Team: SARDES Scientific leader: JB. Stefani Reporting Period : 1 October 2005 to 30 September 2009 Web site: http://sardes.inrialpes.fr/ Parent Organizations: Universit´ e Grenoble 1 (UJF), Universit´ e Grenoble 2 (UPMF), Grenoble INP (INPG), CNRS, INRIA Contents 1 General presentation 1 2 Team Composition 2 3 Research Themes 4 3.1 Theme: Reflective component technology ........................................... 4 3.2 Theme: Autonomous systems management .......................................... 6 4 Application domains and social, economic or interdisciplinary impact 8 5 Contracts and grants 9 5.1 External contracts and grants (Industry, European, National) ................................. 9 5.2 Research Networks (European, National, Regional, Local) .................................. 11 5.3 Internal Funding ........................................................ 11 6 Principal International collaborations 11 7 Visibility, Scientific and Public Prominence 12 7.1 Contribution to the Scientific Community ........................................... 12 7.2 Prizes and Awards ....................................................... 13 7.3 Public Dissemination ..................................................... 13 8 Software and Research Infrastructure 13 9 Educational Activities 14 10 Industrialization, patents and technology transfer 14 11 Self-Assessment 14 12 Perspectives for the research team 15 13 Publications 16 1 General presentation Scientific and Technological Project Future information processing systems can be envisaged as a globally interconnected continuum, spanning multiple scales, from networks on chips (NoCs) to the global internet. Constructing the software base for such a ubiquitous computing infrastructure poses a number of scientific and technical challenges, which arise from a combination of factors: • The heterogeneity of hardware platforms and communication networks that can be used, with vastly different capacities and capabilities. • The highly dynamic and open character of the global continuum, with continuously evolving hardware and software substrates, and continuously varying loads and usages. • The increased dependency of socio-economic activites on information processing, with its correlative demands on dependability and varied quality of service guarantees. In this context, the overall ambition of the SARDES team is to develop software foundations (formal models, languages, and execution environments) for the construction of adaptable open distributed systems. Specifically, the SARDES team has two broad directions of research: Page 1 on 23
Transcript
Team: SARDESScientific leader: JB. Stefani
Reporting Period : 1 October 2005 to 30 September 2009Web site: http://sardes.inrialpes.fr/Parent Organizations: Universite Grenoble 1 (UJF), Universite Grenoble 2 (UPMF), Grenoble INP (INPG), CNRS, INRIA
10 Industrialization, patents and technology transfer 14
11 Self-Assessment 14
12 Perspectives for the research team 15
13 Publications 16
1 General presentation
Scientific and Technological ProjectFuture information processing systems can be envisaged as a globally interconnected continuum, spanning multiple scales,from networks on chips (NoCs) to the global internet. Constructing the software base for such a ubiquitous computinginfrastructure poses a number of scientific and technical challenges, which arise from a combination of factors:
• The heterogeneity of hardware platforms and communication networks that can be used, with vastly different capacitiesand capabilities.
• The highly dynamic and open character of the global continuum, with continuously evolving hardware and softwaresubstrates, and continuously varying loads and usages.
• The increased dependency of socio-economic activites on information processing, with its correlative demands ondependability and varied quality of service guarantees.
In this context, the overall ambition of the SARDES team is to develop software foundations (formal models, languages, andexecution environments) for the construction of adaptable open distributed systems. Specifically, the SARDES team has twobroad directions of research:
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• Component models and languages for the construction of dynamically adaptable and reconfigurable systems. Underthis axis, the team aims to develop new programming models, architecture description and programming languages,as well as to study their formal semantical underpinnings by means of process calculi and their associated behavioraltheory, proof techniques, and type systems.
• Software frameworks, execution environments, and algorithms for the construction of self-manageable distributed sys-tems. Under this axis, the team aims to develop new software technology and support functions, at the level of operatingsystem, virtual machine or middleware layers, to facilitate and automate the construction of self-managed systems.
Team History (Optional)The SARDES team has been created officially in January 2002. Most of the initial permanent staff of SARDES had been amember of the SIRAC team, a joint research team between INRIA, UJF and INPG.
2 Team CompositionPermanent Researchers
Name First name Function Institution Arrival dateBouchenak Sara Associate Professor UJF Jan 04Boyer Fabienne Associate Professor UJF Sep 02De Palma Noel Associate Professor INPG Jul 02Kuntz Gilles Associate Professor UJF Jan 02Lachaize Renaud Associate Professor UJF Oct 06Gruber Olivier Full Professor UJF Sep 07Mossiere Jacques Full Professor INPG Jan 02
Krakowiak Sacha Full Professor(Emeritus)
UJF Jan 02
Pous Damien Research Scientist CNRS Oct 08Quema Vivien Research Scientist CNRS Sep 06Rutten Eric Research Scientist INRIA Jan 09Schmitt Alan Research Scientist INRIA Jan 04Stefani Jean-bernard Research Director INRIA Jan 02
Post-docs, engineers and visitorsName First name Function Institution Arrival datePace Alessio Expert engineer INRIA Feb 07Schiavoni Valerio Expert engineer INRIA Feb 07Mottet Fabien Expert engineer INRIA Oct 07Debroux Lionel Expert engineer INRIA Oct 07Philippe Jeremy Post-doc INRIA Mar 09Delaval Gwenael Post-doc INRIA Jan 09Perez parra Jorge Andres Visitor U. Bologna Apr 09
Doctoral Students
Name University Supervisors Funding (sources and dates) Date of firstregistration
Lenglet S. UJF J.B. Stefani, A. Schmitt MENRT Oct 06 - Sep 09 Oct 06Lienhardt M. UJF J.B. Stefani, A. Schmitt MENRT Oct 06 - Sep 09 Oct 06Arnaud J. UJF J.B. Stefani, S. Bouchenak MENRT Oct 07 - Sep 10 Oct 07
Sabah Q. J.B. Stefani INRIA grant Apr 09 - Dec11 Apr 09
Fontaine S. INPG J. Mossiere, F. Boyer MENRT Oct 06 - Sep 09 Oct 06Demontes L. UJF O. Gruber, R. Lachaize MENRT Oct 08 - Sep 11 Oct 08Aboubekr A. UJF E. Rutten MENRT Oct 08 - Oct 11 Sep 08
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Mezzina C. UJF J.B. Stefani, D. Sangiorgi INRIA grant Nov 08 - Oct11 Nov 08
Gaud F. INPG J.B. Stefani, V. Quema MENRT Oct 07 - Sep 10 Oct 07Geneves S. UJF J.B. Stefani, R. Lachaize MENRT Oct 08 - Sep 11 Oct 08Bouzonnet L. INPG J.B. Stefani CIFRE Bull Jan 08 - Dec 10 Jan 08
Seyvoz S. UJF O. Gruber Orange Labs grant Dec 07 -Nov 10 Dec 07
Braibant T. UJF J.B. Stefani, D. Pous MENRT Oct 08 - Sep 11 Oct 08Claudel B. INPG J. Mossiere, N. De Palma INRIA grant Oct 06 - Sep 09 Oct 06Malvault W. INPG J.B. Stefani, V. Quema INRIA grant Oct 07 - Sep 10 Oct 07
Past team members
Past Members Oct. 2005-Oct. 2009
Name First name Position Employer Arrival date Departuredate
Currentposition
Cecchet Emmanuel Research sci-entist
INRIA Sep 02 Sep 05ResearchFellow U.Amherst
Hagimont Daniel Research Sci-entis
INRIA Jan 02 Sep 05Full Pro-fessor INPToulouse
Jean Sebastien AssociateProfessor
UPMF Sep 02 Aug 07AssociateProfessorUPMF
Donsez Didier AssociateProfessor
UJF Sep 06 Aug 07Full Pro-fessorUJF
Past Doctoral students
NameDate offirst regis-tration
Date of depar-ture University Supervisor Current position
Abdellatif T. Jan 03 Sep 06 INPG J. Mossiere, E. CecchetAssistant Pro-fessor U. Sousse(Tunisia)
Bidinger P. Oct 02 Nov 05 UJF J.B Stefani Assistant Profes-sor UJF
Charra O. Oct 00 Nov 04 UJF S. Krakowiak Engineer WindRiver
Kornas J. Nov 04 Oct 08 UJF J.B. StefaniEngineer soft-ware company(Poland)
Lachaize R. Oct 02 Nov 05 INPG J. Mossiere Assistant Profes-sor UJF
Laumay P. Oct 00 Dec 03 INPG J. Mossiere Engineer Kelkoo
Layaida O. Oct 02 Nov 05 INPG D. Hagimont Engineer Globe-Cast
Lenglet R. Oct 01 Nov 04 INPG D. Hagimont Engineer Google(Japan)
Ozcan A. Nov 03 Nov 06 INPG J.B. Stefani Engineer STMi-cro (Canada)
Philippe J. Oct 05 Feb 09 INPG J. Mossiere, N. De Palma Postdoc INRIA
Polakovic J. Oct 04 Sep 07 J.B. Stefani Engineer STMi-cro
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Quema V. Oct 02 Nov 05 INPG J.B. Stefani Research Scien-tist CNRS
Rippert C. Oct 00 Nov 03 UJF S. Krakowiak Assistant Profes-sor UJF
Senart A. Oct 00 Nov 03 INPG J. Mossiere ResearcherAccenture
Sicard S. Oct 05 Feb 09 UJF J.B. Stefani, F. Boyer Engineer Orange
Taton C. Oct 05 Nov 08 INPG J. Mossiere, S.Bouchenak
Engineer Google(Norway)
Past post-doctoral researchers, engineers and visitors
Name First name Function Date ofarrival
Date ofdepar-ture
Home In-stitution (ifappropriate)
Metral Florent Expert engineer Sep 06 Aug 07 INRIAParlavantzas Nikolaos Expert engineer Nov 06 Sep 09 INRIAGarcia Pierre Expert engineer Sep 06 Feb 08 INRIAMetral Florent Expert engineer Sep 07 Aug 08 INRIADemontes Ludovic Expert engineer Jul 08 Sep 08 INRIALeclercq Matthieu Expert engineer Feb 03 Dec 05 INRIALegrand Julien Expert engineer Oct 05 Sep 07 INRIAMezzina Claudio Expert engineer Jul 08 Oct 08 INRIAAugier Pierre Expert engineer Sep 08 Nov 08 INRIAProchazka Marek Post-doc Jan 02 Aug 03 INRIAMos Adrian Post-doc Jan 05 Aug 06 INRIAPasin Marcia Post-doc Feb 07 Dec 07 INRIA
Foster Nate Visitor Mar 06 Jun 06 U. of Pennsylva-nia (NSF grant)
Perez-sorrosal Francisco Visitor Jun 07 Jul 07 EGIDE
Evolution of the team (Period: Jan 2005 - Sep 2009)In August 2005, two INRIA researchers left the SARDES team (E. Cecchet, to join a startup, and D. Hagimont, to join INPToulouse as a full professor). In August 2007, a full professor (S. Krakowiak, to take an emeritus position) and an associateprofessor (S. Jean, to join another laboratory in Valence) left the SARDES team . In September 2006, a CNRS researcher (V.Quema) and an associate professor (R. Lachaize) joined the SARDES team. In September 2007, a full professor joined theSARDES team (O. Gruber). In September 2008, a CNRS researcher (D. Pous) joined the SARDES team. In January 2009,an INRIA researcher (E. Rutten) joined the SARDES team. From December 2007 to September 2008, N. De Palma toooka sabbatical at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS). From September 2007 to August 2008, A. Schmitt took asabbatical at the U. of Bologna, Italy.
