm¿a-i‡n D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ IW-
°nse Ifn-Iƒ ˛ lc-Ww.
sKbnw Xpd-°p-tºmƒ kv{Io\n¬ Iptd Im¿Up-Iƒ \nc-Øn-bn- n-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw.
Hmtcm Im¿Un-s‚bpw adp-]p-dØv Hcp lc-W-{In-btbm Hcp DØ-ctam Hfn-™n-cn-°p-
∂p-≠m-Ipw. Im¿Un¬ ¢n°v sNbvXm¬ AXv Xpd∂v adp-]p-dØv ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
c≠v Im¿Up-Iƒ am{Xta Htc kabw Xpd∂v hbv°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. Hcp
Im¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ lc-W-{In-bbpsS DØcw as‰mcp Im¿Un-ep-≠m-
Ipw. lc-W-{In-bbpw AXns‚ apgp-h≥ DØ-chpw H∂n-\p-]p-dsI as‰m∂v F∂ {Ia-
Øn¬ Xpd-∂m¬ Ah c≠pw A{]-Xy-£-am-Ipw. apgp-h≥ Im¿Up-Ifpw A{]-Xy-£-am-
°pI F∂-XmWv sKbnw. apgp-h≥ Im¿Up-Ifpw A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp A\p-
tam-Z-\-Nn{Xw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ASp-Ø-L- -Øn-te°v t]mIp-Ibpw sNøpw. AhnsS
BZy-tØ-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ Im¿Up-I-fp-≠m-Ipw.
Cu sKbn-an¬ ]qPyw sIm≠p≈ lcWw Dƒs∏-´n-´p≠v F∂ Imcyw {]tXyIw
{i≤n-°p-I.
hoXn°mw Xpey-am°mw
177
A[nI {]h¿Ø\w
t]Pv 139 se {]h¿Ø-\-߃ c≠-°-kw-Jysb Hc° kwJy-sIm≠v lcn-°p-∂-
Xn\pw lc-WsØ KpW-\-h-kvXp-XI-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn {Inb-Isf a\-°-W-
°mbn sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-
en\p th≠nbpw Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-
ج t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm hne-bn-cp-ج, {]{In-b-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ F∂nh So®¿
\S-Ø-Ww.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
178
bqWn‰v`mcw Adnbmw10
BapJw
`mc-Øns‚ bqWn-‰p-I-sf-°p-dn-®mWv Cu bqWn-‰n¬ N¿® sNøp-
∂-Xv. Xs‚ PohnX Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fnse \nc-h[n t\¿ A\p- -h-ß-
fn¬ \n∂v `mc-Øns‚ hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-sf-°p-dn®v CXn-\Iw
Xs∂ Ip´n-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v. `mc-Øns‚ hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-
Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c_‘w, Ah-bpsS A¿∞-Xew apX-em-b-
h-sb-°p-dn®v {]tbm-KnI {]iv\-ß-fneq-sSbpw a‰pw Cu ]mT- mKw
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ `mc-Øns‚ sNdnb bqWn-‰mb an√n-
{Km-an-s\-°p-dnt®m henb bqWn-‰p-I-fmb Izn‚¬, S¨ apX-em-
b-h-sb-°p-dnt®m N¿® sNøp∂n-√.
F¥mWv `mcw F∂v kzbw Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-
sSbmWv bqWn‰v Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v AXns‚ bqWn-‰p-I-
fmb {Kmw, IntemKmw _‘w Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nc-h[n
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ kz¥w PohnX ]cn-k-c-Øn¬ \nt∂m A\p- -h-a-
fi-e-Øn¬ \nt∂m D≈-h-bmWv ChnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bncn°p-∂Xvv.
]c-kv]-c-_-‘w, Xmc-Xayw sNø¬, hymJym-\n-°¬, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
ج, {]iv\m-]-{K-Y-\w, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ Atº-jn-°¬ XpS-
ßnb {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. tNmZy-\n¿am-WØn\pw,
]pXnb {]iv\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p∂Xn\pap≈ kμ¿ -߃ Cu
bqWn-‰n-ep-≠v. {]{In-b, t]m¿ v t^mfntbm apX-em-bh hne-bn-cp-
Øn-s°m≠v bqWn-‰ns‚ e£yw ssIh-cn-®p-sh∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-
Ww. `mc-Øns‚ Af-hp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏ v IrXy-X, kq£v-aX
F∂nh PohnX aqey-ambn am‰n-sb-Sp-°-Ww.
`mcw Adnbmw
179
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$`mc
w I
s≠
-Øm≥
hnh
n[ X
cw
D]
-I
-c-W
-ß-fp≠
v.
$`mc
-Øns
‚ b
qWn-‰
p-I-fn¬
H∂
mWv
{Kmw
.
$1000
{Kmw
tN
¿∂
-XmW
v Hcp I
nte
m-{K
mw.
$`mc-Ø
ns‚
h
nhn[
b
qWn-‰
p-Iƒ
XΩ
n¬ _
‘w
D≠
v.
$A
f-h
p-Iƒ
Dul
n-°p-I
-bpw b
Ym¿
∞ A
f-h
p-Iƒ
I
s≠
-Øp-
Ib
pw sN
øp∂
{]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ.
$I
rXy-X
, k
q£v-aX
Ch
]me
n-®ps
Im≠
v `mc
w A
f-°
p-∂-X
n\pw
`mc
-Øns
‚ h
nhn[
b
qWn-‰
p-Iƒ
X
mc-X
ayw
sN
øp-∂
-Xn-\
pap≈
kμ
¿`-ß
ƒ.
$`mc-Ø
ns‚
b
qWn-‰
p-Iƒ
XΩ
n-ep≈
]
c-k
v]c
_‘
w h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-°
p∂p
({Kmw
/Int
em-{Kmw
)
${X
mkv D]
-tb
m-Kn®
v I
rXy-
amb
n `mc
w A
f-°
p-∂p.
$\
nXy
Poh
nX k
μ¿`-ß
-fn¬
`mc
-hp-a
mbn
_‘
-s∏
´ {]
tb
m-K
nI {]
iv\
-߃
\
n¿≤
m-cW
w sN
øm≥
{]
iv\
]
cn-l
-c-W
-Ø
ns‚
hnh
n[ L
-ß-fn-e
qsS I
S-∂
p-t]
m-Ip∂
{]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ.
$`mc
-hp-a
mbn
_‘
-s∏
´ {]
tb
m-KnI
{]i
v\-ß
ƒ ]
cn-l
-cn-°
p-∂X
n\v `
mc-
Øns
‚ b
qWn‰
v D]
-tb
m-Kn°
mw.
$`mc-h
p-amb
n _
‘-s∏
´{]
tb
m-K
nI {]
iv\
-߃
]cn-l
-cn-°
p-∂p.
bqW
n‰v s
{^b
nw
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
180
bqWn‰v hni-I-e\w
{]Xo-£nX kabw : 19 ]ocnbUv
kma-{Kn-Iƒ : Xq°-I-´n-Iƒ, hnhn-[-bn\w Af-hp-]-I-c-W߃ (`mcw), ]e-
hy-RvP-\-߃, tkm∏v Ih-dp-Iƒ, Ãn°¿.
Fs‚ `mcw
So®¿ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. sSIv‰v_p°v t]Pv ˛ 141
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Dulw t\m v_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂p. Dulw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
IrXyXs∏Sp-Øp-∂p.
So®¿ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p∂p. F¥p-
sIm≠v Ah Db¿Øm≥ Ign-™n√?
$ kzX{¥ {]Xn-I-cWw.
$ XpS¿∂v 2˛m asØ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-∂p.
$ Dulw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ `mcw Af-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hnhn[ D]-I-c-
W-߃/Nn{X-߃ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-bpsS t]cv t\m´p-_p-°n¬
Fgp-Xp-∂p. ˛ Ah-X-cWw.
$ Ah-cXv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xn-s‚tbm I≠-Xn-
s‚tbm A\p-`hw ]dbm-\-h-kcw
\¬Imw.
? \nß-fpsS `mc-a-dn-bm≥ CXn¬ GXp-]-
I-cWw D]-tbm-Kn-°Ww?
$ kzX{¥ {]Xn-I-c-Ww, AXns‚ \ymbo-I-cWw
? \ΩpsS ¢mknse `mcw IqSnb Ip´n Bcm-Wv?
Dulw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p (hy‡n-K-Xw)
$ Ah-X-c-W-Øn\p tijw sajo-\p-]-tbm-Kn®v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. Dulw icn-bm-
b-hsc Is≠-Øp-∂p.
\nß-fpsS s_©n-ep≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS t]cv `mc-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Btc-mlW-{I-a-
Øn¬ Duln-s®-gp-Xp-I.
? s_©nse F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Dulw Htc-t]m-se-bmtWm?
¢mkn¬/em_n¬ `mcw Adn-bm-\p-
]tbm-Kn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-߃/ Nn{X-
߃ Hcp-°n-sh-bv°mw. (C‚¿s\‰v
kuI-cy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Measurement forweight F∂v ssS∏v sNbvXm¬ Bh-
iy-amb ]S-߃ e`n-°pw) Ip´n-I-tfmSv
`mc-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]S-߃ tiJ-
cn-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.
F¥mWv `mcw F∂v Ip´n°v t_m[y-
s]-Sp∂ coXn-bn¬ BZysØ c≠p
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw
sNøWw.
sSIvÃv _p°n¬ sImSpØ Nn{X-
Øn¬ Xq°-°- n-Iƒ, {Xmkv UnPn-‰¬
shbnwMv sajo≥, kv{]nwKv {Xmkv,
_mØv dqw _me≥kv F∂n-h-bmWv
D≈-Xv. Cu Hcp {]h¿Ø\w t{]mP-
IvSmbpw So®¿°v sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
`mcw Adnbmw
181
$ ]c-kv]cw N¿®-/t\m´p_p°v ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dp-∂p.
$ s_©nse `mcw IqSnb Ip´n-bp-sSbpw `mcw Ipd™
Ip´n-bp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p.
$ sajo\p-]-tbm-Kn®v Dulw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
Dulw IrXy-am-bn-cpt∂m? So®¿ At\zjn°p-∂p.
$ XpS¿∂v sSIvÃv_p°nse t]Pv 142 ¬
sImSpØ t^m¿am‰v hy‡n-K-X-ambn
]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
$ \ΩpsS ¢mknse Ip´n-Isf `mc-Øn-\-
\p-k-cn®v {IaoI-cn®v ]´nI Xøm-dm°mw.
]´n-I-bn¬ Fs¥ms° thWw. N¿®
˛ t{ImUo-I-cWw
{Ia\º¿, t]cv, B¨/s]¨, ...