3 Research ThemesFor the reporting period (Jan. 2005 - Jun. 2009), the research of the SARDES team has been organized along two majorthemes:
1. Reflective component technology
2. Autonomous systems management
We report below the main results obtained for each of these themes.
3.1 Theme: Reflective component technologyList of participants:
Staff: Renaud Lachaize, Vivien Quema, Alan Schmitt, Jean-Bernard Stefani.
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PhD students: Vivien Quema, Philippe Bidinger, Oussama Layaida, Claudio Mezzina, Ali Erdem Ozcan, Juraj Po-lakovic, Michael Lienhardt, Serguei Lenglet.
Contract engineers: Alessio Pace, Valerio SchiavoniScientific issues and positioning of the team: The main goal of the reflective component technology theme is to develop a
provably sound, and efficient software component technology for the construction of highly reconfigurable distributedsystems, and in particular distributed software infrastructures (operating systems and middleware). This translated,during the evaluation period, into the following activities: development of, and tool support for, the Fractal reflectivecomponent model; development of Fractal-based configurable operating system kernels; study of the formal processcalculus foundations (including behavioral theory) of component-based programming and of the Fractal model; devel-opment of programming languages for open programming.
An open reflective component model: Fractal In collaboration with France Telecom R&D (now Orange Labs), wehave continued the development of the Fractal component model [4], developed a formal specification for Fractal inthe Alloy language, and defined an associated extensible architecture description language (ADL). Fractal is an originalcomponent model, characterized by the fact that it endows components with reflective capabilities, called controllers.The set of component controllers is not predetermined in the model and can be extended according to the needs of thesystem or application, a distinguishing feature of Fractal.
In collaboration with STMicroelectronics, we have developed the Cecilia compiler for the Fractal ADL, which is de-scribed in [53], and in more detail in A.E. Ozcan’s PhD thesis [108]. Cecilia is an open, extensible and retargettablecompiler that can take as input heterogeneous software architecture descriptions, i.e., software architecture descriptionswhere component implementations can be written in different programming languages. Cecilia can be extended to han-dle different ADLs or different Fractal ADL modules, as well as different different semantic checks, and has a flexiblecode generation architecture that is able to handle code generation with multiple target languages.
Reconfiguration support in component-based operating system kernels In collaboration with France TelcomR&D, we have developed a Fractal-based framework for the construction of dynamically reconfigurable operatingsystem kernels. The framework allows the combination of different mechanisms for dynamic reconfiguration such asthread counting or dynamic proxies. The framework can be used in a distributed setting with a reconfiguration server,which is useful for dynamically reconfiguring resource-constrained embedded systems. The framework is presented in[9], and in J. Polakovic’s PhD thesis [110].
A foundational process calculus for component-based open programming We have developed an original processcalculus with localities, called the Kell calculus [96]. The Kell calculus was developed as an attempt to provide a formaloperational basis to the Fractal component model, and as a foundational calculus to study distributed component-basedprogramming. The Kell calculus is essentially a higher-order π-calculus with hierarchical localities, join patterns, and apassivation construct. Passivation allows to suspend the execution of a running locality and to reify it into a value, andit provides support for strong mobility and objective dynamic reconfiguration.
We have defined, and proved correct, an original abstract machine for the Kell calculus [18]. The abstract machine,together with the implementation of a simple programming language (based on the Kell calculus) that it supports, isdescribed in detail in P. Bidinger’s thesis [103]. In cooperation with the Plume team at ENS Lyon (D. Hirschkoff), wehave also developed a variant of the Kell calculus with locality sharing (a key feature to capture the component sharingfeature of Fractal) [46]. We have also used Kell calculus ideas to define a kernel language for component-based openprogramming, called Oz/K [57]. Oz/K extends the Oz kernel language with isolation, strong mobility and objectivereconfiguration capabilities.
The behavioral theory of the Kell calculus has proven to be very difficult. In particular, usual proof techniques developedfor first-order process calculi such as the π-calculus, e.g., for characterizing natural notions of program equivalences,do not apply. We have recently obtained interesting results, both negative and positive. On the negative side we haveshown, by means of non-trivial counter-examples, the inherent difficulty in obtaining a tractable notion of programequivalence in higher-order process calculi with passivation [55]. On the positive side, we have developed a new formof labelled transition semantics for higher-order calculi which allows us to characterize contextual equivalence in ahigher-order calculus with passivation, which is the first result of its kind [54]. This new form of transition semantics,and its asociated notion of bisimulation, is applicable to a wide range of higher-order calculi.
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Type-systems for communicating component assemblages Building systems with a component-based approach canlead to subtle assemblage errors that are not captured by standard type checking in host implementation languages suchas Java. To deal with these assemblage errors in the context of component-based communication frameworks such asDream (developed by the SARDES team) or Click (developed by MIT), we have developed a simple component calculusand two type systems that allow to prevent the occurrence of data manipulation errors in component assemblages. Workhas continued on the definition of a type system for the assemblage of communicating components. A first expressivetype system was developed, for which type checking is decidable but type inference is not [58]. Although a practicalsemi-algorithm for type inference exists. The second type system we have developed is less expressive, but it is morepractical with a decidable type inference. A prototype type analyzer for this second type system has been developedand has been integrated with the Cecilia toolchain. This implementation has enabled us to check the use of our typeanalyser on large Dream configurations and to show that the type system can be used with other component models,such as Click [56].
Bi-directional programming languages In collaboration with Benjamin C. Pierce at University of Pennsylvania, wehave developed a notion of bidirectional programming languages, a novel approach to the view-update problem for tree-structured and ordered data [7, 20]. In particular, we have defined a domain-specific programming language in whichall expressions denote bidirectional transformations on trees. In one direction, these transformations map a concretetree into a simplified abstract view; in the other, they map a modified abstract view, together with the original concretetree, to a correspondingly modified concrete tree. The language relies on a collection of so-called lens-combinatorsthat can be assembled to describe bidirectional transformations on trees. These combinators include familiar constructsfrom functional programming (composition, mapping, projection, conditionals, recursion), together with some novelprimitives for manipulating trees (splitting, pruning, merging, etc.).
Although this was developed initially independently of our work on component-based programming, we expect thisnotion of bidirectional language and key ideas behind bidirectional transformations to provide useful tools for attackingstate synchronization issues in dynamic reconfiguration and dynamic software update.
Typing XML paths and queries In collaboration with the WAM project-team at INRIA Grenoble (P. Geneves, N.Layaida), we have developed an algorithm to solve XPath decision problems under regular tree type constraints, andshowed its use to statically type-check XPath queries [41]. To this end, we have proved the decidability of a logicwith converse for finite ordered trees whose time complexity is a simple exponential of the size of a formula. Thelogic corresponds to the alternation free modal µ-calculus without greatest fixpoint, restricted to finite trees, and whereformulas are cycle-free. Because of the close similarity between XPath and FPath (a language developed by the Obascoproject-team for navigating Fractal configurations), we expect to use these results to formally specify, and to staticallytype, FPath queries.
Perspectives: The work on the reflective component technology theme will continue in the next four years, with the followinginflections:
• Work on Java-based Fractal technology will give way to the development of new (programming and architec-ture description) languages with a formal operational semantics for distributed and reflective component-basedprogramming, typically along the lines of the Oz/K programming language.
• Work on foundational aspects of distributed component-based programming will be supplemented with the devel-opment of coinductive techniques and tools (typically based on the Coq theorem proving environment) for provingprogram equivalence and abstract machine correctness.
• Work on formal models for component-based programming will encompass a study of the relationships betweenreflective component models such as Fractal, and heterogeous component models such as BIP or Ptolemy devel-oped by the embedded system community.
3.2 Theme: Autonomous systems managementList of participants:
Staff: Sara Bouchenak, Fabienne Boyer, Emmanuel Cecchet, Noel De Palma, Daniel Hagimont, Sacha Krakowiak,Renaud Lachaize, Vivien Quema, Jean-Bernard Stefani.
PhD students: Benoıt Claudel, Stephane Fontaine, Vivien Quema, Jeremy Philippe, Sylvain Sicard, Christophe Taton.
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Postdocs: Adrian Mos, Marcia Pasin.Contract engineers: Pierre Garcia, Julien Legrand, Florent Metral, Nicolas Modrzyk, Nikos Parlavantzas.
Scientific issues and positioning of the team: The main goal of the large scale autonomous systems management theme isto develop component-based software infrastructures for the control and administration of large, long-lived distributedsystems such as clustered application servers or Grid infrastructures. This translated, during the evaluation period,into the following activities: development of an architecture-based framework for autonomous systems management;development of support functions for automated deployment and configuration, for automatic repair and self-healing,and for performance (in particular, overload) management; development of supporting asynchronous middleware anddistributed algorithms.
A software framework for automated system management: Jade The Jade software framework embodies ourapproach to automated system management architecture, which is both control-based (management functions are builtaccording to a feedback control loop pattern, with sensor, analysis, decision, and effector stages), and architecture-based (the managed system architecture contitutes the core knowledge used for observation and action). The mainelements of the Jade architecture (for cluster environments) are described in [21, 11]. Interestingly, the Jade frameworkcan be used both for Fractal-based systems as well as for legacy systems (through the development of appropriatewrapper components). We have experimented the Jade framework mostly in cluster environments, to provide automatedconfiguration, fault, and performance management for both multi-tier J2EE application servers and message-orientedmiddleware. The Jade framework is now used as the basis for the JASMINe open source project from the OW2 (formerlyObjectWeb) Consortium, led by Bull.
Architecture-based deployment and configuration A primary function of the Jade framework is the provision ofautomated software deployment and system (re)configuration. Deployment and configuration in Jade are driven byarchitecture descriptions, which are used as deployment and configuration directives by the Fractal ADL toolchain. Totake into account software deployment and software upgrade, we have developed a model and an API for componentpackage installation that can use different packaging technologies, such as that provided by the OSGI standard (bundles).The Jade deployment and configuration function (applied to the J2EE context) is described in [2, 13]. The model and theAPI are described in J. Kornas PhD thesis [105]. The benefits of the Jade approach to the management and configurationof J2EE application server clusters is the subject of T. Abdellatif’s PhD thesis [102].
Automated performance management We have applied the Jade framework for performance management – and inparticular overload management – in both J2EE application server clusters and message-oriented (message queuing andtopic-based) middleware clusters. Performance management can be effected through reconfiguration in the managedsystem cluster, possibly involving the dynamic automatic introduction or release of cluster nodes in the managed systemconfiguration, through the control of key factors such as the multi-processing level on each node and the number ofoperating nodes in a cluster, and through an adaptation of the service level provided by application components. Initialdevelopments with heuristic control policies are reported in [25, 76, 10]. Experiments using Jade for the managementof Service Level Agreements (SLA) are reported in [63]. More details on performance management based on heuristiccontrol policies can be found in C. Taton’s and J. Philippe PhD thesis [113, 109]. More recently we have startedconsidering control policies based on system models: the first approach is control-theoretic, and exploits a fluid modelof an individual server behavior [59, 60]; the second approach is optimization based, and exploits a queue-theoreticmodel of multi-tier cluster systems [81].
Automated repair management We have also applied the Jade framework for fault management – in particularrecovery management – and self-healing in J2EE application server clusters. Critical components are replicated, andthe consistency of the replicas is maintained during execution. In addition, the knowledge base maintained by the repairmanager contains a representation of the system state, including the configuration of each component, the bindingsbetween the components, and the placement of the components on the nodes of the cluster. This representation iscausally connected to the controlled system and contains all the necessary information to reconstruct the system aftera node failure. Early experiments are reported in [21]. Software engineering aspects of recovery management andself-healing are discussed in [72]. More details on autmated reapir management can be found in S. Sicard’s PhD thesis[112].
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Uniform total order broadcast and atomic storage in clusters Uniform total order broadcast (UTOcast) is a fun-damental communication primitive that plays a central role in bringing cheap software-based high vailability to a widearray of services, and a key building block for self-healing aspects in Jade. In cooperation with R. Guerraoui’s team atEPFL, we have designed FSR, a uniform total order broadcast protocol dedicated to clusters of homogeneous machines.FSR provides high throughput, has a linear latency with respect to the number of processes, and is fair in the sense thateach process has an equal opportunity of having its messages delivered by all processes. FSR is presented in [45] (aninitial version of the protocol was presented in V. Quema’s PhD thesis [?]).
Following this work on UTOcast, we have developed, in cooperation with R. Guerraoui’s team at EPFL, an algorithmto ensure the atomicity of a distributed storage, supported by a homogeneous cluster of servers, that can be read andwritten by any number of clients. The algorithm is presented in [44]. In failure- free and synchronous situations, andeven in presence of contention, our algorithm has a high write throughput, and a read throughput that grows linearlywith the number of available servers. It is resilient to the crash failure of any number of readers and writers as well asto the crash failure of all but one server.
Gossip protocols in realistic WAN environments Gossip-based information dissemination protocols provide an in-teresting alternative to structured overlay networks, in particular because of their ease of deployment, their scalability,and their inherent resilience to churn. However their use in realistic WAN environments requires non-trivial develop-ments. In cooperation with the ASAP team at INRIA Rennes, we have developed a gossip peer-sampling protocol,called Nylon, that can be used in a realistic WAN environment, and can operate successfully in presence of multipleforms of NAT (network address translation) devices [47]. Nylon is fully decentralized and spreads evenly betweenpeers the extra load caused by the presence of NATs. In cooperation with the ASAP tema and EPFL (R. Guerraoui) wehave also developed an efficient gossip-based protocol for live streaming, called HEAP, that can deal effectively withthe heterogeneity of node capacities and bandwidths in a realistic WAN environment [39]. Using a continuous, itselfgossip-based, approximation of relative bandwidth capabilities, HEAP dynamically leverages the most capable nodesby increasing their fanout, while decreasing by the same proportion those of less capable nodes. HEAP preserves thesimplicity and proactive (churn adaptation) nature of gossip, while significantly improving its effectiveness.
Perspectives: Work on autonomous systems management will be split along three different axis (system support, virtualmachine technology and adaptive control), which are described in the team perspectives below.
4 Application domains and social, economic or interdisciplinary impactThe software technology developed by the SARDES team can be used in different application domains. We target two maindomains:
• Cluster-based or overlay-based Web application servers and Web applications.
• Multicore systems on chip (MPSoCs) and embedded systems.
We transfer our results mostly under the form of open source software, notably through the OW2 (formerly ObjectWeb) opensource consortium. The SARDES contributed actively to the following ObjectWeb and OW2 development projects during theevaluation period (Jan. 2005 - Jun. 2009):
Fractal The main contributions from SARDES concerned the formal specification of the Fractal model in Alloy, Fractal ADLand the Cecilia toolchain, an open and extensible compiler for the Fractal ADL. The Fractal model has been used as abasis for research by several teams, including the INRIA project-teams Adam, Oasis, and Obasco (now Ascola) whohave contributed to the development of Fractal technology (e.g., using aspect-oriented techniques for the developmentof Fractal controllers, using Fractal as a basis for a Grid component-based programming model, and developing a DSLfor safe reconfiguration). It has been used also by the following R&D teams: LIG teams Adele and Hadas, the Verimaglaboratory in Grenoble, the I3S laboratory in Sophia-Antipolis, ENST-Bretagne in Brest, the AST division of STMi-croelectronics, Nokia Research Labs in Hungary, the Charles University in Prague (Czech Republic), the University ofLeuven (Belgium). Fractal has been used for the development of several ObjectWeb and OW2 open source projects,notably the Petals ESB developed mainly by EBM Websourcing, the Jasmine J2EE cluster management developedmainly by Bull; the CLIF distributed benchmarking developed mainly by Orange Labs; the Speedo persistency servicedeveloped mainly by France Telecom R&D (now Orange Labs). The Cecilia toolchain is used internally by R&D teamsat STMicroelectronics and is under further development by the Minalogic MIND project, coordinated by STMicro-electronics. A C version of the Fractal model is currently integrated in ST-Ericsson’s Nomadik hardware and softwareplatform for mobile phones.