$ BZyw t\m´p-_p-°nepw ]ns∂ Nm¿ v t]∏-dnepw Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ ]´n-Isb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hy‡n-K-X-ambn 5 hoXw tNmZy߃ t\m´p-_p-°n¬
Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ Nne hy‡n-KX tNmZy-ß-fpsS Ah-X-cWw (]T-\-Øn¬ ]n∂m-°-°m¿°v
{]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\)
XpS¿∂v kwL-Øn-te°v ˛ sa®-s∏-Sp-ج ˛ tcJ-∏-Sp-ج ˛ ¢mk-h-XcWw
¢mknse A[nI tNmZy-߃ t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p
tNmZy-\n¿am-WsØ t]m¿ vt^mfntbm Bbn I≠psIm≠v hne-bn-cp-ج kqN-
I-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج IrXy-ambn F≥._n bn¬ \S-∂p-sh∂v So®¿ Dd∏p hcp-Ø-Ww.
k¥w ]pkvXIk©n-bpsS `mcw Duln-s®-gp-Xp-∂p. kz¥-ambn Xq°n t\m°n
Dulw icn-bm-tWm-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
Duln-°p-∂p, Duln® coXn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-Øp-∂p,
tNmZy-\n¿ΩmWw/{]iv\ cq]o-I-c-Ww, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج F∂o ]T\-{]-{In-b--Iƒ
So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
HmWw
]mT- m-KsØ Adn-bn∏v Ip´nIƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
Nne hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
? HmW-Øn\v F{X Intem Acn?
$ F{X Ip´n-Iƒ°mWv Acn \¬tI-≠-Xv?
Fs‚ s_©nseIp´n-I-fpsS BsI`mcw 96 Intem.
A\p-hns‚ C∂sØ Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v
t\m°q.
So®¿ 15 Intem F∂p ]d-™-t∏mƒ
c≠p t]¿ \n∂p. Rm\-h-cpsS t]cp-
Iƒ Fgp-Xn. XpS¿∂v 16, 17, 18
Intem{Kmw ]d-™-t∏mgpw t]cp-Iƒ
¢mknse F√m-h-cp-sSbpw t]cv t\m´p-
_p -°n¬ Fgp -Xn. XpS¿∂v
Nm¿´nepsagp-Xn.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
182
? Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?
hy‡n-K-Xw˛
kwL-Øn-te°v.
sa®-s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cWw ]c-kv]cw
hne-bn-cp-ج.
t\m v_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج.
? \nß-fpsS ¢mkntem?
CXp-t]mse Sn._n bnse a‰v {]h¿Ø-
\-ßfpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]cn-l-cn-
°-Ww. Sn._n bnepw F≥._n bnepw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
D®- -£Ww
hy‡n-KX hmb\, hni-I-e\ tNmZy߃
¢mkns‚ Bh-iy-a-\p-k-cn®v So®¿ Xøm-
dm-°-Ww.
kz¥w ¢m nse D®-`-£-W-Øn\v C∂m-
h-iy-amb Acn-bpsS Afhv hy‡n-K-X-ambn
Is≠-Øp-∂p. Is≠-Ønb coXn hni-Zo-I-
cn-°p-∂p. F≥._n. Sn._n. bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂p.
k©n \ndbv°mw
So®¿ \¬Inb aps∂m-cp° {]h¿Ø-\-
Øn\p tijw Sn._n bnse {]iv\w Ip´n-
Iƒ hy‡n--K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p. ]cn-
lcn°p∂p.
$ BZyw 1 Intem {]h¿Ø\w ˛hy‡n-
K-X-ambn sNøp-∂p.
$ ]ns∂ 2 Intem, 5 Intem {]h¿Ø-
\w.
hy‡n-KXw
]cvk-]cw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ kqN-
I-߃ t\csØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-X-
cn-∏n-®n-s√-¶n¬ So®¿ th¿j≥ \¬I-
Ww. {]h¿Ø\hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v
lc-W-{Inb D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√.
{]bmkw t\cnSp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v 40 \v
]Icw 4 Bbmtem? ]ns∂ ]ns∂
hep-Xn-te°v sIm≠p t]mI-Ww.
KWn-X-em -_nse km[-\-ßfpw
Chbv°v th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
105 \v F{X 50 Nm°p-Iƒ˛ 2 Aº-
Xns‚ Nm°pw 5 Intem-sb∂pw ]d-
™m¬ aXn.
{Kmw, Intem{Kmw _‘w ]d-bp∂
BZy {]h¿Ø-\w. ]pkvX-I-Ønse
tS_nƒ (10 \qdv {Kmw tN¿∂m¬...)
Nm¿´n-se-gpXn ]mT- mKw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-
hsc ¢mknse Npa-cn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-
a-t√m.
Bh-iy-amb A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃
\¬In {Kmw, Intem{Kmw ]c-kv]c
_‘w F∂ Bibw Dd-∏n-°m≥
Ign™p F∂v So®¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
{Kmw, Intem{Kmw _‘w Dd-∏n-°p-∂
Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. ]´n-I-bn¬
tN¿Ø km[-\-߃ km[n-°p-sa-
¶n¬ AtX coXn -bn¬ ¢mkn¬
sIm≠p hcn-I. As√-¶n¬ e`y-amb
a‰v km[-\-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v as‰mcp
{]h¿Ø\w bqWn‰v XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\p
apºmbn \¬Ip-I. {Xmkpw Xq°-°-
´nbpw Icp-X-Ww. CXn-\p-tijw ]mT]p-
kvX-I-Ønse {]iv\w Ip´n-Iƒ Gs‰-
Sp-°-s´.
`mcw Adnbmw
183
]´n-I-bnse 2 tImf-ßfpw am‰n-b-Xn-
\p-tijw ]pXnb HscÆw D≠m°n.
3, 4, ...... Intem-Iƒ \¬In CXp-t]mse
sNbvXv F≥._n bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
I. CXns\ t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-
bn-cp-ج kqN-I-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v hne-
bn-cpØn KpWm-flI°pdn-∏p-Iƒ Fgp-
Xp-I.
kwL-Øn-te°v ˛ sa®s∏Sp -Øn-
bhXcWw.
tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج ˛ F≥._n, Sn._n.