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Dream The main contributions from SARDES concerned the consolidation of the Dream framework, a Fractal-based commu-nication framework in Java. Dream has been used as a basis for the development of the Cosmos framework, developedat Institut Telecom and INRIA Lille, for the construction of ubiquitous context-aware applications. A C version of theDream framework, called Comet, has been developed by STMicroelectronics for supporting and managing communi-cations in their future MPSoC architecture.
Jasmine The main contribution from SARDES concerned the Jade framework, which is used as a software deployment andconfiguration management basis for Jasmine. Jasmine is a comprehensive cluster application server and SOA systemsmanagement tool, which has been developed by Bull, and is currently distributed with the JOnAS JEE applicationserver.
5 Contracts and grants
5.1 External contracts and grants (Industry, European, National)• Cifre Abdellatif: System management architecture for JEE application servers.
• IST OMP: Component-based mobile telephony platform.
Financial institution: EC FP7 ICT Programme
Duration: 2007-2009
SARDES Funding: 240 kC
Partners: INRIA; STMicroelectronics; Incoras (Ireland); NXP Semiconductors (Belgium); Fraunhofer (Berlin, Ger-many); Politecnico di Milano (Italy).
5.2 Research Networks (European, National, Regional, Local)• IST CoreGrid: European Research Network for Grid Middleware.
Financial institution: EC FP6 IST Programme
Duration: 2004-2008
SARDES Funding: 40 kC
5.3 Internal Funding• ARC Automan: Self-management of JEE application servers.
Financial institution: INRIA
Duration: 2006-2008
SARDES Funding: 30 kC
Partners: INRIA (SARDES, OASIS); TU Madrid (Spain).
• Equipe Associee Bacon: Foundations component-based programming
Financial institution: INRIA
Duration: 2009-2011
SARDES funding: 30 kC
Partners: U. Bologna (Italy); ENS Lyon - LIP Plume.
6 Principal International collaborations• Universite Catholique de Louvain (Belgium): Department of Computing Science and Engineering (Prof. Peter Van
Roy). Collaboration: component-based distributed programming, autonomic systems. Contact person in SARDES: J.B.Stefani.
• Universita di Bologna (Italy): Department of Computer Science (Prof. Davide Sangiorgi). Collaboration: distributedprocess calculi, type systems for components (one-year visit of Alan Schmitt, 2007-2008). Contact persons in SARDES:A. Schmitt, J.B. Stefani.
• Universita di Roma, La Sapienza (Italy): Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica (Prof. Roberto Baldoni). Col-laboration: distributed algorithms for large scale systems (post-doc of Vivien Quema, 2005-2006). Contact person inSARDES: V. Quema.
• Swedish Institute of Computer Science (Stockholm, Sweden): Computer System Laboratory (Prof. Seif Haridi). Col-laboration: large scale distributed systems management, component-based distributed programming (9-month visit ofNoel De Palma in 2008). Contact persons in SARDES: N. De Palma, J.B. Stefani.
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• Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (Switzerland): Distributed Programming Laboratory (Prof. Rachid Guer-raoui). Collaboration: distributed algorithms. Contact persons in SARDES: V. Quema.
• University of Pennsylvania (USA): Department of Computer and Information Science (Prof. Benjamin C. Pierce).Collaboration: bidirectional languages, type systems. Contact person in SARDES: A. Schmitt.
7 Visibility, Scientific and Public Prominence
7.1 Contribution to the Scientific CommunityAdministration of Professional Societies
• ACM SIGOPS French Chapter, Sara Bouchenak, since 2004.
Editorial Boards
• Annals of Telecommunications, Jean-Bernard Stefani, editorial board member, since 2004.• Journal Universal Computer Science, Eric Rutten, special issue editor, 2009.
Organisation of Conferences and Workshops
• IFIP/ACM Middleware Conference, Jean-Bernard Stefani, General Chair, 2005.• IFIP/ACM Middleware Conference, Sebastien Jean, Organization Chair, 2005.• Journees Francophones des Langages Applicatifs (JFLA), Alan Schmitt, General Chair, 2009.• Workshop on Model-driven High-level Programming of Embedded Systems (SLA++P), Eric Rutten, co-Chair, 2008.
Program committee members
• IFIP/ACM Middleware Conference, Jean-Bernard Stefani, Steering Committee Member, 2005-2008.• IFIP/ACM Middleware Conference, Jean-Bernard Stefani, 2004, 2007, 2008.• IFIP FORTE Conference, Jean-Bernard Stefani, 2006, 2007, 2008.• ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP 2008), Alan Schmitt, 2008.• DOA International Symposium, Jean-Bernard Stefani, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008.• IFIP DAIS Conference, Jean-Bernard Stefani, 2005, 2006, 2007.• Int. Symp. Trustworthy Global Computing (TGC), Jean-Bernard Stefani, 2005.• Int. Symp. Trustworthy Global Computing (TGC), Alan Schmitt, 2007.• Int. Symp. Data Base Programming Languages (DBPL), Alan Schmitt, 2005, 2008.• Workshop on Adaptive and Reconfigurable Embedded Systems (APRES), Eric Rutten, 2009.• Modelisation des Systemes Reactifs (MSR), Eric Rutten, 2009.• Int. Workshop on Verification and Evaluation of Computer and Communication Systems (VECoS), Eric Rutten, 2009.• ACM Int. Workshop Prog. Lang. Technologies for XML, Alan Schmitt, 2007.• Types Workshop, Alan Schmitt, 2009.• Int. Conf. Smart Objects and Ambient Intelligence (SOC-EUSAI), Jean-Bernard Stefani, 2003, 2005.• Dependability in Large-scale Service-Oriented Systems Workshop (DILSOS), Sara Bouchenak, 2006• Journees Francophones des Langages Applicatifs (JFLA), Alan Schmitt, 2006, 2007.• Journees Francophones des Langages Applicatifs (JFLA), Alan Schmitt, Vice-chair, 2008.• ACM-SIGOPS France - Conference Francaise sur les Systemes d’Exploitation (CFSE), Sara Bouchenak, 2006, 2008, 2009
• Philippe Bidinger, Alan Schmitt, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. An abstract machine for the Kell calculus. In 7th IFIPInternational Conference on Formal Methods for Object-Based Distributed Systems (FMOODS), Athens, Greece, June2005.
7.3 Public Dissemination• Ecole d’ete: Intergiciels et Construction d’Applications Reparties (ICAR), Jacques Mossiere, Noel De Palma, Sacha
Krakowiak, Organizers, 2006.
• Winter School: Hot Topics in Distributed Computing, Vivien Quema, Program Coordinator, 2009.
• LAFMI (Franco-Mexican Laboratory in Informatics) Summer School, Sara Bouchenak, Organizer, 2005.
8 Software and Research Infrastructure
Software PublicationCecilia The Cecilia toolchain is an extensible and retargettable compiler for the Fractal extensible Architecture Descrip-
tion Language (ADL) [53]. It comprises backends for the development of Fractal components in the C and C++programming languages, and it supports various optimizations (e.g., static bindings, singleton components, and com-ponent merging) for improving the execution performance of component configurations. The Cecilia toolchain hasbeen developed in cooperation with STMicroelectronics. It is available under an LGPL licence as part of the Frac-tal open source project hosted by the OW2 Consortium (formerly the ObjectWeb Consortium). It is available at:http://fractal.objectweb.org/c.html
Dream is a component-based framework dedicated to the construction of communication software [8]. It provides a com-ponent library and a set of tools to build, configure and deploy middleware implementing various communicationparadigms: group communications, message passing, event-reaction, publish-subscribe, etc. Dream builds upon theFractal component framework, which provides support for hierarchical and dynamic composition. A C version of theDream framework has been developed by STMicroelectronics. It is available under an LGPL license and is hosted bythe OW2 Consortium. It is available at: http://dream.objectweb.org
Jade Jade is a Fractal-based framework for the construction of autonomous system management functions [21, 25]. Jadeadopts a control-based and architecture-based approach to the construction of autonomic systems, where the explicitsoftware architecture of a managed system provides the basis for the contruction of management functions as explicit,distributed control loops. Jade is available under a Cecill-C open source license, and is the basis of the Jasmine opensource project developed by Bull for the management of clusters of J2EE and SOA application servers. It is available atthe Jasmine site: http://jasmine.objectweb.org.
FraSCAti FraSCAti is a component framework, developed with Fractal, providing runtime support for the Service Com-ponent Architecture (have a look at SCA specifications). The FraSCAti runtime supports SCA composite definitionswhich conform to the SCA Assembly Model V1.0 specification, Java component implementation (SCA Java Compo-nent Implementation V1.0 and SCA Java Common Annotations and APIs V1.0), remote component bindings usingWeb Services and Java RMI protocols. The SARDES team contributed the component binding framework to FraSCAti.FraSCAti is available at : http://wiki.objectweb.org/frascati/.