]c-kv]-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج.
t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج
t{ImUo-I-cWw
{Kmans\ Intem-{Km-am°n am‰m≥ {Kman¬ F{X Bbn-c-ß-fp-s≠∂v t\m°n-bm¬
aXn. Intem-{Km-an\v tijw _m°n-bp-≈h {Kmambn IW-°m-°n-bm¬ aXn.
A]-{K-Y-\w, Xmc-Xayw sNø¬, \nK-a-\-cq-]o-I-cWw F∂o {]{In-bm-ti-
jn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
A-[n-I-{]-h¿Ø\w
`mcw Intem {Kmw
1680 {Kmw 1 6802000 {Kmw
3420 {Kmw
6500 {Kmw
780 {Kmw
5 2809420 {Kmw
7 300
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
184
tkm∏v hmßmw
hy‡n-K-X-hm-b-\bv°v tijw So®¿ Nne
hni-I-e\tNmZy-߃ tNmZn°p-∂p.
? GsXms° `mc-ap≈ tkm∏p-I-fmWv
hnev]-\-bv°p-≈Xv?
? hne-sb-{X-bmWv?
$
$
Sn._n bnse {]iv\Øn\v hy‡n-K-X-ambn
]cnlmcw ImWp-∂p.
Is≠-Ønb hgn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
k©n \nd-bv°mw, tkm∏v hmßmw, F∂o
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ign-bp-∂-tXmsS {Kman¬
\n∂v Intem{Kmw IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Fß-
s\-sb∂v Ip´n-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cn-°-
Ww. A√mØ ]£w A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ \¬In Cu Bibw Dd-∏n-°-Ww.
tkm∏v hmßmw F∂ {]h¿Ø\w {Kmap-
Iƒ XΩn¬ Iq´n t\m°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
F{X-sbÆw
{]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-KXambn hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®-¿ hni-I-e\tNmZy-߃ Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬
\¬I-Ww.
? GsXms°bn-\-߃?
? Hmtcm-bn-\hpw s]mSn®p In´n-bXv F{X?
$
$
kpa So®¿ ¢mkn¬ Hcp hn]-W-\-taf
kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. Ip´n-I-tfmSv ap≥Iq-´n-
Xs∂ tkm∏v Ih-dp-Iƒ sIm≠p
hcm≥ ]d-™p. Ãn°¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v
{Kmw, hne F∂nh ]pXp-Xmbn tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn. H∏w Ipsd Ifn t\m´p-Ifpw
\mW-b-ßfpw. Ip´n-Isf 3 {Kq∏p-I-
fm°n. 3 Ip´n-Isf skbn¬kvam\m-°n.
Hcp Ip´n°v ]c-am-h[n 3 tkm∏v \¬In
sIm≠v BZy-{Kq-∏nse Ip´n-Iƒ tkm∏v
hmßp-Ibpw hne \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXp. {Kq∏w-K-߃ tkm∏ns‚
BsI mchpw hnebpw F≥._n. bn¬
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-\p-tijw tkm∏p-
Iƒ Xncn®p \¬Ipbpw a‰v {Kq∏p-Iƒ
CXm-h¿Øn--°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-\p-
ti-j-amWv "tkm∏v hmßmw' F∂
{]h¿Ø\w So®¿ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.
hnh-c-ßsf ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ {Inb
sNøpI Ffp-∏-am-Wv. ChnsS hni-I-e\
tNmZy-߃ ]´n-I-bpsS XehmNIw
e£yw h®v tNmZn-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v
¢mkv N¿®-bn-eqsS ]´nI Xøm-dm-°w.
NphsS sImSpØ ]´nI A√msX a‰v
coXn-bn¬ ]´nI Xøm-dm°m-tam-sb∂v
N¿® sNø-Ww. ZØßsf IrXy-ambn
tN¿Øv ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°-Ww.
XpS¿∂v Sn._n- bnse kzbw hne-bn-cp-
ج ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°-Ww.
C\w s]mSn®v In´n-bXv Hcp ]mbv°-‰nse Afhv ]mbv°-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw
apfIv 4 In.{Kmw 200 {Kmw
`mcw Adnbmw
185
X\n°v Np‰p-ap≈ hkvXp-°sf \nco-
£n®v Ah-bpsS Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw mcw
F{X-sb∂v Duln®v ]d-bp∂ {]h¿Ø-
\-am-Wn-Xv. Nne km[-\-߃ ¢mkn¬
sIm≠p-h∂v Ah Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw
`mcw Fß-s\bmWv ]d-bpI F∂v
So®¿ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
A]-{K-Yn-°¬, hymJym-\n-°¬, hyXykvX hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°¬, kw{K-
ln-°¬, Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج˛ XpS-ßnb ]T\ {]{In-b-Iƒ
hne-bn--cp-Ø-Ww.
50 {Kmw 50 {Kmw
henb Hcp Af-hns\ (In.{Kmw) sNdnb Afhn-te°v ({Kman-te-°v) am‰p∂Xn\p≈
{]h¿Ø-\w. Hmtcm-∂nepw 50 {Kmw F{X-sb-Æ-ap-s≠∂v Is≠-Øp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.
hy‡n-KX hmb\.
hy‡n-KX ]cn-lmcw ˛ {Kq∏nehX-cWw ˛ sa®-s∏-Sp-ج.
tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج (t\m v_p°v & sSIvÃv_p-°v)
Is≠-Ønb coXn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ Xq°n-t\m°mw (t]Pv 146)
a\-°-W-°n-\p≈ tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I, kaX F∂ Bibw Dd-∏n-°p-I, Xq°n-
t\m°n hkvXp-°-fpsS `mcw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tijn Iq´pI XpS-ßnb e£y-
ß-fmWv Cu sKbn-an-\p-≈-Xv. sF.‰n @ kvIqƒ ·q/ en\Ivkv Pq\n-b¿ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv
knÃ-Ønse PotImw-{]nkv tkm v‰vshb-dmWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
tkm v‰vshb¿ Xpd-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hgn
PotImw-{]nkv Xpd-∂v,
IW°v ˛ IW-°vIq- -ep-I-fn-te°v t]mImw ˛ Xq°n-t\m-°mw.