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9 Educational Activities
Supervision of Educational ProgramsSince Sep. 2008, J. Mossiere is the director of the ENSIMAG school at INP Grenoble. S. Krakowiak has taken an active partduring the year 2007 in the planning and organization of the international Master-level curriculum MOSIG, taught at INPGand UJF, and which started in September 2008.
TeachingS. Bouchenak, F. Boyer, N. De Palma, S. Jean, S. Krakowiak, R. Lachaize, J. Mossiere, O. Gruber, and V. Quema have taughtseveral operating systems and distributed systems courses at the M.S. and M.Eng. levels, at Institut National Polytechniquede Grenoble (INPG), at universite Joseph Fourier (UJF), and at universite Pierre Mendes-France (UPMF). Most of our Ph.D.students contributed to these courses as teaching assistants. As professors and assistant professors, S. Bouchenak, F. Boyer,N. De Palma, O. Gruber, S. Jean, S. Krakowiak, R. Lachaize, J. Mossiere have had full teaching assignments during theevaluation period (192 hours per university year).
10 Industrialization, patents and technology transfer
Software Licenses• Cecilia, freely available under the open source license LGPL at: http://fractal.objectweb.org/c.html.
• Dream, freely available under the open source license LGPL at: http://dream.objectweb.org.
• Jade, freely available under the open source license Cecill-C at: http://jasmine.objectweb.org.
• FraSCAti, freely available under the open source license LGPL at: http://wiki.objectweb.org/frascati/.
11 Self-AssessmentStrengths The main strengths of the SARDES team lie in its scientific positioning, with its focus on the definition ofsoftware (programming and system) foundations for the construction of self-manageable, multi-scale, distributed systems, andin its ability to address software engineering and system engineering issues both from an experimental perspective (witness,the successful software developments conducted by the project, including Cecilia and Jade), and a theoretical (semantical)perspective (witness, the development of an original process calculus foundation for component-based programming).
Weaknesses The main weakness of the project lies in the broad set of topics it addresses, from theoretical aspects of programequivalence in higher-order concurrent process calculi, to the efficient support for low-level event-based programming inmulti-core systems, an covering topics such as gossip-based protocols and the use of control-theoretic techniques for serversystem performance management. The main reason for this lies in the fact that there are multiple inter-related aspects to theconstruction of self-manageable distributed systems, and that a good understanding of these different aspects is required toprovide innovative and efficient solutions. Although the different subjects covered by the SARDES team are actually verymuch related, the team must ensure that these connections remain in focus, and that cross-fertilization does indeed take place.
Scientific results Overall, the scientific results of the team over the period are of a good quality. We can provide thefollowing detailed assessment:
• The Fractal component model has started to become a reference in the field of component-based software engineering,(cf e.g., the recent survey paper by Kung-Kiu Lau, Zheng Wang: Software Component Models, IEEE Trans. SoftwareEng. 33(10), 2007) with several research teams taking it as a basis for some of their work, or using it for their owndevelopments. Its open and reflective nature gives it an original position in the component model design space. The factthat it has successfully been used to develop demanding system software, already used in real-world applications, fromoperating system kernels (Think/Nomadik), to persistence and data management Java middleware (Speedo), distributedsystems management software (Jasmine), or Web service platform (Petals) illustrates its versatility and its good impact.
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• The Kell calculus constitutes one of the more expressive process calculi with localities. Its notion of passivation con-stitutes an original feature compared to the existing litterature on higher-order and distributed process calculi. Thisexpressive power comes at a price, however, since we have experienced difficulties in developing a full-fledged bisim-ulation theory for the calculus. It is only very recently [55, 54] that we have obtained significant and original results inthis area. Although it can be understood as a foundational calculus for Fractal-like computational structures, the Kellcalculus has had much less impact than the Fractal model.
• The work on bidirectional languages constitutes an original approach on the old view-update or data synchronizationproblem, which is receiving good recognition by the programming language community, with several teams buildingon or applying these ideas in their own research.
• The Jade framework is one of the few attempts (e.g., Rainbow at Carnegie-Mellon U., Automate at Rutgers U., KXat Columbia U., Unity at IBM Watson) at a comprehensive framework for architecture-based automated systems man-agement. Its ability to deal with non-trivial issues of distributed configuration, recovery management and performancemanagement in cluster environments probably earned it its discussion in the latest edition of A. Tanenbaum referencebook on Distributed Systems. Our forays into these different management areas only constitute initial studies, althoughthey demonstrate that even simple policies based on re-configuration can be quite effective. The joint work with theNECS team at INRIA Grenoble on a control-theoretic approach to performance management in server systems is quiteoriginal with its use of non-linear fluid models, and constitutes a promising direction of research.
• Our work on distributed algorithms has a consistent and original emphasis on efficiency in a real-world setting, whetherin cluster environments or in larger scale WAN environments (witness the work on distributed broadcast, and on NAT-resilient gossip peer-sampling protocol). This body of work is recent and has not yet achieved a strong impact but itshows good promise.
Production Overall, the publication record for the team is good (e.g., with publications in very good venues such as POPL,ACM TOPLAS, SP&E, ICSE, PLDI, CONCUR, ICDCS, DSN, FOSSACS, GPCE, CBSE, Middleware, SRDS), but we areprobably missing a few publications in prestigious journals around Fractal, the Kell calculus, and Jade (this is being addressedwith papers for the Theoretical Computer Science, Information and Computation, and ACM Transactions on Autonomous andAdaptive Systems journals under way). Its production and dissemination of software has also been good. The Jade frameworkin particular constitutes a very sizeable development, which has been deemed sufficiently mature for inclusion in the JASMINeJ2EE management toolset developed by Bull and other partners in the OW2 Consortium.
12 Perspectives for the research teamIn the next four years, the SARDES team will focus on four main themes, the last one (Virtual machine fo component systems)being conducted by a new team that will split from SARDES probably in 2010. The four themes are:
• Components: languages and foundations This theme will carry on the research of the reflective component technologytheme from the past five years, with the inflections mentioned previously. This theme will have two main goals: (1)the development of a new generation of reflective component technology with a formal semantical basis, and extensivelanguage support in the form of an ADL or programming language for dynamic distributed software architectures; (2)the study of process calculus foundations and coinductive proof techniques for distributed component-based programs.
• System support for multiscale component systems This theme focuses on operating system and middleware servicesrequired for the construction of component-based systems at different scales (multicore systems on chip, and peer-to-peer systems). This theme will have two main goals: (1) to develop algorithms and operating system functions requiredfor the support of efficient event-based concurrency and component reconfiguration in MPSoCs; (2) to develop algo-rithms and middleware functions required for the deployment, configuration and operation of applications in realisticpeer-to-peer environments, typically exploiting an epidemic approach.
• Control for adaptive component systems This theme will study and apply control techniques for the construction ofadaptive component-based systems. The control techniques considered comprise in particular: discrete control theoryand discrete controller synthesis; control theory with continuous models. Application domains considered for this themeare, respectively, embedded systems and performance management for application server clusters.
• Virtual machine for component systems This theme will develop an extended Java virtual machine for embeddedsystems, with direct support for component-based programming. This theme will have two main goals: (1) to develop
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an extended instruction set for component support, including support for dynamic configuration, orthogonal compo-nent persistence, and isolation; (2) to develop a native implementation of the virtual machine, on resource-constrainedhardware.
The SARDES research programme lies at the intersection of the Software and Computing Infrastructures main themes ofthe LIG laboratory. It contributes directly to two technological challenges (“Embedded Systems” and “Virtualization andPerformance”), and to two conceptual challenges (“Future Computational Models” and “Safety, Reliability, Security”). Wedetail below SARDES contributions to each of these challenges:
• Future Computational Models: SARDES develops foundational models and calculi for distributed component-basedprogramming, with a view to provide formal foundations for open (distributed) programming and dynamic modular-ity. Key contributions are process calculi as programming models for component-based and reconfigurable systems,program equivalences and associated proof techniques for higher-order languages, semantical models for reflectivesoftware components.
• Safety, Reliability, Security: SARDES develops formal component-based programming models and their supportingvirtual machines, with provable (fault and resource) isolation properties. These in turn provide a sound basis for the de-velopment of dependable distributed systems. SARDES additionally develops type systems for components that enforcekey safety properties for component assemblages, proof techniques for distributed system equivalences, and rigoroustechniques for the control and management of computer systems, all of which contribute directly to the challenge ofbuilding provably safe, reliable and secure distributed systems.
• Embedded Systems: SARDES develops a software component technology, in the form of operating system kernels andservices, virtual machines and (programming, architecture definition) languages for the construction of highly config-urable systems. SARDES component technology can be (and is) typically exploited in embedded systems, becauseof its adaptability to different environments, including resource-constrained ones. SARDES work on system supportfor component-based and event-based programming for MPSoCs contributes directly to the challenge of building pro-gramming support for future multicore embedded systems (as will increasingly be found e.g., in mobile telephony orconsumer electronics devices).
• Virtualization and Performance: SARDES develops virtual machines for component-based programming, and aims todevelop OS-less versions of such virtual machines, which is a direct contribution to language-based virtualization oflocal computing resources. SARDES also develops infrastructures and protocols for peer-to-peer systems, which aredirect contributions to large scale computing resource virtualization. SARDES control and management techniques fordistributed systems can be (and have already been) exploited for automatic performance management of distributedsystems (e.g., overload management in cluster systems).
13 Publications2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
ACL -International peer reviewed journal 3 2 3 1 1 10ACLN National peer-reviewed journal 1 1INV - Invited conferences, seminars and tutorials 1 1ACTI - International peer-reviewed conference proceedings 18 14 11 9 14 66ACTN - National peer-reviewed conferences with proceedings 5 4 2 1 12COM - Oral communications, without proceedings, in international ornational events (e.g. tutorials, courses in summer schools,. . . )AFF- Posters in international or national conferences and workshopsOS – Scientific books and book chapters 2 1 3 1 7OV –Scientific popularizationDO – Book or Proceedings editing 1 3 4TH –Doctoral Dissertations and Habilitations Theses 4 1 1 3 3 12
Total 32 24 15 19 23 113
International peer reviewed journal [ACL][1] Takoua Abdellatif and Adriana Danes. JMX-based autonomic management of J2EE servers. International Transactions
on Systems Science and Applications (ITSSA), 2(3), 2006.
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[2] Takoua Abdellatif, Jakub Kornas, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Reengineering J2EE Servers for Automated Managementin Distributed Environments. IEEE Distributed Systems Online, 8(11), 2007.
[3] Paul Brebner, Emmanuel Cecchet, Julie Marguerite, Petr Tuma, Octavian Ciuhandu, Bruno Dufour, Lieven Eeckhout,Stephane Frenot, Arvind S. Krishna, John Murphy, and Clark Verbrugge. Middleware benchmarking: approaches,results, experiences. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 17(15), 2005.
[4] Eric Bruneton, Thierry Coupaye, Matthieu Leclercq, Vivien Quema, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. The Fractal ComponentModel and its Support in Java. Software – Practice and Experience (SP&E), 36(11-12), September 2006.
[5] Emmanuel Cecchet, Hazem Elmeleegy, Oussama Layaida, and Vivien Quema. Implementing Probes for J2EE ClusterMonitoring. Studia Informatica, 4(1), 2005.
[6] J. Nathan Foster, Michael B. Greenwald, Christian Kirkegaard, Benjamin C. Pierce, and Alan Schmitt. Exploitingschemas in data synchronization. J. Comput. Syst. Sci., 73(4), 2007.
[7] J. Nathan Foster, Michael B. Greenwald, Jonathan T. Moore, Benjamin C. Pierce, and Alan Schmitt. Combinatorsfor bidirectional tree transformations: A linguistic approach to the view-update problem. ACM Trans. Program. Lang.Syst., 29(3), 2007.
[8] Matthieu Leclercq, Vivien Quema, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. DREAM: A Component Framework for ConstructingResource-Aware, Configurable Middleware. IEEE Distributed Systems Online, 6(9), 2005.
[9] Juraj Polakovic and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Architecting Reconfigurable Component-Based Operating Systems. Journalof Systems Architecture, 54(6), 2008.
[10] Christophe Taton, Noel De Palma, Sara Bouchenak, and Daniel Hagimont. Improving the performance of JMS-basedapplications. International Journal of Autonomic Computing (IJAC), 1(1), 2009.
National peer-reviewed journal [ACLN][11] Noel De Palma, Sara Bouchenak, Fabienne Boyer, Daniel Hagimont, Sylvain Sicard, and Christophe Taton. Jade, un
environnement d’administration autonome. Technique et Science Informatiques, 27(9-10), 2008.
Invited conferences, seminars and tutorials [INV][12] Jean-Bernard Stefani. Fractal: A component-based computation model for manageable systems. In HPC Grid program-
ming Environments and COmponents (HPC-GECO-COMPFRAME) – Workshop at 15th High-Performance DistributedComputing Conference (HPDC), 2006.
International peer-reviewed conferences with proceedings [ACTI][13] T. Abdellatif, J. Kornas, and J.B. Stefani. J2EE Packaging, Deployment and Reconfiguration Using a General Compo-
nent Model. In 3rd International Conference on Component Deployment, volume 3798 of Lecture Notes in ComputerScience. Springer, 2005.
[14] Takoua Abdellatif. Enhancing the Management of a J2EE Application Server using a Component-Based Architecture.In 31st IEEE/Euromicro Conference, CBSE Track: Component-based Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society,2005.
[15] Cristiana Amza, Gokul Soundararajan, and Emmanuel Cecchet. Transparent caching with strong consistency in dy-namic content web sites. In 19th Annual International Conference on Supercomputing, ICS 2005. ACM, 2005.
[16] Roberto Baldoni, Roberto Beraldi, Vivien Quema, Leonardo Querzoni, and Sara Tucci Piergiovanni. TERA: topic-based event routing for peer-to-peer architectures. In 1st International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems(DEBS). ACM, 2007.
[17] Roberto Baldoni, Rachid Guerraoui, Ron Levy, Vivien Quema, and Sara Tucci Piergiovanni. Unconscious EventualConsistency with Gossips. In 8th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems(formerly Symposium on Self-stabilizing Systems) (SSS 2006), volume 4280 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science.Springer, 2006.
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[18] P. Bidinger, A. Schmitt, and J.-B. Stefani. An Abstract Machine for the Kell Calculus. In 7th IFIP InternationalConference Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems (FMOODS), volume 3535 of Lecture Notesin Computer Science. Springer, 2005. Best Paper Award.
[19] Philippe Bidinger, Matthieu Leclercq, Vivien Quema, Alan Schmitt, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Dream Types - ADomain Specific Type System for Component-Based Message-Oriented Middleware. In 4th Workshop on Specificationand Verification of Component-Based Systems (SAVCBS’05), in association with ESEC/FSE’05, 2005.
[20] Aaron Bohannon, J. Nathan Foster, Benjamin C. Pierce, Alexandre Pilkiewicz, and Alan Schmitt. Boomerang: re-sourceful lenses for string data. In 35th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages,(POPL), 2008.
[21] S. Bouchenak, F. Boyer, S. Krakowiak, D. Hagimont, A. Mos, N. De Palma, V. Quema, and J.B. Stefani. Architecture-Based Autonomous Repair Management: An Application to J2EE Clusters. In 24th IEEE Symposium on ReliableDistributed Systems (SRDS 2005. IEEE Computer Society, 2005.
[22] Sara Bouchenak, Alan Cox, Steven Dropsho, Sumit Mittal, and Willy Zwaenepoel. Caching dynamic web content:Designing and analysing an aspect-oriented solution. In ACM/IFIP/USENIX 7th International Middleware Conference(Middleware 2006), 2006.
[23] Sara Bouchenak, Noel De Palma, Stephane Fontaine, and Bruno Tete. AOSD for Internet Service Clusters: The Case ofAvailability. In Workshop on Aspect-Oriented Middleware Development (AOMD05), at 6th International MiddlewareConference, 2005.
[24] Sara Bouchenak, Noel De Palma, and Daniel Hagimont. Autonomic Administration of Clustered J2EE Applications.In IFIP/IEEE International Workshop on Self-Managed Systems & Services (SelfMan 2005), 2005.
[25] Sara Bouchenak, Noel De Palma, Daniel Hagimont, and Christophe Taton. Autonomic management of clusteredapplications. In IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing. IEEE, 2006.
[26] Per Brand, J. Hoglund, Konstantin Popov, Noel De Palma, Fabienne Boyer, Nikos Parlavantzas, Vladimir Vlassov, andA. Al-Shishtawy. The Role of Overlay Services in a Self-Managing Framework for Dynamic Virtual Organisations. InCoreGRID Workshop on Grid Programming Model, Grid and P2P Systems Architecture and Grid Systems, Tools andEnvironments, 2007.
[27] Laurent Broto, Daniel Hagimont, Patricia Stolf, Noel De Palma, and Suzy Temate. Autonomic management policyspecification in tune. In ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC), 2008.
[28] Emmanuel Cecchet. From research prototypes to industrial strength open source products - the ObjectWeb experience.In SOFSEM 2005, 31st Conference on Current Trends in Theory and Practice of Computer Science, volume 3381 ofLecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2005.
[29] Benoıt Claudel, Noel De Palma, Renaud Lachaize, and Daniel Hagimont. Self-protection for distributed component-based applications. In 8th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems (SSS2006), 2006.
[30] Benoıt Claudel, Guillaume Huard, and Olivier Richard. Taktuk, adaptive deployment of remote executions. In Pro-ceedings of the International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC), jun 2009.
[31] Thierry Coupaye and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Fractal Component-Based Software Engineering. In ECOOP 2006 Work-shop Reader, volume 4379 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2007.
[32] Noel De Palma, Benoit Claudel, Renaud Lachaize, Sara Bouchenak, and Daniel Hagimont. Self-protected systems: anexperiment. In 5th Conference on Security in Network Architectures (SAR), 2006.