tkm v‰vshb¿ Xpd-°p-tºmƒ Hcp IS-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ {Xmkns‚ Hcp X´n¬
`mcw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønb Hcp hkvXphpw {Xmkn\v kao-]-Ømbn Iptd Xq°°- n-
Ifpw ImWmw. hkvXp-hns‚ `mc-Øn\v Xpey-amb `mc-ap≈ I´n-Iƒ at‰ X´n¬ h®v
`mc-߃ Xpey-am-°pI F∂-XmWv sKbnw. Hmtcm∂v icn-bmbn ]q¿Øn-bm°n
ASpØ L -Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ `mcw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ØmØ hkvXp {Xmkns‚ X´n¬
ImWmw. ChnsS hkvXp-hns‚ `mcw F{X-sb∂v I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw, AXv Iot_mUv
D]-tbm-Kn®v ssS∏v sNøp-Ibpw thWw.
CtX sa\p-hn¬ Xs∂ Xq°n-t\m°mw F∂ t]cn¬ as‰mcp sKbnw D≠v. AXn¬
Intem-{Km-anepw {Kman-ep≈ `mchpw `mc-I- n-I-fp-amWv X∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Duln-°mtam?
$ hy‡n-KX hmb\.
$ ]´nI kq£va-ambn hni-Ie\w sNøp-
∂p.
$ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-
∂p. (]´n-I-bn¬ sImSpØ Nne-bn-\-߃
{Kmanepw Intem-{Km-anepw ]d-bmw)
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
186
c≠v Xq°-°´nIƒ
hy‡n-KX hmb\/ {]iv\m-h-X-cWw
hni-I-e\w tNmZy-߃
? GsXms° Xq°-I- n-Iƒ, F{X-sbÆw?
? GsXms° km[-\-߃ hmß-Ww?
Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Ah-kcw Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬I-Ww. ¢mkv Ah-X-cWØn-s\m∏w {Xmkv
D]-tbm-Kn®v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
{Xmkv X v (1) {Xmkv X v (2)
km[\w + 1 kg 5 kg = 4 kg
km[\w + 1 kg + 1 kg 5 kg = 3 kg
km[\w 5 kg + 1 kg = 6 kg
km[\w + 1 kg + 1 kg 5 kg + 5 kg = 8 kg
`mc-sa{X? / i¿°-c-∏m-bkw
$ hy‡n-KX hmb\
$ So®-dpsS hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw hni-I-e\
tNmZy-ßfpw
$ Ip´n -Iƒ A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃
hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNøp-∂p.
hb-d≥ sXmΩ≥
Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-®-tijw
DØcw Is≠-Ø-s´. X∂n-cn-°p∂ {Kmap-
Iƒ Iq´n DØcw Fgp-X-s´.
BsI `mcw
Ip´n-Iƒ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°-s´. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ ¢mkn¬ {Xmkv D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°mw. 650 {Kman¬ \n∂v 200 {Kmw Ipd-®m¬ 450 {Kmw. 450 {Kmans‚ ]IpXn 225
{Kmw Ip∏n-bpsS `mcw 200 {Kmapw tN¿∂m¬ 425 {Kmw.
H∂p apX¬ ]Xn-aq∂v hsc
DØcw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ BZy Ah-kcw Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬I-Ww. Ah¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-tºmƒ sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°-Ww. 1 + 3 + 9 = 13. {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-a-t√m.
CXp-t]mse 40 Intem{Kmw 4 IjW-ß-fmbm¬ 40 Intem hsc Xq°n FSp-°mw.
{ian-®p-t\m-°p-at√m?
¢mkn¬/ em_n¬ {Xmkpw Xq°°- n-
Ifpw Hcp-°-Ww. Acn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-
sIm≠v 4 Xq°-ßfpw ¢mkn¬ ImWn-
®p-sImSp°-Ww.
c≠v `mc-߃ XΩn¬ Iq´m\pw c≠v
`mc-߃ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw ImWm-
\p-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\w.
hni-Z-ambn sSIvÃv_p-°n¬ \¬Inb
{]h¿Ø\w So®-dns‚ CS-s]-S-en-eqsS
Ip´n-Iƒ°v A\m-bm-k-am°n sImSp-°-
Ww. A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Øn-te-Xp-Iq-SmsX Ipd-s®Æw
IqSn \¬I-Ww. `mc-߃ Ipd-°m\p≈
tijn F√m Ip´n-Ifpw t\Sn F∂v Dd-
∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.
`mcw Adnbmw
187
Hcp Znhkw
kvIqfnse D®- -£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´
N¿®bv°v tijw {]h¿Ø\w Ip´n-Iƒ
hmbn-°p-∂p.
So®-dpsS hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃
? BsI Ip´n-Iƒ?
? Hcp Ip´n°v D®- -£-W-Øn-\p≈ Acn?
? _p[-\m--gvNsØ lmP¿ F{X?
? C∂v th≠n hcp∂ Acn-bpsS Afhv?
$
$
A]-{K-Y-\w, hyXy-kvX-h-gn-Iƒ At\z-jn-°¬, hymJym-\n-°¬ XpS-ßnb
{]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.
C\n-sbmcp IY ]dbmw
Ip´n-Iƒ IY hmbn-®nt√? C\n So®¿ IY hni-Z-ambn ]d™p sImSp-°-s´.