[33] Noel De Palma, Nikolaos Parlavanzas, Konstantin Popov, Per Brand, and Vladimir Vlassov. Tools for autonomiccomputing. In 5th International Conference on Autonomic and Autonomous Systems (ICAS 2009). IEEE ComputerSociety, 2009.
[34] Michail D. Flouris, Renaud Lachaize, and Angelos Bilas. Orchestra: Extensible block-level support for resource anddata sharing in networked storage systems. In 14th IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems(ICPADS ’08). IEEE, 2008.
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[35] J. Nathan Foster, Michael B. Greenwald, Christian Kirkegaard, Benjamin C. Pierce, and Alan Schmitt. Exploitingschemas in data synchronization. In 10th Int. Symp. on Database Programming Languages (DBPL), 2005.
[36] J. Nathan Foster, Michael B. Greenwald, Jonathan T. Moore, Benjamin C. Pierce, and Alan Schmitt. Combinators forbi-directional tree transformations: a linguistic approach to the view update problem. In 32nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACTSymposium on Principles of Programming Languages, POPL 2005. ACM, 2005.
[37] J. Nathan Foster, Benjamin C. Pierce, and Alan Schmitt. A Logic Your Typechecker Can Count On: Unordered TreeTypes in Practice. In ACM SIGPLAN Workshop Programming Language Technologies for XML (PLAN-X), 2007.
[38] Davide Frey, Rachid Guerraoui, Anne-Marie Kermarrec, Boris Koldehofe, Martin Mogensen, Maxime Monod, andVivien Quema. Heterogeneous Gossip. In 10th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Middleware Conference (Middle-ware), 2009.
[39] Davide Frey, Rachid Guerraoui, Anne-Marie Kermarrec, Maxime Monod, and Vivien Quema. Stretching gossip withlive streaming. In 39th IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 2009.
[40] Vladimir Gapeyev, Michael Y. Levin, Benjamin C. Pierce, and Alan Schmitt. XML goes native: Run-time representa-tions for Xtatic. In 14th International Conference on Compiler Construction, 2005.
[41] Pierre Geneves, Nabil Layaida, and Alan Schmitt. Efficient static analysis of XML paths and types. In PLDI ’07:Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation. ACMPress, 2007.
[42] Pierre Geneves, Nabil Layaida, and Alan Schmitt. XPath Typing Using a Modal Logic with Converse for Finite Trees.In ACM SIGPLAN Workshop Programming Language Technologies for XML (PLAN-X), 2007.
[43] Michael B. Greenwald, Sanjeev Khanna, Keshav Kunal, Benjamin C. Pierce, and Alan Schmitt. Agreeing to agree:Conflict resolution for optimistically replicated data. In 20th International Symposium on Distributed Computing(DISC), volume 4167 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2006.
[44] Rachid Guerraoui, Dejan Kostic, Ron R. Levy, and Vivien Quema. A High Throughput Atomic Storage Algorithm. In27th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS 2007). IEEE Computer Society, 2007.
[45] Rachid Guerraoui, Ron Levy, Bastian Pochon, and Vivien Quema. High Throughput Uniform Total Order BroadcastProtocol for Cluster Environments. In International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). IEEEComputer Society, 2006.
[46] D. Hirschkoff, T. Hirschowitz, D. Pous, A. Schmitt, and J.B. Stefani. Component-Oriented Programming with Sharing:Containment is Not Ownership. In Generative Programming and Component Engineering, 4th International Confer-ence, GPCE 2005, volume 3676 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2005.
[47] Anne-Marie Kermarrec, Alessio Pace, Vivien Quema, and Valerio Schiavoni. NAT-resilient Gossip Peer Sampling. In29th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2009.
[48] Renaud Lachaize and Jorgen S. Hansen. A distributed shared buffer space for data-intensive applications. In 5thInternational Workshop on Distributed Shared Memory at 5th International Symposium on Cluster Computing and theGrid (CCGrid 2005). IEEE Computer Society, 2005.
[49] Ivan Lanese, Jorge A. Perez, Davide Sangiorgi, and Alan Schmitt. On the expressiveness and decidability of higher-order process calculi. In 23rd Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS 2008), 2008.
[50] O. Layaida, A.E. Ozcan, and J.B. Stefani. A Component-based Approach for MPSoC SW Design: Experience withOS Customization for H.264 Decoding. In Proceedings of the 2005 3rd Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real-TimeMultimedia, ESTImedia 2005. IEEE Computer Society, 2005.
[51] Oussama Layaida and Daniel Hagimont. Designing Self-adaptive Multimedia Applications Through Hierarchical Re-configuration. In The 5th IFIP Conference on Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems, volume 3543 ofLecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2005.
[52] Oussama Layaida and Daniel Hagimont. Plasma : A component-based framework for building self-adaptive applica-tions. In Proc. SPIE/IS&T Symposium On Electronic Imaging, Conference on Embedded Multimedia Processing andCommunications, 2005.
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[53] Matthieu Leclercq, Ali Erdem Ozcan, Vivien Quema, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Supporting Heterogeneous Architec-ture Descriptions in an Extensible Toolset. In 29th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE). IEEEComputer Society, 2007.
[54] Serguei Lenglet, Alan Schmitt, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Howe’s method for calculi with passivation. In 20th Inter-national Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2009), Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2009.
[55] Serguei Lenglet, Alan Schmitt, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Normal bisimulations in process calculi with passivation. In12th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures (FOSSACS 2009),volume 5504 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2009.
[56] Michael Lienhardt, Claudio Antares Mezzina, Alan Schmitt, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Typing component-based com-munication systems. In 11th Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems (FMOODS) and 29th FormalTechniques for Networked and Distributed Systems (FORTE), Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2009.
[57] Michael Lienhardt, Alan Schmitt, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Oz/K: A Kernel Language for Component-Based OpenProgramming. In 6th ACM International Conference on Generative Programming and Component Engineering(GPCE). ACM Press, 2007.
[58] Michael Lienhardt, Alan Schmitt, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Typing communicating component assemblages. InProceedings of the 7th International Conference on Generative Programming and Component Engineering (GPCE’08),2008.
[59] Luc Malrait, Sara Bouchenak, and Nicolas Marchand. Fluid modeling and control for server system performance andavailability. In 39th IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 2009.
[60] Luc Malrait, Sara Bouchenak, and Nicolas Marchand. Modeling and control of server systems: application to databasesystems. In 10th European Control Conference (ECC 09), 2009.
[61] Ali Erdem Ozcan, Sebastien Jean, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Bringing Ease and Adaptability to MPSoC Software De-sign: A Component-Based Approach. In Construction and Analysis of Safe, Secure, and Interoperable Smart Devices,2nd International Workshop, CASSIS’05, volume 3956 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2006.
[62] Marcia Pasin, Stephane Fontaine, and Sara Bouchenak. Failure detection in large-scale distributed systems: A survey.In 6th IEEE Workshop on End-to-End Monitoring Techniques and Services (E2EMon 2008), 2008.
[63] Jeremy Philippe, Noel De Palma, Sara Bouchenak, Fabienne Boyer, and Daniel Hagimont. A black-box approach forweb application SLA. In 21st ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC’06). ACM, 2006.
[64] Jeremy Philippe, Noel De Palma, Olivier Gruber, and Fabienne Boyer. Self-Adapting Service Level in Java EnterpriseEdition. In 10th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Middleware Conference (Middleware), 2009.
[65] Juraj Polakovic, Sebastien Mazare, Jean-Bernard Stefani, and Pierre-Charles David. Experience with safe dynamicreconfigurations in component-based embedded systems. In 10th ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on Component-BasedSoftware Engineering (CBSE), volume 4608 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2007.
[66] Juraj Polakovic, Ali Erdem Ozcan, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Building Reconfigurable Component-Based OS withThink. In EUROMICRO ’06: Proceedings of the 32nd EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Ad-vanced Applications. IEEE Computer Society, 2006.
[67] P. Van Roy, S. Haridi, A. Reinefeld, J.B. Stefani, R. H. C. Yap, and T. Coupaye. Self Management for Large-ScaleDistributed Systems: An Overview of the SELFMAN Project. In Formal Methods for Components and Objects, 6thInternational Symposium (FMCO 2007), volume 5382 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2008.
[68] Eric Rutten. Supervisory control of adaptive and reconfigurable computing systems. In Proceedings of the 13th IFACSymposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing, INCOM’09, June, 2009, 2009.
[69] Valerio Schiavoni and Vivien Quema. A Posteriori Defensive Programming: an Annotation Toolkit for DoS-ResistantComponent-Based Architectures. In 21st ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC’06). ACM, 2006.
[70] Alan Schmitt and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Towards a Calculus for Distributed Components. In 5th International Sympo-sium on Formal Methods for Components and Objects (FMCO 2006), 2006.
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[71] Lionel Seinturier, Philippe Merle, Damien Fournier, Nicolas Dolet, Valerio Schiavoni, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Re-configurable sca applications with the frascati platform. In 6th IEEE International Conference on Services Computing(SCC). IEEE, 2009.
[72] Sylvain Sicard, Fabienne Boyer, and Noel De Palma. Using Components for Architecture-Based Management: TheSelf-Repair Case. In 30th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE). ACM, 2008.