B\-Øq-°-tØmfw kz¿Ww \¬In-bXv Fß-s\-sb∂v Ah¿ hy‡n-K-X-ambn t\m´p-
_p-°n¬ Ipdn-°-s´. XpS¿∂v Ah-X-cWw \SØn So®-dpsS CS-s]-S-temsS {]iv\w
]cn-l-cWw \S-Ø-s´.
aq∂-°sØ aq∂°w sIm≠v KpWn-°p-
∂-Xn\√ Cu {]h¿Ø\w \¬In-b-Xv.
adn®v 10 \qdv-{KmapIƒ tN¿∂m¬ 1
Intem-bm-sW∂v Ip´n CXn-\Iw ]Tn-
®n-´p-≠v. F¶n¬ 20 \qdv {KmapIƒ
tN¿∂m¬ F{X Intem?
100 \qdp-Iƒ tN¿∂mtem? CXn-s\m∏w
_m°n-bp -≈Xpw tN¿Øm¬ 105
t]cpsS Acn e`n-°pw. 100 t]cpsS
Afhv In´n-bm¬ _m°n tNmZy-ß-fpsS
DØ-c-ßfpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
188
bqWn‰vNn{X-K-WnXw11
BapJw
Nn{X cq]-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hnhc-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°¬,
hymJym-\n-°¬, ]´n-I-s∏Sp-ج, \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°¬ F∂o
{][m\ Bi-b-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n¬ D≈-Xv.
tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßsf ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw ]´nI A]-{K-Yn®v \nK-a-
\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw D≈ sNdp{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ip´n 2˛mw
¢mkn¬ h®p Xs∂ sNbvXp XpS-ßn-bn- p-≠v.
Nn{X-cq-]-Øn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ßsf hmbn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-
°m\pw hnh-c-߃ A]-{K-Yn-°m\pw D≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv
XpS-°-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v Nn{X-cq-]-Øn¬ \n∂pw
hnh-c-ßsf A\p-tbm-Py-ambn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw AXn-eqsS hnh-
c-ßsf Ffp-∏-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°m\pw D≈ Ignhv D≠m-°p∂
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Np‰p-]mSpw D≈ hnh-c-߃
tiJ-cn®v Nn{X-cq-]-Øn¬ ]´nI-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS A]-{K-Y-\hpw
\nK-a\ cq]o-I-c-Whpw Ffp-∏-amIpw F∂v Ip´n°v t_m[y-s∏-
S-Ww. Db¿∂ ¢mkn¬ hnh-c-߃ BhrØn ]´n-I-bn-em°n
[mcmfw Bi-b-߃ (am[yw, am[y-aw, NXp-c-®n-{Xw) ]Tn-°p-∂-
Xn\v ChnsS Hcp XpS-°-am-Ip-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
Nn{X-K-WnXw
189
Bi
bw
]T-\
-t_
m-[\
{]
{Inb
]T-\
-t\
--ß
ƒ
$N
n{X
-cq-]
-Øn¬
\
¬I
n-bn-c
n-°p∂
hnh
-c-ß
ƒ h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-°
¬.
$h
nh-c-ß
ƒ h
ymJ
ym-\
n-°¬
.
$N
n{X
-cq-]
-Øn-e
p≈ h
nh-c-ß
ƒ ]
´n-
I-s∏
-Sp-Ø
¬.
$\
nK-a-\
-߃
cq]
o-I-cn-°
¬
$h
nh-c-ti
-J-cW
w, \
nco-£
Ww, F
∂n-h
-bn-e
qsS h
nh-c-ß
ƒ t
iJ
-cn-°
p-∂p.,
A]
-{K-Y
n-°p-∂
p, h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-°
p-∂p.
$h
nh-c-ß
sf ]
´n-I
-s∏
-SpØ
n A
]-{K
-Yn®
v h
ymJ
ym-\
n-°p-∂
p.
$h
nh-c-ß
sf A
\p-t
bm-P
y-amb
coX
n-bn¬
X
cw-X
n-cn®
v ]
´n-I
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
p-∂p.
$]
´n-I
-bn¬
\n∂
pw h
nh-c-ß
ƒ h
ymJ
ym-\
n®v \
nK-a-\
-߃
D≠
m-°
p-∂p.
$N
n{X
-cq-]
-Øn¬
(]
nIvtSm-
{Kmw)
\¬
Inb
ncn-°
p∂
hnh
-c-ß
sf h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-
°p∂
p.
N
n{X
cq]
-Øn-e
p≈ h
nh-c-
ßsf h
ymJ
ym-\
n-°p-∂
p.
N
n{X
-cq-]
-Øn-e
p≈ h
nh-c-
ßsf B
h-i
y-Øn-\
-\p-k
-
cn®
v ]
´n-I
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
p-∂p.
e
`y-a
mb h
nh-c-ß
ƒ h
ni-
I-e\
w sN
bvX
v \nK
-a-\
-߃
cq]
o-I-cn-°
p-∂p.
bqW
n‰v s
{^b
nw
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
190
{]Xo-£nX kabw : 10 ]ncnbUv
]T\ kma-{Kn-Iƒ : Nm¿ v t]∏¿, Ãmºn‰v
bqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\wbqWn‰v hni-I-e\w
]´n-I-bn¬ Nn{X-cq-]-Øn¬ sImSpØ hnh-c-߃ hmbn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-t°-≠p∂
{]h¿Ø-\-amWv BZy-tØ-Xv.
Xs‚ Np‰p-]mSpw e`y-amb ]g-ßsf (N°, amß, ...)°pdn®v tNmZn-°p-∂p.
hy‡n-K-X-ambn Nn{Xw \nco-£n-°p∂p
So®-dpsS CS-s]-S¬ / hni-I-e-\-tNmZyw
? GsXms° ]g-߃?