[73] Sylvain Sicard, Noel De Palma, and Daniel Hagimont. J2EE Server Scalability through EJB Replication. In 21st ACMSymposium on Applied Computing (SAC’06). ACM, 2006.
[74] Christophe Taton, Sara Bouchenak, Fabienne Boyer, Noel De Palma, Daniel Hagimont, and Adrian Mos. Self-Manageable Replicated Servers. In VLDB Workshop on Design, Implementation, and Deployment of Database Repli-cation (WDIDDR), at 31st International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, 2005.
[75] Christophe Taton, Sara Bouchenak, Noel De Palma, Daniel Hagimont, and Sylvain Sicard. Self-optimization of clus-tered databases. In 2nd International IEEE WoWMoM Workshop on Autonomic Communications and Computing (ACC2006), 2006.
[76] Christophe Taton, Noel De Palma, Daniel Hagimont, Sara Bouchenak, and Jeremy Philippe. Self-optimization ofClustered Message-Oriented Middleware. In Distributed Objects, Middleware and Applications (DOA), volume 4803of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2007.
[77] Mohammed Toure, Girma Berhe, Patricia Stolf, Laurent Broto, Noel De Palma, and Daniel Hagimont. Autonomicmanagement for grid applications. In 16th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-Based Processing (PDP 2008). IEEE Computer Society, 2008.
[78] Huafeng Yu, Gwenael Delaval, Abdoulaye Gamatie, and Eric Rutten. A case study on controller synthesis for data-intensive embedded systems. In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Embedded Software andSystems, ICESS’09, May, 2009, 2009.
National peer-reviewed conferences with proceedings [ACTN][79] Takoua Abdellatif, Fabienne Boyer, Jakub Kornas, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Administration fondee sur l’architecture
des serveurs d’applications J2EE patrimoniaux. In 5eme Conference Francaise sur les Systemes d’Exploitation (CFSE-5), 2006.
[80] Jean Arnaud and Sara Bouchenak. Gestion de Ressources dans les Services Internet. In 6e Conference Francaise desSystemes d’Exploitation (CFSE-6), 2008.
[81] Jean Arnaud and Sara Bouchenak. Modelisation et planification de capacites dans les systemes multi-etages. In 9emeConference Internationale sur Les Nouvelles Technologies de la Repartition (NOTERE 2009), 2009.
[82] Sara Bouchenak, Noel De Palma, and Sacha Krakowiak. Tolerance aux fautes dans les grappes d’applications Internet.In 4eme Conference Francaise sur les Systemes d’Exploitation (CFSE 2005), 2005.
[83] Emmanuel Cecchet, Oussama Layaida, and Vivien Quema. LeWYS : un canevas logiciel a composants pour construiredes applications de supervision. In 4eme Conference Francophone autour des Composants Logiciels (avec CFSE-RENPAR 2005), 2005.
[84] Benoıt Claudel, Noel De Palma, Renaud Lachaize, Sara Bouchenak, and Daniel Hagimont. Une approche architecturalepour l’auto-protection de systemes repartis. In 5eme Conference Francaise sur les Systemes d’Exploitation (CFSE2006), 2006.
[85] Noel De Palma and Daniel Hagimont. Specification de Politiques d’Administration Autonome avec Tune. In 6eConference Francaise des Systemes d’Exploitation (CFSE-6), 2008.
[86] Stephane Fontaine, Christophe Taton, Sara Bouchenak, and Thierry Gautier. Administration autonome d’applicationsreparties sur grilles. In Rencontres francophones du Parallelisme (RenPar’17), 2006.
[87] Oussama Layaida and Daniel Hagimont. Composition et reconfiguration hierarchiques pour des services multimediaauto-adaptables. In Rencontres Francophones en Parallelisme, Architecture, Systemes et Composants - CFSE, 2005.
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[88] Matthieu Leclercq, Vivien Quema, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. DREAM : un canevas logiciel a composants pour laconstruction d’intergiciels orientes messages dynamiquement configurables. In 4eme Conference Francophone autourdes Composants Logiciels (avec CFSE-RENPAR 2005), 2005.
[89] Juraj Polakovic, Ali Erdem Ozcan, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Reconfiguration dynamique d’un systeme a composants.In 4eme Conference Francophone autour des Composants Logiciels (avec CFSE-RENPAR 2005), 2005.
[90] Christophe Taton, Sara Bouchenak, Noel De Palma, Daniel Hagimont, Sacha Krakowiak, and Jean Arnaud. Admin-istration autonome de services Internet : Experience avec l’auto-optimisation. In 5eme Conference Francaise sur lesSystemes d’Exploitation (CFSE 2006), 2006.
Scientific books and book chapters [OS]
[91] Sara Bouchenak and Noel de Palma. Encyclopedia of Database Systems, chapter Message Queuing Systems. SpringerVerlag, 2008.
[92] F. Boyer, N. De Palma, O. Gruber, S. Sicard, and J.B. Stefani. A self-repair architecture for cluster systems. InR. de Lemos, J.-C. Fabre, C. Gacek, F. Gadducci, and M. H. ter Beek, editors, Architecting Dependable Systems 6,volume 5835 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2009.
[93] Giovanni Cortese, Federico Morabito, Fabrizio Davide, Antonino Virgillito, Roberto Beraldi, and Vivien Quema. DataAggregation in Large-Scale Distributed Systems. In R. Baldoni, G. Cortese, F. Davide, and A. Melpignano, editors,Emerging Communication: Studies in New Technologies and Practices in Communication. IOS Press, 2006.
[95] Sacha Krakowiak and Jean-Bernard Stefani. export-bind : Un patron d’architecture pour la liaison adaptable. InD. Trystram, Y. Slimani, and M. Jemni, editors, Informatique Repartie, chapter 9. Hermes, 2005.
[96] Alan Schmitt and Jean-Bernard Stefani. The kell calculus: A family of higher-order distributed process calculi. InC. Priami and P. Quaglia, editors, Global Computing, volume 3267 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer,2005.
[97] Christophe Taton, Noel de Palma, and Sara Bouchenak. Encyclopedia of Database Systems, chapter Adaptive Middle-ware for Message Queuing Systems. Springer Verlag, 2008.
Book or Proceedings editing [DO][98] Gordon S. Blair, Thierry Coupaye, and Jean-Bernard Stefani. Component-based architecture: the Fractal initiative.
Annales des Telecommunications, 64(1-2), 2009.
[99] Noel De Palma, Sacha Krakowiak, and Jacques Mossiere, editors. Intergiciel et Construction d’Applications Reparties.2006. http://sardes.inrialpes.fr/ecole/livre/pub/.
[100] F. Maraninchi, M. Mendler, M. Pouzet, A. Girault, and E. Rutten, editors. Model-driven High-level Programming ofEmbedded Systems. Selected papers from Sla++p’07 and Sla++p’08, Special issue of the Eurasip Journal on EmbeddedSystems, April 2009. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/es/volume-2008/si.6.html.
[101] E. Niel, L. Pietrac, J.M. Muller, and E. Rutten, editors. Interactions of discrete-event automation and computer sciences,Special section of the Journal of Universal Computer Science, July 2009. http://www.jucs.org/jucs.
Doctoral Dissertations and Habilitations Thesis [TH][102] Takoua Abdellatif. Apport des architectures a composants pour l’administration des intergiciels. PhD thesis, Institut
National Polytechnique de Grenoble, September 2006.
[103] Philippe Bidinger. Le Kell calcul, typage et implantation. PhD thesis, Universite Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, December2005.
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[104] Noel de Palma. De l’Administration vers l’Administration Autonome. Habilitation thesis, Institut Polytechnique deGrenoble, June 2009.
[105] Jakub Kornas. Contributions to software deployment in a component-based reflexive architecture. PhD thesis, Univer-site Joseph Fourier, Grenoble France, October 2008.
[106] Renaud Lachaize. Un canevas logiciel pour la construction de systemes de stockage reconfigurables. PhD thesis,Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, September 2005.
[107] Oussama Layaida. Un support logiciel a composants pour la construction d’applications multimedia adaptatives. PhDthesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, December 2005.
[108] Ali Erdem Ozcan. Conception et Implantation d’un Environnement de Developpement de Logiciels a Base de Com-posants, Applications aux Systemes Multiprocesseurs sur Puce. PhD thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Greno-ble, March 2007.
[109] Jeremy Philippe. Auto-Adaptation du Niveau de Service dans les Systemes Distribues. PhD thesis, Institut Polytech-nique de Grenoble, Grenoble France, January 2009.
[110] Juraj Polakovic. Architecture logicielle et outils pour systemes d’exploitation reconfigurables. PhD thesis, InstitutPolytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble France, June 2008.
[111] Vivien Quema. Vers l’exogiciel – Une approche de la construction d’infrastructures logicielles radicalement config-urables. PhD thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, December 2005.
[112] Sylvain Sicard. Vers l’autoreparation dans les systemes repartis. PhD thesis, Universite Joseph Fourier, GrenobleFrance, March 2009.
[113] Christophe Taton. Vers l’auto-optimisation dans les systemes autonomes. PhD thesis, Institut Polytechnique de Greno-ble, Grenoble France, November 2008.
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