? Hmtcm∂pw F{X hoXw?
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse tNmZy-߃°v hy‡n-K-X-ambn DØcw Is≠-Øp-∂p.
]qt¥m´w
hy‡n-K-X-ambn \nco-£n-°p∂p
So®-dpsS CS-s]-S¬/ hni-I-e\ tNmZyw
$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse tNmZy-߃°v DØcw
Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ ]´n-I-bn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p (t\m´v_p-°v, ]mT-
]p-kvX-Iw)
$ ]´nI ASn-ÿm-\-am°n IqSp-X¬ tNmZy-
߃ D≠m°n DØcw Is≠-Øp-∂p.
? F{X C\w ]q°ƒ ? ............
? G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ GXv ]qhv ? .................
? BsI F{X ]q°ƒ ? ...............
hf¿Øp Pohn-Iƒ
hy‡n-K-X-ambn \nco-£n-°p∂p
So®¿ CS-s]-S¬ / hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p
(t\m v_p°v, ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw)
tNmZy-߃°v DØcw I≠p-]n-
Sn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]´n-I-bm-°p-∂Xv
IqSp-X¬ kuI-cy-{]-Z-amWv F∂v
Ip´n-Iƒ°v t_m[y-s∏-S-Ww.
Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-c-h-cpsS ho´nse
]qt¥m-´-Ønse / hf-∏nse
]q°-fpsS hnhcw CXp-t]mse
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. KWn-X-em-
_nse Ãmºn‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v
Hmtcm ]qhns‚bpw Nn{Xw th≠-
{Xbpw FÆw ]´n-I-bn¬ Nn{Xo-
I-cn-°m≥ ]d-bm-at√m? ]´n-I-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bXv t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-
bn¬ B°mw. Hmtcm∂pw hne-
bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. tNmZy-
ßfpw Ip´n-Iƒ D≠m-°-s´.
Ip´n-I-fpsS ho´n¬ hf¿Øp∂
Pohn-I-fpsS hnhcw tiJ-cn®v
] ´ n - I - s ∏ - S p - Ø m - \ p ≈
{]h¿Ø\w \¬Imw.
Nn{X-K-WnXw
191
$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse tNmZy-߃°v hy‡n-K-X-ambn DØcw Fgp-Xp-∂p.
ssIh-i-ap-≈h
hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
(kwL-ß-fmbn / hy‡n-K-X-am-bn)
So®-dpsS CS-s]-S¬
$ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج (t\m v_p-°v, ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw)
$ tNmZy\n¿ΩmWw (hy‡n-KXw / kwL-am-bn)
? BsI F{X-t]\-Iƒ?
? G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ GXv C\-amWv?
$ DØcw Is≠Øn (hy‡n-K-Xw) tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج.
KWn-tXm-’hw
]q°fw \nco-£n-°p∂p (hy‡n-K-Xw).
So®-dpsS CS-s]-S¬
? F{X {XntIm-W-߃ ?
? F{X h -߃ ?
? F{X NXp-c-߃ ?
C\n FÆ-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]´n-I-bn¬ "{XntIm-Whpw', "NXp-chpw', "h´hpw', hc-
®p-t\m-°q. (]mT-]p-kvX-Iw, t\m v_p-°v)
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ GsX∂v "√' sNøq, (]mT-]p-kvX-Iw)
? CXp-t]mse as‰mcp ]q°fw \n¿cn-°mtam?
A\p-tbm-Py-amb \ndw \¬In `wKn-bm-°p-I. (t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm)
FÆn-t\m°mw ˛ Iºyq´¿ {]h¿Ø\w
{]h¿Ø\w: (t]Pv 155)
hkvXp-°sf C\w Xncn®v {Iao-I-cn-®-tijw Hmtcm C\-Øn-t‚bpw FÆ-sa-SpØv
ssS∏v sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp sKbn-am-Wn-Xv. sF.Sn kvIqƒ/·p/en\Ivkv Pq\n-b¿
Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-Ønse PotImw-{]nkv tkm v‰v shb-dmWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-Xv.
hnh-c-߃ hy‡n-K-X-amtbm
kwL-amtbm tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Hcp t\¿ A\p- hw Ip´n-
Iƒ°v D≠m-Im≥ CØcw
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ klm-bn-°pw.
CØcw IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
192
tkm vSv shb¿ Xpd-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hgn:
PotImw-{]nkv Xpd-∂v,
IW°v → FƬ → F{X-sbÆw
sKbnw Xpd-°p-tºmƒ Htc C\-Øn-ep-≈-tXm, hyXykvX C\-ß-fn-ep-≈tXm Bb
Iptd hkvXp-°ƒ Hcp {Ia-hp-an-√msX InS-°p-∂Xv ImWmw. Htc C\-Øn-ep≈ hkvXp-
°sf Htc If-fn-bnem-°p-I-bmWv BZyw sNtø-≠-Xv. aukv D]-tbm-Kn®v {UmKv
sNbvXv hkvXp-°sf \o°mw. AXn-\p-tijw Hmtcm C\-Øn-s‚bpw FÆ-sa-SpØv
he-Xp-h-iØv Xmsg-bmbn hkvXp-hns‚ Nn{X-ap≈ t_mIvkn¬ ¢n°v sNbvX tijw
ssS∏v sNøp-I. icn-bmbn ssS∏v sNbvXv Ign-™m¬ Nncn-°p∂ Hcp apJw {]Xy-£-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw ASpØ L -Øn-te°v t]mIp-Ibpw sNøpw.
A[nI {]h¿Ø\w
KWn-X-em-_nse Ãmºn‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v So®¿ Nm¿´n¬ [mcmfw hyXykvX cq]-
߃ "{]n‚ v' sNøs´ (]q°ƒ, arK-߃, ]£n-Iƒ, ac-߃)
CXv \nco-£n®v Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]´n-I-cq-]o-I-cn-°-s´. ]´n-I-bn¬ Ãmºn‰v
sIm≠v AXXv Nn{X-߃ (Nm¿´nse ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v A{Xbpw FÆw)
{]n‚ v sNøWw. tijw t]m¿ vt^mfn-tbm-bn¬ tN¿°mw. hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
thWw.
hoSp-Iƒ ]e-Xcw
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Nn{Xw \nco-£n-°p-∂p.
]´n-Isb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Nn{Xw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
So®dpsS hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃
$ ----]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p (t\m v_p-°v, ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw)
$ ]´n-Isb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n tNmZyw \n¿an-°p∂p (hy‡n-K-X-ambn 5 FÆw)
Nn{X-K-WnXw
193
Hmtcm L´-Øn-sebpw
tNmZy-߃ Sn._n. bnepw
t\m v _p°nepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Ø-Ww.
Ip´n-I-fpsS tNmZy-ßsf
hne-bn--cp-tØ-≠-XmWv
(kqN-I-߃)
˛ hy‡X
˛ A\p-tbm-PyX
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ s]mXp Ah-X-cWw
$ DØ-c-ßfpw Is≠Øn Ah-Xn-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
CjvS-hn-t\mZw
hy‡n-KX hmb\
So®-dpsS hni-I-e\ tNmZy--߃
$ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw (kwL-ambn / hy‡-K-X-am-bn)
$ tNmZy-߃
? GsXms° hnt\m-Z-߃?
? F{X hyXykvX C\-߃?
$ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج (t\m v_p°v, ]mT-]p-kvXIw) hy‡n-KXw
(Hcp Ip´n°v F∂ {]XoI Nn{Xw AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØn Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS)
$ tNmZy-\n¿amWw hy‡n-K-X-ambn
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cWw
$ s]mXp Ah-X-cWw
$ sa®-s∏-Sp-ج
(t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I)
hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ww, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج F∂o c≠v {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Dƒs∏- n-cn-°p∂p.
Ip´n-I-fpsS CjvS hnt\mZw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw So®¿°v CXn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p.
Ip´n-I-fpsS Ign-hp-Isf hne-bn-cpØn tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
kqN-I-߃ :
˛ ]´nI hmbn®v icn-bmbn hni-Zo-I-cn-°¬
˛ hnh-c-ti-J-cWØn-\p≈ Ignhv
˛ IrXyX
˛ hnh-c-ßsf C\w Xncn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ignhv
˛ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS FÆw kqNn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv
˛ ]´nI A]-{K-Yn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv
˛ \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv
˛ tNmZy \n¿ΩmWw
KWnXw ˛ ¢mkv III
194
A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃
¢mknse Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Ah-cpsS ho´p-h-f-∏nse ac-ß-fpsS FÆw,tiJ-cn®v ]´n-
I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
hy‡n-K-X-ambn hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
? GsXms° C\w ac-߃ ?
? Hmtcm∂pw F{X- FÆw?
? ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ F{X tImf-߃ thWw?
$ Dulw
$ ]´nI hc-bv°¬
$ ]´n-I-bn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°¬
$ tNmZy-\n¿amWw
$ {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cWw
$ s]mXp Ah-X-cWw
$ sa®-s∏-Sp-ج
(t]m¿´vt^mfn-tbm-bn¬ tN¿°-Ww)
acw FÆw Nn{Xo-I-c- FÆw
W-Øn-eqsS
sXßv
amhv
πmhv
Ihpßv
.................
...................
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
]´n-I-bn¬ \n∂pw ]´nI
apI-fn¬ tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Hcp kwL-Ønse Ip´n-I-fpsS ho´nse
sXßp-I-fpsS am{Xw FÆw ImWn-°p∂ ]´nI \n¿an-°p-I.
hnh-c-߃ hy‡n-K-X-ambn
tiJ-cn-®Xv ]´n-I-bn¬ Nn{Xo-
I-cn -°p-∂-Xn\v KWn-X-em-
_nse Ãmºn‰v D]-tbm-Kn-
°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw. (Vegeta-bles cutting) As√-¶n¬ {]Xo-
Im -fl-I-amb Nn{X-߃
hcbv°m≥ So®¿ CS-s]-S-Ww.
Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw ]´nI a‰v
Ip´n -Iƒ°v ssIamdn ]c-
kv]cw tNmZy-ßfpw DØ-
chpw I≠p-]n -Sn -°p -Ibpw
BImw.
Nn{X-K-WnXw
195
DZm-l-cWw:
sXßp-I-fpsS FÆw FÆw
cmap
{ioP
A_p
ssj≥
A\p
CXp-t]mse amhp-I-fp-sSbpw πmhp-I-fp-sSbpw FÆw ImWn-°p∂ ]´n-I-Iƒ cq]o-I-
cn-°pI. tNmZy-ßfpw DØ-c-ßfpw Is≠Øn hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
$ ¢mknse Ip´n-Iƒ kvIqfn-te°v hcp∂ coXnsb kqNn-∏n-°p∂ hnhcw tiJ-
cn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI Hcp Ip´nsb kqNn-∏n-°m≥ hc®v tN¿°-Ww.
coXn Nn{X-cq-]-Øn¬ FÆw FÆw
$ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Ah-c-h-cpsS ho´nse hmXn¬, P\m-e, tai, Itkc XpS-ßn-bh
F{X-bp-s≠∂v I≠p-]n-Sn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øs´.
